PAGE FROM A BOOK ASSIGNMENT BIOB38H3, WINTER 2023 University of Toronto Scarborough Prof. Jeneni Thiagavel TAs: Andreea Bosorogan, Janean Sharkey TABLE OF CONTENTS Common name Scientific name Page number Agave Agave tequilana 1 - 2 Allspice Pimenta dioica 3 - 4 Aloe vera Aloe barbadensis 5 - 26 Arabidopsis Arabidopsis thaliana 27 Ash, Northern prickly Zanthoxylum americanum 28 - 29 Ashwagandha Withania somnifera 30 - 31 Artemisia /Wormwood Artemisia spp. 32 – 33, 389 - 390 Balsam Impatiens balsamina 34 - 35 Bamboo Bambusa vulgaris 36 - 37 Banana Musa spp. 38 - 41 Baseball plant Euphorbia obesa 42 - 43 Basil Ocimum spp. 44 – 53 (also pp. 177) Bay leaf Laurus nobilis 54 - 55 Beefsteak plant Perilla frutescens 56 - 57 Bitter Kola Garcinia kola 58 - 59 Black cumin seed Nigella sativa 60 - 61 Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis 62 - 63 Borage Borago officinalis 64 - 65 Angel's trumpet Brugmansia suaveolens 66 Cacao tree Theobroma cacao 67 - 69 Camphor Cinnamomum camphora 70 - 71
ii Common name Scientific name Page number Carrot, wild Daucus carota 72 - 73 Cassava Manihot esculenta 74 - 76 Castor bean Ricinus communis 77 - 78 Cerasee Momordica charantia 79 - 80 Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla 81 - 88 Chinese money plant Pachira aquatica 89 - 90 Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium 91 - 92 Cinnamon Cinnamomum verum 93 - 95 Coconut Cocos nucifera 96 - 101 Coffee Coffee arabica 102 - 105 Cosmos Cosmos spp. 106 - 107 Costus igneus Costus Igneus 108 - 109 Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon 110 - 112 Crispy wave Asplenium nidus 113 Daisy Bellis perennis 114 - 115 Dandylion Taraxacum officinale 116 - 119 Danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza 120 - 121 Date Phoenix dactylifera 122 - 127 Devil's trumpet Datura spp. 128 - 130 Dragon Fruit Selenicereus spp. 131 - 133 Eelgrass Zostera marina 134 - 135 Elderberry, black Sambucus nigra 136 - 137 Elephant ear Araceae caladium 138 - 139 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus 140 - 141 Ginger Zingiber officinale 142 - 147 Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba 148 - 152
iii Common name Scientific name Page number Ginseng Panax ginseng 153 - 156 Goji berry Lycium barbarum 157 - 160 Hawthorn Carataegus spp. 161 - 162 Hemlock Conium maculatum 163 Henna Lawsonia inermis 164 - 170 Hibiscus Hibiscus spp. 171 - 176 Holy Basil, cont.. Ocimum spp. 177 - 180 Honeysuckle, Japanese Lonicera japonica 181 - 182 Icaco Chrysobalanus icaco 183 - 184 Jasmine Jasminum sambuc 185 - 191 Jiaogulan Gynostemma pentaphyllum 192 - 193 Jumping cholla Cylindropuntia fulgida 194 Lavender Lavandula angustifolia 195 - 204 Lilac, French Syringa vulgaris 205 - 206 Lilac, Japanese Syringa reticulata 207 - 208 Lily of the valley Convallaria majalis 209 - 210, 213 - 215 Lily, water Nymphaea spp. 211 – 212, 384 Periwinkle Catharanthus roseus 216 – 217, see also 263 - 264 Marigold Tagetes spp 218 - 221 Mint Mentha spp. 222 - 230, 261 -262 Monkshood Aconitum napellus 231 - 232 Moringa Moringa oleifera 233 - 234 Myrtle Myrtus communis 235 - 236 Oleander Nerium oleander 237 - 242 Olive Olea europea 243 - 246 Osmanthus, sweet Osmanthus fragrans 247
iv Common name Scientific name Page number Papaya Carica papaya 248 - 249 Passionflower Passiflora incarnata 250 - 254 Peony Paeonia spp. 255 - 256 Pepper tree, Brazilian long Schinus terebinthifoli 257 - 258 Pepper, Javanese long Piper retrofractum 259 - 260 Periwinkle Vinca minor 263 - 264 Peyote Lophophora williamsii 265 - 266 Pineapple Ananas comosus 267 Pitcher plant Nepenthes Khasiana 268 - 269 Plum, Chinese Prunus mume 270 - 271 Plumeria Plumeria spp. 272 - 273 Pomegranate Punica granatum 274 - 277 Poppy Papaver somniferum 278 - 281 Pothos, Money Plant Epipremnum aureum 282 - 285 Red spider lilies Lycoris radiata 286 Rose Rosa spp. 287 - 290 Rose, desert Adenium obesum 291 - 292 Rosemary Salvia rosmarinus 293 - 301 Saffron Crocus sativus 302 - 307 Sage Salvia officinalis 308 - 313 Sago palm Cycas revoluta 314 - 315 Sandalwood Santalum album 316 – 318, 321 - 322 Sandalwood, red Pterocarpus santalinus 319 - 320 Seaweed Capsosiophon fulvescens 323 Senna Senna alexandrina 324 - 325 Snake plant Dracaena trifasciata 326 - 327
v Common name Scientific name Page number Staghorn Rhus typhina 328 Sunflower Helianthus annus 329 - 332 Syrian rue Peganum harmala 333 - 334 Tamarind Tamarindus indica 335 - 337 Tangerine Citrus reticulata 338 - 339 Tea Camellia sinesis 340 - 347 Tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia 348 - 351 Terebinth Pistacia terebinthus 352 - 353 Thistle, milk Silybum marianum 354 - 355 Tomato Solanum lycopersicum 356 - 357 Turmeric Curcuma longa 358 - 382 Valerian Valeriana offinalis 383 Willow Salix spp. 385 - 388 Yew, common Taxus baccata 391 - 394
History and Cultural Significance/Uses: The Blue Agave plant is native to South America; specifically, Mexico. However, the plant does not get its fame from its stunning blueish leaves and large stature; the Blue Agave is widely used in the production of Tequila, an infamous alcoholic beverage. Tequila is produced in, Jalisco, Mexico, and undergoes extensive processing creating a variety of alcohol concentrations and flavours. This property made the plant a cornerstone in rituals, ceremonies, and religious practices, but it was not until when Spaniards immigrated to Mexico sharing their understanding of distillation that modern Tequila was created. The Blue Agave, Agave tequilana, although primarily known for its beverage, has several other secondary uses. For example, it has been used to make medicine, paper, mats, needles for sewing, soap and fabricated to make footwear. In addition, the plant when cooked, served as a food source for a variety of native tribes when food or water was scarce. Habitat/Geographic Range: The Blue Agave is native to Mexico because it has the optimal temperatures and precipitation for the growth and reproduction of the plant. Typically, 26°C is optimal with a minimum survivable temperature of 3°C and a maximum survivable temperature of 47°C. This limits its growth to temperate climates that never reach below freezing. Excess water can harm the growth of these plants; therefore, they require adequate drainage. Furthermore, they thrive in conditions where the annual rainfall is 800 to 900mm and are best planted right before the upcoming rainy season. One Active Compound of Interest: Saponin The Blue Agave leaves contains a broad range of active compounds called saponins. These compounds are known for their anti-inflammatory properties. This explains the historic use of this plant as a medicine. Knowing this information should inspire research in the effect of these plant leaves on inflammation throughout the body and even in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Toxicity/Hazards/Warnings: The leaves of the plant are poisonous; a simple scratch can induce burning sensations, rashes, blisters and irritation. Common remedies are to wash the affected area with water and seek medical attention if the person's condition worsens. The sap of the leaves also contains calcium oxalate crystals which can cause bodily harm if ingested. ~Blue Agave~ Scientific Name: Agave tequilana Common Name: Blue Agave Tequila Production: Tequila production is composed of 5 steps, 1 step involving plant growth and 4 steps involving its processing : 1) Maturation of Blue Agave, approximately 8 years 2) Cooking 3) Milling 4) Fermentation 5) Distillation 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Cedeño, M.C. Tequila Production. Crit Rev Biotechnol [Online], 2008, p 1-11. Taylor & Francis Online. References 1. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388559509150529 (accessed Apr 5, 2023). 2. Monterrosas-Brisson, N.; Arenas-Ocampo, M.L.; Jiménez-Ferrer, E.; Jiménez-Aparicio, A.R.; Zamilpa, A.; Gonzalez-Cortazar, M.; Tortoriello, J.; Herrera-Ruiz, M. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Different Agave Plants and the Compound Cantalasaponin-1. Molecules [Online], 2013, 18(7), p 8136- 8146. PubMed Central. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6269955/ (accessed Apr 5, 2023). 3. Valdez, N. Necps. The Dangers Of The Blue Agave Plant, 2022. Necps. https://www.necps.org/the- dangers-of-the-blue-agave-plant/ (accessed Apr 5, 2023). 4. Canva. https://www.canva.com/(accessed Apr 5, 2023). 2
