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184 6 ____ ( ( ) ( )

() )
16.

17.

18. ____( )
____
____ (
19. )
____
()
20.
____

21.
2

22.
11

185

2532:61) ____ ( (
23. ____ (
)
24. ____ )
____
()
()

25. 5 ( )
____ ( ) ____
( )4
26.

4

186 6 5
6.4.3 (

)

6.4.4

clause
"
" ( 2532: 97)

187
4

6.4.5 ()
( )5
6 ()
()
5
()
"" ()

6 ()
()
()

""
" "" "

( 119)

188 6

""

"" "" "

"2

"" ""

""

( 2532: 24)
( 2532: 32-33)

189

() ( 2532: 97-99)
()
3
()

()
()

()

(
15)

190 6 4
() ()
()
()

() 4
( 2) ( 1)
()

1
1

191

1
2
2
2

2
2

2
12
1
12
12

6.5

(6.3.5)

(20)

192 6
(21)
(22)

(23)
(24)

193

()
(20)

(21, 22)

(22) 2

(23) 2 (24)

6.6

(1)
(2) (inductive)
(3) (corpus)
(4) (descriptive)

(prescriptive)
(5)

(objective)

194 6 )

(6)
(

(7)

(8) (formal rules)
(9)
(10)

(approach)

(11) (constraints)
(12)

(syntagmatic relationship)
(13)

(14) (synchronic)

(dynamic) (diachronic)

_______________________

195

( 6)

1. (
)

1) The man who is standing there is my father.
2) This small car runs very fast.
3) All nutritional foods are healthy.
4) People should always be honest with each other.
5) Most drivers obey traffic laws and stop at stop signs.
6) The child who is sleeping should not be disturbed.
7) Richard, who is my friend, married my sister.
8) I believe that he has told me the truth.
9) Of all my neighbors, the one I find most interesting is

John.
10) He stands about six feet and one inch tall, lanky and

thin, narrow in the hips and shoulders.
11) He has one of those protruding Adam's apples that a

person can get fascinated with as he watches it bob up
and down.
12) This culture clash in Japanese society is marked to
some degree by a generation gap between traditional
older folk, often in leading roles in government and in
educational administration, an outward- looking youth.
13) John's face is one of the most unique I have ever seen.

196 6

14) His chin is square with a small cleft in the center.
15) He's got a very thin mouth that is almost like a single

pencil line, always turned up into a smile.
16)
17)
18)
19)

20) 10
21)
22)
23)

24)
25)

2. 1

3. 25 1

7

(Generative Transformational Grammar)

7.1

(Generative Grammar)

(Noam

Chomsky) Syntactic Structures

. . 1957 (Chomsky 1957)

Aspects of the

Theory of Syntax (Chomsky 1965)

“
”1

1 “Chomskyan Revolution” (Newmeyer 1980, Lyons
1979)

198 7 (American
7.1.1 (Immediate

Structuralist)

Constituent Analysis)
“”

(
)

()

(Chomsky 1957: 13-17) “ ”
(set)

“ ” (grammatical)
“ ” (grammatical)

199
“”

“ ”(

)
7.1.2

(creativity/productivity)

1965: 6) (Chomsky 1957: 15,
(Chomsky 1957: 15)

(corpus) ( ) (set)

“ ”( )

(Chomsky 1965: 5)

200 7
7.1.3 (Competence)

(Performance)

(Chomsky 1965: 4)

performance ( )
() competence

( )
)
(

“”

“ ”( )

Aspects... (Chomsky 1965: 3)

Linguistic Theory is concerned primarily with an ideal
speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech-
community, who knows its language perfectly and is
unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as
memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and

201

interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying
his knowledge of the language in actual performance.

