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References American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. "Oleander: Beautiful and Deadly to Pets."ASPCA, 2018, https://www.aspcapro.org/resource/oleander-beautiful-deadly-pets#:~:text=Oleander %20contains%20cardiac%20glycosides%2C%20which,depolarization%2C%20cardia c%20irritability%20and%20arrhythmias. Canva. April, 6 2023 https://www.canva.com/ Evans, Linsay. "Oleander Flower Meaning: Symbolism & Colors." Petal Republic, 6 August 2021,https://www.petalrepublic.com/oleander-flower-meaning/#:~:text=Oleander%20 Flower%20Meaning%20%26%20Symbolism,-Oleander%20flowers%20hold&text=In %20the%20language%20of%20flowers%2C%20it%20signifies%20the%20complicat ed%20nature,with%20endless%20love%20and%20charm. Heath, Sienna. "How to Grow and Care for Oleander: Safely Growing This Unique Bloomer in the Garden." The Spruce, 29 Jan. 2023, https://www.thespruce.com/oleander-growing-guide-5203845. "Oleander Poisoning." Mount Sinai Health Library, Mount Sinai Hospital, https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/poison/oleander-poisoning#:~:text=Oleande r%20(Nerium%20oleander)%20is%20a,oleander%20not%20yet%20in%20bloom. Vlasova, Evgeniya. "How to Grow and Care for Oleander." The Spruce, 29 Jan. 2023, https://www.thespruce.com/oleander-growing-guide-5203845. 240

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References 1. Dyer, M.H. (2019). “Oleander plant history: Where does oleander come from?” [Website] Accessed April 2, 2023. Retrieved from https://blog.gardeningknowhow.com/tbt/history-of-oleander-plants/ 2. Petruzello, M. (2013). “7 of the world’s deadliest plants.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed April 2, 2023. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/list/7-of-the-worldsdeadliest-plants 3. Bandara, V., Weinstein, S.A., White, J, Eddleston, M. (2010). “A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis, and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning.” Toxicon, 56 (3): 273– 281. 4. Drugs.com (2022). “Oleander uses, benefits & dosage.” [Website] Accessed April 2, 2023. Retrieved from https://www.drugs.com/npp/oleander.html#:~:text=Use,available%20to%20support%20t hese%20uses. 5. Hollman, Arthur. (1985) “Plants and cardiac glycosides.” British Heart Journal, 54 (3): 258–261. 242

Olive Tree Olea europaea Habitat The Olive tree, Olea europaea, is an evergreen tree native to africa, asia, and the mediterranean. The native tree requires a chaparral biome, which is a costal area with hot dry summers and mild rainy winters, however after thousands of years of domestication certain olive trees are able to live in cooler climates such as British columbia, Canada (Casani, 2021). Allergenic The pollen of the olive tree is extremely allergenic as it is primarily wind pollinated and has small light pollen grains that trigger asthma easily (Khan, 2007). Symbolic and Religious Connotations Olive oil and olive branches have been considered sacred and holy for thousands of years. Olive oil is a symbol of abundance, peace, and glory and the branches were ritual offered to power figure or victors of a sign of benediction and purification. Many religions still use olive oil in ceremonies to symbolize wisdom, power, fertility, and purity (Olive oil culture, 2023). Oleuropein Oleuropein is a phenolic active compound found in the leaves of the olive tree. Oleuropein has antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic effects along with reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (Markhali et al., 2020). Uses The Olive tree has many agricultural uses such as olive oil, olives, and cosmetic uses. Each product of the olive tree requires different processing. Oil Extra-virgin olive oil is commonly used for culinary purposes is unrefined and not processed with heat or chemicals. This allows for the oil to be more fatty, and rich which imporves the flavor (AOOA, 2023). (Olive oil culture, 2023) (Casani, 2021) (Olive life, 2023) (AOOA, 2023) (Franz Eugen Köhler, 2007) (Heber, 2023) 243

References Australian Olive Oil Association (AOOA). (2023). Olive oil production. Olive Oil Production | Olive Oil Australia. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://oliveoilaustralia.com/tree-to-table/olive-oil-production/ Casani, A. (2021, January 28). O-med cultural landscapes in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Med. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://medomed.org/ Franz Eugen Köhler, V (2007). Olea europaea. [Image]. Olea_europaea_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-229.jpg Heber, G. (2023, January 20). Learn how to grow olive trees in the Home Landscape. Gardener's Path. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://gardenerspath.com/plants/fruit-trees/grow-olive-trees/ Khan, Y. (2007, May). Olea europaea: A phyto-pharmacological review. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from http://www.phcogrev.com/sites/default/files/PhcogRev-1-1-114.pdf Markhali, F. S., Teixeira, J. A., & Rocha, C. M. R. (2020, September 17). Olive tree leaves-a source of valuable active compounds. MDPI. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/9/1177 Olive Life. (2023). Grown in nature, proven by science. OUR SCIENCE - Olive Life™ Olive Leaf Extract is clinically proven to support Cardio Health. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.olivelifedaily.com/our-science Olive oil culture - morocco gold extra virgin olive oil online. Morocco Gold. (2023). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://morocco-gold.com/about/olive-oil-culture/ 244

OH Olive Trees Olea europea Olive oil is a vegetable fat source that is liquid at room temperature and used primarily for cooking, though has historically seen use as a medicine, detergent, fuel for lamps, and medicine for various ailments of the body, especially those affecting the digestive tract.2,3 The olive tree most people are familiar with is a species of tree scientifically named Olea europea, and it is the source of the world-famous cooking ingredients of olive oil and the olive fruit.1 Olive fruits are processed heavily between their harvesting and their sale to the public to remove their extreme bitter flavour, and the final product is a salty topping used in various dishes.4 Other parts of the olive tree like the bark and leaves see limited use compared to those two products, primarily in the form of carved items and ornaments like the ancient Greek Olympic wreath, especially in the ancient Mediterranean, which is the original and current range of most olive trees, the largest single portion of the population being in Spain.2,1,3 The compounds produced in olive trees that give them their medicinal traits and flavour come in a wide variety of phenols. These olive fruit chemicals provide their bitter flavour and ripen the fruit over time, which defends the plant's seeds until ready to be transferred by animals. They also lower blood sugar levels on top of preventing some types of cell damage in humans.4 Studies on the toxicity of the olive tree's secondary compounds have found that they are largely not harmful to the health of rats, with the exception of olive leaf extract, which mainly caused liver and kidney damage over the 6 week study period. From this info and the overall lack of adverse sideeffects in humans after thousands of year of use, the olive tree has been deemed safe to humans. 3 Olive trees have an expansive catalogue of appearances in the culture of human civilizations across the world that has grown over millennia. From the cuisine, myths, and sports of the ancient Greeks who originally cultivated the plant in belief that it was given to them by the goddess of wisdom, Athena, as source of food and peace to the religions of modern day like Christianity, which gave rise to the symbol of a dove with an olive branch, symbolizing peace and rebirth.2 245

References: 1. Marie, C.; Warnock, P.; Jean, A. Origin and History of the Olive. Olive Germplasm - The Olive Cultivation, Table Olive and Olive Oil Industry in Italy 2012. DOI: 10.5772/51933 2. Grego, S. The Olive Tree: A Symbol. Olive Cultivation 2022. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.102827 3. Hashmi, M. A.; Khan, A.; Hanif, M.; Farooq, U.; Perveen, S. Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Olea Europaea (Olive). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015, 2015, 1–29. DOI: 10.1155/2015/541591 4. Marsilio, V.; Campestre, C.; Lanza, B. Phenolic Compounds Change during California-Style Ripe Olive Processing. Food Chemistry 2001, 74 (1), 55–60. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00338-1 5. Canva. https://canva.com (accessed 2023-04-07) 246

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Plant name: Carica papaya L. (Papaya) Is a fruit that is mostly found in tropical regions like the. Philippines, India, and Brazil. Its sweet taste and high water content make it a very popular fruit to eat in the summer. Although the fruits of Carica papaya are primarily consumed as food, various parts of this tree, including the bark, fruits, latex, seeds, and roots, have been used in traditional medicine for health promotion and disease mitigation.(1) The fruit, leaf, and seed contains an abundant amount of vitamins A, B, and C, along with a great amount of iron, phosphorus, calcium, and protein. Thus, papaya is also known for its high nutritious value. Moreover, studies have shown that this plant even provides an anticancer effect.(2) This plant also contains various active compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, carotenoids, mono-terpenoids, and papain enzymes. These enzymes are commonly used as a component of shampoo, toothpaste, chewing gum, and beer(3) With all these benefits C. papaya is recognized as safe for human consumption and non-toxic. 248

Koul, B.; Pudhuvai, B.; Sharma, C.; Kumar, A.; Sharma, V.; Yadav, D.; Jin, J.-O. Carica Papaya L.: A Tropical Fruit with Benefits beyond the Tropics. Diversity 2022, 14 (8), 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080683 Pino, J. A.; Queris, O. Characterisation of Odour-Active Compounds in Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) Wine. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2011, 47 (2), 262–268. https://doi-org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1111/j.1365- 2621.2011.02834.x Haber, R. A.; Garcia, R. D.; Hernandez, J. N.; Jamieson, S.; Mondal, A.; Bishayee, A. Papaya (Carica PapayaL.) for Cancer Prevention: Progress and Promise. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2022, 1–21. https://doiorg.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1080/10408398.2022.2079607 Picture: Sharma(MBBS), D. P. Tips for healthy eating: Is papaya good for PCOS? https://www.phablecare.com/healthguide/pcos/is-papaya-good-for-pcos (accessed Apr 7, 2023). Canva: Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. https://www.canva.com/ (accessed Apr 7, 2023). Reference 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 249