Active Compound: Eugenol (Thiagavel). Scientific name: Pimenta dioica (Badura 249). Origin and Location. Allspice (Pimenta dioica) originates from Central America most commonly found in Cuba and in the south of Mexico (Badura 249). Allspice grows in a tropical regions with both wet and dry conditions that are ideal (Badura 249). Toxic or Not? There is no toxic component to the essential oil of allspice (Zabka et al. 252). Berries of this tree are taken before they are ripened and are then dried; these berries are used for food dishes (Badura 249). It is from the leaves of this tree that an oil is produced (Badura 249). This oil is then distilled to be used as a component in bay rum, which is used for hygiene products (Badura 249-250). Pimenta diocia essential oil can be used as a preventive against two different fungal disease on agricultural productions of crops (Zabka et al. 250). What is Allspice used for? Pimenta diocia most valuable parts are its leaves and berries that give off a distinct scent (Badura 249). Figure 1. Dini, Cristina. “Dried Allspice.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/plant/allspice. Accessed 7 Apr. 2023. Figure 2. Barker, Junko. “Allspice.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/plant/allspice. Accessed 7 Apr. 2023. History Allspice was favored spice in Europe during the modern era (Badura 249). The oldest record of allspice is from 1601 a man named Carolus Clusius had allspice imported to him from Jamaica (Badura 249). Allspice was added to chocolate in the 18th century (Badura 249). 3
References Badura, Monika. “Pimenta Officinalis Lindl. (Pimento, Myrtle Pepper) from Early Modern Latrines in Gdansk (Northern Poland).” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, vol. 12, no. 4, 2003, pp. 249–252., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-003-0023-6. Barker, Junko. “Allspice.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/plant/allspice. Accessed 7 Apr. 2023. Dini, Cristina. “Dried Allspice.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/plant/allspice. Accessed 7 Apr. 2023. “Free Design Tool: Presentations, Video, Social Media | CANVA.” Canva , https://www.canva.com/. Thiagavel, Jeneni. “Herbs & Spices.” Lecture 9. 13 Feb. 2023, Toronto, Quercus, University of Toronto Scarborough, https://q.utoronto.ca/courses/295448/files/24903351?module_item_id=4502357. Accessed 7 Apr. 2023. Zabka, Martin, et al. “Antifungal Effect of Pimenta Dioica Essential Oil against Dangerous Pathogenic and Toxinogenic Fungi.” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 30, no. 2, Sept. 2009, pp. 250–253., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.04.002. 4
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Created on and Images from: Canva [Computer Software]. (2023). Retrieved from https://www.canva.com/ (Canva, 2023) Aloe barbadensis miller or more commonly known as Aloe Vera is a monoecious, shrubby, succulent, perennial, evergreen, short rooted, pea-green coloured plant belonging to the Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae) family of angiosperm plants (Surjushe et al., 2008). Its name Aloe comes from the Arabic word “Alloeh” meaning shining bitter substance while Vera comes from the Latin word “vera” meaning true (Surjushe et al., 2008). Aloe vera species inhabit mostly arid (hot and dry) climates mainly located in South Africa and India (Saheli et al., 2018). However, they are found all over the world as majority of these Aloe species are able to thrive in almost any soil type requiring little to no soil preparation before planting (Saheli et al., 2018). The gel of the aloe vera plant has been used topically or ingested for centuries for medicinal purposes as its gel has known to provide numerous health and beauty benefits (Griffin, 2023). However, aloe vera has not been tested much in a clinical setting so many of these benefits listed below are based on personal accounts and reports (Griffin, 2023): stimulation of immune system anti-viral, antitumor, anti-oxidant activity stimulate digestion laxative effect anti-aging/healing increase collagen synthesis & increase breaking strength of scar tissue) Skin Protection UV and gamma radiation protection, treats burns, moisturizes skin antiseptic effect inhibitory action on fungi, bacteria, viruses The main active compound within aloe vera gel are a class of phenolic compounds known as Anthraquinone (Sanchez, 2020). Activity: painkiller, natural laxative, antifungal, virucidal, & antibacterial properties (Sanchez, 2020) Types: Aloe-emodin, aloectic acid, aloin, resistannol anthracene (Sanchez, 2020) To the Ancient Egyptians, Aloe Vera was known as the “Plant of Immortality” as it was thought to hold the secrets to immortality, beauty, health and can bloom without soil (Surjushe, 2008). Egyptian queens Nefertiti and Cleopatra both used aloe vera in their beauty regimens by rubbing on their skin to keep it smooth and soft (Surjushe, 2008). Remove or obtain leaves of aloe vera plant (cut leaves close to stem but avoid the roots) Wash and dry the leaves Trim the prickly ends with a knife Separate the interior gel from leaf Allow yellow sap to drain from leaf Cut aloe gel into slices or cubes Procedure by Cronkleton (2018): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. May cause burning, redness, and stinging in sensitive individuals (Surjushe et al., 2008) May increase absorption of steroid creams (Surjushe et al., 2008) TOPICAL If pregnant Aloe is not recommended due to uterine contraction stimulation and stomach distress to nursing infants (Surjushe et al., 2008) Abdominal cramps, red urine, diarrhea, dependency/worsening constipation can occur (Surjushe et al., 2008) Prolonged use can increase risk of colorectal cancer (Surjushe et al., 2008) Nutrient imbalance (especially low potassium) can occur due to laxative effect (Surjushe et al., 2008) ORAL References Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. (2008). Aloe vera: A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785 Cronkleton, E. (2018, December 12). How to Use Fresh Aloe Vera. Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-use-aloe-vera-plant#harvesting-the- plant Griffin, R.M. (2010, July 27). Aloe Vera. WebMD; WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/diet/supplement-guide-aloe- vera#:~:text=the%20gel%20inside. -,Side%20effects.,more%20than%20a%20few%20days. Sánchez, M., González-Burgos, E., Iglesias, I., & Gómez-Serranillos, M. P. (2020). Pharmacological Update Properties of Aloe Vera and its Major Active Constituents. Molecules, 25(6), 1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061324 (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) GENERAL INFO THE GEL OF ALOE VERA Scientific Name: aloe barbadenis miller GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION (Canva, 2023) USES & BENEFITS IDENTIFICATION ACTIVE COMPOUNDS WARNINGS HISTORY/FOLKLORE GETTING THE GEL grey to green leaves with occasional white spots on surface (Saheli et al., 2016) sharp spines along edge (Saheli et al., 2016) yellow, tube-like flowers clustered on the stem (Saheli et al., 2016) Main Features: 6
What even is Aloe Vera, and where does it grow: Aloe vera (Aloe Vera) has been used as a traditional medicine to treat skin problems dating back to ancient Eygpt (1). Naturally found across Asia and Africa, civilization have deemed it the plant of immortality because it doesn't need a lot of water to grow. But what does Aloe vera do: It can treat burns, cuts, and sunburns as it contains high amounts of water , sugars, and Acemannan which is noted to help wounds heal (2). The nutrients in it also has an anti-aging effect Aloe vera is also edible and the high natural sugar and water content makes it a tasty drink. It contains minerals and vitamin A, C, and E, as well as other antioxidants. Eating the flesh helps with constipation and has anti-inflammatory effect. (1) Warning, While aloe vera is good to eat and as a skin medication, it does create negative effects when used too much. It is a laxative and leaving it on your skin for too long may end up drying. (1) Aloe Vera: Why you should always have this plant Reference: Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe Vera: A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785 Landes, E. (2023, February 23). 5 healthy benefits of drinking aloe Vera Juice. Healthline. Retrieved March 26, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/aloe-vera-juice-benefits Gayle. (2017, November 2). Natural Foods & Vitamins < Aloe life. LASSENS. Retrieved March 26, 2023, from https://www.lassens.com/2017/11/02/aloe-life/ 7
Aloe Vera: Nature’s Healer Warning! Orally consuming Aloe latex and/or whole-leaf extract can be dangerous, especially in large amounts. Taking 1 gram of Aloe latex daily can eventually lead to acute kidney failure (and even death) (Mayo Clinic, 2020). Cultural Significance Aloe Vera has been used as medicine for thousands of years in many cultures, including: India, Egypt, Greece, Mexico, China and Japan (Surjushe et al., 2008). Former Egyptian Queen Cleopatra even used it for her beauty routine. 8
