THE BASEBALL PLANT A subtropical endemic species of flowering plant in the genus Euphorbia ("Euphorbia obesa", n.d.). Introduction Euphorbia obesa can grow to 20 cm in height with a diameter of 9 cm. Younger plants have a rounded sea urchin-like shape, but they become cylindric as it gets older (PlantZAfrica, 2023). It is a low-maintenance plant that needs very little water and moderate light to thrive. They produce tiny but pleasant-smelling small flowers at their peak ("Baseball plant", 2022). Uses of Euphorbia obese Toxicity / Hazards / Warning (The Ruth Bancroft, 2023.) AKA "Euphorbia obesa" Habitat, Geographic Range It is found growing in full sun or more frequently under the protection of low shrubs. Sometimes, it can be found among low boulders in fairly sandy soils. The colours of the baseball plant blend so well with the surroundings that it is often quite difficult to distinguish them. Geographically, they are found in Kendrew, a small area of the Great Karroo, the Northern Cape region of South Africa, in the Graaff-Reinet district. ("Euphorbia obesa", n.d.) An extract obtained from the baseball plant can be used to inhibit the growth of cancer cells due to the active compounds known as phorbol esters (Donato, n.d.) You should not touch the plant because the stem contains a high concentration of milky latex, which causes skin discomfort. The plant’s white, milky sap is poisonous and can cause irritation to the skin and eyes when ingested or temporary blindness. The plant should be kept away from children, and PPE should be worn when working with the plant "Baseball plant", 2022.) ("Baseball plant", 2022.) ("Baseball plant", 2022.) (Il fiore tra le spine, 2019.) 42
References Donato, N. D., Donato, N. J., Sample, D. C., Perez, M., McMurray, J. S., & Newman, R. A. (n.d.). Process of isolating extract from the Euphorbia obesa plant and methods for using the same. Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US6923993B2/en Dry garden botany- Euphorbiaceae. The Ruth Bancroft Garden & Nursery. (2023, February 10). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.ruthbancroftgarden.org/event/workshop-dry-garden-botany -euphorbiaceae/ Euphorbia obesa. (n.d.). Www.llifle.com. Retrieved April 8, 2023, from http://www.llifle.com/Encyclopedia/SUCCULENTS/Family/Euphorbiaceae/1966/ Euphorbia_obesa Euphorbia Obesa (Baseball Plant) Care | UrbanOrganicYield.com. (2022, May 27). https://www.urbanorganicyield.com/euphorbia-obesa/ Euphorbia obesa | PlantZAfrica. (2023). Sanbi.org. https://pza.sanbi.org/euphorbiaobesa Il fiore tra le spine. (2019, February 4). How to cultivate Euphorbia: tips to best care for these succulent plants. Il Fiore Tra Le Spine. https://www.ilfioretralespine.it/en/2019/02/04/euphorbia-cultivate/ 43
TULSI - (HOLY BASIL) A quick overview of the Tulsi plant Many studies including in vitro, animal and human tests reveal that Tulsi is antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, chemo-preventive, radioprotective, antihypercholesterolemia and so on [2,3,4,5]. A study of the analysis of Tulsi leaves, inflorescence and essential oil using HSSPME and GC/MS showed presence of 54 volatile components. The most abundant being monoterpenes (camphor, cineole, estragol, and eugenol) and sesquiterpenes (germacrene, caryophyllene, bisabolene) from the terpene group and were identified from the leaves, inflorescence, and the essential oil [6]. In particular, camphor concentrations were 31.5% in the essential oil, 24.2% in the leaves and 22.6% in the inflorescence [6]. Eucalyptol was at 18.9 and 13.5% in both essential oil and leaves respectively and 1.2% in the inflorescence [6]. The third most abundant, eugenol, was at 23.7% in the leaves, 13.8% in the essential oil and 7.5% in inflorescence [6]. Boiling water and adding the leaves to make tea. May add honey as well. Powdering the Tulsi leaves and adding 1 tbsp of the Tulsi powder for 2 tbsp of ghee (clarified butter). Consume. Originating in north central India and spreading to eastern tropics, The Holy Basil or more commonly known as Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) has been an integral part of the world's oldest medical system known as Ayurveda. Though it is bitter, the daily consumption of Tulsi tea has been shown to prevent disease, promote general health, wellbeing, life span and help with day-today stress - a few benefits of the consumption of Tulsi leaves. It is not wise to chew on Tulsi leaves due to the presence of mercury which can damage the teeth. The leaves are also acidic in nature, conflicting with the alkaline environment of the mouth, can damage the enamel of the teeth [1]. Ways to consume Tulsi include: B E N E F I T S A N D S I D E E F F E C T S T H E B E A U T Y O F T U L S I Ayurveda's use of various herbs draws on the exceptional biological diversity of India however, none of the herbs hold a status like that of Tulsi. But why? Tulsi is worshipped as a goddess and each plant part is seen as sacred in Hinduism including the surrounding soil - a recent discovery shows the soil to harbor beneficial endophytic fungi [16]. Indian households typically always have a Tulsi plant, in an ornate earthen pot for both practical and ceremonial activities [16]. The beautiful clove-like smell of Tulsi from the eugenol links the house owners to the divine while repelling harmful insects [16]. Tulsi is also attached into day-today life as part of spiritual and purification practices which includes drinking Tulsi tea. C U L T U R A L A N D R E L I G I O U S S I G N I F I C A N C E The monoterpenes contribute to aroma and flavor while sesquiterpenes decrease the damage caused by microbial attack [7,8]. Further studies in the lab prove Tulsi's ability to protect against toxic chemical-induced injury. The plant does so by increasing the body's antioxidant levels such as glutathione and enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase and catalase (these helps protect cellular organelles and membranes by clearing free radicals from lack of oxygen [9] and other toxic agents. [10,11]). Remarkably, Tulsi can also help prevent cancer by decreasing strength of DNA damage [12] while also inducing apoptosis in precancerous and cancerous cells thus decreasing the growth of tumors [13,14]. Despite the many benefits of the plant, there are serious health consequences. A study by Poli and Challa (2019) looked at the effect of Eugenol (EUG), one of the potent bioactive components in Tulsi, which has structural similarities to polyphenol and shows estrogenic properties in albino rats on the female reproductive system. Table 1: Effect of eugenol and leaf extracts on the female sex hormones. Adapted from Poli and Challa (2019). Table 1 shows a decrease in testosterone and elevated serum estradiol in both cases. The authors concluded that the administration of eugenol and Tulsi leaf extract caused noticeable antifertility activity mainly due to hormonal imbalance where the antifertility capacity of eugenol served as indirect evidence. Thus, there is potential of infertility, one of the more concerning side effects among others such as eugenol overdose poisoning, in females. Image source: Rajendran (2020) 44
Gupta, S. (2020, Sep 16). NEVER chew on tulsi leaves. Here’s how you can consume it instead. Health Shots. https://www.healthshots.com/healthy-eating/nutrition/never-chew-on-tulsi-leaves-heres-how-you-canconsume-it-instead/ Mahajan N, Rawal S, Verma M, Poddar M, Alok S. A phytopharmacological overview on Ocimum species with special emphasis on Ocimum sanctum. Biomed Prev Nutr. 2013;3:185–92. Mohan L, Amberkar MV, Kumari M. Ocimum sanctum linn. (TULSI)-an overview. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2011;7:51–3. Pattanayak P, Behera P, Das D, Panda SK. Ocimum sanctum Linn. A reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An overview. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4:95–105. Mondal S, Mirdha BR, Mahapatra SC. The science behind sacredness of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;53:291–306. Yamani, H. A., Pang, E. C., Mantri, N., & Deighton, M. A. (2016). Antimicrobial Activity of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Essential Oil and Their Major Constituents against Three Species of Bacteria. Frontiers in microbiology, 7, 681. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00681 Loza-Tavera H. (1999). Monoterpenes in essential oils. Biosynthesis and properties. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 464, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4729-7_5 Chadwick, M., Trewin, H., Gawthrop, F., & Wagstaff, C. (2013). Sesquiterpenoids lactones: benefits to plants and people. International journal of molecular sciences, 14(6), 12780–12805. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140612780 Panda VS, Naik SR. Evaluation of cardioprotective activity of Ginkgo biloba and Ocimum sanctum in rodents. Altern Med Rev. 2009;14:161–71. Shivananjappa M, Joshi M. Aqueous extract of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) enhances endogenous antioxidant defenses of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 2012;18:331–48. Manikandan P, Murugan RS, Abbas H, Abraham SK, Nagini S. Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Holy Basil) ethanolic leaf extract protects against 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene-induced genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and imbalance in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. J Med Food. 2007;10:495–502. Siddique YH, Ara G, Beg T, Afzal M. Anti-genotoxic effect of Ocimum sanctum L. extract against cyproterone acetate induced genotoxic damage in cultured mammalian cells. Acta Biol Hung. 2007;58:397– 409. Jha AK, Jha M, Kaur J. Ethanolic extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica and Withania somnifera cause apoptosis in SiHa cells. Res J Pharm Biol Chem. 2012;3:557–62. Manikandan P, Vidjaya Letchoumy P, Prathiba D, Nagini S. Combinatorial chemopreventive effect of Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum on oxidant-antioxidant status, cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis in a rat forestomach carcinogenesis model. Singapore Med J. 2008;49:814–22. Poli, V., & Challa, C. (2019). A comparative study of eugenol and Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaf extract on the antifertility effect in female albino rats. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA, 82(3), 231–234. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000034 Cohen M. M. (2014). Tulsi - Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 5(4), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.146554 Rajendran, A. (2020, Jan 19). Reason Tulsi Plant In Front Of Hindu Homes - The Story. Hindi Blog. https://www.hindu-blog.com/2020/01/reason-tulsi-plant-in-front-of-hindu.html 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. REFERENCES 45