-
(
)

( )
(Chomsky 1965: 3)
“ ” ”
7.1.4 “

(Chomsky

1957: 49)

202 7

(hypothetical construct)
(

)

method) (deductive
7.1.4
(Particular Grammar)
(Universal Grammar)

“

203

” (grammar) 2
(particular grammar)

(universal grammar)

7.1.5.1 (Particular Grammar)

“” “ ”
“”

(Chomsky

1957: 13)

L

“ ‘’ L

‘’

” (a device that generates all

of the grammatical sequences of L and none of the ungrammatical

ones)

""

204 7

Mathematics) “generate” (Formal
‘
Mathematics) (Combinatorial
1965: 9) (Post) (Chomsky
“
” ’

‘generate’

…when we speak of a grammar as generating a sentence
with a certain structural description, we mean simply that
the grammar assigns this structural description to the
sentence.

(Chomsky 1965: 9)

(generative grammar)
(model)

205

()
1957 (Chomsky 1957: 48)
1965 (Chomsky 1965: 9 139)

To avoid what has been a continuing misunderstanding, it
is perhaps worthwhile to reiterate that a generative
grammar is not a model for a speaker or a hearer. It
attempts to characterize in the most neutral possible
terms the knowledge of the language that provides the
basis for actual use of language by a speaker-hearer.

(Chomsky 1965: 139)

...it seems absurd to suppose that the speaker first forms
a generalized Phrase-marker by base rules and then tests
it for well-formedness by applying transformational
rules to see if it gives, finally, a well-formed
sentence....
To think of a generative grammar in these terms is to
take it to be a model of performance rather than a model
of competence, thus totally misconceiving its nature....

206 7
But a generative grammar as it stands is no more a
model of the speaker than it is a model of the hearer.
Rather, as has been repeatedly emphasized, it can be
regarded only as a characterization of the intrinsic tacit
knowledge or competence that underlines actual
performance.
…

…

…

7.1.5.2 (Chomsky 1965:139, 140)
(1957)
(Universal Grammar)

(Universal Grammar) Chomsky
The General Theory

207

(Chomsky 1965: 25, 47-59)

(Rationalism)

(Language Acquisition Device LAD) )
()

(
(Chomsky 1965: 25)

2

1)
2) (

)

208 7 (level of adequacy)
“ ”

(1965: 24-25, 34) 22
1. (Descriptive Adequacy)

2. ()

(Explanatory Adequacy)

2
2

7.2 : ..

Syntactic Structures

2 (1964)
(observational adequacy)

209

1957

(grammatical models) (
“”
(formal grammar) )

( 1950)

2

(1)
(Communication Theoretic Model)

(Finite State

Grammar)3

4

(state)

3 “Finite State
A Manual of
Markov Process” 2)
4 (1957: 20

Hockett (1955)

Phonology

210 7

(represent)

The man
comes. The men came.

( Chomsky 1957: 19)

The man 2a comes
0 2b
1 3
men come

( 1) “ ” 1
2 1 The
2a 2b
man The man 2a
3 2a

comes

(closed loop)

211

( Chomsky 1957: 19)
The old, old man

comes., The old, old men come., The old, old, old man comes.

(dependency relation)
(conditionals) (if___, then ___; either___, or___)

212 7

If1 many more2 students3 whom we haven't actually
admitted are3 sitting in on the courses than2 ones we
have, then1 auditors will probably have to be excluded.
( Chomsky and Miller
1963 Newmeyer 1980

)

if then, more than
students are (then, than, are)
(if, more, students)

(finite)
(infinite)

(2)
(Immediate Constituent Analysis)

(Phrase Structure Grammar)
(constituent)

213

Sentence NP + VP
(Sentence)
(NP) (VP) 2

(ad hoc)

:,

(active) (passive)
(discontinuous constituents)

(Chomsky 1957: 36)
1a. The scene - of the movie - was in Chicago.
1b. The scene - of the play - was in Chicago.

214 7

1c. The scene -of the movie and the play- was in
Chicago.

2a. The scene - of the movie - was in Chicago.
2b. The scene - that I wrote - was in Chicago.
2c. * The scene - of the movie and that I wrote - was in
Chicago.