BIOB38 – Plants & Science Page From a Book Assignment Sebastian Velez-Canola Friday, April 7, 2023 References Ang, T. (2021). 12 best aloe skin-care products for soothing and hydrating your face and body. Allure. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.allure.com/gallery/best-aloe-skin-careproducts Hamman, J. (2008). Composition and application of Aloe Vera Leaf Gel. Molecules, 13(8), 1599-1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13081599 Houghton, E. (2018). Aloe plant care: How to grow and care for an aloe vera plant. Good Housekeeping. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home/gardening/g19682442/aloe-plant-care/ Liang, J., Cui, L., Li, J., Guan, S., Zhang, K., & Li, J. (2020). Aloe Vera: A Medicinal Plant Used in Skin Wound Healing. Tissue Engineering Part B-Reviews, 27(5), 455-474. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0236 Mayo Clinic. (2020). Aloe. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-aloe/art20362267#:~:text=Aloe%20gel%20is%20generally%20considered,likely%20unsafe%20in%20h igh%20doses. 9
Mishra, S. (2019). What to keep in mind when shopping for pure aloe vera gel. Vogue India. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.vogue.in/content/what-to-keep-in-mind-whenshopping-for-pure-aloe-vera-gel National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (n.d.). Aloe Vera. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/aloe/index.cfm#:~:text=There%20are%20at%20l east%20420,used%20in%20Aloe%2Dbased%20products. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, (n.d.). Aloe vera. Kew Science, Plants of the World Online. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.kew.org/plants/aloe-vera#where-in-the-world Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe Vera: A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785 10
WHAT IS THIS BEAUTIFUL PLANT: Aloe Vera plant also known as: Aloe barbadensis miller. (Surjushe et al., 2008) The Aloe Vera plant has leaves which resemble a triangular shape. The inner part of the leaf has a gel like substance which is bout 9% water and has multiple other nutrients such as vitamins, amino acids, etc. (Surjushe et al., 2008) Having this plant can help me from: • Healing external burns (by using its gels) • Skin care • Relieves itching • Acts as an anti-inflammatory Agent • Can also stabilise Sugar levels and lower cholesterol • Laxatives (Surjushe et al., 2008) Active Ingredient: Aloe vera has about 75 active nutrients which include vitamins, enzymes minerals, sugars lignin, saponins, salicylic acid, and amino acid and enzymes. (Surjushe et al., 2008) Is it Toxic? • Looking at the aloe vera plant it has phenolic chemicals in particular anthraquinones. Some effects it can have been kidney failure, diarrhea, hypokalemia (low potassium), etc. Any Cultural significance and History? • The aloe vera plant played a large role in medicine throughout the years. As this was a a cheaper alternative it has been used a lot. There are tales which explain how Queen Cleopatra and Queen Nefertiti have used it in their beauty regiment. • Another tale which explained how Aristotle convinced his apprentice Alexander the Great to take over the island of Socotra which is in the Indian ocean for their aloe vera supplies. (Manvitha, & Bidya, 2013). Where can We Grow or find this amazing plant: Grows within hot and drier climates, but they also grow in deserts, grasslands, and alpines habitats. 11
Sources used: Manvitha,, K., & Bidya, B. (2013, December 20). Aloe vera: A wonder plant its history, cultivation ... - pharmacognosy. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2014/vol2issue5/PartB/19.1.pdf Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe Vera: A short review. Indian journal of dermatology. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763764/#:~:text=The%20botanical%20n ame%20of%20Aloe,%2C%20Asia%2C%20Europe%20and%20America. Xiaoqing Guo & Nan Mei (2016) Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 34:2, 77- 96, DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826 Image1:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almanac.com%2Fplant %2Faloevera&psig=AOvVaw1_Q2ABuMP7_KWJVvazA_X0&ust=1680964613195000&source=images &cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCJCA0ab_l_4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE Image 2: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.com%2Fearthpediaarticles%2Fhow-to-use-the-aloe-veraplant%2F&psig=AOvVaw1c5EnqzLLIV0cd6atPhY_H&ust=1680964640625000&source=image s&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCIiDmbT_l_4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE To create Document Microsoft word was used. 12
ALOE VERA Active Compounds Aloe vera contains the antioxidant vitamins A (beta-carotene), C, and E, as well as vitamin B12, folic acid, and choline (Surjushe, 2008) It has 8 enzymes, one of which is bradykinase which, when applied to the skin topically, helps to reduce severe inflammation (Surjushe, 2008). The remaining 7 enzymes aliiase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, lipase, and peridoxase help break down fats and sugars (Surjushe, 2008) Aloe vera also contains calcium, chromium, sodium, and zinc among other minerals, which help maintain various enzyme systems in numerous metabolic pathways in the body (Surjushe, 2008) The hormones auxin and gibberellin, are also present. They have anti-inflammatory properties and aid in wound healing (Surjushe, 2008) Contain 12 anthraquinones, with aloin being the most active (Jangra, 2022) Habitat and Geographical Range Toxicity, Hazards, and Warnings Composition and Structure Common Applications of Aloe Vera For healing: This causes the fibroblast cells to become more active and proliferate, resulting in an increase in the synthesis of collagen, a protein that is essential in holding the body’s cells together and also provides structure and strength for the body (Surjushe, 2008 & McIntosh, 2017) For beauty: Mucopolysaccharides, a type of sugar present in aloe vera, help bind moisture to the skin and soften it by sticking the epidermal cells together (Surjushe, 2008). Additionally, the zinc in aloe vera can cause the skin to contract, allowing for the pores to tighten (Surjushe, 2008) Grows primarily in the dry regions of Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Asia, including in various regions of India (Surjushe, 2008) Middle layer: contains anthraquinones and glycosides in a latex form of yellow sap Innermost layer: is composed of an inner clear gel composed of 99% water with glucomannans, amino acids, lipids, sterols, and vitamins making up the rest of the layer (Surjushe, 2008) Each aloe leaf is triangular in shape with serrated edges and is composed of three layers: (Surjushe, 2008) Topical use: Aloe vera can cause redness, stinging, a burning sensation, and in rare cases, generalized dermatitis (Surjushe, 2008) Oral consumption: Aloe vera can cause abdominal cramps, diarrhea, hepatitis, and an electrolyte imbalance due to the laxative effect it can have (Surjushe, 2008) Outermost layer: is composed of a rind, a 15-20 cell thick protective layer for the plant which synthesizes carbohydrates and proteins for the plant and also contains vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) that transports substances such as water and starch throughout the plant (Surjushe, 2008) The increased production of collagen and elastin fibres also helps the skin become more elastic and less wrinkly (Surjushe, 2008) Glucomannan (a polysaccharide) and the growth hormone gibberellin stimulate growth factor receptors in fibroblasts (Surjushe, 2008). Aloe vera is sold in many skin care products for their moisturizing and anti-aging effects (Surjushe, 2008) Historical Uses of Aloe Vera Scientific name: Aloe barbadensis miller (Surjushe, 2008) Used by Egyptian queens Nefertiti and Cleopatra in their daily beauty routines (Surjushe, 2008) Also used as a laxative in the United States from the early 1800s to the mid-1930’s where it later became used as a treatment for chronic and severe radiation dermatitis (Surjushe, 2008) Fibroblasts: a type of cell that contributes to the growth of connective tissue in the body (Sidransky, 2023) Anthraquinone: a phenolic compound typically referred to a laxative, which has antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-fungal properties (Jangra, 2022) Topical use of aloe vera gel on wounds has been proven to improve wound healing by increasing the blood supply and oxygenation (Jangra, 2022) It is also advised against for pregnant and breastfeeding women due to the potential of stimulating uterine contractions as well as the gastrointestinal distress it can cause on the breastfed infants (Surjushe, 2008) (Aloe Vera Skin Care Products, Aloderma Natural) (Aloe Vera Used to Treat Wound, News24) (Diagram of the layers of an aloe leaf, AVALON Health & Beauty) (Aloe Vera Plant, Canva) 13