PASSION FLOWER PASSIFLORA INCARNATA This beautiful purple flowering plant, Passiflora Incarnata, also known as passion flower or maypop, can be found in multiple places on Earth. It is native to locations such as South America, and New Guinea, as well as eastern and southern Asia (Khan & Nabavi, 2019). Additionally, it can grow in climates with seasons, and grows in sandy soil, roadsides, woodland, meadows etc. which is why it has a large geographic range (North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox). Furthermore, this flower tends to be pollinated by bees, more specifically, carpenter bees (McGuire, 1999), which having purple petals and filaments assists in attraction of these insects (Illinois Extension). Figure 1. Photo of Passiflora Incarnata from iNaturalist. Having flavonoids such as chrysin as one of its active compounds, this flower is able to increase gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain and thus, its activity, creating its famous relaxing attributes (Kapalka, 2010). Dried passion flower herb can be infused with hot water to make tea that helps with anxiety and insomnia (Ngan & Conduit, 2011). Medicinal Uses Folklore Symbolism A young Spaniard woman fell in love with a South American Guarani Indigenous man. The woman's father, did not agree with this arrangement and murdered the man. The woman, devastated, struck her heart with an arrow and fell on top of her beloved. Years later in the place of their demise, a never seen flower arose for the first time (NaturalistaCO). Passiflora Incarnata gets its name due to its similarities with the "Passion of Christ". Its three styles (Feminine reproductive system) symbolize the three nails used to crucify Jesus. The purple filaments expanding from the centre of the flower is the crown of thorns. And it has a total of five sepals and five petals, signifying the ten faithful apostles (Prenner). Hazards Do not consume more than 800mg a day of passionflower extract. As well as avoid use during pregnancy as it may induce uterine contractions (National Institutes of Health). Figure 2. Photo of open fruit from iNaturalist. Did you know? It is also referred to as maypop because the fruit makes a loud popping sound when stepped on (Cotten, 2012). 250

References Prenner, G. (n.d.). A passion for passion flowers. Kew. Retrieved April 1, 2023, from https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/passion-for-passionflowers#:~:text=The%20name%20'passion%20flower'%20refers,Jesus%20and%20especia lly%20his%20crucifixion. Cotten, H. (2012, August 24). The Maypop is also know as a passion vine or passionflower. al. Retrieved April 1, 2023, from https://www.al.com/living/2012/08/the_maypop_is_alos_know_as_a_p.html#:~:text=The %20name%20%E2%80%9Cmaypop%E2%80%9D%20comes%20from,as%20they%20% E2%80%9Cpopped%E2%80%9D%20open. Flores de la Pasión (Género Passiflora). NaturaLista Colombia. (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2023, from https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/51452-Passiflora#Usos_medicinales Illinois Extension. (n.d.). Pollinators & Birds? Which Flower Colors Best Attract Pollinators & Birds? Retrieved April 1, 2023, from https://extension.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/what_are_the_best_flower_colors_to_attract _pollinators-1.pdf Kapalka, G. M. (2010). Nutritional and herbal therapies for children and adolescents a handbook for Mental Health Clinicians. Elsevier Acad. Press. McGuire, C. M. (1999). Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae): A new fruit crop. Economic Botany, 53(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02866495 Nabavi, S. M., Silva, A. S., & Khan, H. (2019). Chapter 3.33. In Nonvitamin and nonmineral nutritional supplements (pp. 361–366). essay, Academic Press. NC STATE. (n.d.). Passiflora incarnata. Passiflora incarnata (Apricot Vine, Maypop, Passionflower, Passion Flower, Passion Vine) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved April 1, 2023, from https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/passifloraincarnata/ Ngan, A., & Conduit, R. (2011). A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality. Phytotherapy Research, 25(8), 1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3400 Purple Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata). iNaturalist. (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2023, from https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/51453-Passiflora-incarnata U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Passionflower. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Retrieved April 1, 2023, from https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/passionflower#:~:text=Passionflower%20used%20in%2 0excessive%20amounts,it%20may%20induce%20uterine%20contractions. 251

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References Anderson, M., T. A. L. E. S. (n.d.). Passion flower: Archives: Aggie Horticulture. Passion Flower | Archives | Aggie Horticulture. Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://aggiehort.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/flowers/passionflr.html#:~:text=RELIGIOUS%20MEANI NG%20OF%20THE%20PASSION%20FLOWER&text=The%20flower's%20five%20peta ls%20and,the%20day%20of%20His%20death. Canva, (2023). User Persona Doc in Beige Pink Green Bold Style. https://www.canva.com/projects Engels, G., & Brinckmann, J. (n.d.). Passionflower Passiflora incarnata L. Passionflower - American Botanical Council. Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/herbalgram/issues/112/table-of-contents/hg112- herbpro-passionflower/ Harper, L. (2013). Perigynous ovary Passion flower. Lizzie Harper Natural History Illustration for books, magazines & packaging, The Ovary Botany. https://lizzieharper.co.uk/2014/10/the-ovary-in-botany/ Hollender, W. (n.d). Passion flower-Passiflora incarnata. Wendy Hollender. https://wendyhollender.com/flowers-test Janda, K., Wojtkowska, K., Jakubczyk, K., Antoniewicz, J., & Skonieczna-Żydecka, K. (2020). Passiflora incarnata in neuropsychiatric disorders—a systematic review. Nutrients, 12(12), 3894. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123894 Prenner, G. (n.d.). A passion for passion flowers. Kew. Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/passion-for-passionflowers#:~:text=The%20name%20'passion%20flower'%20refers,Jesus%20and%20especia lly%20his%20crucifixion. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). (2020, August). Passionflower. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/passionflower#:~:text=Today%2C%20passionflower%2 0is%20promoted%20as,burns%20and%20to%20treat%20hemorrhoids. 254

Background The scientiΞc name of this Οower is ‘Paenoia’, and the common name is ‘Peony’. They are identiΞed by their very large colorful Οowers which are often either pink or white. In some cultures, they are even referred to as the “King/Queen of Οowers” due to how beautiful and large their petals are. Although there are around 40 known species of the peony, the most commonly cultivated one is called the “Paeonia lactiΟora”, and that's mostly due to its amazing healing properties! Medicinal Properties and Various Uses! The beauty of this plant is both inside and out, they are known to have various health beneΞts including treating arthritis, liver disease, and menstrual illnesses! They have anti-inΟammatory and antioxidant properties as well! Because of this, the peony is a very popular Οower used in traditional Chinese medicine (and it is used in many other cultures too). Small amounts can also be used in cooking, as their pleasant smell and Οavour can be added to salads or desserts to enhance the dish! Toxicity Warning Peonies can be toxic if ingested in large amounts. The roots of the peony contains high levels of paeoniΟorin, which can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive bleeding if over-ingested! The leaves and stem of this plant can also cause skin irritation in some people as well. Active Compounds The active compounds found in peonies are primarily terpenoids, Οavonoids, and phenols. There is also the PaeoniΟorin, which is the active compound that is responsible for their medicinal properties, and it is found in the roots of the peonies, but it can be toxic if too much is ingested. Cultural SigniΞcance and Folklore In Ancient China, peonies are often associated with prosperity, love, and good fortune. Additionally, each diΛerent peony color represents diΛerent things. For example, pink peonies are said to represent romance and happiness, making them a popular anniversary gift, while white peonies represent purity and new beginnings, and are commonly used for wedding gifts! Habitat and Geographic Range The peony can be found in a pretty wide range of habitats, as they are actually native to North America, Asia, and Europe. They also prefer to grow in woodland habitats. The (Pink) Peony 255

Citations: Flowers And Plants (n.d.). Peony. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from http://www.flowers.org.uk/flowers/flowers-names/m-p/peony/#:~:text=Peonies%20are% 20native%20to%20north,on%20mountainous%20terrain%20as%20well. Healthline. (2021, April 26). White Peony Root: Benefits, Side Effects, and Dosage. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/white-peony-root#benefits-of-white-peony-root-plant. Teleflora. Peony. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.teleflora.com/meaning-of-flowers/peony#:~:text=The%20traditional%20flor al%20symbol%20of,fortune%20and%20a%20happy%20marriage. Zhou, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., & Yang, Y. (2021). De novo assembly and annotation of the transcriptome of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 131(3), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.08.015 Image Citations (Most are from pixabay.com): ClipSafari. Cartoon Rose [Image]. https://www.clipsafari.com/clips/o452-cartoon-rose Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/ Platform Citations: Adobe Inc. (2019). Adobe Photoshop. Retrieved from https://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop.html 256

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References: (1) Brazilian pepper tree. (n.d.). INaturalist ; INaturalist Network. https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/841531#Cultivation_and_uses (2) Carlini, E. A., Duarte-Almeida, J. M., & Tabach, R. (2013). Assessment of the toxicity of the brazilian pepper trees schinus terebinthifolius raddi (Aroeira-da-praia) and myracrodruon urundeuva allemão (Aroeira-do-sertão): Toxicity of the brazilian pepper trees. Phytotherapy Research, 27(5), 692–698. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4767 (3) Deane, G. (2018, December 22). Alternative pepper or brazilian pest? Eat The Weeds and Other Things, Too. https://www.eattheweeds.com/alternative-pepper-or-brazilian-pest/ (4) Patocka, J., & Almeida, J. (2017). Brazilian pepper tree: Review of pharmacology. Military Medical Science Letters, 86(1), 32–41. (5) Schinus terebinthifolius—Brazilian peppertree, christmas berry, brazilian pepper, brazilian pepper-tree—Hawaiian plants and tropical flowers. (2009, November 15). https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/698/schinus-terebinthifolius-brazilian-peppertree/ (6) Uliana, M. P., Fronza, M., da Silva, A. G., Vargas, T. S., de Andrade, T. U., & Scherer, R. (2016). Composition and biological activity of Brazilian rose pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) leaves. Industrial Crops and Products, 83, 235–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.077 258

J A V A N E S E L O N G P E P P E R Javanese Long Pepper (Piper retrofractum) is a chilli pepper native to Southeast Asia, commonly found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. They can also be found in India, Sri Lanka, and China. Culinarily, it is used in Indian and Indonesian cooking. They are also used in traditional Indonesian medication called jamu in powder or infusion forms. It is also used in parts of India for religious ceremonies. Moreover, it is used in parts of Southeast Asia as an ingredient in tattoo ink. The active compound is piperine, which enhances nutrient absorption, is antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, and can serve as a digestive aid. Recent studies have also shown that this compound has anti-cancer and anti-depressant properties. Therapeutic uses being researched. Some people are allergic to consuming members of the Piperaceae family. Excessive consumption might also cause gastrointestinal irritation. 259