Holy Basil Anti-Bacterial, Anti-oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory² Psychotherapeutic: anti-anxiety and anti-depressant properties² Anti-cancer potential² Primarily Indian Subcontinent² Also found in North and East Africa, Taiwan, China, and Hainan Island.² Scientific Name: Ocimum sanctum² Common names: Holy Basil, Thulasi, Tulsi² Primary Active Compounds: Eugenol, Camphor, Eucalyptol² Properties: Appearance: 30-60 cm tall branches shrub with petiole leaves purple or green in colour.³ Geographic Distribution: 6 Uses: Holy basil can be used in a variety of ways. Its leaves are the main source of its benefits. The leaves are edible and can be eaten by themselves. They can also be consumed through foods such as soups, vegetables, and curries. The leaves can be used to make tea as well. Furthermore, they are used to make pharmaceutical products such as medicinal oils through the process of cold distillation.² Personal Experience: In my personal life, I have experienced the use of holy basil. While I lived in India, my mother would often boil holy basil leaves and squeeze them to get their essential oil. She would then add the essential oil and honey together to make a mixture. She would give me this mixture whenever I used to get a cold in India to help me feel better. Holistic Properties: Holy basil is an important plant within Indian Ayurvedic treatments. Ayurveda is a holistic treatment, which involves certain practices and lifestyles that promote good health. Ayurveda uses various herbs and spices in its practices as they have various medicinal properties. Holy basil is one of the prime herbs used in this practice, being referred to as the "elixir of life", "queen of herbs", "the incomparable", and "mother medicine of nature". In Ayurveda, holy basil is consumed to boost the immune system, achieve better health, increase longevity, and alleviate the stresses experienced in life. It is believed to have healing properties for the body, mind, and spirit.¹ This painting shows that the holy basil is incorporated into the religious practices of Hinduism, making it a culturally significant plant.⁴ Cultural Significance: Holy Basil is an important plant in South Asian cultures due to its religious link. Holy basil is mentioned in Atharvaveda, a religious text in Hinduism. More importantly, Hinduism has a deity named after this plant, and the plant is believed to be the physical manifestation of the deity on Earth.³ As such, holy basil is considered the holies plant in Hinduism and they are used in various religious rituals. For example, rituals involving Vishnu (a Hindu deity) require offering holy basil leaves. Due to its religious sanctity and medicinal properties, holy basil is a plant often grown in many South Asian homes.⁵ 46
References ¹Cohen M. M. (2014). Tulsi - Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 5(4), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.146554. ²Hasan MR, Alotaibi BS, Althafar ZM, Mujamammi AH, Jameela J. An Update on the Therapeutic Anticancer Potential of Ocimum sanctum L.: "Elixir of Life". Molecules. 2023 Jan 25;28(3):1193. doi: 10.3390/molecules28031193. PMID: 36770859; PMCID: PMC9919305. ³Pattanayak, P., Behera, P., Das, D., & Panda, S. K. (2010). Ocimum sanctum Linn. A reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An overview. Pharmacognosy reviews, 4(7), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.65323. ⁴Rao, P S. (2019). Tulsi or Basil has significant importance of worshiping every day. News Track. https://english.newstracklive.com/news/tulsi-or-basil-has-significant-importance- of-worshiping-every-day-sc77-nu-1010417-1.html. ⁵Shri Tulsi Mandir. (2023). The Sacred Tulsi. Shri Tulsi Mandir. https://tulsimandir.com/the-sacred-tulsi. ⁶Types of Tulsi and the best way to use them for immunity and weight loss. (2020). Times Of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/types-of-tulsi-and- the-best-way-to-use-them-for-immunity-and-weight-loss/articleshow/77679586.cms. 47
Basil (Ocimum Basilicum) Basil (Ocimum Basilicum) is a herb that can be found growing on their own in tropical regions in Central America and Southeast Asia, and thrives in tropical and sub-tropical climates. It is part of the mint family (Rindels, 1997). The active compound in mint leaves is Menthol (Tafrihi et al., 2021). Menthol works in combination with other chemicals in the plant to produce its aroma, flavor, and other properties. Over 7000 species are in the mint (Lamiaceae) family (Editors of Encyclopeida Britannica, 2021). Herbs refer to the leaves of Herbaceous plants, herbaceous meaning non wood. Herbs have culinary uses along with providing some medicinal value (Rindels, 1997). Some examples of herbs you most likely have heard of before include Oregano, Parsley, Mint, and Basil. Herbs are not to be confused with spices as spices come from other plant parts like the root, bark, seed, etc (Spicer). Mixtures of herbs and spices exist and are very popular and commonly used in food preparation. Basil, which is the focus of this page has a variety of uses when it comes to food preparation, but also has uses in both traditional and modern medicine, along with traditional value. Basil leaves are widely used in food preparation in a variety of ways. It is used for seasoning, and garnishing. It is essential to Italian cuisine and popular for its use in Italian dishes. Basil is commonly used in tomato sauce. Dried and crushed leaves are cooked into the tomato sauce causing the leaves to soften and release its flavor into the sauce, while fresh leaves are added at the very end of preparation, on top of a dish (Flippone, 2022). This is because fresh basil leaves are stronger and richer in flavor. When fresh leaves are added at the end of preparation, it is considered garnishing (seen in figure 2). Herbs are known for garnishing while spices are known for seasoning however, herbs in a dried and crushed form, can be seasoning for things like pasta sauces (Flippone, 2022). Basil is a main ingredient in pesto sauce, which is used in pasta, sandwiches, and more. Basil is used all over the culinary world apart from Italian cuisine, as it used to add flavor and aroma to many dishes. Figure 2. Basil garnished onto a dish of pasta (Morocco, 2018) Figure 3. Crushed and dried basil leaves used for seasoning Figure 1. Basil (Ocimum Basilicum) Figure 4. Pesto sauce (Bauer, 2022) Basil is popular in both traditional and modern medicine. Traditional medicine are practices derived from theories and cultural beliefs (Che et al., 2017) however, some traditional medicine practices have been backed up by modern research, while others have not. Basil in traditional medicine is popular in south and southeast Asia and is known as Tulsi, as it is seen as a manifestation of the goddess Tulsi (Shahrajabian et al., 2020), seen in figure 5. Traditional uses of Basil included dental and oral products. It is seen as a source of dietary fiber in Asia, and is used in desserts for this reason. Basil was also used to treat common symptoms in sick people like headaches and coughs. Traditional medicine in China have used Basil to help cancer patients (Shahrajabian et al., 2020). Figure 5. The Goddess Tulsi (Vishnudut1926, 2018) In modern medicine, Basil is known for a plethora of uses and applications. Basil has antianxiety and antidepressant properties, and has been shown to have similar effects to antidepressant drugs. (Krans et al., 2020). Common symptoms associated with common sicknesses such as coughs, stomach aches, headaches, and more are known to be relieved by basil, making tea with basil leaves a common home remedy for the flu (Shahrajabian et al. (2020). Basil has been shown to lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (Widjaja et al., 2019), with effects on human glucose levels being studied constantly. Basil contains Eugenol. Eugenol is known for its anti bacterial properties, specifically bacteria that comes from food. Basil in general, according to studies, have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-oxidant properties. Basil can be used as both a bug repellant, and used to treat bug bites (anti inflammatory properties). Essential oils derived from basil are known to have anti-inflammatory properties (Shahrajabian et al. (2020). Basil is generally safe to use. The amounts Basil is in food are not enough to cause any issues however, Basil based medicines or supplements can be unsafe. Basil contains Estragole. Estragole is a chemical that has been shown to cause liver cancer in rats. Therefore, too much Estragole can possibly increase the chance of liver cancer in humans (Basil - Uses, Side effects, and more). Furthermore, Basil based supplements can also interfere with drugs that thin your blood, like warfarin. This is due to Basil leaves high Vitamin K concentration (Mcculloch, 2018). Influenza - caring for someone with flu 7 Amazing Health Benefits of Tulsi Tea (2021) Flaticon Allentown (2022) 48