Reference List Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe vera: a short review. 2Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163 McIntosh, J. (2017). What is collagen, and why do people use it. News Today, 2, 1-4. Jangra, A., Sharma, G., Sihag, S., & Chhokar, V. (2022). The dark side of miracle plant-Aloe vera: A review. Molecular Biology Reports, 49(6), 5029-5040. AVALON Health & Beauty. "Aloe Vera And Its Benefits." Aloe Vera And Its Benefits, April 13th, 2020. https://avalonofficial.com/blogs/insider-news/aloe-vera-and-its-benefits Aloderma Natural. "Ultimate Aloe Firming and Rejuvenating Set." Aloderma Natural, https://aloderma.com/products/ultimate-aloe-rejuvenating-set? gclid=Cj0KCQjw_r6hBhDdARIsAMIDhV_juvtppeWVgEt68tKsqxW0DSLogDtVjbfrdDMDiJZEKgwuetslqwUaAt8 KEALw_wcB&hsa_acc=8212559205&hsa_ad=&hsa_cam=11200194920&hsa_grp=&hsa_kw=&hsa_mt=&hsa_net=ad words&hsa_src=x&hsa_tgt=&hsa_ver=3&utm_campaign=Google%20Smart%20Shopping&utm_medium=ppc&utm_s ource=adwords&utm_term=&variant=40825237340337#shopify-section-template- -15693346111665__1639524110ac79222c News24. "7 Ways to heal wounds faster and reduce scars at home." News24, August 23rd, 2018. https://www.news24.com/life/archive/7-ways-to-heal-wounds-faster-and-reduce-scars-at-home-20180807 Sidransky, Ellen. (2023) Fibroblast. Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Fibroblast Book page and graphics constructed using Canva. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 14
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Name: Krezza Jane Leano Student Number: 1006544232 Page From A Book Course Code: BIOB38 Instructor: Dr. Jeneni Thiagavel Date: 04/07/23 Works Cited Aloe. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-aloe/art-20362267 Leech, J. (2023). What are the benefits of aloe vera?. Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318591. Surjushe, A., Vasani R., & Saple D.G. (2008). Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J Dermatol, 53(4), 163-6. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.44785. Images → https://www.canva.com 16
The benefits What is it? Aloe barbadensis Miller, or more commonly known as Aloe Vera is a succulent plant hailing from the Asphodelaceae family and is a member of the Aloe genus (Reynolds, 2004). The ingredients It contains various different active components such as polysaccharides, anthraquinones, Salicylic acid, Sterols, and Enzymes such as protease, amylase, and lipase (Surjushe et al., 2008). Potential toxicity Aloe Vera is a very safe plant that does not come with any adverse risks. It is worth noting however, that consuming the yellow sap on the outer layers in large quantities can cause gastrational discomfort and diarrhea (Langmead & Rampton, 2003).
of Aloe Vera Benefits of human use & historical impact The polysaccharides help to combat inflammatory symptoms and boost immune function, the anthraquinones help with bowel movements and can be used to combat constipation, the salicylic acid has antibacterial properties, and the enzymes can help digest and breakdown food (Surjushe et al., 2008). All these benefits combined with the lack of toxicity are the reason why humans have been using Aloe Vera for thousands of years. While the information about the exact date and people to first use Aloe Vera are unknown, the ancient Egyptians are among the oldest known users of the plant; they called it the “immortal plant” (Davis et al., 1994). The plant was also used by the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Medieval Europeans. Habitat Aloe Vera grows in dry and arid regions of the Arabian peninsula, but has been grown all over the world for its commercial applications (Reynolds, 2004). 17
Citations Davis, R. H., Di Donato, J. J., & Hartman, G. M. (1994). substance in Aloe vera. Journal of the American Podiatric Medica https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-84-2-77 Langmead, L., & Rampton, D. S. (2003). Review article: A Therapeutics, 18(3), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-20 Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe vera: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785 Reynolds, T. (2004). The aloes of the world. Strelitzia, 10
Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of a growth al Association, 84(2), 77–81. Aloe vera – A wonder plant? Alimentary Pharmacology & 036.2003.01603.x : A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163–166. . South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 18
Aloe Vera Scientific name: Aloe barbadensis Miller The habitat of aloe vera consists of hot and dry areas, with a geographic range including; the Middle East of Asia, the Southern Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Canary Islands (Sànchez et al, 2020). Traditionally aloe vera has been used as a folk remedy in lots of communities to treat burns and cuts (Sànchez et al, 2020).The word aloe is derived from Allaeh which in Arab means “shining bitter substances” and vera in Latin means "true" (Sànchez et al, 2020). There are many active compounds in aloe vera, some of the most studied are aloe-emodin, aloesin, aloin, emodin, and acemannan (Sànchez et al, 2020). While aloe vera is a relatively safe plant to use and there are not any warnings or hazards associated with the plant, current research is being done on whether the way it is prepared and the amount used leads to possible toxic and carcinogenic effects (Guo et Mei, 2016). Other side effects may include diarrhea, skin irritation, hives, cramping, and stomach aches (Guo et Mei, 2016). Aloe vera is incorporated in our lives in many ways today, being used in many cosmetics and food products (Guo et Mei, 2016). For example, aloe is used in many lotions, shampoos and can be an ingredient in some drinks, yogurts, and desserts. Current pharmacological studies show increased promise for its use in anti-cancer action, skin and digestive protection, and infections (Sànchez et al, 2020). 19
References Ganna, D. (1999). Aloe Vera Gel. indiamart.com. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/aloe-vera-gel-15688754491.html Goodsell, L., Friston, J., & Palfreyman, H. (2013). Design better and build your brand in CANVA: A beginner's guide to producing professional branding, marketing, and social content for businesses. Canva. computer software. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/. Guo, X., & Mei, N. (2016, April 2). Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects. Journal of environmental science and health. Part C, Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349368/ Morinaga Alove yogurt with aloe vera gel pieces. Kobe Mini Mart. (2017). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.minimartkobe.com/products/alove-yogurt-with-aloe-vera-gel-pieces?variant=492485640203 RSH Global. (n.d.). Joy Pure Aloe multi benefit aloe vera moisturisers skin cream, for normal to oily skin 200 ml. Amazon.in: Beauty. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.amazon.in/Pure-Aloe-Purpose-Cream200ml/dp/B00TI9CU5W?th=1 Sánchez, M., González-Burgos, E., Iglesias, I., & Gómez-Serranillos, M. P. (2020, March 13). Pharmacological update properties of aloe vera and its major active constituents. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144722/ Stillman, J., Pierce, S., Hale Sr., J., Burnett, J., Stonehill, H., Perreault, S., Boeckmann , C., Quinnell , C., Burnett, C., Korpi, S., & Edson, J. (Eds.). (2022, December 14). Aloe Vera. Almanac.com. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.almanac.com/plant/aloe-vera Timesofindiacompany. (2022, January 19). Aloe vera for weight loss: Five ways to consume aloe vera for weight loss. The Times of India. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/healthfitness/weight-loss/five-ways-to-consume-aloe-vera-for-weight-loss/photostory/88976804.cms?from=mdr 20