R E F E R E N C E S Photos https://t4.ftcdn.net/jpg/04/85/82/69/360_F_485826959_VEP3W1GahspCUXVPtQPW3iP1QnM5 iz7q.jpg [accessed March 23, 2023] https://img-global.cpcdn.com/recipes/c90112a28a118d51/1200x630cq70/photo.jpg [accessed March 23, 2023] Content Chaveerach A, Mokkamul P, Sudmoon R, Tanee T. 2006. Ethnobotany of the Genus Piper (Piperaceae) in Thailand. Ethnobot Res App. 4:223. doi:10.17348/era.4.0.223-231. Greenshields AL, Doucette CD, Sutton KM, Madera L, Annan H, Yaffe PB, Knickle AF, Dong Z, Hoskin DW. 2015. Piperine inhibits the growth and motility of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Cancer Letters. 357(1):129–140. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.017. Jadid N, Hidayati D, Hartanti SR, Arraniry BA, Rachman RY, Wikanta W. 2017. Antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts of Piper retrofractum Vahl. using DPPH assay. Surabaya, Indonesia. p. 020019. [accessed 2023 Mar 23]. http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4985410. Okello EJ, Coleman A, Seal CJ. IN-VITRO ANTI-CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITIES BY PIPERINE, AN ALKALOID FROM THE SPICE FAMILY PIPERACEAE. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 6. Application Canva 260

Peppermint MENTHA × PIPERITA Species: Peppermint (Mentha × piperita); Genus: Mint (Mentha); Order: Lamiales; Family: Lamiaceae Alkaloids Flavonoids Steroids Tannins Phenols Active Compounds: (Sujana et al., 2013) Essential oils Food Products Cosmetics Pharmaceuticals Dental Preparations Mouthwashes Soaps Alcoholic liquors Antibacterial Activity Multiple Medicinal Purposes The oil extracted from peppermint can be used for: (Sujana et al., 2013) Recipes: Peppermint Crunch Balls Grasshopper Torte Peppermint Patties Bavarian Mints Peppermint Fudge Peppermint Meringue (Insanely Good, 2022) P Medicinal Use In History Peppermint was used historically for easing stomach pain. Ancient Egyptians were found to have dried up peppermint leaves in their tombs which they used for treatment of indigestion. Ancient Greeks believed that peppermint could be used to cure hiccups and the Roman’s used it as a stomach soother. In 1780 when Altoids became a product, the peppermint in them was used to treat indigestion, gas, bloating, and studies found that it relived symptoms of irritable bowel. (Young Living, 2021) Peppermint is an aromatic plant that’s name comes from the Latin word Mentha which is the root of the word Menthol. It is a hybrid of the spearmint plant (Mentha Spicata) and water mint plant (Mentha aquatica). Peppermint is one of the oldest herbs ever to be recorded as useful for cooking and medicine. Peppermint is a perennial plant that grows in moist and shady locations. It is native to Europe and the Middle East but has spread worldwide as a well-known plant. This everlasting plant, grows between 0.3 to 1 meters tall and flowers around mid to late summer. Peppermint is harvested, through a water-based distillation process, when the plant has begun to flower in dry, sunny weather. The two kinds of oil that are harvested from the leaves are Black Mitcham, which is a high-quality oil but is more susceptible to fungus and Todd’s Peppermint, which is stronger and makes up most of the world’s peppermint. (Young Living, 2021) It can be a nuisance/weed because it spreads rapidly and steals nutrients from surrounding plants. Possible side effects of peppermint oil taken orally: heartburn, nausea, abdominal pain, dry mouth, and rarely, allergic reactions. Possible side effects of skin contact: skin rashes and irritation. Peppermint oil should not be applied to infant skin or inhaled by infants because of the menthol. If the heartburn-reducing enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules are taken at the same time as antacids, the coating can break. Some of the hazards/ toxic facts about peppermint: (NCCIH, 2020) Peppermints leaves are deep green, with toothed edges. Its leaf size ranges from about 5-7.6 cm in length and 2.5-3.8 cm in width. The texture is smooth and faintly fuzzy, and the plants square stems are purple in colour. (Young Living, 2021) Overall, peppermint can be implemented into a persons life in numerous ways including to relive a headache with essential oils (such as peppermint halo), freshen your breath/body, provide a bodily cooling sensation from a variety of sweets, or help to relieve oneself of the symptoms of indigestion. Peppermint is a plant that will be studied for years to come as it's medicinal potential is not yet fully uncovered. Incorporating peppermint into ones life provides a magnitude of benefits and its positive effects on the quality of life will only improve. (Saje, 2023) (Google Image, 2023) *Background from Canva 261

30 Peppermint Desserts to Try. (2021, September 15). Insanely Good Recipes. https://insanelygoodrecipes.com/peppermint-desserts/ altoids transparent background - Google Search. (n.d.). Www.google.com. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.google.com/search? History of Peppermint and Peppermint Essential Oil | Young Living Essential Oils. (n.d.). Www.youngliving.com. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.youngliving.com/en_EU/discover/history-of- essential-oils/history-of-peppermint Peppermint Oil. (n.d.). NCCIH. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/peppermint- oil#:~:text=What%20Do%20We%20Know%20About Saje Natural Wellness. (n.d.). Www.saje.com. https://www.saje.com/ca/product/peppermint-halo-4314.html Sujana, P., Sridhar, T. M., Josthna, P., & Naidu, C. V. (2013). Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Mentha piperita L. (Peppermint)—An Important Multipurpose Medicinal Plant. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 04(01), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.41012 References 262

Folk Remedies The lesser periwinkle has long been taken orally as a folk remedy for irregular menstrual cycle. Use may reduce excessive blood loss during or between periods and is thought to also help with urinary tract infections (Hoffman, 2003). Menstrual regulation is actually a more prominent use of Vinca minor’s close relative Vinca major. A more common use for Vinca minor is to heal wounds and canker sores. The leaves can be crushed and applied directly to injuries where their astringent and antimicrobial properties aid in the healing process (Grujic et al., 2015). Astringent properties may also help with canker sores and inflammation when tea from the leaves is ingested (Hoffman, 2003). The compounds commonly accredited with astringent and antiinflammatory properties mainly fall into the tannin category but are numerous and not sufficiently studied. Vinca minor’s antimicrobial properties are much more researched. Acetone and ethyl acetate (chemical) extracts from the plant are prevent the growth of large groups of bacteria (Grujic et al., 2015). This could certainly help prevent infection of wounds. V. minor in Modern Western Medicine Vinpocetine is a synthetic version of the vincamine found in Vinca minor and is commonly prescribed to cerebrovascular disease patients (Nyakas et al, 2009). This disease impacts the transport of blood in the brain and can lead to memory disorders like dementia (Nyakas et al, 2009). Vinpocetine is a promising treatment for a range of cerebrovascular diseases and is used to prevent some types of dementia in those at high risk (Nyakas et al, 2009). This is all because of V. minor containing vincamine, a compound able to increase the brain’s blood flow (Nyakas et al, 2009). One disorder vincamine is used for is called non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or NAION (Li, 2020). NAION is caused by irreversible death of a specific type cell in the retina (back of the eye) that is needed for vision (Li, 2020). This is caused by poor blood flow to the optic nerve (Li, 2020). There is currently no treatment that can provide long term relief, however a very recent study found that vincamine can actually prevent death of the retinal cells by increasing oxygen flow to the nerves (Li, 2020). This may be a future treatment for NAION that could prevent thousands of people from severe vision loss. Plants like Vinca minor have certainly helped humans quite a lot over the past centuries. While the compounds like vincamine in the plants around us may have the power to fix issues within us, this is not why they’re actually created. In fact, excessive intake of V. minor leaves can be dangerous, causing fatally low blood pressure (Hoffman, 2003). We should all try to be grateful for the benefits we can get from plants and try to give back to them so they can continue to prosper. For example, planting bee friendly flowers in your garden can help bee pollinated species like V. minor continue to flourish as bee populations decrease. The Lifechanging Properties of Vinca minor Introduction Vinca minor (V. minor) or lesser periwinkle is a small, angiosperm (flowering plant) native to deciduous woodlands as groundcover. The plant is widespread and found mainly across Europe and North America. They are distinct for their purple/blue (periwinkle) flowers. While small and seemingly insignificant, V. minor have been used for centuries in folk remedies and more recently in pharmaceuticals. Vinca Minor Today The most common uses of V. minor today are centered around improving circulation and brain health. V. minor leaves contain high concentrations of vincamine, an alkaloid (type of compound) known to increase blood supply in the brain and have neuroprotective properties (Farahanikia et al., 2011), (Nyakas et al, 2009). This provides relief or even a treatment for some types of dementia, Alzheimer’s, and other neurological disorders (Nyakas et al, 2009). Some vision issues caused by nerve disorder can also be improved by increased blood supply to the nerve, making vincamine a treatment option for these too (Li, 2020). Astringents tighten or constrict the skin Neuroprotective drugs help the neurons prosper and prevent damage. Tannins and alkaloids are both classes of chemical compounds that are often responsible for medicinal effects in plants. 263

References Emily Wellwood. April 2023. “BIOB38 Page from a book.” Retrieved from and created using https://www.canva.com/design. Farahanikia, B. (2011). Phytochemical Investigation of Vinca minor Cultivated in Iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR., 10(4), 777–785. Grujic, S. M. (2015). Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Vinca minor L. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 51(5), 572–578. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0003683815050087 Hoffmann, D. (2003). Medical herbalism: the science and practice of herbal medicine. Rochester, Vt., Healing Arts Press Li, L. (2021). Efficacy of Vincamine treatment in a rat model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. European Journal of Ophthalmology., 31(6), 3442–3449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672120974283 Nyakas, C. (2009). Neuroprotective Effects of Vinpocetine and its Major Metabolite Cisapovincaminic Acid on NMDA-Induced Neurotoxicity in a Rat Entorhinal Cortex Lesion Model. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics., 15(2), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755- 5949.2009.00078.x 264

