References: Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, October 9). eucalyptus. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/Eucalyptus MediLexicon International. (n.d.). Eucalyptus: What are the health benefits? Medical News Today. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266580#eucalyptus_health_benefits WebMD. (n.d.). Eucalyptus: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and reviews. WebMD. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-700/eucalyptus https://www.google.com/search?q=eucalyptus&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjlzJqWhZnAhUCUzUKHcXmAh0Q2- cCegQIABAA&oq=eucalyptus&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECCMQJzIICAAQgAQQsQMyBwgA EIoFEEMyBQgAEIAEMgcIABCKBRBDMgcIABCKBRBDMgcIABCKBRBDMgUIABCAB DIHCAAQigUQQzIHCAAQigUQQ1CKCVjEFWDaZGgAcAB4AIABeogBnQWSAQM0LjOY AQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=5bYwZKXGG4Km1QHFzYvoA Q&bih=789&biw=714#imgrc=DRc-gPKu2xIbKM 141
Ginger is a plant with an abundance of bioactive components such as gingerols (Baptista et. al, 2022). Ginger helps treat noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and obesity by mitigating common complications such as oxidative stress and inflammation (Baptista et. al, 2022). Gingerols also improve circulation by helping to prevent abnormal coagulation of the blood (Baptista et. al, 2022). Ginger is composed of various chemical components including phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, terpenes, organic acids, etc. (Andrade, 2021) Due to these, the plant has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (Andrade, 2021). Some of its best-known clinical applications is to treat the nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, pregnancy, postoperative states, and more (Andrade, 2021). It has also been found to help alleviate pain associated with menstruation, known as dysmenorrhea (Andrade, 2021). Note that ginger has a unique taste because of its active component, gingerol, which is closely related to the capsaicin found in hot peppers and the piperine found in black pepper (El-Waylly, 2020). Despite often being called ginger root, it is actually a rhizome which is an underground stem with roots and shoots growing laterally in any direction (El-Waylly, 2020). While the skin is edible, many people peel it off as it lacks flavour and comes into contact with the soil. It can also be made into oil which has a warm, spicy scent and used for aromatherapy. Ginger has been documented for approximately the last 5000 years and it was first used for medicinal and spiritual purposes in Southeast Asia, China, and India (The Ginger People, 2022). It was even used during the Middle Ages to deter the plague (The Ginger People, 2022). By the 19th century, the British would sprinkle ginger into beer and this became known as ginger ale (The Ginger People, 2022). They would also place ginger up the backside of horses to enhance their prancing around the show ring! (The Ginger People, 2022) Consumption of ginger, especially in larger doses, may lead to side effects such as heartburn, irritation of the mouth and throat, and/or abdominal discomfort. Otherwise, it is safe to ingest, smell, or use topically. This plant grows in humid and partly-shaded habitats.. It is native to the tropical and subtropical forests of Southeast Asia. Ginger can be used in several ways. Extracts are used in over-the-counter medicine (e.g., anti-nausea capsules), or it can be ground or puréed to make tea or gingerbread. 142
References Baptista, B. G., Ribeiro, M., Cardozo, L. F. M. F., Leal, V. de, Regis, B., & Mafra, D. (2022). Nutritional benefits of ginger for patients with non-communicable diseases. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 49, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.04.017 Andrade, C. (2021). Ginger for Migraine. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 82(6). https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.21f14325 El-Waylly, S. (2020, April 9). How to prepare and store ginger. Serious Eats. Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.seriouseats.com/how-to-prepare-and-store-ginger The Ginger People (2022, August 1). Ginger history and health. The Ginger People US. Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://gingerpeople.com/ginger-history-and-health/ Image 1 (ginger). Retrieved April 3, 2023 from PowerPoint online pictures powered by Bing. https://as1.ftcdn.net/jpg/01/02/28/52/220_F_102285287_2K4vLa0P8JJwW5gtRi6MjMcECZ5USVbK.jpg Image 2 (Gravol). Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63220432/downloadimages-from-encrypted-tbn0-gstatic-com-using-python Image 4 (tea). Retrieved April 3, 2023 from https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/ginger-tea-illustration-cupginger-tea-illustration-white-background-118428199.jpg Image 5 (ginger ale). Retrieved April 3, 2023 from https://www.google.com/url/https.www.shutterstock.com.ginger-ale-soda.image_type Image 6 (background). Retrieved April 3, 2023 from https://cdn.britannica.com/19/231119-050- 35483892/Indian-ginger-Zingiber-officinale.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop 143
Ginger Zingiber officinale is an angiosperm that originates back to South Asia. The root of the plant is commonly called “ginger”. For humans, we encounter ginger in our daily lives sometimes even without realizing. It’s commonly used in pieces, as a powder, an oil, or even dried. It’s mostly an ingredient in many traditional foods, but it’s possible to find it elsewhere, like in fragrances and perfumes (Nair 2019). Phylogenetically, it relates closely to turmeric and cardamom, which are both plants we studied in BIOB38. Throughout the ages, ginger has had a great impact on humans’ survival thanks to its medicinal benefits. Its general purpose is to help digestion or even help its consumer fight a flu. It also gives a little kick to food when it needs that extra spice (Leech 2021). Gingerol is the main natural oil that gives ginger its flavor and scent. It’s thanks to gingerol that ginger has most of its antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. Gingerol greatly reduces nausea in general. More specifically, for people experiencing nausea due to chemotherapy or certain surgeries, ginger proves to be a great help (Nair 2019). For potential future uses, a recent 2018 study showed that ginger supplements are a great way to help weight loss. More specifically, around the waist area, the study shows that there is a significant difference between people trying to lose weight while constantly consuming ginger versus people strictly not consuming it (Leech 2021). (Reppuci 2014) (Web 2016) 144
References Web Producer. (2016). How ginger makes us more healthy. AwamiWeb. https://awamiweb.com/gingermakes-us-healthy-84960.html Leech, J. (2021). 11 Proven Health Benefits of Ginger. Healthline Hagazine. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-proven-benefits-of-ginger Nair, K. P. (2019). Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) - World’s Invaluable Medicinal Spices The Agronomy and Economy of Turmeric and Ginger (1st ed. 2019.). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29189-1 Reppucci A. (2014). Ginger Flower. Fine Art America. https://fineartamerica.com/featured/ginger-flowerapril-reppucci.html 145
USAGE BENEFITS There has been no toxicity demonstrated in the consumption of ginger in the literature up to date. However, although ginger is safe to eat daily, experts recomend limiting yourself to 3-4 grams daily. Taking large doses of ginger, especially on an empty stomach, has been proven to cause gastrointestinal issues such as reflux, heartburn, and diarrhea (UCLA Health, 2022). Ginger is one of the most used spices in the world, and can be found in many peoples cabinets at home. It is easily accessible and comes in numerous forms, including fresh, dried, pickled, preserved, crystallized, candied, powdered and ground. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AIDS DIGESTION NAUSEA RELIEF APHRPDISIAC Gingerol is one of the active compounds contained in ginger and it benefits gastrointestinal motility Helps to soothe the stomach and combat nausea Consumption encourages efficient digestion so food does not linger in the gut (Slattery, 2022) Eating ginger can also cut down on fermentation, constipation and bloating Ginger can relieve nausea and morning sickness after a few days of consistent treatment Ginger can also take the edge off post treatment nausea in cancer patients (Slattery, 2022) For most effective results, ground ginger in a small capsule and take it a few times a day Making ginger tea is also recommended and a common way to ingest it Ginger has long been used as a natural stimulate in many forms of traditional