References 5 simple ways to improve your laboratory rat's well-being. Allentown. (2022, September 1). Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://blog.allentowninc.com/5-simple-ways-to-improveyour-laboratory-rats-well-being/ 7 amazing health benefits of Tulsi tea (and its side effects). Recipes.net. (2021, September 22). Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://recipes.net/articles/tulsi-tea-holy-basil-tea-benefitsrecipe/ Antibacterial free icons designed by Freepik. Flaticon. (2019, September 2). Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/antibacterial_2099947 Authors: Sherry Rindels. (1997, March 21). Basil. Horticulture and Home Pest News. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/1997/3-21- 1997/basil.html#:~:text=Basil%20is%20one%20of%20the,%22king%20of%20the%20her bs%22. Basil leaves: Club House ca. Club House. (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://www.clubhouse.ca/en-ca/products/herbs-and-spices/herbs/basil-leaves Bauer, E. (2022, July 28). Fresh basil pesto. Simply Recipes. Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/fresh_basil_pesto/ Che, C.-T., George, V., Ijinu, T. P., Pushpangadan, P., & Andrae-Marobela, K. (2017). Traditional medicine. Pharmacognosy, 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802104- 0.00002-0 49
Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Lamiaceae. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/Lamiaceae Filippone, P. T. (2022, September 19). Basil: A popular fragrant herb. The Spruce Eats. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-basil1807985#:~:text=Basil%20is%20an%20herb%20in,in%20tomato%2Dbased%20pasta%20 sauces. Influenza - caring for someone with flu. RPH. (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://www.rph.org.nz/public-health-topics/illness-and-disease/influenza/influenza-caringfor-someone-with-flu/ Krans, B. (2020, November 3). Holy Basil: Benefits For Your Brain and Your Body. Healthline. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/basilbenefits McCulloch, M. (2018, October 17). Basil: Nutrition, health benefits, uses and more. Healthline. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/basil#:~:text=Basil%20is%20generally%20safe%20 when,such%20as%20warfarin%20(%2037%20). Morocco, C. (2018, August 1). Summer squash and Basil Pasta. Bon Appétit. Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://www.bonappetit.com/recipe/summer-squash-and-basil-pasta 50
Rhoades, H. (2021, June 22). Growing basil - how to grow basil plants in your garden. Gardening Know How. Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/basil/how-to-grow-basil-plants.htm Shahrajabian, M. H., Sun, W., & Cheng, Q. (2020). Chemical components and pharmacological benefits of basil (ocimum basilicum): A Review. International Journal of Food Properties, 23(1), 1961–1970. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2020.1828456 Tafrihi, M., Imran, M., Tufail, T., Gondal, T. A., Caruso, G., Sharma, S., Sharma, R., Atanassova, M., Atanassov, L., Valere Tsouh Fokou, P., & Pezzani, R. (2021). The wonderful activities of the genus mentha: Not only antioxidant properties. Molecules, 26(4), 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041118 Treatment of anxiety. The Mental Wellness app - A 2 way marketplace of mental health for people. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.solhapp.com/blog/treatment-ofanxiety Vishnudut1926, V. (2018, October 9). Shreemati Tulasi-Devi Shree tulsi-devi goddess tulasi 3 20181004. Flickr. Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/98170374@N03/44292654295 WebMD. (n.d.). Basil: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and reviews. WebMD. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono303/basil#:~:text=Basil%20contains%20a%20chemical%2C%20estragole,liver%20cancer %20in%20laboratory%20mice. 51
What is the difference between an herb and a spice? Horticulture and Home Pest News. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://hortnews.extension.iastate.edu/faq/what-differencebetween-herb-and-spice Widjaja, S. S., Rusdiana, -, & Savira, M. (2019). Glucose lowering effect of basil leaves in diabetic rats. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(9), 1415–1417. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.293 52
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All About Bay Leaves Bay Leaf The bay laurel plant is native to the Mediterranean region. However, it can be found in the warm climates of the U.S.A., Central America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. (Singletary, 2021). The bay leaf can be used in culinary purposes or may be extracted into an oil. Bay leaves are commonly used in Turkish, Indian, and European cuisine. It is often used in sauces, soups, stocks, casseroles, sausages, and stews but is removed before consumption. (Singletary, 2021). Bay leaf oil is considered safe for food usage by the FDA. However, it is advised that humans should not consume the leaves as they do not soften even when cooked and can cause internal complications due to the sharp edges. (Singletary, 2021). The active compounds in a bay leaf are 1,8-cineole, eucalyptol, a-terpinyl acetate, apinene, sabiene, and linalool. Trials have shown that these chemicals can reduce symptoms of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In two trials, people were given bay leaf tea for 30 days. After 30 days, there were significant decreases in fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein values. (Singletary, 2021). Laurus nobilis L. The leaves from a bay laurel plant In folk medicine, bay leaves and its extract were used to treat respiratory infection and disorder, gastrointestinal discomfort or irregularity, diarrhea and amenorrhea. (Singletary, 2021). In ancient times, it is reported that bay leaves were used as symbols of prosperity, fame, and victory. It was also believed to provide protection, so, people would plant bay laurel near their homes. (Singletary, 2021).Today, bay leaves are used in cooking, food preservation and certain perfumes. Folklore 54
References: Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ Singletary, K. (2021). Bay Leaf. Nutrition Today, 56(4), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1097/nt.0000000000000493 55
Beefsteak plant Figure 1. the image of perilla plant (Russell, 2021). Figure 2. the purple view beneath the perilla leaf (Russell, 2021). Broad leaves with jagged edges (Figure 1). Leaves appear purple on the undersides (Figure 2). grow up to 2 feet height. Small flowers (white/purple) present on the main stem (~6 inches ) flowers seen July - September. Appearance Active Compounds Active compounds in the perilla plant: Alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids. Features compounds exhibit : antidepressant (treat depression) antioxidant activities (treat cell damages). Different bioactive compounds in perilla plants: caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid. These compounds prevent an allergic response by showing antiallergic activity (Hou, 2022). Perilla plants contain perilla ketones. Effects of Ketone : causes atypical interstitial pneumonia (AIP) that reduces oxygen levels and shortens the breath of animals from the accumulation of the fluids in the plant to animals' lungs. Ketone Causes ANIMALS TO DIE In general, plants have more toxins when they grow (Russell, 2021). Cultural Significance And History Perilla plants are significantly used as traditional medicine and edible vegetables in East Asia specifically in China. “Ming Yi Bie Lu”, a medical classics recorded approximately in 500 A.D states the perilla plants as an essential herb. In the Song dynasty (China, 960-1279 A.D), stem, leaf, and seed of perilla plants were commonly used. The dried perilla leaf and dried perilla seed were recorded as Folium Periilae, Fructus Perillae respectively in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 1990. Moreover, Herba Perillae was recorded as a drug of perilla leaves and twigs in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia in 1991. The dried parts of the perilla are still used as natural herbal medicine to treat depression-related diseases, asthma, anxiety, and even tumours (Ahmed, 2018). Perilla leaves are also prepared as pickles, and vegetable curries as edible crops. Perilla seed oil is used for flavour foods (Hou, 2022). In addition, the perilla plant is not only used for ornamental because of its various size and colour but also for cosmetics such as skin creams and soaps due to biological activities (Ahmed, 2018). Beefsteak plants are found in east Asia : Korea, China, and Japan (Hou et al., 2022). Plants are located in shaded woodland understories (Russell, 2021). Habitat And Geographic Range Image 1: East Asia (Adam, 2012). Perilla frutescens Recipe: Perilla leaf pickles All perilla leaves are washed and put into a large bowl. A soy sauce is drizzled between the leaves little by little. The leaves are placed in the bowl for 1 hour and then transferred to a pot. All other ingredients were put into the pot. The pot was boiled for 30 minutes in medium-high heat and then cooled to room temperature. The leaves and brine are transferred into a container and then kept in a refrigerator (Maangchi, 2021). Image 2: perilla leaf pickles (Maangchi, 2021). 1 pound of perilla leaves, soy sauce(1 and ½ cup), a medium size apple, 4-5 cloves of garlic, 1 cup water, 1 tablespoon of sliced ginger, and 2 jalapeno peppers. INGREDIENTS: 56