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Pineapple A. Hassan, Z. Othman, J. Siriphanich, 10 - Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.), Editor(s): Elhadi M. Yahia, In Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Woodhead Publishing, 2011, Pages 194-218e, ISBN 9780857090904, https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857092618.194. Peggy Trowbridge Filippone. (2022). What Are Pineapples. The Spruce Eats / Abby Mercer. https://www.thespruceeats.com/history-of-the-pineapple-18 07645 Ananas Comosus, aka pineapple, is a tropical plant commonly known as its edible fruit with rich vitamins and minerals, it is classified as monocot plant for its leaf with parallel veins, and fibrous root underground, it has hypogynous flower with superior ovary (eventually will be mature and turn into pineapple fruit) sitting on its sepals and petals. Bromelain is a secondary compound (proteolytic enzymes) that appears in pineapple (stored in vacuoles) and is able to decompose proteins, it has antifungal and antibacterial properties, it is an important defending mechanism to protect its fruit from herbivores and pathogens. The main reason for the spiciness when chewing pineapple fruit is that the bromelain breaks down the cells that come into contact with it in our mouth. Also, it is the main allergen in pineapples. Despite its toxicity with large amounts of consumption, it can still be beneficial to humans with these benefits: anti-inflammatory and promote digestion, which have been used in plastic surgeons to reduce pain, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. (ORSINI, Roger A, 2006) Pineapples are believed to originate from South America, which was harvested by indigenous people for its fruit, in late 15th, it was introduced by European colonizers back to Spain, and represents a symbol of wealth and elite, in 19th century, it began to grow commercially in Caribbean and import to US and Europe, Hawaii is also a major producer of pineapple from 19th to 20th which pineapple plays in important role in local economy for years. ORSINI, R. A. (2006). Bromelain. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (1963), 118(7), 1640–1644. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000242503.50548.ee 267

Tropical Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes Khasiana) You may see these plants referred to as “monkey cups,” as it was once thought that monkeys drank water from the vessels they produce. They are carnivorous plants that flourish in tropical habitats. More than 100 species of tropical pitcher plants are found in Australia, Madagascar, Papua New Guinea, the Seychelles, Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. There is a specific pitcher plant extract called Sarapin, it is a grandfathered FDA- approved prescription. Healthcare providers can inject Sarapin for relieving pain in the back, neck and other parts of the body. Tannins and other compounds found in pitcher plants are thought to aid with some digestive tract issues. There is some evidence to support the idea that pitcher plant extract may have an impact on the nerves responsible for pain perception. Pitcher plant may also relieve bloating and defend against specific illnesses. Additionally, pitchers secrete compounds with anti-bacterial and antifungal properties Pitcher plants are entirely safe and not harmful to humans at all. They pose little to no risk In comparison to other plants. Pitfall traps used by carnivorous pitcher plants in the genus Nepenthes to catch prey depend on the surface being micro-structured and slippery. A thin water film on the upper pitcher rim (peristome) causes insects to aquaplane and slide by. The pitcher plant is a popular symbol during Chinese New Year, due to shape of its modified leaves (pitchers), which resemble bags, hence it is named 袋袋平安 (daidai pingan), which means bags that bring wealth and happiness for years to come Spicer, K. (2022, July 4) Spicer, K. (2022, July 4) Spicer, K. (2022, July 4) Spicer, K. (2022, July 4) Perrone, J. (2019, April 5). 268

Citations A systematic capsid evolution approach performed in vivo for the ... - PNAS. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1910061116 WebMD. (n.d.). Pitcher Plant: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and reviews. WebMD. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-103/pitcherplant Images retrieved from: Spicer, K. (2022, July 4). How to grow tropical nepenthes pitcher plants indoors. Gardener's Path. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://gardenerspath.com/plants/houseplants/grow-nepenthespitcher-plants/ Perrone, J. (2019, April 5). A catch-all guide to growing carnivorous plants. Subscribe to read | Financial Times. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.ft.com/content/6b71cd84-4ff5-11e9-8f44- fe4a86c48b33 Adlassnig, W., Peroutka, M., & Lendl, T. (2011, February). Traps of carnivorous pitcher plants as a habitat: Composition of the fluid, biodiversity and mutualistic activities. Annals of botany. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025736/ 269

Prunus mume is a deciduous tree, between 4 and 10 meters tall, with green branches, light gray bark, and ovate or oval leaves. It usually opens in winter and spring, and its flowers are mostly solitary, or two on a single bud. Its calyx is reddish-brown and green, and its flowers are bell-shaped with white or pink petals and have a strong floral fragrance. Its fruits ripen in the early summer of the rainy season in East Asia, a period also known as (梅⾬, "plum rain") in China. The diameter of the drupe is 2-3 cm and the color of the outer skin is green to yellow. It is often designated as Chinese plum or Japanese apricot "Ume" or Korean Maesil (Bailly, 2020). In Chinese culture, the plum blossom, called meihua (梅花), has multiple symbolic meanings. Many ancient people created poems and paintings with plum blossom as the theme. Because it blooms in winter, it is known in China as the "Three Friends of Winter" along with pine, and bamboo. The plum blossom opens in the cold and snow, but it dares to stand on its own and is not afraid of hardship, representing the spirit of resilience. Secondly, the plum blossom is also endowed with the virtues of frugality and indifference, it brings a sense of freshness and elegance to people. This is why it is called "Four Gentlemen" along with orchid, chrysanthemum, and bamboo. In addition, plum blossom is also used to symbolize the arrival of spring, new life, and hope. The Chinese plum blossom is not only a beautiful flower, but also an important symbol of traditional Chinese culture. PRUNUS MUME (MEI梅) Scientific name: Prunus mume Common names: Chinese plum, Japanese plum, Japanese apricot Prunus mume is native to southern China along the Yangtze River and has been cultivated for more than 3,000 years, most often in the provinces south of the Yangtze River basin, with a few varieties in northern Jiangsu and southern Henan, and some varieties have been successfully introduced in northern China. Prunus mume likes to grow in a well-lit and welldrained environment. It is drought and cold tolerant, and can bloom in the cold winter. It is suitable for growing at higher altitudes and in colder climates, such as mountainous and hilly areas (Bailly, 2020). Prunus mume is a flower widely used in garden and potted plants. It not only has ornamental value in gardens, but also can be used in many fields such as medicinal and food processing. It has many derivative products for food use, including juice, wine, sugar, and preserves. It is important to note that its fruits need to be processed before use, as they are extremely acidic and contain amygdalin enzymatically, which is enzymatically converted to toxic hydrogen cyanide when consumed orally (Go et al., 2018). In China, these fruits can be made into suanmeizi (酸梅⼦; "sour plum fruits") and Huamei (话梅) The flowers, leaves, and branches of Prunus mume are used as medicine, and proper consumption of Ume fruit can improve more than 20 symptoms in the body, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, cardiovascular system protection, and prevention of osteoporosis (Christensen, 2016). 270

References Bailly, C. (2020). Anticancer properties of Prunus mume extracts (Chinese plum, Japanese apricot). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 246, 112215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112215 Canva. (2013). Canva. Canva; Canva. https://www.canva.com/ Christensen, Mina. (2016). A Systematic Review of Ume Health Benefits. Retrieved from Sophia, the St. Catherine University repository website: https://sophia.stkate.edu/ma_hhs/4 Go, M.-R., Kim, H.-J., Yu, J., & Choi, S.-J. (2018). Toxicity and Toxicokinetics of Amygdalin in Maesil (Prunus mume) Syrup: Protective Effect of Maesil against Amygdalin Toxicity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(43), 11432–11440. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03686 271

Overview: -Plumeria, also known as Frangipani is a genus of angiosperms in the Apocynaceae family. There are 12 species of Plumeria, most of which are considered deciduous shrubs or small trees (Schoch CL, et al. NCBI Taxonomy). -Plumeria are most commonly known for their large, fragrant flowers ranging from deep red to pink to even white and yellow. These flowers grow in clusters at the end of stems. Leaf shape does vary among the 12 species (Mahr, University of Wisconsin-Madison). Geographic Region/Habitat: -This ornamental plant is native to tropical regions such as North, Central, and South America, as well as Southern and Southeastern Asia. -Plumeria grow best in full sun and can be fairly drought tolerant (Mahr, University of Wisconsin-Madison). Additional Info: -Plumeria can be grown from seed, but also do well with propagation from cuttings of the plant (Mahr, University of Wisconsin-Madison). -Plumeria are especially fragrant at night in order to attract nocturnal pollinators such as the Sphinx moth. This being said, plumeria do not produce nectar and are tricking said pollinators to transfer pollen in their search for the nonexistent nectar (Haber, 1984). Medicinal And Other Uses: -Plumeria is considered to have anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and antioxidant properties. This plant has been traditionally used to heal wounds, alleviate pain, treat inflammation and diabetes mellitus (Manisha and AN, 2016). -Plumeria essential oils have been used to soothe nerves and muscles and increase libido (Cinco, 2017). -Additionally, many perfumes contain the exotic plumeria scent: “rich floral tones with fruity and musky notes” (Cinco, 2017). Active Compounds: -Some of the compounds that have been extracted from the Plumeria plant are: Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Fatty acid esters, and Alkaloids (Bahani et al, 2021). Toxicity/Warning: -According to the U.S Department of Agriculture, Plumeria are considered mildly poisonous, given that if leaves or flowers are ingested, they can upset the digestive tract. This being said, in some cultures, Plumeria is commonly used as a laxative. -Additionally, the plumeria sap can cause rashes when in contact with exposed skin. History/Cultural Significance: -The Plumeria genus got its name from a French botanist and Catholic monk Charles Plumier who was known for his documentation of many plant and animal species (ZiMing, 2023) -Additionally, the second name Frangipani came from an Italian noble’s (by the name of Frangipani) use of plumeria in a perfume he developed (Zi- Ming, 2023). -Across many cultures, Plumeria symbolizes immortality, new beginnings, religious devotion, fertility, and beauty. -Plumeria flowers are used on several Pacific islands such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Samoa to make leis and to indicate marital status (Mahr, University of Wisconsin-Madison). -Plumeria flowers have been used to depict deities and female fertility in Mayan and Aztec cultures (Zumbroich, 2013) -The Plumeria is a flower of worship in India and Southeastern Asia. Plumeria gets its nickname “Temple Tree” from its placement at Ashrams and Temples in some cultures (Zi- Ming, 2023). -In Buddhist and Hindu practices Plumeria flowers can be offered to Vishnu and his goddesses in various rituals (ZiMing, 2023). -In Bengali culture, as well as in Vietnam and Thailand, white Plumeria flowers represent mourning and are placed in graveyards (KK-Bai blog, 2015). -In southern India, these flowers are often presented at weddings and other joyous occasions (KK-Bai blog, 2015). Plumeria Plant Plumeria Plumeria Tree Flowering Tree in the foreground of Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon Temple in Thailand (Dreamstime- Free Stock Photo). Plumeria rubra tree in bloom (PabraiWikimedia, 2013). 272