medicine It is used to increase sexual arousal and libido naturally it is believed that a mistress of King Louis XV would serve ginger to her lovers to help "set the mood" (Ajmera, 2021) Ginger; A Herbal Medicine Did you know, that ginger is actually a root. It is the rhizome (the main stem of the plant that runs underground) of the Zingiber Officinale plant (Mahr, 2022). Ginger extracts are able to reduce the production of chemical substances that promote joint inflammation. Ginger contains an active compound known as Salicylates which get converted into salicylic acid in the human body (Ballester et al., 2022) Salicylic acid is responsible for the anti-inflammatory actions of aspirin Ginger is supposedly indigenous to southern China however it does not grow in the wild and there is uncertainties regarding its origin (Bode, 2020). It is harvested mainly in India as well as China. It is thought that medicinal usage of ginger goes back over 5000 years where Indians and Chinese produced ginger as a tonic root to treat ailments. There are many ways to eat ginger, but the most popular ways people around the world like to consume it are in hot teas, soup, purée, ginger and cilantro baked tilapia, stir fries, and pumpkin pie with fresh ginger. Many Indian, Nepalese, and Indonesian recipes include this spice in daily meals. 146
References Bode , A. M., & Dong , Z. (2020). The amazing and mighty ginger - herbal medicine - NCBI bookshelf. National Library of Medicine . Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92775/ Mahr , S. (2022). Ginger, Zingiber officinale . Wisconsin Horticulture. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/ginger-zingiberofficinale/#:~:text=Edible%20ginger%20is%20the%20rhizome,subtropical%20forests%20 of%20Southeast%20Asia. Ajmera, R. (2021, September 3). Ginger for better sex? here's what the Science says. Healthline. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/gingerforsex#:~:text=It%20has%20also%20long%20been,thanks%20to%20its%20aphrodisiac%20eff ects. Ballester, P., Cerdá, B., Arcusa, R., Marhuenda, J., Yamedjeu, K., & Zafrilla, P. (2022, October 25). Effect of ginger on inflammatory diseases. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9654013/#:~:text=Ginger%20contains%2 0a%20vast%20amount,symptoms%20from%20an%20inflammatory%20process. Slattery, E. (2022, November 1). Ginger benefits. Ginger Benefits | Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/gingerbenefits#:~:text=Health%20Benefits%20of%20Ginger&text=Gingerol%2C%20a%20natura l%20component%20of,Nausea%20relief. UCLA Health . (2022, March 14). Why you should consider adding ginger to your diet. UCLA Health System. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.uclahealth.org/news/why-you-should-consider-adding-ginger-to-yourdiet#:~:text=Ginger%20is%20safe%20to%20eat,as%20reflux%2C%20heartburn%20and%2 0diarrhea. Perkins, M., & Adams, C. (2013). Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. Canva . Retrieved March 26, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 147
GINKGO TREE Ginkgo biloba The bioactive components of ginkgo tree leaves are popularly extracted and made into supplements in Europe.2 Its seeds have antioxidant properties and are commonly used for medicinal purposes in traditional Chinese medicine.2,4 The main active compounds found in its leaves are flavonoid glycosides and terpene trilactones.1,4 The active compounds of its seeds are phenylpropanoids and lignan glycosides.4 Active Compounds Ginkgo trees are optimally grown in warm and humid climates, in soil that is deep and sandy.3 However, ginkgo trees can survive in many different conditions such as on steep slopes, near exposed cliffs, and even in ravines.3 The only ancient living ginkgo trees are found in China, Japan, and Korea.2 Today, ginkgo trees are planted worldwide and are one of the most widely planted street trees in the Northern Hemisphere.2 Growing Conditions Ginkgo trees are symbolic in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cultures. They are often found on the land of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines.2 Its wood is often carved into religious statues.2 Many of the older ginkgo trees are decorated with ribbons and inscriptions to signify the prayers and hopes of the people.2 G. biloba leaf extracts are prescribed to patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer, to improve cerebral