References Ahmed, H. (2018). Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of perilla frutescens (L.) britt. Molecules, 24(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010102 Hou, T., Netala, V. R., Zhang, H., Xing, Y., Li, H., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Perilla frutescens: A rich source of pharmacological active compounds. Molecules, 27(11), 3578. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113578 Russell, D. (2021, September 8). Perilla Mint: A toxic threat to livestock. Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Retrieved April 1, 2023, from https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/perilla-mint-a-toxic-threat-to-livestock/ Maangchi. (2021, August 10). Perilla leaf pickles (Kkaennip-jangajji) recipe by Maangchi. https://www.maangchi.com/recipe/kkaennip-jangajji Adams, C. (2012, June 28). Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. Canva. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ Beefsteak plant Perilla frutescens 57
G A R C I N I A K O L A b i t t e r k o l a Some active compounds in the seeds are saponins, flavonoids and tannins, which all contribute to the astringent taste (1). The antioxidant properties of bitter kola is mainly due to the flavonoids (2). Bitter kola also contains alkaloids, which are a category of secondary compounds that are characterized for their bitterness (3). There are no toxic effects associated with the consumption of bitter kola (4). THE CULTURE Garcinia kola is a woody and flowering plant that grows in West and Central Africa (1). It is mainly found in the tropical forests in Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon and Benin Republic (2). Garcinia kola is an evergreen tree that is usually 12 - 15 meters tall, but can grow up to 30 meters (3). Most parts of the plant, like the fruit, seeds, sap, roots and twigs are useful and beneficial to humans. Bitter kola is very significant in Nigerian culture. Historically, it was used as currency and for tax payments (5). Today, it is offered to guests as a means of hospitality for social and cultural events (2). Since bitter kola lasts for a long time, it is used during naming ceremonies of the Yoruba people (a main tribe in Nigeria) to symbolically pray that the newborn child has a long life (6). Bitter kola is also incorporated into weddings, funerals and naming ceremonies (7). The most notable part of the Garcinia kola plant is the seed, which is commonly known as bitter kola (4). The name "bitter kola" comes from the astringent or bitter taste of the seeds, which is followed by some sweetness after chewing (2). Four seeds can be found in each fruit from the Garcinia kola tree (3). THE PLANT THE ACTIVE COMPOUNDS THE SEED THE USES The seed is the most useful part of the plant for humans. It is used to treat bacterial infections, cough, nausea and food poisoning (1) The fruit can be eaten fresh and used as a tonic (4) The roots and twigs can be used as chew-sticks and have antibacterial effects on oral hygiene (4) The sap can be used as an ointment for skin diseases and to seal open cuts (3) (Olubodun, n.d.) (Hiobson , 2017) ([Bitter kola seeds], n.d.) ([peeled bitter kola seeds], n.d.) 58
References Emmanuela, O., Uche, M. E., Dike, E. D., Etumnu, L. R., Ositadinma C. Ugbogu O. C. & Ugbogu, E. A. (2021). A review on garcinia kola heckel: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicology. Biomarkers. 27(2), 101-117. https://doiorg/10.1080/1354750X.2021.2016974 Icheku, V., Onianwah, I. F., & Nwulia, A. (2018). A descriptive cross-sectional study on various uses and outcomes of Garcinia kola among people of Oshimili North in the Delta State of Nigeria. Ayu. 39(3), 132-138. https://doi.og/10.4103/ayu.AYU_195_16 Garcinia Kola (n.d.). Useful Tropical Plants https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php? id=Garcinia+kola Iwu, M. M., Diop, A. D., Meserole, L., & Okunji, C. O. (2002). Garcinia kola: a new look at an old adaptogenic agent. Advances in Phytomedicine. 1, 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572- 557X(02)80026-5 Starin, D. (2013). Kola nut: so much more than just a nut. The Royal Society of Medicine. 106(12), 510-512. https://doi.prg/10.1177/0141076813507708 Naming Ceremony in Yoruba Culture (2017). Ile Oduduwa. https://www.ileoduduwa.com/namingceremony-yoruba-culture/ Kolawole, B. (2022) Where Is Bitter Kola Found. Jeb Foods. https://www.jebfoods.com/where-isbitter-kolafound/#:~:text=Bitter%20kola%20often%20referred%20to,and%20several%20other%20Asian%2 0nations Olubodun, O. (n.d.). Garcinia kola fruiting [Photograph]. Forest Centre. https://forestcenter.iita.org/index.php/2019/06/20/garcinia-kola/ Photograph of peeled bitter kola seeds. (n.d.). https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/beautyhealth/bitter-kola-the-7-health-benefits-of-this-plant-are-incredible/leq2c79 Hiobson (2017) "Bitter kola" tree (Garcinia kola) growing in Limbe Botanical Gardens, Cameroon [Photograph]. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_kola#/media/File:Garcinia_kola_- _Plant.jpg Photograph of bitter kola seeds. (n.d.). https://besthomediet.com/bitter-kola-health-benefitsuses-side-effects/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 59
Where is it found? In the Middle East, Southern Europe, and Southwest Asia Narrated Khalid bin Sa`d: We went out and Ghalib bin Abjar was accompanying us. He fell ill on the way and when we arrived at Medina he was still sick. Ibn Abi 'Atiq came to visit him and said to us, "Treat him with black cumin. Take five or seven seeds and crush them (mix the powder with oil) and drop the resulting mixture into both nostrils, for `Aisha has narrated to me that she heard the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم( saying, 'This black cumin is healing for all diseases except As-Sam.' Aisha said, 'What is As-Sam?' He said, 'Death." Reference: Sahih al-Bukhari 5687 BLACK CUMIN SEED Nigella sativa Common name: Scientific name: Sahih al-Bukhari is a book of authentic narrations, or hadith, of the prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him. In the Islamic faith, black seed has been used to treat a number of ailments as the hadith describes. Its usage can be applicable from mental distress to physical sicknesses and everything in between, including cancer. If it has a name to it, it can be treated using black seed. The healing from black seed is well known across the wider Muslim community. The active compound in black cumin seed is thymoquinone. Thymoauinone has a wide range of properties. It is an antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory and more (Anlar & Bacanli, 2020). Application Of Black Seed: Crush seeds and add oil, apply to skin/hair (black seed oil can also be store-bought) Eat seeds alone, raw or toasted, or incorporated within other foods such as in salads smoothies. There are no known hazards (PFAF). However, there have been observed drug interactions (Anlar & Bacanli, 2020). Image source: elithair.co.uk Webmd.com Image source: vedaoils.com Image source: bioabsorbnutraceuticals.com 60
Top left image: https://elithair.co.uk/blog/black-seed-oil-hair/ Middle right image: https://www.vedaoils.com/blogs/news/black-seed-oil-forskin Botom middle image: https://www.bioabsorbnutraceuticals.com/products/blackcumin-seed-oil-capsules-organic-cold-pressed-500mg Graphics: all graphics are from Canva.com Active compound, properties, and drug interactions: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128159729000354 Geographical range: https://www.webmd.com/diet/black-seed-healthbenefits#:~:text=Black%20seed%20is%20the%20common,is%20extracted%20from% 20these%20seeds. Hazard info: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nigella+sativa Hadith/narration:* https://sunnah.com/bukhari:5687 Application and general information: knowledge that has been passed down to me References (according to topic) Note to TA and professor Thiagavel <3 : there are a lot of other highly beneficial Islamic recommendations from 1400 years ago that should be explored such as the miswak! The following link is a review of a bunch of other recommended plants from the beginning of Islam: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC58 70322/#:~:text=Black%20seeds%20(Nigella%20sativa )&text=It%20is%20very%20popular%20in,every%20dis ease%2C%20except%20death%E2%80%9D. *hadiths are generally not paraphrased in literature 61