It has been utilized by many civilizations throughout history to cure a wide range of illnesses, including the Egyptians who employed it for its therapeutic abilities. Aloe vera is revered as a holy plant that stands for enduring life in Hindu mythology. (2) Aloe species are commonly found in Africa, India, and other dry regions and are typically found in arid conditions. (2) ALOE BARBADENSIS MILLER, KNOWN AS ALOE VERA The healing abilities of aloe vera are widely acknowledged. Sunburn, skin irritation, and wounds are just a few of the conditions that the gel found inside the leaves is used to cure. (1) Aloe vera may have antiinflammatory and antioxidant qualities and is also used as a natural laxative. Aloe vera gel is also utilised in skincare and cosmetics owing to the skin's hydrating and healing properties (1) The main active compound is acemannan (1) Some people may get skin rashes or allergic reactions from the gel. Aloe vera should not be consumed internally without a doctor's supervision since it may result in diarrhoea and stomach cramps (2) T H E E G Y P T I A N S R E F E R T O I T A S T H E " P L A N T O F I M M O R T A L I T Y " 21
Reference 1.Davis RH. Aloe vera: A scientific approach. New York: Vantage Press; [Google Scholar] 2.Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe vera: a short review. Indian journal of dermatology, 53(4), 163–166. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785 3. aloe-flower-400x598.jpg.webp 4. advwrg_1200x.png.webp 5. https://www.canva.com/design/DAFdRyV8v7s/5YeC-dBXyfAL39i8-GdMwQ/edit 22
Aloe vera is an indigenous plant that originates from Iran, Saudi Arabia and Madagascar (Hekmatpou et. al 2019). ACEMANNAN ALOE VERA Scientific Name: Aloe barbadensis miller The beneficial properties of aloe vera plants have been recognized since 1500 BC in various countries including China and Greece. It was traditionally used to treat numerous skin conditions and diseases (Hekmatpou et. al 2019). DID YOU KNOW... Aloe vera was incorporated into the skincare routine of Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen to maintain her skin's radiance and softness? HISTORY Acemannan, the active compound in aloe vera, is responsible for the plant's beneficial effects (Hekmatpou et. al 2019). Acemannan is present in the gel of aloe vera plants' leaves and has antiinflammatory properties that can treat pain and swelling (Hekmatpou et. al 2019). In addition, acemannan has the ability to accelerate the healing of cuts, burns, and wounds by promoting the growth of new skin cells (Hekmatpou et. al 2019). USES GEOGRAPHIC RANGE Aloe vera is a versatile plant that has a diverse range of cosmetic and medicinal uses such as healing skin wounds and alleviating symptoms of eczema, psoriasis, and other skin conditions (Hekmatpou et. al 2019). It is also used in cosmetics and skin care products due to its moisturizing and anti-aging properties. Aloe vera is predominantly used in the form of topical creams and gels (Hekmatpou et. al 2019). Sources: Canva. (n.d.). Aloe vera moisturizers [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.canva.com/ Canva. (n.d.). Aloe vera plant [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.canva.com/ Canva. (n.d.). Cleopatra graphic [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.canva.com/ Hekmatpou, D., Mehrabi, F., Rahzani, K., & Aminiyan, A. (2019). The Effect of Aloe Vera Clinical Trials on Prevention and Healing of Skin Wound: A Systematic Review. Iranian journal of medical sciences, 44(1), 1–9. 23
Acne Burns Wounds Rash Skin irritation Pain to the stomach along with cramps Diarrhea Cinnamonic Acid (cause skin irritation) Lupeol (harmful if swallowed) Salicylic acid (cause irritation in eyes and skin) There are some hazards/warnings when applying aloe vera to everyday use. Some hazards include: Active Compounds (Surjushe et al., 2008) Aloe (Aloe Vera) Daily Applications Aloe vera is applied in many different daily tasks. For instance, aloe vera is used for acne, a specific rash that can occur on your skin, able to speed heal wounds, burns, etc. (Mangaiyarkarasi, 2015) Aloe Vera helps fix Hazards History & Habitat The aloe vera plant was first found by John Goodyew during A.D. 1655. At first, this plant was used as a laxative due to the diarrhea symptoms it exposed. However, it was used as a remedy to cure radiation (Surjushe et al., 2008). Most aloe vera plants are found in South Africa with most aloe vera species residing in tropical arid climates (Salehi et al., 2018). Reference List Mangaiyarkarasi, S. P. “Benefits of Aloe Vera in Dentistry.” Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences., vol. 7, no. 5, 2015, pp. S255–S259, https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.155943. Surjushe, Amar et al. “Aloe vera: a short review.” Indian journal of dermatology vol. 53,4 (2008): 163-6. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.44785 Salehi, Bahare et al. “Aloe Genus Plants: From Farm to Food Applications and Phytopharmacotherapy.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 19,9 2843. 19 Sep. 2018, doi:10.3390/ijms19092843 Aloe vera. Canva [online], https://www.canva.com/ 1. 2. 3. 4. Aloe Vera Eat Hazardous By: Harjot Sandhu 24
Aloe Vera: Nature’s gift Introduction Aloe Vera, scientifically known as Aloe Barbadensis miller is an exceptionally versatile plant that has been used for millennia for medicinal and ornamental uses. The gel-like substance contained within its leaves has numerous health and aesthetic benefits and is a common element in a variety of contemporary products. The Versatility of Aloe Vera Health: Aloe Vera is often used to boost digestive health by serving as a natural laxative to reduce constipation and treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome with it’s active compound anthraquinones. Because of its natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities, aloe vera is useful in treating wounds and burns. It is also widely used in many mainstream skincare and cosmetic products. The active compound Acemannan within Aloe Vera is the main reason it holds such therapeutic properties for the skin. (Surjushe et al., 2008) Hazards & Warnings: Side effects usually arise when using Aloe Vera due to overconsumption or in sensitive individuals. Aloe vera products can vary in strength and concentration therefore it’s important to follow a general guideline of consumption to avoid stomach pain, cramps, diarrhea, kidney problems and muscle weakness. Within sensitive individuals, aloe vera can cause burning and redness due to the anthraquinones active compound in the plant. Anthraquinones are phenolic compounds within the plant that give it it’s laxative effect. Nutritional value/Use: Aloe vera includes a variety of vitamins and minerals, including A, C, E, and B12, as well as minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Aloe vera is frequently used as a health supplement or added to drinks and smoothies for its possible health advantages due to its nutrient-rich nature. Cultural significance/History: Aloe vera has been used throughout several cultures for millenia such as Egypt, India and China. Egyptian queens Cleopatra and Nefertiti would often use it in their skincare routines. Additionally, Alexander the Great and Christopher Columbus often used it to treat their soldiers’ wounds. (Surjushe et al., 2008) Habitat: Aloe Vera is native to the Arabian Peninsula, Africa and Madagascar. It grows best in warm arid climates. This figure shows the geographic range of Aloe Vera 25
Reference List: Aloe vera, plant, Africa, Cactus, succulent plant, growth, nature, sunlight, land, beauty in nature. Pxfuel. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.pxfuel.com/en/free-photo-otryw Benefits of ALOE vera gel. CALA PRODUCTS. (2020, February 25). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.calaproduct.com/blog/benefits-of-aloe-vera-gel/ Content, P. (n.d.). 7 ways to heal wounds faster and reduce scars at home. Life. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.news24.com/life/archive/7-ways-to-heal-wounds-faster-and-reduce-scars-at-home-201808 07 Journey to Egypt. Best Egypt Tours, Vacations & Nile Cruises 2023/2024 - Journey To Egypt. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.journeytoegypt.com/en/blog/10-little-known-facts-about-cleopatra McHale, E., & Grace, D. O. M. (2019, May 22). Aloe Vera. Kew. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.kew.org/plants/aloe-vera Real People Giving LLC. (n.d.). Get the facts: The benefits of acemannan. Real People Giving LLC. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://rpgcoffee.com/blogs/rpg-blog/get-the-facts-the-benefits-of-acemannan Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe Vera: A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785 Sánchez, M., González-Burgos, E., Iglesias, I., & Gómez-Serranillos, M. P. (2020). Pharmacological update properties of aloe vera and its major active constituents. Molecules, 25(6), 1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061324 Websites where images were used were cited **** 26