blood circulation, memory, and cognition.1,4 Its seeds are used to treat coughs, leucorrhea, and asthma.4 They also improve the skin and treat conditions related to ageing, such as insulin resistance and hypertension.1,4 Additionally, they improve many brain-related functions such as mood, non-verbal memory, executive function, and concentration.1 Ginkgo tree products are generally safe for use.1 However, some supplements can cause prolonged bleeding times, thus they should not be used by those who are pregnant or breastfeeding.1 They have also been found to interact with drugs used by the elderly who take medication for hypertension, rheumatism, or T2DM.1 Ginkgo tree seeds are used to flavour sweet and savoury dishes in Japanese, Chinese, and Korean cuisines.2 A ginkgo tree nut differs from the normal botanical classification of nuts. Most nuts are seeds with a surrounding hard-walled fruit.2 The hard shell of the ginkgo tree nut is part of the seed itself, instead of the fruit wall.2 Ginkgo trees are mentioned in ancient Chinese literature and referred to by different names including: “white eye”, “grandfather-grandchild tree”, and “duck foot”.2 Similar terms were used in Japanese literature later on, suggesting that ginkgo trees were brought to Japan from China.2 Significance Warnings History Cuisine Fun Fact Image from Freepik Image from Getty Images Image from HealthyPlanet Medicinal Uses Image from Peter Crane 148
References 1. Barbalho, S.M., Direito, R., Laurindo, L.F., Marton, L.T., Guiguer, E.L., Goulart, R., Tofano, R.J., Carvalho, A., Flato, U.A., Tofano, V., Detregiachi, C., Bueno, P., Girio, R.S.J., & Araujo, A.C. (2022). Ginkgo biloba in the Aging Process: A Narrative Review. Antioxidants, 11(3), 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030525 2. Crane, P.R. (2019). An evolutionary and cultural biography of ginkgo. Plants People Planet, 1(1), 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.7 3. Lin, H.Y., Li, W.H., Lin, C.F., Wu, H.R., & Zhao, Y.P. (2022) International biological flora: Ginkgo biloba. Journal of Ecology, 110(4), 951-982. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13856 4. Shan, S.J., Luo, J., Xu, D.R., Niu, X.L., Xu, D.Q., Zhang, P.P., & Kong, L.Y. (2018). Elucidation of micromolecular phenylpropanoid and lignan glycosides as the main antioxidants of ginkgo seeds. Industrial Crops and Products, 112, 830-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.013 Images From: https://www.freepik.com/premium-photo/ginkgo-nuts-syrup-white-bowl_5836266.htm https://www.healthyplanetcanada.com/jamieson-ginkgo-biloba-max-90-caplets.html?srsltid=AfAwrE6d5izXvij44_b2oXtc36X392eIZOV7T YAwUtqdU4DyEOLvvqmzF8A https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/photo/ginkgo-fruit-on-the-tree-royalty-free-image/982663706?adppopup=true https://www.freepik.com/premium-vector/seamless-pattern-green-yellow-ginkgo-biloba-leaves-hand-drawn-illustration_31104764.htm#q uery=ginkgo%20seed&position=8&from_view=search&track=ais https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.7 149
The Ginkgo Plant By: Prince Kodja https://www.ornamental-trees.co.uk/ginkgo-biloba-tree-pp384 150
A LITTLE BACKGROUND ON THE GINKGO: The ginkgo plant or ginkgo Biloba is one of the older tree species. It is also one of the oldest homeopathic plants and a key herb in Chinese medicine. A fun fact about it is that it is considered a living fossil , it appeared 270 million years ago in the Permian! These trees can live up to 3000 years! The Ginkgo has been planted since ancient times in Chinese and Japanese temple gardens and is now valued in many parts of the world as a fungus- and insect-resistant ornamental tree. It tolerates cold weather and, unlike most gymnosperms, can survive the adverse atmospheric conditions of urban areas. Benefits and ways it is used in our lives: First I would like to mention that despite the plants being used as an ornament, it is also recognized as a medicinal plant in both traditional and Western medicine. The main reason this plant is viewed is for its antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities as well as their potential role in the treatment of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. (Samec et al. 2022). ACTIVE COMPOUNDS: This plant contains very powerful antioxidants. The Ginkgo plant has high levels of flavonoids and terpenoids, which are compounds known for their strong antioxidant effects. Antioxidants have the role of combatting or neutralizing the damaging effects of free radicals. WARNING (DANGERS OF GINGKO PLANT): - Long-term use may increase the chance of thyroid and liver cancer, which has been seen in rats. - It is known to be hard on the liver, so liver enzymes may need to be monitored - It can interact with blood thinners. - Ginkgo seeds are poisonous if ingested. - Side effects can include headache, upset stomach, dizziness, and allergic reaction 151
