ทฤษฎีไวยากรณ์

384 12

put up with

put up with

put up with

13)
(Preposition Attachment)

12

[+ ]

14) 1970 385
(Particle Extrusion) 12

put up with put
up with

put up with
15)
(Particle Movement)
14
1

(42) Fred called up John.

386 12
(43) Fred called John up.

up called
John (43)

(44)
(45)

(44) Fred called him up.
(45) *Fred called up him.

1968 2

1970 387

12.5 (case frame)

11

(Fillmore 1968:
24)

1
1

[] ,, ,
[] ,,

[+ ] , ,,
,,
[+ ] ,,

[ ++ ]

388 12

[] ( ),
[ +] ()

[+ ] ( ),
( ),
[+ +] ()
( ),
[ ( )( )]
() ()

( )( ),
( )( )

,,

----------------------------

( 12)

1. 1970

2.
3. (Subject Choice Hierarchy)

1970 389

4. (Object Choice Hierarchy)

5.
6.
7.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. We discussed our projects with the teacher.
7. The two presidential candidates debated the issue of

internal affairs.
8. She was arguing with her brother over the holiday’s plan.
9. The police blamed the explosion on the terrorist.
10. This movie reminded me of my childhood.
11. The girls competed with each other for the highest grade.
12. The tourists exchanged American dollars with Thai girls.
13. Diana interacted well with children in a kindergarten.
14. Chocolate sauce is always popular with youngsters.
15. Catherine looked more like her grandmother than I

thought.

13

(Lexicase Grammar)

13.1

(Stanley Starosta) 1970

(Lexicase)

2 (lexi-) (case)
(Starosta 1988: 1)
(lexical item, word)

391

(head) (dependent)

table the

table

the +
[+ ]
+[+ ]

- [+ ]

([- [+ table
+

[+ ] (+ [+ ])
-

[+ ]
] ])

table

392 13

table (Lexicase
features)

table

+
-
-
+
+
-

-
(case)

(Starosta 1990: 1)

in the room in the morning room

in (location)

morning in (time)

(morphological marker)

393

watashi-no namae-wa midori-desu
I possessive name-nominative Midori-Verbal marker
‘My name is Midori.’

no

wa

chased the cat. dog The dog
cat chased

The cat chased the dog.
cat dog

394 13

13.2

(generative) (lexicalist)

(dependency) (case)

(localistic) (Starosta and Nomura 1984: 1-6)

13.2.1 (generative)

(Generative Grammar)

(explicit) (lexicalist)
13.2.2

(
13.4)

13.2.3 395
(dependency)

(head) (
(dependent)

13.4)

13.2.4 (case)

13.2.5 (
13.5)

(localistic)

(semantic feature) (case form)
( 13.5) (nominative)

(localistic feature)

(source)

(goal) (terminus)

396 13

in Chiangmai Chiangmai
[-Nom]
Non-nominative case location
in
in

[+lctn]

in Chiangmai
[+lctn ] [-Nom]

5

13.3

13.3

(features)

397

“A feature is a marker on a lexical item indicating its
membership in a particular semantic or syntactic class. It is
marked on a word if the feature is included in the syntactic and
semantic information about the word.” (Starosta 1988: 1-6)

dog

1 ], [+ dog
[+ ], [+ ], [+
] [+ ]
matrix) (feature

dog

+
+
+
+
+

cat [ dog
cat ]

398 13

cat
+
+
+
+
-

13.3.1

2

2 (binary feature)

(implicational feature)

(binary feature) (+)

(-)

(contextual feature)

(non-contextual feature)

[+

] [+ ]

[+ [+ ] ]

[- [+

]]

399

(definite noun)
(determiner)
[+ [+ ] ]

+
+ [+ ]

[+ ] [+ ] ]]
> [+[+

(non-finite)

[- ]
[- [+ ]]

?