1c.
(of the

movie of the play) of the movie ( )
2c. )

that I wrote (

If S1 and S2 are grammatical sentences, and S1 differs

from S2 only in that X appears in S1 where Y appears in

S2 (i.e. S1= …X…., S2= …Y….) and X and Y are

constituents of the same type in S1 and S2, respectively,

then S3 is a sentence, where S3 is a result of replacing

X by X+and+Y in S1 (i.e. S3= …X+and+Y…)

S1 S2 S1

S2 X S1

Y S2 ( S1= …X…., S2=

…Y…..) 215
S1
XY
X+and+ Y ( S2 S3

X S1
S3=….X+and+Y)

(Chomsky 1957: 36)

(grammatical transformation)

Transformational Grammar) (Generative
3

1) (Phrase Structure Rules)

216 7 (Transformational Rules)
(Morphophonemic Rules)
2)
3) (Phrase Structure Rules)

7.2.1

(Rewriting Rules)

XY
YX

(Chomsky 1957: 26, 39)

1. Sentence NP + VP

2. NP T+N

3. VP Verb + NP

4. T the

5. N man, ball, etc.

6. Verb hit, took, etc.

7. NP NPsing, NPpl
8. NPsing T+N+
9. NP pl T+N+S
( S)

217

NP

VP ( 1) NP T(

VP the) N ( ) ( 2)
3) NP
NP V( ) NP (

N( ( 7)

N( T( )

hit the ball.” ) ( 8) NP

T( )

) ( 9)

“The man

(Chomsky 1957: 27)

Sentence 1
NP + VP 2
T + N + VP 3
T + N + Verb + NP 4
The + N + Verb + NP 5
The + man + Verb + NP 6
The + man + hit + NP 2
the + man + hit + T + N 4
the + man + hit + the + N 5
the + man + hit + the + ball

218 7 Chomsky “derivation”
(
“”

5

Sentence

NP VP

TN Verb NP
the man
hit T N
the ball

4, 5, 6
7.2.2 (Transformational Rules)

5 (1965: 17) Phrase-Marker
( “ ”)

do, not 219

so
2

(Passive) (Chomsky 1957: 112)

NP - Aux -V -NP

X1- X2 -X3-X4 X4-X2 + be + en-

X3-by+ X1

John - C - admire- sincerity
NP Aux V NP
X1 - X2 - X3 - X4
sincerity C+be+en-admire by+ John

220 7

John C ( / ) admire
John
sincerity X1 C
NP X2 admire V (tense)
Aux NP X4 X3
sincerity
sincerity

(X4) C (X2) be+en
admire (X3) John (X1) by

John (X1)

7.2.2.1 (Obligatory Rules)
(Obligatory Rules)

“ ”
Do Transformation
“do

221

do (do Transformation) (Chomsky 1957: 113)
# 6 - Af 7

X1 - X2 X1 - do + X2

1957: 113) (Auxiliary Transformation) (Chomsky

X - Af - v - Y
(Af / C

en ing ; v
M have be)
X1- X2- X3- X4 X1 -X3-X2 X 4

v Af v
Af Af

/ he - S + be - ing + go (S
)

he

6 (word boundary)
7 Af (Tense Affix)

222 7

X1 , S Af (X2), be v (X3), ing
X4

he - S + be - ing + go
X - Af - v - Y….
X1 - X2 - X3 - X4

he - be - S ing + go
X1 - X3 - X2 X4

he- be - S ing + go
X - Af - v - Y
X1 - X2 - X3 - X4

he- be - S go + ing
X1 - X3 - X2 X 4

223
2

he- be - S go + ing
(kernel sentence)

7.2.2.2 (Optional Rules)

Passive

“not”

(Tnot)

NP - C - V ...
NP - C + M...
NP - C have ....
NP - C + be .......