Sanguinaria canadensis The bloodroot plant, or Sanguinaria canadensis, is native to North American woodlands and gets its name from the red fluid located in a part of the stem called the rhizome . The bloodroot plant is identifiable by its white petals and numerous yellow stamens surrounding the green stigma . Bloodroot plants grow to be about 12 inches tall and drop their petals 1-2 days after pollination, this means the plant is ephemeral (short lived) . The primary active compound in bloodroot is an alkaloid called Sanguinaria which is antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antiseptic . 3 2 4 4 Bloodroot is currently used in livestock feeding supplements to aid in reducing stomach pathogens due to its antibacterial properties . Bloodroot is also used in homeopathic treatments (small doses of natural substances) of menopausal symptoms and osteoarthritis . Due to its antimicrobial properties, bloodroot can also be used to treat gingivitis in toothpastes and mouthwashes . 1 1 1 Indigenous North American people used bloodroot, which they called puccoon or poughkone, for a variety of purposes . To treat a cold, they would drink small doses of bloodroot in tea or inhale the powdered form of the root . Small doses of bloodroot were used to stop vomiting, ease abdominal cramps, relieve burns, and treat infections . Bloodroot was often added to concoctions to treat tuberculosis . Some people also believed that mixing bloodroot with walnut oil would create a love potion . 1 1 1 1 1 In large dosages, the alkaloids in bloodroot plants can disrupt cellular pathways and become toxic to humans . Overuse of bloodroot may cause a dangerous decrease in blood pressure, ulceration, scarring, and abnormal skin pigmentation . There is no standard dose of bloodroot, so it is important to consult your doctor before using it . 3 1 3 Bloodroot Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 62
References 1. Croaker, A., King, G.J., Pyne, J.H., Anoopkumar-Dukie, S., & Liu, L. 2016. Sanguinaria canadensis: Traditional Medicine, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activities and Current Uses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17: 1414. 2. Encyclopedia. 2018. Bloodroot. Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/bloodroot 3. Hallal, F. 2021. Bloodroot: Benefits, Uses, Precautions, and Dosage. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/bloodroot#bottom-line 4. Mahr, S. 2023. Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis. Wisconsin Horticulture. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/bloodrootsanguinaria-canadensis/ Figure 1. Zenith Herbal. 2015. Bloodroot Rhizome https://www.zenithherbal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/bloodrootrhizome.jpg Figure 2. Petagadget. 2021. Bloodroot, root systems, Sanguinaria canadensis. https://www.petagadget.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/20-bloodroot-rootsystems-Sanguinaria-canadensis.jpg Figure 3. Pinterest. 2023. Sanguinaria canadensis. https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/838865868106785670/ Figure 4. Jolene Duff. 2023. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/43699058878459060/ Created in Canva Design, 2023. 63
Borage Borage Borage seeds can be cultivated into seed oil, which can be used in cooking or as a health supplement. Borage seeds contain an active compound called gamma linolenic acid (GLA) that can help with inflammation and reduce high blood pressure. Therefore, borage seed oil is often used in traditional herbal treatments for sclerosis, diabetes and arthritis (AsadiSamani et al.). Ways to incorporate Āorage in our lives Borage plants reproduce through seeding during early spring, autumn or late winter. GLA level in seeds is correlated to plant's consumption of nitrogen fertilizer and time of cultivation. Increased exposure to nitrogen fertilizer improves Borage's overall plant growth (Asadi-Samani et al.). Cultivation of borage ÿctive compound in Āorage History/āultural significance Act as GLA supplements in diet to supply lacking fatty acids Raw leaves can be soaked in water to make antioxidant tea Pest repellant Borage seed oil used to improve skin conditions such as eczema (Asadi-Samani et al.) Toxicity/ hazards/ warnings Habitat and Geographical Range Bloating, headaches, nausea (Ajmera) May cause allergic reactions such as rash (Ajmera) Oral borage oil supplements potential side effects: Skin application of borage oil potential side effects: Borage was used for stress and tension relief purposes in Iranian traditional medicine (Asadi-Samani et al.) The Borage flower was considered an icon of bravery and courage in ancient times Flower was carried into battles and wars by Roman warriors as a symbol of victory Borage plants were originated from Syria, a country located in the Mediterranean areas. Growth of the plants slowly extended to other mediterranean countries such as Spain (Asadi-Samani et al.). Borage grows best under moderate sun exposure and in wet soil that have a pH of ~6.6. It has high resistance to cold weather (Asadi-Samani et al.). Chemical structure of gamma linolenic acid (GLA) (Pubchem) Borago officinalis, commonly known as Borage or Starflower is a blue/purple, trichome-contained flower that can be used as a medicinal or culinary herb. It has tough leaves due to the presence of fibers (Asadi-Samani et al.). (ÿjmera) (Lofgren) (Hicks-Hamblin) 64
Works Cited Ajmera, Rachael. “Borage: Benefits, Uses, and Precautions.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 2 Apr. 2020, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/borage. Asadi-Samani, Majid, et al. “The Chemical Composition, Botanical Characteristic and Biological Activities of Borago Officinalis: A Review.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. 7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60199-1. “Gamma-Linolenic Acid.” National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/gamma-Linolenic-acid. Hicks-Hamblin, Kristina. “How to Use Borage as a Cover Crop.” Gardener's Path, 23 July 2022, https://gardenerspath.com/how-to/composting/borage-green-manure/. Lofgren, Kristine. “How to Start Borage from Seed.” Gardener's Path, 29 Aug. 2022, https://gardenerspath.com/plants/herbs/plant-borage-seeds/. 65
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References: Motamayor, J. C., Risterucci, A. M., Lopez, P. A., Ortiz, C. F., Moreno, A., & Lanaud, C. (2002, October 28). Cacao domestication I: The origin of the cacao cultivated by the mayas. Nature News. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.nature.com/articles/6800156 Massot-Cladera, M., Pérez-Cano, F., Llorach, R., & Urpi-Sarda, M. (2017, February 17). "cocoa and chocolate: Science and gastronomy"-the second Annual workshop of the research institute on nutrition and food security (INSA): 9 november 2016. Nutrients. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5331587/ Katz, D. L., Doughty, K., & Ali, A. (2011, November 15). Cocoa and chocolate in human health and disease. Antioxidants & redox signaling. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4696435/ Quek, R. Y. C., Peh, E. W. Y., & Henry, C. J. (2020, April 8). Effects of cocoa butter and cocoa butter equivalent in a chocolate confectionery on human blood triglycerides, glucose and insulin. Foods (Basel, Switzerland). Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7231202/ Butler, N. (n.d.). Chocolate: Health benefits, facts, and research. Medical News Today. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/270272 Crane, J. H., Balerdi, C. F., & Joyner, G. (2020, June 1). COCOA (CHOCOLATE BEAN) GROWING IN THE FLORIDA HOME LANDSCAPE. HS1057/HS307: Cocoa (chocolate bean) growing in the Florida Home Landscape. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS307 Larsson, S. (2021, May 18). Scientists discover gene that controls flowering in Cacao | Sci.news. Scientists Discover Gene that Controls Flowering in Cacao. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.sci.news/genetics/cacao-flowering-gene-09668.html Kelly, B. (2021, November 5). White, milk, or dark chocolate – which to choose? Ross Chocolates. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://rosschocolates.ca/white-milk-or-dark-chocolate-which-to-choose/ Scapagnini, G., Davinelli, S., Di Renzo, L., De Lorenzo, A., Olarte, H. H., Micali, G., Cicero, A. F., & Gonzalez, S. (2014, August 11). Cocoa bioactive compounds: Significance and potential for the maintenance of Skin Health. Nutrients. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145303/#:~:text=In%20addition%20to%20 polyphenols%2C%20cocoa,genotype%20of%20the%20cacao%20tree. Tietsort, J. (2021, January 19). The Best Cocoa Butter Substitutes. Foods Guy. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://foodsguy.com/best-cocoa-butter-substitutes/ 68
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4/23/23, 7:01 PM Camphor Tree https://www.canva.com/design/DAFfbo9nZPo/NQsP4aNblwzLjL088IFJhQ/view?utm_content=DAFfbo9nZPo&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medi… 1/1 Geographic Range: Camphor trees grow best in temperate areas with moist soil. They are found in the asian eastern monsoon zone characterized by summer rains. They are native to China. Japan, Vietnam and Korea (CABI, 2022). Uses & Benefits Cultural Significance: In China, Japan, and India camphor trees are very sacred and are planted near temples and monasteries for protection. Camphor is often burnt as incense in some purification rituals (Morgenstern, 2020). In Chinese culture, camphor trees are believed to bring happiness, luck and fortune to the local residents (Zhou and Yan, 2016). Toxicity/Warnings: Large doses of camphor, specifically more than 2g, can lead to many unpleasant effects like confusion, accelerated heart rate, headaches, giddiness and even death. It is advised to avoid camphor products during lactation and pregnancy due to its toxicity (Zhou and Yan, 2016). T H E C A M P H O R T R E E Scientific Name: Cinnamomum camphora Active Compound: Has D-camphor and linalool Medicinal Use: Used extensively by ethnic groups like the Chinese. The roots and wood are used to treat headaches, fevers, traumatic injury, and rheumatism. Fruits are consumed for digestion disorder and gastroenteritis. Camphor oil treats a wide range of remedies like cold, cough, bronchitis, insect bits and much more (Zhou and Yan, 2016). Pesticides & Repellents: Commonly used as pest-repellent for households in warm and humid countries. In Southern China, farmers collect the leaves to place them in paddy fields for controlling pests when growing rice and other groups (Zhou and Yan, 2016). Ornamental use: Is a large canopy, evergreen, fragrant and elegant tree making it an ideal arbor species to decorate gardens. Is grown in many places like parks, school campuses and scenic spots to beautify these commonplaces (Zhou and Yan, 2016). 70