400 13

(case form) (case relation)
(macro role) ( 13.5)

(+ -) (?)
explode

explode
+
? [+ ]
? [+ ]
? [+ ]

( (?)
13.7)

The bomb exploded

401

bomb exploded
+ +
The + -
[+ ] + ?[+ ]
+ ?[+ ]
? [+ ] ? [+

exploded

( [- ])

[?[+ ]]

[?[+ ] ] [?[+ ] ]

bomb [+ ] ]
[+ ] [+ ] [+ [?[+
]]

402 13

the [+ ]
(+) 2

13.3.2 (Functions of features)

(Contextual feature) 1
(Non-contextual feature)

(contextual feature)
(head)
(dependent)

book

[+[+ ]]

book

[- [+ ]]

interesting book

403

interesting book ]
[+ ] + ]]
+[+
- [ [+

book ]])
([+[+ ]])

(-[ [+
interesting

environment bar

[+x] [+x]
[+x]
[+ [+ x] ]
[+ [+ x] ]

404 13 [+x]
[+x]
[- [+ x] ]
[- [+ x] ] (non-contextual feature)

([+ ]) ([- ])
]) ([+

3 ([- ])
+-

(?)

+, - ?
Donald read the comic

405
read

Donald + comic
+
+ ++
+
+ ? [+ ] the -

? [+ ] [+ ]+

? [+ ] + [+ ]
? [- ] -[ [+ ] ]

? [+ ]

read (?[+ ], ?[+ ], ?[+
[+ ] (?[- ], ? [+

]) Donald
]) ,

, comic
,
,

2

406 13 (?)

(+, -)
2

13.4 (Dependent Grammar)

(head) (dependent)

13.4.1 (head)

(construction)

6 (sentence particle)
(conjunction)

407

2
2

408 13

13.4.2 (Dependent sisters)

(sisters)

the book interesting book

409

book

about
science

the book jogged
he

410 13

(tree diagram)

drink drink
milk

walk
to

school

411
walk slowly

beautiful
very

412 13

slowly
very

2

near table
very the

413

**

the the
cat very

the
(constraint)

(Sisterhead constraint) (Starosta 1988: 200)

414 13

(subcategorization)

(common noun) 2 the
computer, some videos 2 (The
(proper noun)
(Syntactic
Jones), (The Himalaya)
13.4.3

Structure)

1988: 7-36) (Starosta
1) 2
(transformational rules)

2) 415
(phrase structure rules)
13.5)
3) (
x-bar

X-bar 3
(bar) 2

1

x”
x’
x

2 1
(phrasal head)
(lexical head)

416 13
x’
x
(word)

(One bar constraint) (Starosta 1988: 14)

(abstract category) (affix) Leaf
constraint) (Starosta 1988: 13) INFL,

(Lexical

x-bar 2

’( ) ’( ) ’( )

’( ) ’( 417
) ’( )

(grammatical relations) (Grammatical

13.5
Relation)

3 (case

form) (case relation)
(macro role) (Starosta 1988: 115-150)

418 13

13.5.1 (case relations)

(Chafe 1970) (Fillmore 1968, 1970)
5

(Patient) [PAT]

(
(Objective))

(Starosta 1988: 126)
“Patient is interpreted as the perceived central
participant in a state or event”

accusative

(intransitive [-trns]

(transitive [+trns])

(1) The horse galloped.
[PAT] [-trns]

419

(2) The wasp stung the mailman.
[+trns] [PAT]

(3) Joanna put the jewelry in the box.
[+trns] [PAT]

(4) The farmer loaded some rice onto the truck.
[+trns] [PAT]

(5) The tiger was killed by a hunter.
[PAT] [+trns]

(Agent) [AGT]

(Agent) (Instrument)

(Experiencer)

(Starosta 1988: 126)

“Agent is the perceived external instigator,

initiator, controller, or experience of the action, event, or state”

(6) The wasp stung the mailman.
[AGT] [+trns]

(7) Joanna put the jewelry in the box.
[AGT] [+trns]

420 13

(8) The farmer loaded some rice onto the truck.
[AGT] [+trns]

(9) The arrow hit the target.
[AGT] [+trns]

(10) The magician changed a rabbit into a bird.
[AGT] [+trns]

(Locus [LOC]), 2
(Correspondent) [COR]
(Means [MNS])

(Inner [+innr])
(Outer [-innr])

(Inner Locus)

(location) (goal)

(source)

(Starosta 1988: 126)

“Inner Locus is the perceived concrete or

abstract source, goal, or location of the Patient”

(Outer Locus)

421

(Place)

(Starosta 1988: 126)
“Outer Locus is the perceived concrete

or abstract source, goal, or location of the action, event or state.”

(11) Tom stayed in a hotel in Honolulu.

[-Trns] LOC LOC

+innr -innr

(12) Bruno brewed the elixir in a beaker in the lab.

[+Trns] LOC LOC

+innr -innr

(Inner Correspondent)

(Experiencer)
(Starosta 1988: 127)

“Inner Correspondent is the entity
perceived as being in correspondence with the Patient.”