Citations: Baessler, L. (2021, April 16). Plumeria plant cuttings: Tips on growing Plumeria from a cutting. Gardening Know How. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/plumeria/growing-plumeria-cuttings.htm#:~:text=Plumeria%20is%20a %20tropical%20and,propagated%20extremely%20well%20from%20cuttings. File:Plumeria rubra-4.JPG. (2020, August 24). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21:58, April 6, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plumeria_rubra-4.JPG&oldid=442578366. Gorgeous Buddha Image in front of the Stupa with Plumeria Flowering Tree in Foreground, Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon Temple, Historical place in Ayutthaya, Thailand. (n.d.). photograph. Haber, W. A. (1984). Pollination by Deceit in a Mass-Flowering Tropical Tree Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae). Biotropica, 16(4), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.2307/2387935 Hysses. (n.d.). Frangipani – benefits and uses. HYSSES. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://hysses.com/blogs/essential-oil-benefits/frangipani-benefits-and-uses Mishra, K. K. (n.d.). Plumeria, frangipani - चम्पा. Plumeria, Frangipani - चम्पा. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from http://kk-bhai.blogspot.com/2015/08/plumeria-frangipani.html Plant of the month: Frangipani - JSTOR daily. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://daily.jstor.org/plant-of-the-month-frangipani/ Review on traditional medicinal plant: Plumeria rubra. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue6/PartC/4-5-51-868.pdf Review on traditional medicinal plant: Plumeria rubra. ECHOcommunity. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://www.echocommunity.org/en/resources/690cbde6-47e8-447f-aa72-0ccb6a741fb5#:~:text=Plumeria%20rubra%20reporte d%20to%20have,toothache%20and%20for%20carious%20teeth. Susan.mahr, W. by. (n.d.). Plumeria. Wisconsin Horticulture. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/plumeria/ Tanay Bihani, Ethnopharmacological relevance Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae) is a deciduous, Ludwiczuk, A., Kuete, V., Kardono, L. B. S., Hamburger, M. O., Guevara, A. P., Dobhal, M. P., Chatterjee, M., Bihani, T., Bahramsoltani, R., Ashokkumar, K., Andrade-Cetto, A., Akhtar, N., Abe, F., Albers-Schönberg, G., Alencar, N. M. N., Frangipani, A. T., Almahy, H. A., … Freitas, C. D. T. (2020, August 22). Plumeria rubra L.– a review on its ethnopharmacological, morphological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874120331731 Zumbroich, T. (2014, December 8). 'plumerias the color of roseate spoonbills' - continuity and transition in the symbolism of Plumeria L. in Mesoamerica. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 11:341-363. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://www.academia.edu/7612027/_Plumerias_the_Color_of_Roseate_Spoonbills_Continuity_and_transition_in_the_symboli sm_of_Plumeria_L_in_Mesoamerica 273

(Canva, 2023) (Ramana, 2023) Pomegranates are edible fruits that are found in the Mediterranean, America, and West Asia (Kandylis & Kokkinomagoulos, 2020). The pomegranate contains many phenolic compounds, an example of these are anthocyanins and tannins, the seeds of the pomegranate also contain unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids, all of which have many benefits to human health (Fourati et al. 2020). In Armenian culture, the pomegranate represents fortune and fertility. At weddings in historical Armenia, if the bride was given a pomegranate, she would throw it against a wall or the floor and break it into pieces, this would symbolize that the bride would have children. Pomegranates have the male and female flowers on the same plant, making them monoecious. The main pollinator of these fruits are bees, but due to their structure, both self pollination and wind pollination are possible as well (Karimi & Mirdehghan, 2015). The pomegranate has antioxidant, antibacterial, and many other properties that make it beneficial to people from a wide range of illnesses (Karimi et al. 2017). Due to the health benefits of the pomegranate and its many different compounds, products such as drinks, extracts and more have seen an increase in demand, making it a more popular fruit (Qu et al. 2012). The peel of the pomegrante is often treated as waste and inedible, but the peel contains more phenolic compounds than the berries, these compounds have been reported to have anticancer effects that are still being studied today (Teniente et al. 2023) The peel of the pomegrante is often treated as waste and inedible, but the peel contains more phenolic compounds than the berries, these compounds have been reported to have anticancer effects that are still being studied today (Teniente et al. 2023) POMEGRANATE THE Punica granatum 274

References 1. Ramana. (2023). Watercolor Painter - Pomegranate [PNG]. CleanPNG. https://www.cleanpng.com/png-pomegranate-19329/ 2. Canva (2023) 1. Kandylis, P., & Kokkinomagoulos, E. (2020). Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Pomegranate and its Derivatives. Foods, 9(2), 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020122\ 2. Fourati, M., Smaoui, S., Hlima, H.B., Elhadef, K., Braïek, O.B., Ennouri, K., Mtibaa, A.C., Mellouli, L. (2020). Bioactive Compounds and Pharmacological Potential of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Seeds - A Review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 75, 477–486. https://doiorg.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1007/s11130-020-00863-7 3. Karimi, M., Sadeghi, R., Kokini, J. (2017). Pomegranate as a promising opportunity in medicine and nanotechnology. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 69, 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.08.019 4. Qu, W., Breksa, A.P., III., Pan, Z., Ma, H. (2012). Quantitative determination of major polyphenol constituents in pomegranate products. Food Chemistry, 132(3), 1585-1591. https://doiorg.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.106 5. Teniente, S.L., Flores-Gallegos, A.C., Esparza-González, S.C., Campos-Múzquiz, L.G., Nery-Flores, S.D., Rodríguez-Herrera, R. (2023). Anticancer Effect of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols against Cervical Cancer. Antioxidants, 12, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010127 6. Karimi, H.R., & Mirdehghan, S.D. (2015). Effects of Self, Open, and Supplementary Pollination on Growth Pattern and Characteristics of Pomegranate Fruit. International Journal of Fruit Science, 15(4), 382-391. https://doi-org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1080/15538362.2015.1009974 Text Images 275

Jeffrey Wasilishin Pomegranate Punica granatum Description Pomegranates are trees that bear pomegranate fruits. They can grow upwards of 20-30 feet tall (Myers 2022). Each pomegranate seed is surrounded by a red fruit part which together is known as the aril. Hundreds of arils are protected inside a hard, red, leathery peel, which makes up the pomegranate fruit. Some people grow pomegranate trees for their stunning reddish-orange flowers, which may attract hummingbirds. Pomegranates usually take between 2-3 years before bearing any fruit. Range Pomegranate trees grow best in hot, arid areas. Native originally to Iran and Northern India, pomegranates have been cultivated across the world, including the Middle East, south Asia, the southern United States, and the Mediterranean. Currently, Iran is responsible for 47% of the world’s total pomegranate production (Derakhshan et al. 2018). Since they are native to hot and arid areas, pomegranates do not require much water. Thorough watering every couple of weeks is enough to grow a healthy pomegranate tree. Uses Pomegranate fruits are non-toxic; however, the roots, stem, and peel may be harmful if consumed in large quantities. The fruits also contain a large number of phenolic compounds, such as tannins, which contribute to the antioxidant properties of the pomegranate (Derakhshan et al. 2018). Because of this property, pomegranates have been used in Iranian herbal medicines for centuries. Pomegranate juice is also rich in polyphenols, which exhibits antiatherogenic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antiinflammatory effects (Basu and Penugonda 2009). When tested on mice, pomegranate juice reduced atherosclerotic lesions which are caused by the build up of plaque or other fluids underneath the intima, the innermost layer of arteries which blocked blood flow. Furthermore, pomegranate juice also reduced the intima media thickness in cardiac patients. In both cases, pomegranate juice has been shown to unblock inflamed arteries. In addition, the peels of pomegranates contain the highest percent of antioxidants (Derakhshan et al. 2018). Scientists are interested in using the antioxidants within the peel, which is normally waste, as a natural food preservative. Figure 1. Pomegranate fruit (Shutterstock 2021). Figure 2. Pomegranate flowers (VGC 2020). 276

Jeffrey Wasilishin References Basu A, Penugonda K. 2009. Pomegranate juice: a heart-healthy fruit juice. Nutrition Reviews 1: 49-56. Derakhshan Z, Ferrante M, Tadi M, Ansari F, Heydari A, Hosseini MS, Conti GO, Sadrabad EK. 2018. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ethanolic extract of pomegranate peels, juice and seeds. Food and Chemical Toxicology 114: 108-111. Myers, V. 2022. How to grow pomegranate trees. the spruce. https://www.thespruce.com/pomegranate-growing-tips3269232#:~:text=The%20pomegranate%20can%20range%20from,climates%2C%20they%20may %20be%20evergreen. Shutterstock. 2021. [An open pomegranate] [Photograph]. healthshots. https://www.healthshots.com/healthy-eating/superfoods/benefits-of-pomegranate-for-weightloss-and-glowing-skin/ VGC. 2020. [Pomegranate flower] [Photograph]. CGTN. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-04- 27/Pomegranate-The-pretty-blossoms-that-precede-tasty-fruits-Q1Uf9vX0eA/index.html 277

