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11

1968
(Case Grammar 1968)

11.1

(Blake 1994: 1)
(case)

(head)
(Traditional Grammar)
(inflectional marking)

Mehmet adam-a elma-lar-i ver-di
-
- -3
‘’

vermek ‘ ’

/-i/ elmalar

1968 335

/-i/ (accusative case)
/-a/ adam
/-a/ (dative

case) Mehmet
(covert case)

(nominative case)

(case language)

3 vermek ‘ ’ 3
2 vermek

Mehmet
elmalar

336 11
adam

(dependent)
(modifier)

(locative case) /-da/ Istanbul-da ‘
’
(ablative case) /-dan/
Ankara-dan ‘
(genitive case) ’

/-in/ adam-in ‘ ’

(paradigm) ) adam
( (nominative) adam
(accusative) adami
(marker) (dative) adama
(genitive) adamin
(locative) adamda
(ablative) adamdan

6

1968 337

(case forms)
(agglutinating

language)

exponence) (cumulative
1
1
1
5 1

a
o

i
u
e

3

338 11 ''
' '' '' '' '' ' ' '

' '' '' '' '' '' '

3 bellum )
‘’ (

a
o

6

3

11.1

(Blake 1994: 5)

1 2 3a 3b
a-stems o-stems cons.stems i-stems
feminine masculine
neuter civis
domina dominus ‘citizen’
bellum consul
‘mistress’ ‘master'
‘war’ ‘consul’

1968 339

domina dominus bellum consul civis
dimina domine bellum consul civis
dominam dominum bellum consulem civem
dominae domini belli consulis civis
dominae domino bello consuli civi
domina domino bello consule civi,cive

dominae domini bella consules cives
dominae domini bella consules cives
dominas dominos bella consules civis,cives
dominarum dominorum bellorum consulum civium
dominis dominis bellis consulibus civibus
dominis dominis bellis consulibus civibus

4 5
u-stems e-stems
manus dies
‘hand’ ‘day’

manus dies
manus dies
manum diem
manus diei
manui diei
manu die

340 11

manus dies
manus dies
manus dies
manuum dierum
manibus diebus
manibus diebus

o a o
’ dominus ‘ domina ‘
a ’

domina
dominus

6( (nominative)
)
(accusative) (genitive)
(vocative)
(dative) (ablative) 6

6

domina

domina

dominae

1968 341

dominus est consul
‘The master is consul.’
dominus

fecerunt dominum consulem
‘They made the master consul.’
dominum
(destination)
Vado Roman
‘I am going to Rome.’
roman

vado ad urban
‘I am going to the city.’

342 11 ad
urban

dominus equum consuli dedit
master horse consul give

3
‘The master gave the horse to the consul.’

consuli

ex Italia
‘from Italy’

italia

cum amicis
‘with friends’

amicis

(a form of

address)

qvo vadis domine
‘Where are you going, master?’

domine 1968 343
) (

(Hjelmslev 1935: 4) -e
domine

11.2

(Fillmorean case grammar) ..
The Case for Case

1968

(Chomsky 1965)

344 11 (grammatical and semantic
relations)

(node)

1968 345

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

5

(semantic case relations)

(objective) (experiencer)

(location)

346 11

(instrumental)
(time)

(case grammar)

11.3 1968

Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
1965

(syntactic component)
(deep structure)

(surface structure) (transformational rules)

(phonological component)

1968 347

2

(base rules)
(phrase structure rules)

1968
11.3.1.

11

(Fillmore 1968: 32)

1 S Modality + Proposition
+

2 P V + case1.......casen
+ ......

3 C K + NP
+

348 11

4 NP (Determiner) + N
( )+
1
2
(mood) (aspect) (tense)
(question) 2
1 1 (negation)

3 ( 1
K)
4 )
( 4

12 ( )

( )( ) ()

1968 349

(lexicon)

11.3.2

(case relationships)
(semantic relationships)

(6)
(7)
(8)

(6)

350 11
(7)
(8)

(subject) (object)

(base component)
(Fillmore 1968: 24-25)

1) (Agentive)

(the case of typically animate
perceived instigator of the action identified by the verb)

(9) (10)

1968 351

(9)
(10)

(Agentive)

2) (Instrument)

(the case of the

inamimate force or object causally involved in the action or state

identified by th verb) (11) (12)

(11)
(12)

3) (Dative)

(the case of
the animate being affected by the state or action identified by the
verb) (13)

(13)

352 11
4) (Factitive)

(the case of the object resulting

from the action or state identified by the verb, or understood as a

part of the meaning of the verb) (14)