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Zanthoxylum americanum Toothache Tree A small tree native to North America. Known for its sharp spines. The bark and berries are traditionally used in medicine by the indigenous peoples of North America (Khare, 2007). Medicinal uses include pain relief from toothaches, teething toddlers, treatment for rheumatism and gastrointestinal issues. The active compounds in Northern prickly ash are alkaloids such as hydroxyalpha-sanshool. These are believed to have antiinflammatory, and analgesic properties (Camazine, 1990). Northern Prickly Ash Some of the active compounds have been found to be toxic however, such as the alkaloid group called Fagarine, high doses of this compound can cause nausea and dizziness. It is important to talk to a qualified healthcare professional before use, and only obtain the medicine from reputable sources (Chan, 2011) All parts of the plant are used in many ways for different treatments. The ripe berries are infused and used as spray for the chest and throat to treat congestion. The root is pulverized into a powder and applied topically for burns. The bark and berries are ingested as a syrup for coughs. The bark is infused into a tea also for coughs. The bark is boiled and used as a wash for itchy skins. Infused bark is ingested to help with heart trouble. The roots are used to gargle for throat ulcers. And for wounds/ sores on the skin the ripe berries are infused into a topical spray (Moerman & ErichsenBrown 1998). Medical Use Northern Prickly ash has been used traditionally by Indigenous communities to treat various ailments for many generations. The tree was also used to make a tea that was consumed before hunting to increase stamina and focus (Tantaquidgeon, 1942). The toothache tree is still used today by herbalists and traditional medicine practitioners. Cultural Use Toxicity Warnings 28
Camazine, Scott, and Robert A. Bye. "A Study of the Medical Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians of New Mexico." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 30, no. 2 (1990): 191-214. Moerman, Daniel E. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, 1998 Tantaquidgeon, Gladys. "Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians." Anthropological Series, no. 3, 1942. "Zanthoxylum americanum" (Northern Prickly Ash). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2023. Khare, C. P. (2014). Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. In Indian Medicinal Plants (pp. 1–1). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2_1795 Borge, M. A., Borge, M. A., 15, yvettechilcott on A., & Mary Anne Borge on August 15. (2017, February 18). Northern prickly-ash. The Natural Web. Retrieved April 7, 2023, Foxyliam. (2017, March 21). Prickly ash Zanthoxylum americanum , stock vector - illustration of round, floral: 88780070. Dreamstime. Retrieved April 7, 2023 References: 29
Where Can I Get It What Is It It is a healing plant! Its Scientific name is Withania somnifera. It is commonly referred to as Ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, or Winter cherry (Abdelwahed et al., 2023). Ashwagandha is native to the dry regions of India, northern Africa, and the Middle East (Ck & Schwarting, 1961). The plant thrives in dry and arid conditions (Abdelwahed et al., 2023) How Can It Change Your Life This plant has an active called Withaferin-A and Somniferine (Alkaloid) that has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties! (Abdelwahed et al., 2023). It is one of the most prominent herbs used to treat neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's (Gregory et al., 2021). Additionally, it helps with sleep disorders, stress and anxiety, increases cognitive function, and supports the immune system (Abdelwahed et al., 2023) Dietary supplement: available in capsule, tablet, powder, and liquid forms Herbal tea: Brewing its roots in tea Oil: Topically applied to skin This wonder herb can be incorporated in various ways: Ashwagandha was first used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine (Ck & Schwarting, 1961) Indian & Indigenous have communities use it in many traditional rituals (Ck & Schwarting, 1961) According to Hindu mythology, Ashwagandha was created from a drop of sweat that fell from Lord Shiva's forehead as he was battling evil demons (Hrodrigues, 2010) TAKE WITH High doses can cause: nausea, digestive upset, or diarrhea (Therapeutic Research Faculty, 2020) Can cause low blood pressure & sugar levels; consult a doctor if taking other medication Consult a doctor if pregnant or breastfeeding (Garrity, 2022) ASHWAGANDHA SIGNIFICANCE CULTURAL CAUTION ! ? ? ? 30
References (pictures included): Abdelwahed, M. T., Hegazy, M. A., & Mohamed, E. H. (2023). Major biochemical constituents of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) extract: A review of chemical analysis. Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0055 Ck, A., & Schwarting, A. E. (1961). Ashwagandha—An ancient Indian drug. Economic Botany, 15(3), 256– 263. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02862166 CureJoy Editorial. (2018, May 28). Side Effects Of Ashwagandha: 5 Things To Be Aware Of. CureJoy. https://curejoy.com/content/ashwagandha-side-effects/ French, S. (2021, December 13). What happens when you go to an ayahuasca retreat? A first-timer’s guide. New York Post. https://nypost.com/article/ayahuasca-retreat-first-timer-guide-experience/ Garrity, T. (2022, July 14). Ashwagandha’s All the Rage These Days. Should You Be Taking It? InsideHook. https://www.insidehook.com/article/health-and-fitness/ashwagandha-legit Gregory, J., Vengalasetti, Y. V., Bredesen, D. E., & Rao, R. V. (2021). Neuroprotective Herbs for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules, 11(4), 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040543 Hrodrigues, H. (2010, June 7). Siva and Demons | Mahavidya. http://www.mahavidya.ca/2010/06/07/sivaand-demons/ Nature Made®. (2023). Ashwagandha Supplements | Nature Made®. https://www.naturemade.com/collections/ashwagandha Therapeutic Research Faculty. (2020). ASHWAGANDHA: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews. WebMd. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono953/ashwagandha#:~:text=is%20not%20known.- ,Large%20doses%20of%20ashwagandha%20might%20cause%20stomach%20upset%2C%20diarrh ea%2C%20and,to%20use%20ashwagandha%20when%20pregnant. 31
Figure 2: A flower part of Artemisia absinthium. Toxicity: Figure 1: An aerial part of Artemisia absinthium. Active Compounds : Asiatic Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) is a semi-woody, clump-forming perennial native to Europe and Asia with a sagebrush-like appearance and odour. Habitat: Artemisia absinthium can exhibit a variety of physical properties depending on its location and level of water stress. These shifts are seen in the plant's colour, which transitions from a bright green in moist conditions to a drab gray-green in drier settings. THe Plant: Culture: Individuals may develop physical and psychological problems as a result of the essential oil obtained from Artemisia absinthium, which can be diagnosed by clinical symptoms such as seizures, sleeplessness, and delusions. This implies that the oil should be used with caution. Medical Use : The plant Artemisia absinthium includes a number of bioactive chemicals, the most notable of which are β-thujone and β-pinen. These chemicals have been reported to aid in wound healing by working on the actin mechanism and scavenging free radicals. Furthermore, Artemisia absinthium exhibits antiinflammatory characteristics due to the presence of 5,6,30,50-tetramethoxy 7,40-hydroxyflavone, cardomonin, and caruifolin D, all of which help reduce the expression of proinflammatory mediators in cells. Lastly, the active component Thujone has been shown to have hepatoprotective properties by suppressing liver microsomal drugmetabolizing enzymes, scavenging free radicals, and blocking calcium channels. Edible Use : Traditional Asian and European medicine has used Artemisia absinthium for ages to treat a variety of health issues, including gastrointestinal problems, sleeplessness, bladder illness, wounds, and fever. Artemisia absinthium leaves have traditionally been used to treat fever, while its blossoms have been used to treat helminthiases and stomach-related diseases. The plant's tincture is also highly recognised for its digestive and tonic properties. Wormwood herb has been used for millennia to treat a variety of illnesses including jaundice, constipation, obesity, splenomegaly, anaemia, sleeplessness, and bladder problems. It is also known to enhance wound healing and is used as a foundation for skin ointments and balms. Burning Asiatic wormwood leaves, agarwood incense sticks and joss paper is a common ritual in Chinese folk religion and Taoism in Taiwan, and is frequently used to pray for good health or during festivals that coincide with peak mosquito seasons. The potential of smoke to repel mosquitos and limit the transmission of insect-borne diseases may explain the popularity of these ceremonies. Scientific investigations have found that wormwood smoke has a modest repellency and knockdown impact on mosquitoes, whereas incense smoke has a constant but weak repellency and joss paper smoke has no overall effect on mosquitoes. Artemisia absinthium is a herb that is often used in the manufacture of alcoholic beverages such as vermouth and absinthe. 