thePOPPYThe common name for the common red poppy is Papaver rhoeas. While there are many different types of poppies, the common poppy and the opium poppy, scientifically known as Papaver somniferum is what we will be focusing on. Poppies are found around the globe from icy tundras to boiling deserts. Although, they are most always found in the Northern Hemisphere. The common red poppies originally were found in ancient Mesopotamia. They currently spread through Southern Europe, Southern Asia, and North Africa. These flowers usually do better in warmer zones throughout mild soils that are not overly acidic. These soils can even be chalky. They can spread up to eighteen inches, with the flowers on two to four foot stalks which can can be anywhere from two to four inches across. There are no toxic effects reported for the common poppy. However, allergies and anaphylaxis to poppy seeds have been known to occur in some special cases, but are not common for regular consumers. This allergy may be caused by the cross-sensitization to sesame seeds, hazelnuts, rye grain, kiwi fruit and buckwheat, which are all common allergens. Therefore, for a regular consumer digesting a subtle amount of poppy seeds at once, should be okay. However, there have been cases reported of bowel obstruction due to consumption of large quantities of the seeds. So while we do not know the lethal does in humans, a type of poppy seed called thebaine, has been tested in mice with a lethal does concluding to 20mg/kg, which would induce convulsions. The medicinal uses of poppies were described by the ancient Greeks and opium as an addictive agent, was identified by Arabic physicians more than 900 years ago. It was then widely used in the United States during the civil war to treat wounded soldiers. Sadly, they often developed a dependency on it. The alkaloid morphine was purified from crude opium in 1803, and in 1804, morphine was reacted with acetic anhydride to yield heroin, which was developed for coughs, chest pain, and pneumonias, and was only later recognized to have high addictive potential. Poppy seed oil is used as a vehicle for pharmacological substances, as well as oil based paints, varnishes, and soaps. Codeine and morphine are sedative analgesics making them useful in pain killers. Chemical modifications of the alkaloids enable different receptordependent activities to be elicited. While the poppy seed test for the diagnosis of fistulae has also been used with 100% success rate, the iodized poppy seed oil (lipoid) is used in imagining techniques in vascular cancer cells. The poppy seed oil is used as an adjuvant or vehicle to deliver chemotherapy agents to tumor sites, iodized poppy seed oil has been sited as a source of iodine in deficient individuals. Currently, the two main uses of opium poppy as a source of alkaloid compounds for the pharmaceutical industry, and as a source of poppy seeds for the food industry. The red colours in the petals is due to anthocyanin pigment, in addition to many others, such as cyanidin 3-sophoroside, known as mecocyanin, and cyanidin 3-glucoside. The opium poppy, Papaver somnigerum, is used for medicine. The milky fluid, opium, can be extracted from the unripe seed capsule. When the unripened seed capsule is scored, a milky latex excludes, and the dry latex is known as the opium which contains more than 30 alkaloids. Codeine is the most widely used opium alkaloid, and is obtained from the natural source through the methylation of morphine. The seeds contain the alkaloids morphine, heroine which can be derived from morphine, codeine, and papaverine. Both morphine and heroin are powerful and addictive painkillers, and in most countries, cultivations of opium poppies is illegal. Opium is known for its addictive qualities. It has been associated with poison, and characterized by symptoms of sedation, sluggishness, and abdominal contractions. While the opium poppy is highly addictive, the common poppy contains different alkaloids that only have mild pain-killing properties and are non-addictive. The extract have traditionally been used to relax smooth muscle tone, making them useful in the treatment of diarrhea and abdominal cramping, as well as a sedative. The poppy seed oil is use as a vehicle for chemotherapy and to diagnose fistulae. In the earliest accounts, poppies have been dated back to the ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia, where the plant was used medicinally and known as "hul gil", which means the plant of joy. However currently, the poppy is a symbol of memorial for Remember- ance day. The lapel flower is to be worn on the left side over your heart, from the last Friday in October, to Rememberance Day on November 11, in addition to the funerals of veterans, or any commemorative service. It is to be worn as a visual pledge to never forget those who have served and sacrificed. Theses flowers we wear are now also wore to help to support veterans and their famil- ies in need. The poppy can be tra- ced back to the Napoleonic Wars in the 19th century, where it is said that thick poppies grew over the graves of solider in Flanders, France. It is then when Lieutenant- Colonel John McCrae, a Canadian medical officer during the first world war, first introduced the poppy to Canada and the Commonwealth. He wrote a poem in May 1915, the day following the death of a fellow solider, and named it, In Flanders Field. The idea fro the Remembrance Day poppy was imagined by Madame Anna Guerin of France. She was inspire by the poem and originally founded a charity to help rebuild regions of France that the first world had left, and created poppies made of fabric to raise funds. She later presented her concept to Frances ally including the precursor to the Royal Canadian Legion, the Great War Veteran Association. This idea was adopted on July 6, 1921. Now, every Remembrance, we honor our veterans by wearing poppy, and letting it symbolize the poppies that grew in Flanders field, that John McCrae wrote about. History and Cultural Significance Hazards and Toxicity Usage Geographicsl Range The Active Compounds Common and Scientific Names 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 56 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 278

Compound Interest. (11 November 2020). The chemistry of poppies: colours and opium. US: Compound Interest. Retrieved from: https://www.compoundchem.com/2020/11/11/poppies/. (6 January 2023). Poppy. US: Drugs.com. Retrieved from: https://www.drugs.com/npp/poppy.html#:~:text=Poppy%20extracts%20have%20traditionally%20been,delivery% 20and%20to%20diagnose%20fistulae. Ames, J.M., Dean, J.R., Carlin, M.G. (27 August 2020). Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds. United Kingdom: Frontiers in Chemistry. Retrieved from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.00737/full#:~:text=Of%20the%20plant%20family%20Pa paveraceae,1 . The Poppy: to honour and remember. Canada: The Legion. Retrieved from: https://www.legion.ca/remembrance/the-poppy . Soule, J.A. All About Poppies. US: American Meadows. Retrieved from: https://www.americanmeadows.com/wildflower-seeds/poppy-seeds/all-about-poppies. Photos: Canva Citations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 279

Papaver Somniferum AIDAN BRIDGER APRIL 7, 2023 WHAT IS IT? WHERE CAN IT BE FOUND? WHAT DOES IT PRODUCE? P a p a v e r s o m n i f e r u m i s c o m m o n l y k n o w n a s t h e p o p p y p l a n t . T h e p l a n t d o e s n o t g r o w a b o v e t h r e e f e e t t a l l , a n d i s c o m p l e t e l y g r e e n , w i t h a b a l l - s h a p e d f r u i t o n t o p . T h e p o p p y p l a n t p r o d u c e s p o p p y s e e d s a n d o p i u m . P a p a v e r s o m n i f e r u m i s n a t i v e t o S o u t h e r n E u r o p e a n d N o r t h e r n A f r i c a . T h i s r e g i o n h a s a w a r m e r c l i m a t e m o s t o f t h e y e a r , b u t t e m p e r a t u r e s d r o p t o c o o l d u r i n g w i n t e r . D u e t o t h e d e m a n d f o r o p i u m , p o p p y p l a n t s c a n b e f o u n d i n m a n y o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r a b i l i t y t o s u r v i v e i n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f c l i m a t e s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t i s i l l e g a l t o h a r v e s t o p i u m p o p p i e s f o r a n y t h i n g o t h e r t h a n s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h b e c a u s e t h e y c a n b e u s e d t o p r o d u c e h a r m f u l d r u g s ( C h i t t y e t a l . , 2 0 0 6 ) . M o r p h i n e i s o n e o f t h e o p i a t e s t h a t i s h a r v e s t e d . I t i s a p a i n k i l l i n g d r u g t h a t h a s b e e n u s e d s i n c e t h e 1 8 0 0 s . I t i s i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e b l o o d s t r e a m t o e s s e n t i a l l y n u m b a n y p h y s i c a l p a i n . O v e r d o s i n g o n m o r p h i n e c a n l e a d t o d e a t h ( O e l h a f & A z a d f a r d , 2 0 2 3 ) . C o d e i n e i s a n o t h e r d r u g t h a t i s u s e d t o t r e a t p a i n , b u t i t i s w e a k e r t h a n m o r p h i n e . I t i s a l s o a n o p i a t e h a r v e s t e d f r o m p o p p y j u i c e . L i k e m o r p h i n e , o v e r d o s i n g c a n l e a d t o d e a t h . H e r o i n i s n o t h a r v e s t e d d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e p o p p y j u i c e . I n s t e a d , i t i s s y n t h e s i z e d f r o m m o r p h i n e ( O e l h a f & A z a d f a r d , 2 0 2 3 ) . I f d o n e c o r r e c t l y , i t c r e a t e s a d a n g e r o u s n a r c o t i c t h a t i s q u i t e c o m m o n a m o n g d r u g a b u s e r s . T h i s d r u g i s t y p i c a l l y i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e b l o o d s t r e a m t o e x p e r i e n c e a " h i g h " , b u t c a n q u i c k l y l e a d t o d e a t h i f o v e r d o s e d . T h e s e t h r e e d r u g p r o d u c t s a r e t o x i c a n d c a n b e h a r m f u l i f n o t u s e d p r o p e r l y . H e r o i n i s n o t a d v i s e d t o b e u s e d a t a l l b e c a u s e i t s e r v e s n o r e a l b e n e f i t l i k e t h e o t h e r t w o . P o p p y p l a n t s p r o d u c e o p i u m w h i c h i s u s e d t o c r e a t e a v a r i e t y o f n a r c o t i c s s u c h a s m o r p h i n e , c o d e i n e , a n d h e r o i n . O p i a t e s a r e a c h e m i c a l c o m p o u n d t h a t i s h a r v e s t e d f r o m p o p p y j u i c e . P o p p y p l a n t s a l s o p r o d u c e p o p p y s e e d s w h i c h a r e c o m m o n f o r c o o k i n g i n I n d i a n c u l t u r e a n d h a v e b e e n a d o p t e d b y m a n y o t h e r c u l t u r e s . 280

References Chitty, J., Allen, R., & Larkin, P. (2006). Opium poppy (papaver somniferum). Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17033080 Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ Oelhaf, R., & Azadfard, M. (2023). Heroin toxicity. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613487/ 281

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Citations Image: Golden Pothos Image (https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.terragreenhouses.com %2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F12%2FPothos-Golden-6-inch-01- scaled.jpeg&tbnid=1v0s_yDjuEhjqM&vet=12ahUKEwjY6OWNrpnAhWyAVkFHSETB7YQMygCegUIARCoAg..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.terra greenhouses.com%2Fproduct%2Fgolden-pothos6%2F&docid=IRFo58eXKd6mvM&w=2560&h=2560&q=golden%20pothos&hl=en&ved =2ahUKEwjY6OWNrpn-AhWyAVkFHSETB7YQMygCegUIARCoAg). Article: Meshram, A., & Srivastava, N. (n.d.). Innovare Academic Sciences - jcreview.com. Journal of Critical Reviews. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://jcreview.com/admin/Uploads/Files/61c72281812a91.70204394.pdf 283