(14)

5) (Locative)

(the case which identifies the location or spatial
orientation of the state or action identified by the verb)

(15)
(16)

6) (Objective)

(the case of
anything representable by a noun whose role in the action or state
identified by the verb is identified by the semantic interpretation
of the verb itself conceivably the concept should be limited to
things which are effected by the action or state identified by the

verb) 1968 353
(neutral case) (17) (18)

(17) 1968
(18)
2
11.4

(1)
(2)

(3)

354 11 6
(4) 1968

_________________________

( 11)

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

1968 355

10.
11. The soup is boiling.
12. The magician changed the handkerchief into a
rabbit.
13. Bird-watchers use binoculars to spot the birds.
14. The trophy was presented by the committee.
15. Tom sprayed the paint on the wall.
16. The player kicked a ball to his opponents.
17. Seattle is the state city of Washington State.
18. The students brought in their pets.
19. This key could not open the door.
20. The workers look very disappointed with the
outcome.
21. Neither the editor nor the reporter was right.
22. It is unfortunate that the Bulls lost the game.
23. Bill believed that he would win an election.
24. Spencer promised to take Bill to Disneyland.
25. The news about the earthquake upset everyone.

12

1970

(Case Grammar 1970)

12.1 1970

1968 6

1970 (Cook 1971:
11) “Improvements in Case
Grammar 1970”
. . 1968
1968
..

1) (Agentive)
2) (Instrumental)
3) (Objective)
4) (Locative)

1970 357

..

1968 (Experiencer)
5)

(the case of animate being

affected by the action)

6) (Comitative)

(the case of animate being carrying
accompanienent role)

7) (Benefactive)

role) (the case of animate being carrying benefactive
8) (Time)

(the case of temporal orientation of the action)

358 12

2

9) (Source)

(the case of the origin or starting point)

10) (Goal)

(the case of the object or endpoint)

. . 1968 . . 1970
. . 1970
(Factitive)
(Goal) (Dative)
Dative (Experiencer)

. . 1970
2

(Factitive) (Goal)
(Source)

1970 359

3 (Comitative)

(Benefactive) (Time)

12.2

3

(word order) (Fillmore
1968: 32)

(Agentive)
(Objective)

1 2
3 5

4

(1)
(2)

360 12 7
(3)
(4)
(5)

6

(6)
(7)

2

( 8)
10)
( 9)
(
(8)
(9) 1

1970 361
(10)

(passive voice)

(11) (12)
(11)
(12)

(13)
(14)
(15)

362 12

(16)
(17)
(18)

2

(19)
(20)

2
(21)
(22)

2

1970 363

(23)
(24)
(25)

12.3

(transformational rules)

(Subject

Choice Hierarchy)

364 12 1
1 1

1

>> > >

(Agent) (Experiencer) (Instrument) (Objective) (Locative)

1

(26)

1970 365
(27)
(28)
(29)

1

366 12
ø

1970 367

[p t]
1

ØØ

368 12

3

:

1970 369

[s ]

(Object

Choice Hierarchy)

>>
(Experiencer) (Objective) (Goal)

370 12

1

(30)
2

(31)

(32)

1970 371
*

12.4 1970

1970

1. + 1 +

372 12 (Preposition Selection
2. 1970
3.

Rules)

)

1970 373

[+ ]

(Realization Rules)
1970

15
10
5

1) (Subject Raising)

(embedded clause)

374 12

(34)

(33) (33) ]
(34) ]
[
2) [ (34)
2
(33)
-
(35) --

+

-

- (Experiencer)
3)

(36) 1970 375
(37) ( )

(36) (Psyche
(37) (rank shift)

4)
Movement)

(38) (38)
(39) (39)
(Accusative Marking)
5)

376 12 (object)
(accusative)

(<= )

[+ ]

6) (Passive Rule)

(active sentence)
([+passive])
(accusative)

1970 377
[+ ]

7) (Nominative
Marking)

-- - -

-

(nominative)

378 12 (<= )
[+ ]

8) 6
Formation) (Subject

(Chomsky’s adjoining)

1970 379

:
[+ ]

:
[+ ]

380 12

9) (Extraposition)

‘ ’ (pleonastic it)

(41)

(40)

(40)
(41)

(40)

(41)
10) (Object Formation)

1970 381
:

[+ ]

:

[+ ]

382 12 (Preposition Selection)
11)

Agentive by
Objective
Experiencer to
Instrument with, by
Source from
Goal to, into
Comitative and, with
Benefactive for

()

1970 383

12)
(Preposition Extrusion)
(
)
(idioms)