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 3 7 3 3 9 Figure 3: A bottle of Absinthe Polysaccharides are one of the most important bioactive substances discovered in Artemisia absinthium. These chemicals are well-known for their immunomodulatory action, which includes beginning the Th1 response and stimulating nitric oxide production (NO). Polysaccharides can stimulate or suppress the immune system, which can help the body fight cancer, infections, and other disorders. 3 10 32
Absinth Wormwood Identification and control. Absinth wormwood identification and control: Artemisia absinthium - King County. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weedidentification/absinthwormwood.aspx#:~:text=Artemisia%20absinthium%2C%20Asteraceae%20Family,brush%2 0in%20appearance%20and%20odor. Konowalik, K., & Kreitschitz, A. (2012). Morphological and anatomical characteristics of Artemisia absinthium var. absinthium and its Polish endemic variety A. absinthium var. calcigena. Plant systematics and evolution, 298, 1325-1336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606- 012-0639-z Batiha, G. E., Olatunde, A., El-Mleeh, A., Hetta, H. F., Al-Rejaie, S., Alghamdi, S., Zahoor, M., Magdy Beshbishy, A., Murata, T., Zaragoza-Bastida, A., & Rivero-Perez, N. (2020). Bioactive Compounds, Pharmacological Actions, and Pharmacokinetics of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 9(6), 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060353 Shu, C.-Y. (2021). Preliminary studies on the effects of Taiwanese ritual smoke on Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist., 97(2), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.3956/2021-97.2.67 Szopa, A., Pajor, J., Klin, P., Rzepiela, A., Elansary, H. O., Al-Mana, F. A., Mattar, M. A., & Ekiert, H. (2020). Artemisia absinthium L.-Importance in the History of Medicine, the Latest Advances in Phytochemistry and Therapeutical, Cosmetological and Culinary Uses. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(9), 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091063 Ahamad J., Mir S.R., Amin S.A. Pharmacognostic review on Artemisia absinthium. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2019;10:25–31. doi: 10.7897/2230-8407.10015. Amidon C., Barnett R., Cathers J., Chambers B., Hamilton L., Kellett A., Kennel E., Montowski J., Thomas M.A., Watson B. In: Artemisia—An Essential Guide from the Herb Society of America. Caroline A., Thomas M., Kennel E., editors. The Herb Society of America; Kirtland, OH, USA: 2014. WebMD. (n.d.). Wormwood: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and reviews. WebMD. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono729/wormwood#:~:text=Wormwood%20(Artemisia%20absinthium)%20is%20an,seizures%2 0and%20other%20adverse%20effects. Absinthe 70% green. YYC Liquor. (2022, December 22). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://yycliquor.com/shop/spirits/liqueur/absinthe-70-green-2/ NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancerterms/def/immunomodulating-agent Canva. Retrieced April 6, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/design/DAFeghTM2HM/Oy50x95kR_7MQAiOl8HvOA/edit 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Reference: 33
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References Aras, A., Cevahir, G., Yentür, S., Eryılmaz, F., Sarsağ, M., & Çağ, S. (2007). Investigation of anthocyanin localization in various parts ofimpatiens balsaminaL. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 21(1), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2007.10817417 Patel, B. H. (2011). Natural dyes. Handbook of Textile and Industrial Dyeing, 395–424. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093974.2.395 Priprem, A., Lee, Y.-C., Limphirat, W., Tiyaworanant, S., Saodaeng, K., Chotitumnavee, J., & Kowtragoon, N. (2018). Eucalyptus ash alters secondary protein conformation of human grey hair and facilitates anthocyanin dyeing. PLOS ONE, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199696 국중앙연구원. (n.d.). 봉선물들이기(鳳仙花─). 국민족문대백과사전. Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0023931 35
Common bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) This bamboo is cultivated for a wide variety of uses, as it is both strong, lightweight, and fast growing. It can withstand a great amount of tension, with a tensile strength greater than that of steel.[3] For thousands of years, it has been used to build houses, bridges, weapons and books in China. Sun Tzu’s book, “The Art of War” is a famous example of this. Before paper became widespread in China, strips of bamboo were strung together and used as a writing medium. Belonging to the grasses family, this species of bamboo originated in Southern China. It has become part of the local flora in a wide geographic range following its introduction to many tropical climates throughout the world, such as regions in Africa and Latin America—hence the name common bamboo.[1] It is found growing near river banks, on the roadside, and in open ground. This bamboo is cultivated in moist soil under humid conditions,[2] and is usually propagated through cuttings of the stem. Pandas aren’t the only ones that eat bamboo! It has an important place in Asian cuisine, with the shoots being prepared and consumed through various methods. The shoots are low fat and high in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Raw shoots contain a cyanogenic glycoside called taxiphyllin,[4] which on its own is bitter but not harmful. However, if the plant tissue is cut or damaged, taxiphyllin is broken down into hydrogen cyanide, which is toxic.[5] This is a defense mechanism against herbivores and pathogens, with the exception of pandas, as their gut neutralizes cyanide. These compounds are destroyed in the cooking process. An ethyl acetate extract from B. vulgaris leaves was shown to accelerate the healing of wounds in rats, causing an increase of collagen at the site of the wound. In the study conducted by Lodhi et al. (2016), the extract also reduced inflammation in the paws of the rats, which was induced prior to study the anti-inflammatory effects.[6] Bamboo utensils are an environment friendly alternative to plastic spoons that are not only durable and lightweight but also biodegradable. Overall, it is a very useful and culturally significant plant that has many potential applications. 36
Iftakharul Hasan Reference list 1. Hornaday, F. (2022, December 16). Bambusa vulgaris: A far-reaching bamboo species. Bambu Batu. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://bambubatu.com/bambusa-vulgaris-a-far-reaching-bamboo-species/ 2. Schröder, S. (2022, August 21). Bambusa vulgaris - common bamboo. Guadua Bamboo. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/bambusa-vulgaris 3. BamCore. (2020, April 6). Bamboo info. BamCore. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.bamcore.com/bamboo-info/ 4. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. (2005, January). CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES IN CASSAVA AND BAMBOO SHOOTS. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/publications/documents/28_cyanogenic_glycosides.pd f 5. Hunter I, Yang F. (2020). Cyanide in Bamboo Shoots. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.inbar.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/1489541869.pdf 6. Lodhi, S., Jain, A. P., Rai, G., & Yadav, A. K. (2016). Preliminary investigation for wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects of Bambusa vulgaris leaves in rats. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 7(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.07.001 7. Yakubu, M. T., & Bukoye, B. B. (2009). Abortifacient potentials of the aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves in pregnant Dutch rabbits. Contraception, 80(3), 308–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2009.03.003 Images from https://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/bambusa-vulgaris https://www.bamcore.com/bamboo-info/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips https://www.hirokoliston.com/simmered-bamboo-shoots/ 37