The Money Plant Scientific Name: Epipremnum aureum Uses Can a plant give money? Toxicity The Epipremnum aureum has many common names including the Jade Pothos, Pothos, the Devil's Ivy, Silver Vine, and, most commonly known as The Money Plant (Srivastava and Meshram, 2015). They are natively found in South East Asia and New Guinea (Srivastava and Meshram, 2015). The Money Plant is most commonly used as a houseplant, but it also has antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitermite uses (Srivastava and Meshram, 2015). In particular, the leaf extracts from the plant showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and antifungal activity against Candida albicans (Srivastava and Meshram, 2015). It has also shown detoxification potential to air pollutants, like formaldehyde, and nicotine as it can absorb the substance at the roots and leaf surface. Due to this detoxification potential, it can be used for a self-regenerating bio-filter system for indoor air purification (Srivastava and Meshram, 2015). The active compounds in the Money plant include alkaloids, flavonoides, cardiac glycosides, and tannins (Srivastava and Meshram, 2015). Due to the presence of cardiac glycosides, it can cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain (Pincus, 2016; Tse, 2016). These symptoms are similar to digoxin poisoning, which can occur through overdose of the medication by the same name, digoxin, and particularly leads to inhibition of the sodium-potassium ATP pumps (Pincus, 2016; Srivastava and Meshram, 2015). These glycosides and alkaloids are also gastrointestinal irritants, which can cause further symptoms like diarrhea and abdominal cramping, although toxicity differs from plant to plant (Srivastava and Meshram, 2015). (Anecdote) As told by my parents and grandparents, based on my Pakistani culture, we associate the Money plant with gaining more wealth and to a prosperous life. In particular, the longer the leaves remain green in a family's house, all aspects of the each family member's life will be continuosly improved such as their financial status, family relationship, and much more. This connection is also prevalent in many other East and South Asian cultures, but, why do these cultures believe in this connection? In my culture, there is this association between the green colour of the plant and prosperity because we believe that plants can sense their surroundings, therefore their development and colour express significance on a more profound and spiritual level to human lives. The Money plant is also called the Devil's Ivy, due to its notable characteristic green colour, since it can stay green even when placed in the dark (Guan et al., 2019). This unique feature also explains the importance of the plant remaining green for the spiritual connection and belief held by many cultures. The Epipremnum aureum has a very long history of being located in the same places where humans are, hence it is referred to as "a noxious weed" (Candeias, 2018). Furthermore, since the plant performs well in these areas it invades and it is found now in many locations, there is this minor difficulty in determining where the plant originated from (Candeias, 2018). By virtue of some great research, it is believed that the plant is native to a small island away from the West coast of French Polynesia, which is called the Mo'orea Island (Candeias, 2018). Image from Srivastava and Meshram, 2015 284

1 References Candeias, M. (2018). This Isn't Even My Final Form! A Pothos Story. In Defense of Plants. Retrieved from https://www.indefenseofplants.com/blog/2018/1/9/this-isnt-even-my-final-form Canva. (n.d.). Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. Canva. Retrieved from https://www.canva.com/ Guan, X., Ye, Q., Li, Z., Zheng, C., & Chen, Q. (2019). The complete chloroplast genome of a variety of Epipremnum aureum 'Neon' (Araceae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 4(1), 781–782. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1566790 Pincus, M. (2016). Management of digoxin toxicity. Australian Prescriber, 39(1), 18–20. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2016.006 Srivastava, N., & Meshram, A. (2015). Epipremnum Aureum (Jade Pothos): A Multipurpose Plant With Its Medicinal And Pharmacological Properties. Journal Of Critical Reviews, 2(2), 21–25. https://docplayer.net/65173791-Epipremnum-aureum-jade-pothos-a-multipurpose-pla nt-with-its-medicinal-and-pharmacological-properties.html Tse, G. (2016). Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. Journal of Arrhythmia, 32(2), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joa.2015.11.003 285

RED SPIDER LILLIES • I N T R O D U C T I O N • T h e r e d s p i d e r l i l y ( L y c o r i s r a d i a t a ) , a l s o k n o w n a s t h e r e d m a g i c l i l y , c o r p s e f l o w e r , o r e q u i n o x f l o w e r , i s a m o n o c o t p l a n t i n t h e a m a r y l l i s f a m i l y ( K e w S c i e n c e , 2 0 1 4 ) . I t i s a b u l b o u s f l o w e r w i t h b r i g h t - r e d p e t a l s a n d e x c e p t i o n a l l y l o n g s t a m e n s . I n f u l l b l o o m , s p i n d l y s t a m e n s e x t e n d u p w a r d s a n d o u t w a r d s l i k e s p i d e r l e g s f r o m t h e c e n t r e o f t h e f l o w e r ( f i g u r e 1 ) ( S p i d e r l i l y , R e d , 2 0 2 3 ) . • H A B I T A T , G E O G R A P H I C R A N G E • O r i g i n a l l y f r o m C h i n a , J a p a n , N e p a l a n d K o r e a ( K e w S c i e n c e , 2 0 1 4 ) . L y c o r i s a r e u s u a l l y f o u n d i n s h a d y , m o i s t a r e a s n e a r s t r e a m b a n k s a n d a l o n g s l o p e d a n d r o c k y a r e a s ( G a r d e n e r P l a n t T o o l b o x , 2 0 2 3 ) , f r o m r o a d s i d e s t o f i e l d s , r i v e r b a n s , a n d w o o d e d g r o v e s ( B o t a n y b o y , 2 0 1 1 ) . L y c r o s i s r e m a i n d o r m a n t d u r i n g s u m m e r , b l o o m i n g f r o m b a r e s t a l k s o n c e s u m m e r t r a n s i t i o n s i n t o f a l l , o f t e n i n r e s p o n s e t o h e a v y r a i n f a l l ( C a i e t a l . , 2 0 1 9 ) . • T O X I N S / M E D I C I N A L U S E S • T h e B u l b s o f L y c o r i s c o n t a i n n o t a b l e t o x i c i t y l e v e l s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e a l k a l o i d , l y c o r i n e ( K n o x , 2 0 1 3 ) . I f t h e b u l b i s e a t e n , a p e r s o n i s e x p e c t e d t o h a v e a b d o m i n a l p a i n , s a l i v a t i o n , n a u s e a , s h i v e r i n g , v o m i t i n g a n d d i a r r h e a ( G a r d e n e r P l a n t T o o l b o x , 2 0 2 3 ) . T h i s p o i s o n o u s c o m p o n e n t h a s b e e n e x p l o i t e d b y J a p a n e s e p e o p l e w h o u s e t h e m a s a d e t e r r e n t a g a i n s t r o d e n t s f r o m t h e r i c e p a d d i e s ( K n o x , 2 0 1 3 ) . T h e l i l y a l s o c o n t a i n s a l k a l o i d s a n d g l y c o s i d e s t h a t h a v e m e d i c i n a l p r o p e r t i e s u s e d i n t r a d i t i o n a l m e d i c i n e t h a t t r e a t a i l m e n t s s u c h a s r e s p i r a t o r y p r o b l e m s , g a s t r i c u l c e r s , a n d w o u n d s ( M a p r o , 2 0 2 3 ) . S t u d i e s h a v e a l s o s h o w n t h a t t h e g a l a n t a m i n e ( a l k a l o i d ) f o u n d i n L y c o r i s i s u s e d t o t r e a t A l z h e i m e r ' s d i s e a s e ( P a r k e t a l . , 2 0 1 9 ) . • C U L T U R A L S I G N I F I G A N C E • T h e L y c o r i s f l o w e r i s a c u l t u r a l s y m b o l i n J a p a n , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e a r r i v a l o f f a l l ( K l i n g m a n , 2 0 0 0 ) . M a n y B u d d h i s m p r a c t i t i o n e r s w i l l c e l e b r a t e t h i s a r r i v a l w i t h a c e r e m o n y i n t h e t o m b s i t e s , s u r r o u n d e d b y t h e s e f l o w e r s ( K l i n g m a n , 2 0 0 0 ) . S i n c e t h e s e f l o w e r s a r e k n o w n t o a i d t h e d e a d o n t h e i r p a t h o f r e i n c a r n a t i o n , t h e y a r e d e s c r i b e d i n J a p a n e s e a n d C h i n e s e t r a n s l a t i o n s a s " t h e f l o w e r s t h a t g r o w i n h e l l " ( C l a r k , 2 0 2 3 ) . I n J a p a n e s e c u l t u r e , L y c o r i s i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d e a t h a n d a r e f u n e r a l f l o w e r s ; t h u s , i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t o n e s h o u l d n e v e r g i f t t h e s e f l o w e r s t o a n o t h e r u n l e s s t h e y n e v e r w a n t t o s e e t h e m a g a i n ( C l a r k , 2 0 2 3 ) . Figure 1 (Kew Science, 2014) (Yongcheonsa Temple , 2023) ( Image on WebMD, 2023) (Dingle, 2015) R e f e r e n c e s C a i , J . , F a n , J . , W e i , X . , & Z h a n g , L . ( 2 0 1 9 ) . A t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l a n a l y s i s o f s u m m e r d o r m a n c y i n t h e r e d s p i d e r l i l y ( L y c o r i s r a d i a t a ) . H o r t S c i e n c e , 5 4 ( 9 ) , 1 4 5 9 - 1 4 6 4 . C l a r k , A . ( 2 0 2 3 , M a r c h 2 2 ) . S p i d e r L i l y M e a n i n g – W h i t e , R e d , B l u e , G o l d e n F l o w e r S y m b o l i s m . L o t u s m a g u s ; L o t u s m a g u s . h t t p s : / / l o t u s m a g u s . c o m / s p i d e r - l i l i e s - m e a n i n g / D i n g l e , B . ( 2 0 1 5 , S e p t e m b e r 2 6 ) . A S o u t h e r n S e p t e m b e r S u r p r i s e : T h e R e d S p i d e r L i l y . C h a p e l o f H o p e S t o r i e s ; C h a p e l o f H o p e S t o r i e s . h t t p s : / / c h a p e l o f h o p e s t o r i e s . c o m / 2 0 1 5 / 0 9 / 2 6 / e a r n i n g - s t a r s / E N H 1 0 3 8 / E P 2 5 5 : H u r r i c a n e L i l i e s , L y c o r i s S p e c i e s , i n F l o r i d a . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . U f l . e d u . h t t p s : / / e d i s . i f a s . u f l . e d u / p u b l i c a t i o n / e p 2 5 5 G a l a n t a m i n e O r a l : U s e s , S i d e E f f e c t s , I n t e r a c t i o n s , P i c t u r e s , W a r n i n g s & D o s i n g - W e b M D . ( 2 0 2 3 ) . W e b m d . c o m . h t t p s : / / w w w . w e b m d . c o m / d r u g s / 2 / d r u g - 2 0 7 3 7 - 6 2 1 8 / g a l a n t a m i n e - o r a l / g a l a n t a m i n e - o r a l / d e t a i l s p i c t u r e K l i n g a m a n , G . ( 2 0 0 0 , A u g u s t 2 5 ) . P l a n t o f t h e w e e k . S p i d e r l i l y , R e d . R e t r i e v e d D e c e m b e r 5 , 2 0 2 2 , f r o m h t t p s : / / w w w . u a e x . u a d a . e d u / y a r d - g a r d e n / r e s o u r c e - l i b r a r y / p l a n t - w e e k / r e d - s p i d e r l i l y . a s p x L y c o r i s r a d i a t a ( L ’ H é r . ) H e r b . | P l a n t s o f t h e W o r l d O n l i n e | K e w S c i e n c e . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . P l a n t s o f t h e W o r l d O n l i n e . h t t p s : / / p o w o . s c i e n c e . k e w . o r g / t a x o n / u r n : l s i d : i p n i . o r g : n a m e s : 6 0 4 5 5 9 5 9 - 2 L y c o r i s r a d i a t a ( E q u i n o x F l o w e r , H u r r i c a n e L i l y , N a k e d L i l y , R e d M a g i c L i l y , R e d S p i d e r L i l y , R e d S u r p r i s e L i l y , S p i d e r L i l y ) | N o r t h C a r o l i n a E x t e n s i o n G a r d e n e r P l a n t T o o l b o x . ( 2 0 2 3 ) . N c s u . e d u . h t t p s : / / p l a n t s . c e s . n c s u . e d u / p l a n t s / l y c o r i s - r a d i a t a / # : ~ : t e x t = T h e % 2 0 r e d % 2 0 s p i d e r % 2 0 l i l y % 2 0 i s % 2 0 n a t i v e % 2 0 t o % 2 0 C h i n a % 2 C % 2 0 J a p a n % 2 C % 2 0 K o r e a , r o c k y % 2 0 a r e a s % 2 0 n e a r % 2 0 s t r e a m % 2 0 b a n k s . L y c o r i s r a d i a t a , J a p a n ’ s r e d s p i d e r l i l y – B o t a n y B o y . ( 2 0 1 1 , D e c e m b e r 2 1 ) . B o t a n y b o y . o r g . h t t p s : / / b o t a n y b o y . o r g / l y c o r i s - r a d i a t a - j a p a n s - r e d - s p i d e r - l i l y / M a p r o F o o d s . ( 2 0 2 3 , F e b r u a r y 3 ) . S p i d e r L i l y P l a n t . M a p r o ; M a p r o . h t t p s : / / w w w . m a p r o . c o m / b l o g s / a l l / m a p r o - g a r d e n - s p i d e r - l i l y # : ~ : t e x t = U s e s % 3 A , % 2 C % 2 0 w o u n d s % 2 C % 2 0 a n d % 2 0 r e s p i r a t o r y % 2 0 p r o b l e m s. P a r k , C . H . , Y e o , H . J . , P a r k , Y . E . , B a e k , S . - A . , K i m , J . K . , & P a r k , S . U . ( 2 0 1 9 ) . T r a n s c r i p t o m e A n a l y s i s a n d M e t a b o l i c P r o f i l i n g o f L y c o r i s R a d i a t a . B i o l o g y , 8 ( 3 ) , 6 3 . h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / b i o l o g y 8 0 3 0 0 6 3 R e d S p i d e r L i l y P a r k o f Y o n g c h e o n s a T e m p l e | 군 문 관 광 ( 영 문 ) . ( 2 0 2 3 ) . H a m p y e o n g . g o . k r . h t t p s : / / w w w . h a m p y e o n g . g o . k r / t o u r _ e n g / c o n t e n t s V i e w . d o ? p a g e I d = t o u r _ e n g 1 0 image from canva 286