References CABI. (2022). Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel), CABI Compendium. CABI International. https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.13519 Canva. (n.d.). Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. Canva. https://www.canva.com/ Chuyu. (n.d.). Old Camphor Tree [Photograph]. Dreamstime. https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-old-camphor-tree-image29293055 Morgenstern, K. (2020). The Camphor Tree. Sacred Earth. https://sacredearth.com/2020/03/01/the-camphor-tree/ Zhou, Y., Yan, W. (2015). Conservation and applications of camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) in China: ethnobotany and genetic resources. Genet Resour Crop Evol 63, 1049–1061. https://doi-org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1007/s10722-015-0300-0 71
Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) Nicknames: Queen Anne’s Lace, White Carrot Where it Grows In temperate regions around the world. It can be found in fields, meadows, along paths or at the side of the road. [7] Culinary Uses All parts of the plant can be cooked and eaten. The roots are most palatable when the plant is early in its first year of growth. The stem can be peeled and eaten cooked or raw. The flower can be used as a flavouring herb. Seeds can be brewed for tea or used as a seasoning. [2] Uses in Traditional Medicine [6] Seeds -contraceptive -abortifacient -remedy for kidney/urinary problems -prevent/remedy kidney stones Leaves -remedy ulcers Roots -aid in healing wounds [1] [2] Active Compounds Carrot seed oil has been found to have anti-bacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties [1]. Most prominent compounds found in wild carrot seed oil are [3]: • carotol • geranyl acetate • sabinene • a-pinene [5] [4] Old English legend says that eating the central purple flower can cure epilepsy. [4] A Cruel Nickname [4] There are a few tales of how wild carrot got the nickname “Queen Anne’s Lace”. According to historians, the most plausible tale is that the flower was named after Queen Anne II. She lost 17 of her 18 pregnancies. Since the flower was known for ending pregnancy, her name had become associated with the flower. Beware Imposters Poisonous hemlock, giant hogweed and cow parsley look similar to wild carrot, but are poisonous or can cause severe chemical burns. A key characteristic of wild carrot is that the stem is entirely green (no red or purple colouring) with fine hairs. [4] [4] Wild carrot was selectively bred to make the orange carrots we use today. [2] Carrot Wild carrot [2] [4] [7] [4] [4] WARNING Pregnant women should not eat the seeds as they may cause miscarriage. [6] 72
References 1. da Silva Dias, J. C. (2014). Nutritional and Health Benefits of Carrots and Their Seed Extracts. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 05(22), 2147–2156. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2014.522227 2. Holly, H. (2015, March 12). Wild Carrot – Queen Anne’s Lace. The Northwest ForagerTM. https://thenorthwestforager.com/2015/03/12/wild-carrot-queen-annes-lace/ 3. Jansen, G. C., & Wohlmuth, H. (2014). Carrot seed for contraception: A review. Australian Journal of Herbal Medicine, 26, 10–17. 4. Kanuckel, A. (2021, September 16). Queen Anne’s Lace: Facts & Folklore. Farmers’ Almanac - Plan Your Day. Grow Your Life. https://www.farmersalmanac.com/what-queen-annes-lace 5. Queen Annes Lace. (n.d.). RESTORATION SEEDS. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.restorationseeds.com/products/queen-annes-lace 6. Tobyn, G., Denham, A., & Whitelegg, M. (2011). CHAPTER 14—Daucus carota, wild carrot. In G. Tobyn, A. Denham, & M. Whitelegg (Eds.), Medical Herbs (pp. 145–154). Churchill Livingstone. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-10344-5.00019-7 7. Weed Seed: Daucus carota subsp. Carota (Wild carrot)—Canadian Food Inspection Agency. (2017, November 6). Government of Canada. https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/seeds/seedtesting-and-grading/seeds-identification/daucus-carota-subspcarota/eng/1476290268095/1476290268579 73
CASSAVA Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a starchy, tuberous root shrub that is widely consumed in many tropical countries. The crop is very resilient in the face of drought, low soil fertility, and climate change (Boukhers et al., 2022). Cassava was first cultivated by the Maya civilization over 4000 years ago and is native to Brazil and Central America. However, today it is grown across many tropical regions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (Petruzzello, 2021). This affordable source of carbohydrates is commonly eaten as root vegetables in stews and can also be processed into flour, breads, and tapioca. One popular dish derived from cassava is gelatinous fufu from West Africa. Alcohol beverages such as kasiri can also be produced and is drunk by Indigenous tribes in South America during times of celebration (Petruzzello, 2021). Limitations The consumption of raw cassava is limited by its cyanogenic glycoside content It is metabolized by our bodies to produce hydrocyanic acid Toxic effects include paralysis, nausea, and even death The cyanide can be removed by processing methods such as fermenting and boiling (Soto-Blanco & Górniak, 2010) Benefits Cassava Root Farming Cassava Preparing Fufu Cassava Production Did you know that cassava can be stored underground for two years without rotting! Cassava is rich in vitamin C, which helps maintain a healthy gut, promotes beneficial gut bacteria, and boosts immunity It also protects against skin damage and stimulates the production of collagen (Sousa et al., 2020) Cassava contains pro-vitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene) which have high antioxidant properties β-carotene helps prevent oxidative damage that otherwise leads to cardiovascular diseases, ageing, and cancer (Oguntoye et al., 2022) β-carotene also reduces serum creatinine levels, which promotes kidney health (Normasari et al., 2017) 74
References Boukhers, I., Boudard, F., Morel, S., Servent, A., Portet, K., Guzman, C., Vitou, M., Kongolo, J., Michel, A., & Poucheret, P. (2022). Nutrition, healthcare benefits and phytochemical properties of cassava (manihot esculenta) leaves sourced from three countries (reunion, Guinea, and Costa Rica). Foods, 11(14), 2027. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11142027 Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. Canva. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ Normasari, R., Dewi, R., & Rachmania, S. (2017). Study of kidney repair mechanism of cassava leaf extract on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences, 3(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.19184/ams.v3i1.4090 Oguntoye, M. A., Oridupa, O. A., & Ezekiel, O. O. (2022). Phenolic, flavonoid, and β‐carotene contents of provitamin a cassava hydrolysate with free and encapsulated lactobacillus rhamnosus gg improves antioxidant biomarkers in kidney, heart and liver of wistar rats. Journal of Food Science, 88(1), 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16391 Petruzzello., M. (2021, September 9). Cassava. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/cassava Soto-Blanco, B., & Górniak, S. L. (2010). Toxic effects of prolonged administration of leaves of cassava (manihot esculenta Crantz) to goats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 62(4), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2009.05.011 Sousa, T. L., Silva, J. P., Lodete, A. R., Lima, D. S., Mesquita, A. A., Almeida, A. B., Placido, G. R., & Egea, M. B. (2020). Vitamin C, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Brazilian Baby Foods. Nutrition & Food Science, 51(4), 725–737. https://doi.org/10.1108/nfs-06-2020-0229 75
Image References Cassava farming techniques. Cassava Farming Techniques. (2017, November 7). Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://agricdemy.com/post/cassava-farming-techniques Kwameghana. (2023, April 2). Fufu. Wikipedia. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufu 76
s ℂ- ℙ ℝ , Castor oil itself is derived from castor beans. Active compound of castor oil is ricinoleic acid, and makes up ~90% of castor oil (Dumeignil, 2012). A pitcher of the final castor oil next to castor beans. (Refined Castor Oil (Pale Pressed Grade – p. P. G) – Osg Exim, 2023). An image of the castor-bean plant, which grows best in temperate and warm climates. (Castor Bean Plant by Mary Courtney, 2017). Castor Oil Uses (Dumeignil, 2012) · Healing arthritis (used in capsule form) · Laxative · Hair and skincare · Cosmetics o Modifying body contours with injections (Smith et al., 2009) o Makeup remover o Eyelid polish · Chemotherapy medication for various cancers (Sharma & Straubinger, 1994) o Called Paclitaxel, under the brand name Taxol · Lubricant in vehicles (usually chemically modified first) · Used as an absolute standard for measuring viscosity! o Very stable physical structure Toxicity (Dumeignil, 2012) · Castor beans are extremely toxic due to the presence of ricin, which inhibits protein synthesis. However, castor oil is considered safe in small quantities as most ricin is removed from the seeds. In medical settings, the presence of ricinine in urine indicates ricin poisoning (Smith et al., 2009). History (Dumeignil, 2012) · Usage dated far back as 4000 BC in Egypt, where its uses were noted in the Ebers Papyrus, a collection of herbal knowledge · Used in early aviation as a lubricant, now widely replaced Geographic Range + Statistics (Dumeignil, 2012) · Originally cultivated in Egypt, Ethiopia, and India due to warmer temperatures · Majority of supply originates from India, totaling 70% alone · China supplies 18% of the world supply, yet is a net importer of castor oil · Brazil supplies 8% of the world supply A map highlighting Egypt, Ethiopia and India, the original users of castor oil. (World Map - Simple | Create a Custom Map, 2023). A map highlighting India, China and Brazil, the current major suppliers of castor oil. (World Map - Simple | Create a Custom Map, 2023) An image of Taxol, which is often used in chemotherapy treatments. (Taxol, 2023). 77