(Outer Correspondent)

422 13

(Benefactive)
(Starosta 1988: 127)
“Outer Correspondent is the

perceived external frame or point of reference for the action,
event, or state as a whole.”

(13) John would walk a mile for a cigarette.

[-trns] COR COR

+innr -innr

(14) Please spare me your sarcasm for Pete’s sake.

[-trns] COR COR

+innr -innr

(Inner Means)

(Manner)
(Starosta 1988: 127)

“Inner Means is the percieved
immediate affector or effector of the Patient.”

423

(Outer Means)

(Manner)

(Starosta 1988: 127)
“Outer Means is the means by

which the action, state or event as a whole is perceived as being
realized.”

(15) Mary fought with alligators with bare hands.
[-trns] MNS MNS
+innr -innr

(16) Max loaded the truck with hay with a pitchfork.
[+trns] MNS MNS
+innr -innr

424 13

(perception)
(situation)

(17) The post office is to the right of the bank.
[PAT] [LOC]

post office
([+PAT])

bank
([+LOC])

(18) The bank is to the left of the post office.
[PAT] [LOC]

bank
post office

(17) post
office (18)

425

2 post office
(Patient) bank

(Location)

(19) The post office is to the right of the bank.

Patient location

(20) The bank is to the left of the post office.

location Patient

post office bank
2 2

(21) The post office is to the right of the bank.

location Patient

(22) The bank is to the left of the post office.

Patient location

19 20 21 22
2

426 13

13.5.2
(Patient Centrality Hypothesis)

(Starosta 1988:
128)

(23) Michael fell from the tree.
[PAT] [-trns]

(24) Micky kicked the ball.
[+trns] [PAT]

(inner case) (outer case)

1)

2)

427

(25) Tom rested in an apartment in London.

[PAT] [-trns] LOC LOC

+innr -innr

London 2 apartment
Tom apartment
apartment
London
London

(26) * In an apartment, Tom rested in London.
(27) In London, Tom rested in an apartment.

(26) apartment
London

(27) apartment
London

(28) Frank ran two miles for charity.
[PAT] [-trns] COR COR
+innr -innr

428 13

miles Frank
charity
charity miles
miles charity

(29) * Two miles, Frank ran for charity.
(30) For charity, Frank ran two miles.

miles (29)
charity
(30) charity
miles

(31) Frank loaded the truck with hay with a pitchfork.
[AGT] [+trns] [+PAT] MNS MNS
+innr -innr

(32)*With hay, Frank loaded the truck with a pitchfork.
(33) With a pitchfork, Frank loaded the truck with hay.

hay truck
pitchfork hay

429
(32) pitchfork
hay pitchfork

2

(34) Tom rested in an apartment.
[PAT] [-trns] [LOC]

(35) Frank walked two miles.
[PAT] [-trns] [COR]

(36) Frank loaded the truck with hay.
[AGT] [+trns] [PAT] [MNS]
5
1

(one Per Sent constraint) (Starosta 1978: 128)

430 13

13.5.3 (Case Form)

(Agent) (Patient)
178) (Starosta 1988:
(Nominative)

(Accusative)

(affix)

–wa (Nominative) -o

(Accusative) -no (Possessive) –de

(Locative)

(Accusative)

2

431

(Nominative [NOM])
impersonal

(37) The wind blows.
[+Nom]

(38) Nakiko was unhappy.
[+Nom]

(39) The girls like chocolates.
[+Nom]

(Accusative [-Nom])

accusative
2

(40) The arrow hit the target.

[-Nom]

(41) The sun emits radiation.

[-Nom]

(42) The announcer presents an award to the actor.

[+Nom] [-Nom] [-Nom]

432 13

2
localistic feature

[+lctn]) ([source [+srce]) (location)
[+goal]) (terminus [+trmn]) (goal

(43) George lived in Tokyo.
[+Nom] [-trns] [+lctn] [-Nom]

in Tokyo

in

([+lctn]) Tokyo

([-Nom])

13.5.4 (Macro Role)

(Actor)
[actr] ([+])

(Agent)
(Patient)

433

(Starosta 1988: 145,150)
(44) The storm happened unexpectedly.

[actr] [-trns]
(45) The key opened the door.

[actr] [+trns]
(46) Genie built the palace.

[actr] [+trns]

3

(47) Keven slipped.
PAT [-trns]
+Nom
actr