A wide range of pharmacological uses for medications with the following properties¹ Anti-depressant Anti-inflammatory Anti-oxidant Anti-microbial Therapeutic scents² Visual appeal and decoration Cosmetics and fragrance (oud, Culinary uses/ edible treat like Gulkand Typical Modern Uses: attar, essential oils) Deciduous plant favoring sunny regions, originated from Iran (Persia) but has expanded to regions like Bulgaria, Turkey and India for commercial production³ Geographic Range: Geraniol Citronellol The essential oil extracted from the Damask rose has two main active compounds responsible for its general pharmacological activity and qualitative properties like scent¹ Geraniol is responsible for the signature scent of the rose; has a subtle sweetness Citronellol also a fragrant chemical with a citrus-like scent; can be a skin irritant when applied in exposure to air⁴ Active Compound: chemical structures of both compounds ROSA DAMANSCENA MILL. THE DOMASK ROSE Typical extracted products like rose water and essential oils from the Damask rose are generally very safe; irritation or allergic reactions are possible depending on an individual's sensitivity⁵ Toxicity and Potential Hazards: [Status - ✓ safe] Cultivated flower (hybrid): not found naturally growing in the environment⁶ Ancient heritage dating back to the Miocene period⁶ Traditionally used in herbal medicine to treat; body aches, excessive menstrual bleeding, cough, digestive issues and promote wound healing⁷ Also known as the Castilian rose playing a large role in Christian stories like the Virgin of Guadalupe and St. Elizabeth of Hungary⁸ Used in the making of traditional middle eastern/ asian foods for centuries like Marzipan and Gulkand History of the Damask Rose: ex. Luxury fragrance: Diptyque Eau Rose 287

For medicinal properties: anti-bacterial anti-depressant anti-inflammatory antiseptic antispasmodic astringent cleansing Most rose species originate from Asia, with a few exceptions from North America, Europe, and northwest Africa. ROSE PENTALS Methionine sulfoxide tannins saponins In ancient Egypt, roses were associated with the goddess of love, Isis, and mourners would seal them in tombs to symbolize their love for the deceased. 10 health benefits and uses of Rose Flower. www.vedobi.com. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.vedobi.com/blogs/ayurveda-book/10-health-benefits-and-uses-of-roseflower#:~:text=Rose%20is%20mainly%20used%20in,anti%2D%20bacterial%20and%20antiseptic%20properties. Reference: 1. 2. Bloom & Wild Flower Delivery: Flowers & Gifts. Bloom & Wild. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.bloomandwild.com/what-to-do-with-rose-petals 3. Botanical name for Rose. Unacademy. (2023, January 10). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-material/biology/botanical-name-for-rose/#:~:text=The%20rose's%20botanical%20name%20is,the%20genus%20Rosa%20and%20Rosaceae. 4. byNellie, P. (2020, June 11). Folkdays: Rose Lore. Nellie Cole. Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://nelliecole.com/2020/06/12/folkdays-rose-lore/ 5. Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. Canva. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ 6. Frothingham, S. (2019, April 24). Rose thorns: A risk for bacterial and fungal infection. Healthline. Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/health/rose-thorns 7. Mileva, M., Ilieva, Y., Jovtchev, G., Gateva, S., Zaharieva, M. M., Georgieva, A., Dimitrova, L., Dobreva, A., Angelova, T., Vilhelmova-Ilieva, N., Valcheva, V., & Najdenski, H. (2021). Rose Flowers—a delicate perfume or a natural healer? Biomolecules, 11(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11010127 Give someone a ROSE, keep the fragrance in your hand Allison Chang Rosa rubiginosa Rose & my common name & scientific name For daily: Rose essential oil Rosewater Rose scrub Dried rose wreath For treatment: diarrhea eye strain hyperacidity insomnia skin diseases stress THE ENTIRE PLANT kaempferol quercetin cyanide THE ACTIVECOMPOUNDS THE MAIN COMPOUNDS OF ROSE EXTRACTS The sharp rose thorns can penetrate the skin and transmit infectious materials into the wound, potentially causing various diseases such as mycetoma, plant-thorn synovitis, and sporotrichosis. 288

References 1. Akram, M., Riaz, M., Munir, N., Akhter, N., Zafar, S., Jabeen, F., Ali Shariati, M., Akhtar, N., Riaz, Z., Altaf, S. H., Daniyal, M., Zahid, R., & Said Khan, F. (2020). Chemical constituents, experimental and clinical pharmacology of Rosa damascena: a literature review. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology , 72(2), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.13185 2. Buckel, J. (2015). Chapter 8-Insomnia. Clinical Aromatherapy , 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-5440-2.00008-5. 3. Mahboubi, M. (2016). Rosa damascena as holy ancient herb with novel applications. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine , 6(1), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.09.005. 4. Paula’s Choice. (2023). Citronellol . https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/ingredient-citronellol.html?csortb1= name&csortd1=1&crefn1=ingredientNameFirstCharacter&crefn2=ingredientRating&cref v1=C&crefv2=Worst&sz=10&fdid=ingredients&start=10 5. Seymore, T. (2017, December 5). What you should know about rose water . Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320216 6. Tobyn, G., Denham, A. & Whitelegg, M. (2011). CHAPTER 25 - Rosa damascena, damask rose. Medical Herbs , 253-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-10344-5.00030-6. 7. Black Paint. (2020, February 28). Damask Rose Oil and Rose Water . https://blackpaint.com.sg/damask-rose/#Traditional_uses_of_damask_rose 289