References Castor bean plant by mary courtney. (2017). Fine Art America. Retrieved 4 April 2023, from https://fineartamerica.com/featured/castor-bean-plant-mary-courtney.html Dumeignil, F. (2012). Propriétés et utilisation de l’huile de ricin. Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides, 19(1), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2012.0427 Ismail, K. (2021, June 20). Photo of the day: WHMIS 2015 - Pictograms. HSSE WORLD. https://hsseworld.com/photo-of-the-day-whmis-2015-pictograms/ Refined castor oil (Pale pressed grade – p. P. G) – osg exim. (2023). Retrieved 4 April 2023, from https://www.osgexim.com/refined-castor-oil-pale-pressed-grade-p-p-g/ Sharma, A., & Straubinger, R. M. (1994). Novel taxol formulations: Preparation and characterization of taxol-containing liposomes. Pharmaceutical Research, 11(6), 889–896. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018994111594 Smith, S. W., Graber, N. M., Johnson, R. C., Barr, J. R., Hoffman, R. S., & Nelson, L. S. (2009). Multisystem organ failure after large volume injection of castor oil. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 62(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e31817763bd Taxol. (2023). Indiamart.Com. Retrieved 5 April 2023, from https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/taxol-14215514833.html World map—Simple | create a custom map. (2023). MapChart. Retrieved 4 April 2023, from https://mapchart.net/world.html 78
Momordica charantia Cultural Significance Cerasee or Bitter Melon, scientifically known as Momordica Charantia, is a herbacious tropical vine found throughout Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. Believed to have originated in India, then introduced into China in the 14th century, and is popularly associated with regions like Jamaica today ("More than just a herb", 2017). Origins and Geography Cerasee has different cultural values throughout the world, but when looking specifically at Jamaican folklore, it was popular belief that when Cerasee tea was taken by a pregnant woman, that their pregnancy would be easier. Prevailing beliefs about Cerasee in Jamaica recommend the tea be taken an additional nine nights after birth, to heal and tone the organs of the mother (Grant, 2017). Uses and Risks Cerasee is used in numerous dishes, namely alongside Ackee and Saltfish it is known as one of the unofficial national dishes in Jamaica ("More than just a herb", 2017). Medicinal uses are associated with the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory benefits, that come from a compounds in the plant known as saponins. (Fan et al., 2019) Despite common folklore, there may be some associated risks of toxicity with excessive use, as well as a potential for anemia (Kubala, 2021). 79
References Blackwood, M. (2022, July 29). Cerasee Tea. Healthier Steps. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://healthiersteps.com/cerasee-tea/ Charles, R. (2019, March 28). Cerasee tea benefits: Everything you need to know! Jamaica Herbal. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://jamaicaherbal.com/blogs/herbalsecrets/cerasee-tea-benefits Fan, Kim, Choi, Tang, & Moon. (2019). The role of Momordica Charantia in resisting obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), 3251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183251 Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ Grant, D. (2017, February 9). CERASEE benefits. Jamaica Observer. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/all-woman/cerasee-benefits/ Kubala, J. (2021, May 4). Does cerasee tea have health benefits? Healthline. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/cerasee-tea-benefits#potential-risks User, G. (2017, June 14). More than just an herb. Marley Natural. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.marleynatural.com/blog/marley-natural-body-care-jamaicanbotanicals#:~:text=Cerasee%20is%20a%20herbaceous%20tropical,%2C%20Africa%2C% 20and%20the%20Caribbean. 80
Figure 1. German Chamomile Plant. Source: https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-grow-chamomile-in-your-home-garden GERMAN CHAMOMILE German chamomile, also known as Matricaria chamomilla is one of the most commonly used herbs around the world. Its use as a healing medicine dates back to Ancient Egyptian, Roman and Greek civilizations (Srivastava et al., 2010). In Latin America, German chamomile is called Manzanilla, and it’s used as an herbal home remedy for gastrointestinal tract ailments (Rodriguez-Fragoso et al., 2008). The active compounds found in German chamomile are terpenes including bisoprolol and chamazulene, and the flavonoid, apigenin. These compounds are responsible for the plant's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and astringent qualities. German chamomile is native to regions in Europe, North Africa, and Asia (“German chamomile”, n.d.). Though, they can grow anywhere, as long as they are planted in areas with well-drained soil and receive 6-8 hours of direct sunlight (full sun). The two varieties of chamomile flowers that are cultivated and used as a healing medicine are German chamomile and Roman chamomile (“German chamomile”, n.d.). German chamomile is an annual flower (it must be replanted every year). It is part of the daisy family and its flowers are arranged in inflorescences. These are clusters of little flowers made up of yellow disc-shaped flower heads and white petals, known as ray florets. Its flowers are fragrant and emit a sweet smell. Its leaves are small and feathery. They are present in an alternating arrangement, with one leaf found at each node. In contrast, Roman chamomile, also known as Chamaemelum nobile is a perennial plant that persists for several years. It usually grows along the ground and has a light, apple scent. German chamomile is consumed in the form of an herbal tea. According to Srivastava et al. (2010), every day, about a million cups of chamomile tea are consumed worldwide. It is prepared by drying the plant’s flowers and infusing them in hot water. Chamomile tea offers many health benefits: improving sleep quality, menstrual cramp relief and stress release (Wack, 2022). German chamomile is a traditional medicine used to heal a variety of conditions including eczema, burns, canker sores and rheumatic pain (Srivastava et al., 2010). As a topical cream or ointment, it is used to treat inflammation and bacterial infection (Srivastava et al., 2010). Another medicinal use involves inhaling German chamomile essential oil to relieve stress, anxiety and depression by reducing symptoms (Srivastava et al., 2010). Essential oil is a concentrated liquid containing vaporized plant extracts. Though the benefits of chamomile are endless, consumption of German chamomile may induce an allergic reaction in individuals who are sensitive to plants in the daisy family (Myers-Colet, 2022). This includes lettuce, dandelions, ragweed and sage. An allergic reaction upon drinking chamomile tea, or application of topical cream may cause skin or eye irritation (Rodriguez-Fragoso et al., 2008). Figure 2. Tea made from German Chamomile. Source: https://www.wideopeneats.com/best-chamomile-tea/ Figure 3. German Chamomile Essential Oil. Source: https://www.erinbodycare.com/ingredients/blue-chamomile 81
References German chamomile (matricaria recutita). UIC Heritage Garden. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2023, from http://heritagegarden.uic.edu/german-chamomile-matricaria-recutita Myers-Colet, M. (2022). 11 unbelievable benefits and risks of chamomile tea. Afternoon Tea Reads. Retrieved February 21, 2023, from https://afternoonteareads.com/benefits-and-risks-of-chamomile-tea/ Rodriguez-Fragoso, L., Reyes-Esparza, J., Burchiel, S. W., Herrera-Ruiz, D., & Torres, E. (2008). Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 227(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.005 Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Mol Med Rep, 3(6), 895–901. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2010.377 Wack, M. (2022). Top 8 chamomile tea benefits: Sleep, relaxation, and more. ArtfulTea. Retrieved February 21, 2023, from https://artfultea.com/blogs/wellness/chamomile-tea-benefits#:~:text=Chamomile%20te a%20has%20a%20mild,and%20other%20mental%20health%20issues. 82