X1 - X2 - X3 X1 - X2 + n’t -X3

224 7

NP / (C)
2 3

(M) have, be
n’t C
3 (M, have, be)

John - S -come (S /
)

John - S -come
NP - C - V
X1 - X2 - X3

7.2.2.3 John - S + n’t -come
X1 - X2 + n’t - X3

(Simple Transformations)8
(Generalized Transformations)

8 Chomsky 1965,
Singulary Transformations

225
(Simple Transformations)

(Generalized Transformations)
2
(Nominalization)

(Conjunction) (Chomsky 1957: 113)

S1 Z - X - W )
S2 Z - X - W X1-
(X NP, VP Z W

(X1-X 2 -X3 ; X4 -X5-X6 )

X2+and+X5-X3

2

XX

1X 2 and

226 7

S1: The scene - of the movie - was in Chicago.
Z XW
X1 X 2 X3

S2: The scene - of the play - was in Chicago.
Z XW
X4 X 5 X6

The scene -of the movie and of the play- was in Chicago.

X1 X 2 and X5 X3

(=
)
(= )

do
John - S -come

John - S - come John - come - S
X - Af - v -Y X1 - X3 - X2 X 4
X1 - X2 - X3 - X 4

227

CV

John - S + n’t -

come

John - S + n’t -come

do

John - S + n’t -come ( )

X1 - X2
do

John do + S + n’t -come

X1 do + X2

John

doesn’t come.

7.2.3 (Morphophonemic
Rules)

“”

take + past took

228 7 does
is
do + S
be + S

he- be - S go + ing be+S
(Morphophonemic rules)
is) He is going. (

7.3 1957

1957
. (Warotamasikkhadit
1972) Thai Syntax: An Outline

41
35 19
28 1-2

Warotamasikkhadit 1972

7.3.1

PS1: S Nom + VP (F)

229

(
(Final Particles))

(Prt 1) (Qu)

PS2: VP (Auxa) (Neg) (Auxb) MV(E) (Prt2) (I)

( (MV, Main Verb)

a

b

(Prt, Particle) 2

(Qu) (Intentive particles))

Nom

Nom

Vam

PS3: MV Vm
Nom (Adv1)

Vt (Loc) (Tm)

Vo (Nom)

Vi

Vc COMP

Vo

(

8 2 (Vam)

(Middle Verbs, Vm) (Vt)

(Vo), (Vi)

(Causative Verb, Vc)

)

230 7 Vom H
PS8: Vo Voe
( H
Vo1
AN H
Vo2

(Vom)

(Voe)

H AN
2

)

NP

PP

PS19: Nom Npr

Vsec1
SUBJin _

Vsec2

(4 (NP)
(Npr)
(PP, Personal Pronoun) SUBJ
))
(dummy element)

Vsec1 ( ) Vsec2 (

7.3.2

231

(causative)

GT5: Nom1 X Vca COMP Y Nom1+X+ Vca+
Nom2 VP Y'

Nom2+VP+Y’

Nom1 Nom2

(Vca)

Nom1 COMP
X V ca COMP

Nom2 VP Y'

+ + ++
Nom1+X+ Vca + Nom2 + VP + Y’

7.3.3 X+ + +Y

“”
O17: X + + + Y

“ ” “” “”

++ + + +

232 7
X+ + +Y
++ + + +
X+ + +Y

7.3.4

T 10: X + Nom1+ + Nom2+Y X + Nom1+Nom2 + Y

+++ ++

X + Nom1 + + Nom2 + Y X + Nom1 + Nom2 + Y

____________________________

( 7)

1. . .1957 “

”

2. (competence)

(performance) (Particular Grammar)

(Universal Grammar)

3.

233

4. (Phrase Structure Rules)
(Transformational Rules)
(Morphophonemic Rules)

5. “The cat saw the birds.” (
7.2.1)

(derivation)
6.

“John S like Mary”

7.

1)
)

2)
)

3)
)

4 ) I have three sisters. I have two brothers.
) I have three sisters and two brothers.

5 ) The teacher cancelled the class.
) The class was cancelled by the teacher.