Genus:Musa All parts of this plant can be used Flower - cooked Stem - Cooked Leaf - to serve food Fruit - eaten Fibers - to make bags and sarees Predominantly found in India, Australia, South Africa, South America and Mexico, in warm tropical countries (1) PHENOLICS (FERULIC, SINAPIC, SALICYLIC ETC), CARTOTENOIDS, BIOGENIC AMINES AND PHYTOSTEROL PRESENT (2) Cultural Significance Leaf used in marriages instead of plates and also used to provide comfort from chicken pox, entire tree also used as decorations NOT TOXIC 38
Reference: 1) World Maps — Weltkarten. (2017). Bananas The importance of this fruit for world nutrition https://mapping-the-world.org/bananas/ 2) Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A., & Singh, N. (2016). Bioactive compounds in banana and their associated health benefits - A review. Food chemistry, 206, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.033 3) https://en.pinkoi.com/product/aPvaumqL 4) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepik.com%2Ffree-photosvectors%2Fvada%2F2&psig=AOvVaw1Y6KBx1edwHslLeO9nCLk&ust=1679502706468000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCMj9xqO57f0CFQAA AAAdAAAAABAE 5)https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istockphoto.com%2Fphotos%2Fbananaleaf-food&psig=AOvVaw1Y6KBx1edwHslLeO9nCLk&ust=1679502706468000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCMj9xqO57f0CFQAA AAAdAAAAABAJ 6) https://www.google.com/url? sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvidyascooking.blogspot.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fbasics-of-indian-cooking-howto-clean.html&psig=AOvVaw1Q3ih39G7sA0f7_JaPkP1&ust=1679502789513000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCNDVksu57f0CFQAAAAAdA AAAABAE 7) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreamstime.com%2Fash-plantains-greenbanana-flower-also-known-as-blossom-closeup-view-raw-vegetables-isolated-dark-backgroundimage221131080&psig=AOvVaw3S2c7HhX5yxQNneoMeyiJU&ust=1679502825344000&source=images&cd =vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLC-hty57f0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ 8) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpixels.com%2Ffeatured%2Fbanana-on-darkbackground-brunohaver.html&psig=AOvVaw2gOMMz_pbNcKnkkz6fp3Yl&ust=1679502858846000&source=images&cd=vfe&v ed=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCOjLgO257f0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE 9) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Funsplash.com%2Fphotos%2FEKEYBNeK4E&psig=AOvVaw2yvTUt2AQNmsW3t_RLRX29&ust=1679502921866000&source=images&cd=vfe& ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCPDjq4q67f0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE 10) https://www.google.com/url? sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F40391727897532780%2F&psig=AOvVaw2yvTUt2 AQNmsW3t_RLRX29&ust=1679502921866000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCPDjq4q67f 0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ 10) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wedmegood.com%2Fblog%2Fmove-overmandaps-trees-are-taking-over-your-wedding-decor%2F&psig=AOvVaw3rVvXk196g7hybT0XL9h5&ust=1679583314788000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLih4cjl7_0CF QAAAAAdAAAAABAR 11) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanivrtti.com%2Fproducts%2Fbananaleaf-green-burgundy-nadi-handspun-tussar-silk-saree&psig=AOvVaw0FL5cgAYaC3R3KQ5D9N9K&ust=1679583149212000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCOCuyKrm7_0 CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE 12) Camva 39
Nutritional value For the south Asian community many ethnic dishes are served on the banana leaf (Sarma et al., 2020). As it is considered a good omen (Sarma et al., 2020). Banana Banana Welcome to my origin story.. Genus: Musa Family: Musaceae (Fawcett et al., 1921) These chemicals have a variety of beneficial impacts on humans (Afzal et al.,2022). Several bioactive substances are found in bananas, including phytosterols, carotenoids, phenols, and biogenic amines (Afzal et al.,2022)(Singh et al., 2016). Many bioactive compounds present in bananas or banana peels have been shown to have antioxidant qualities that lower disease risk and are antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic (Afzal et al.,2022). Banana is high in phytochemical substances, particularly antioxidants, which may reduce the function of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme linked to Alzheimer's disease. (Al-Hakim et al., 2022). Banana leaves have been used as a substitute material to dress wounds in India as part of an ancient medical practice. Due to their large surface area, and waxy and cool surface, they were also used in the treatment of smallpox (Chendake et al., 2021). Scientific Name: Musa Paradisiaca (Fawcett et al., 1921) Am i the toxic one? Cultural uses Bananas are generally safe to consume. But some people may develop food allergens after consuming it (Hassan et al., 2015). Habitat Bananas are often found in tropical and subtropical locations such as Central and South America (Fawcett et al., 1921). Active compounds Banana leaves are often used in South Asian culture to plate and wrap meats before steaming them (Sarma et al., 2020). Banana is utilized in the preparation of ethnic meals such as Khar, as well as meat and fish-based cuisines that are particular to the indigenous culture (Sarma et al., 2020). Several fermented delicacies rely on the usage of banana leaves in their preparation (Sarma et al., 2020). In the Assamese community in Northeast India, all portions of the banana plant are used (Sarma et al., 2020). Medical uses Edible uses Bananas when ripe are edible and ready to eat (Ubuoh et al., 2022). They may be consumed raw or in a processed form (Afzal et al.,2022) In the Hindu culture the banana fruit is often presented in front of Lord Vishnu on the sixth day of Kartika (Ferro-Luzzi et al., 1978) . As it is considered auspicious (Ferro-Luzzi et al., 1978) Khar is a indigenous dish to the people of Assamese (Sarma et al., 2020).. Khar is made from the ashes of the banana peel (Sarma et al., 2020). (Canva et al., 2023) (Canva et al., 2023) (Canva et al., 2023) 40
References: 1. Afzal, M. F., Khalid, W., Akram, S., Khalid, M. A., Zubair, M., Kauser, S., Abdelsamea Mohamedahmed, K., Aziz, A., & Anusha Siddiqui, S. (2022). Bioactive profile and functional food applications of banana in food sectors and health: a review. International Journal of Food Properties, 25(1), 2286–2300. 2. Sarma, U., Govila, V. K., & Yadav, A. (2020). The traditional and therapeutic use of banana and its plant based delicacies in ethnic Assamese cuisine and religious rituals from Northeast India. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 7, 1-7. 3. Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A., & Singh, N. (2016). Bioactive compounds in banana and their associated health benefits - A review. Food chemistry, 206, 1–11. 4. Al-Hakim, N. A., Fidrianny, I., Anggadiredja, K., & Mauludin, R. (2022). Effect of Banana (Musa sp.) Peels Extract in Nanoemulsion Dosage Forms for the Improvement of Memory: In Vitro & In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology, 10(4), 299–309. 5. Ubuoh, E. A., Nwogu, F. U., & Opuruiche, C. O. (2022). Evaluation of nutrients, toxicity and hazard quotient associates of artificially ripened humid tropical banana (musa. spp). Food Chemistry Advances, 1, 100045–. 6. Hassan, A. K., & Venkatesh, Y. P. (2015). An overview of fruit allergy and the causative allergens. European annals of allergy and clinical immunology, 47(6), 180–187. 7. Chendake, S., Kale, T., Manavadaria, Y., & Motimath, A. S. (2021). Evaluation of Banana Leaves (Musa paradisiaca) as an Alternative Wound Dressing Material Compared to Conventional Petroleum Jelly Gauze Dressing in Contused, Lacerated and Sutured Wounds Over the Head, Neck and Face Region. Cureus, 13(10), e18552. 8. Fawcett, W. (1921). The banana, its cultivation, distribution and commercial uses (Ed. 2, rev.). Duckworth. 9. Ferro-Luzzi, G. E. (1978). Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data. Zeitschrift Für Ethnologie, 103(1), 86–108. Images: 10. Home - Canva. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ 41