HOW IS CHAMOMILE RELATED TO YOUR LIFE? Although chamomile is an anti-inflammatory compound, it may cause allergic reactions, and also by interacting with other drugs lead to severe reactions. Moreover, high doses of chamomile can affect the menstrual cycle, act as a teratogenic compound, and also cause vomiting (Dai et al., 2022). CAN CHAMOMILE BE HARMFUL? CHAMOMILE , A MAGICAL PLANT Chamomile is native to tropical regions of Asia and Europe, but it can be cultivated in cold weather as well! Currently, it's cultivated all around the world, Like in Germany, France, Hungary, Russia, Brazil, and China (Dai et al., 2022) WHERE IS IT FOUND? As early as 2000 years ago, during the Han Dynasty in China, chamomile was discovered to be useful for many diseases including chronic headaches, swellings, stomach problems, and minor infections, not only in China, but also in Greece, Rome, and ancient Egypt, chamomile has been used for thousands of years (Dai et al., 2022). A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY, WHERE DID CHAMOMILE COME FROM? Chamomile is widely used in medicine and is known to be an effective anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer compound. It is also used to relieve diseases including but not limited to eczema, sleep disorders, anxiety and seizure, and wound healing. (Srivastava et al., 2010). NATURAL MEDICINE! There are more than 120 secondary compounds produced by chamomile, including terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds!! Most component compounds are known to be terpenoids α-bisabolol. However, it's important to note that all these compounds together give rise to all benefits of chamomile. (Srivastava et al., 2010). WHAT ARE THE ACTIVE ROLEPLAYERS? WHAT IS CHAMOMILE ? Chamomile is a member of the daisy family (Asteraceae or Compositae), which has been used by humans for a very long time! There are 2 species that are referred to as chamomile! One is German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and the other one is Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile), (Srivastava et al., 2010). Essential oils extracted from chamomile are frequently used in aromatherapy and cosmetics as a calming and soothing compound. It is also one of the most frequently consumed herbal teas, as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing medicine which is known for reducing inflammation and anxiety.(Srivastava et al., 2010). Dai, Y.-L., Li, Y., Wang, Q., Niu, F.-J., Li, K.-W., Wang, Y.-Y., Wang, J., Zhou, C.-Z., & Gao, L.-N. (2022). Chamomile: A review of its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and Quality Control Studies. Molecules, 28(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010133 Srivastava, J. K., Gupta, S., & Shankar, E. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with a bright future (review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6). https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2010.377 All images and graphics are imported from canva REFERNCES: 83
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Other uses: Ointments, creams and lotions with chamomile active ingredients are used for different skin conditions and rash treatments in Europe. Chamomile Natural Milk Hand Soap is well-known for decontamination and moistening the skin (Dai et al., 2022). Geographic Range Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla Chamomile is native to parts of Asia and Europe with mild temperatures. It is now cultivated all over the world for its various uses (Dai et al., 2022). MEDICINAL USES HAZARDS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ACTIVE COMPOUNDS Chamomile tea was used in Germany, China, and Turkey, as a remedy to clear away heat, soothe nerves, and sleep. Honey chamomile tea originated in China, which helps lower high blood pressure and reduce inflammation. In China, this flower was also used in baths to prevent itchiness and in the medicinal aroma for soothing the nerves (Day et., 2022). Apigenin is a flavonoid which is responsible for its certain anti-cancer effects on liver cancer cells and leukaemia cells. Flavonoids like apigenin, quercetin, and luteolin are responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity. a-Bisabolol is a sequesteprene that has effects on glioma, which is a type of brain tumour (Dai et al., 2022). Chamomille can treat inflammatory diseases like mammitis, colitis, dermatitis, cystitis, and conjunctivitis. Chamomile flower heads are used in tea to help relieve depressive symptoms and the sleep status of postpartum women. Chamomile oil gel is used as a painkiller to reduce migraine pain without visual delusions. In Germany, the plant extract can effectively treat children’s acute diarrhea by relieving symptoms and shortening the period of the disease. Chamomile is beneficial in restoring sensitive skin, eliminating acne, and enhancing skin dehydration (Dai et al., 2022). When chamomile is synthesized with other drugs or plants, it may lead to unfavorable effects, like blood clotting. High doses of chamomile can lead to abnormalities, which can cause vomiting or affect the menstrual cycle. Sometimes, this plant can induce allergic reactions, hypersensitivity, or dermatitis in individuals allergic to pollen. If pregnant women use this plant, it might provoke premature birth (Dai et al., 2022). 86
1) Dai, Y. L., Li, Y., Wang, Q., Niu, F. J., Li, K. W., Wang, Y. Y., Wang, J., Zhou, C. Z., Gao, L. N. (2022). Chamomile: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Activities and Quality Control Studies. Molecules, 28(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010133 2) Shanmugathas, V., (2023, April 06). Chamomile [Book Page]. University of Toronto Scarborugh Campus. https://www.canva.com/design/DAFeDsKIcdc/EoznClG1Ow/ viewutm_content=DAFeDsKIcdc&utm_campaign=design share&utm_medium=link&utm_source=publishsharelink References 87
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Image from: Grant, Bonnie L. “Pachira Money Tree - Learn How to Care for Money Tree Plants.” Money Tree Pachira aquatica WHO AND WHAT? Common Names: Money Tree, Good Luck Tree, Malabar chestnut, Guiana Chestnut, French Peanut, Saba Nut, Monguba, Pumpo, Provision Tree, and Wild Kapok Tree Pachira Aquatica or more commonly referred to as the money tree in east Asian culture is not a single Pachira Aquatic plant, but instead; several that were braided and grown together (Cohen, 2022). The symbolic origin of the tree does not actually date that far back, it was first cultivated in Taiwan by a truck driver in 1980 and soon became highly coveted by Feng Shiu practitioners (Cohen, 2022). Symbolism The money tree is a symbol that brings prosperity and luck to those who have the tree, because of this it has become a very popular gift for new businesses. It's said that the tree is able to trap good fortune in its roots, also if a stalk that typically produces 5 leaves has 7 leaves it is also said to bring even more luck to the owner. The best placement for a business is near the register and for homes is in the southeast corner of the home (Cohen, 2022). Diabetic Treatment: Infusion of bark and roots have hypoglycemic effects Roots and bark used by Maya healers and Rama midwives to treat: Edema (swelling due to fluid buildup in tissues), Anemia (unhealthy red blood cells), Low blood pressure, etc. Practical Uses Primary Active Compounds: Palmitic acid and γ-tocopherol Anti-inflammatory Properties: A study has shown that phytochemicals in the seeds of the plant can serve as a candidate for the treatment or prevention of inflammatory diseases (Rodrigues and Pastore, 2021) Antioxidant Properties: Seed oils showed high antioxidant properties and shows potential to be a preventative measure for degenerative diseases (Rodrigues and Pastore, 2021). Medicinal Uses: (Rodrigues and Pastore, 2021) Geographic Range Range: Native to tropical regions of America (southern Mexico (Gulf of Mexico), Belize, and Guatemala to Panama and South America (Guyana and Brazil). Introduced to Guangdong (China), Africa, etc. (Rodrigues and Pastore, 2021). Habitat: Typically grows on river banks, flooded plains, and on a range of fertile permeable soil types (Rodrigues and Pastore, 2021). Toxicity Toxicity Levels: Seeds and oils have low toxicity and shortterm effects after acute oral exposure. 89
Reference List “5 Anti Inflammatory Icons - Free in SVG, PNG, Icon.” IconScout, https://iconscout.com/icons/anti-inflammatory. Clicknow. (2023, January 12). Download Round Medical Cross symbol on transparent background for free. Vecteezy. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://www.vecteezy.com/png/17177954-round-medical-cross-symbol-on-transparent-backgrou nd Cohen, K. M. (2022, June 29). The money tree plant: Symbolism and benefits. Bloomscape. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://bloomscape.com/green-living/money-tree-plant-symbolism-benefits/ Double happiness symbol, Sarawati, love, text, trademark PNG. PNGWing. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://www.pngwing.com/en/free-png-zywzo Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Floodplains. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/science/river/Floodplains Grant, B. L. (2021, June 8). Pachira money tree - learn how to care for money Tree plants. Gardening Know How. Retrieved March 28, 2023, from https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/pachira-money-tree/growing-money-tree-hous eplant.htm Location pin free icons designed by Freepik. Flaticon. (2015, January 15). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/location-pin_67347 Mongabay. (2020, March 22). Types of rivers in rainforests. Mongabay.com. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://rainforests.mongabay.com/0602.htm Rodrigues, A. P., & Pastore, G. M. (2021). Corrigendum to “a review of the nutritional composition and current applications of monguba (Pachira Aquatica Aubl.) plant” [J. Food Compos. Anal. 99 (2021) 103878]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 100, 103919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103919 Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, February 27). Toxicity. Wikipedia. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity 90