BIBLIOGRAPHY: - “Ginkgo Biloba Tree.” Ornamental Trees, https://www.ornamental-trees.co.uk/ginkgo-biloba-tree-pp384. - McLendon, Russell. “You and a Ginkgo Tree Can Help Scientists Study Climate Change.” Treehugger, Treehugger, 13 Aug. 2019, https://www.treehugger.com/ginkgo-tree-climate-change-leaf-survey-4864371. - Šamec, Dunja, et al. “Biflavonoids: Important Contributions to the Health Benefits of Ginkgo (Ginkgo Biloba L.).” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 23 May 2022, https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/10/1381. - Hill, Ansley. “12 Benefits of Ginkgo Biloba (plus Side Effects & Dosage).” Healthline, Healthline Media, 14 Dec. 2022, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ginkgo-biloba-benefits#TOC_TITLE_HDR_6. - Deering, Shelby. “9 Most Powerful Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Backed by Science.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 28 Feb. 2019, https://www.healthline.com/health/most-powerful-medicinal-plants. 152
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Elizabeth Patterson 1007536846 BIOB38 Page from a Book References: 1. American Ginseng (2021). Government of Ontario. Retrieved January 28, 2023, from https://www.ontario.ca/page/american-ginseng 2. Dickie, G. (2020). The Seedy World of Plant Poaching. The Walrus. Retrieved January 28, 2023, from https://thewalrus.ca/the-seedy-world-of-plant-poaching/ **reference also used for background photo 3. Kitts, D. D., & Hu, C. (2000). Efficacy and safety of ginseng. Public Health Nutrition, 3, 473- 485. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S1368980000000550 4. Stephenson, A. (2019). The Mysterious Powers of American Ginseng. Folklife Magazine. Retrieved January 29, 2023, from https://folklife.si.edu/magazine/mysterious-medicinal-economic-powers-americanginseng#:~:text=American%20ginseng%20(Panax%20quinquefolius)%20is,a%20booming%20business%20for %20centuries. 5. Tárrega, A., Salvador, A., Meyer, M., Feuillère, N., Ibarra, A., Roller, M., Terroba, D., Madera, C., Iglesias, J. R., Echevarría, J., & Fiszman, S. (2012). Active compounds and distinctive sensory features provided by American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) extract in a new functional milk beverage. Journal of Dairy Science, 4246-4255. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5341 154
Ginseng The Asian Ginseng, also known as Panax Ginseng scientifically and the king of all herbs, is a widely known medicinal plant within East Asia (Wee et al.). The rhizome of the plant is highly coveted for medicine, which can be consumed sliced dry, boiled to make tea, or even used for medicinal cuisine. The history of Ginseng is an ancient one, dating back to thousands of years, all the way back to the times of nobility and kingdoms in ancient China. Various myths have been passed down about this herb, ranging from it being able to grant eternal youth, to being a panacea (Im and Nah). Description: Ginseng itself is usually a pale, almost white, beige colour, with brownish coloured markings on the rhizome itself. The leaves consist of five leaflets, with three larger ones, and two smaller ones. The flowers are small and clustered into a ball shape, oftentimes white or red in colour. The fruits of the plant are red in colour, and oval in shape as well. When dried, Ginseng has a brownish colour outside, while the inside is cream in colour. The texture itself is almost woodlike in nature. Saponins and Ginsenosides are the active compounds of the plant (Ratan et al.). Usage: East Asia is not the only place where Ginseng grows naturally. North America also has their own Ginseng species, which is also used for medicine. An interesting fact is that according to traditional Chinese medicine, Asian Ginseng has a yang nature, while American Ginseng has a yin nature (Dragon Herbs). As with all things, too much of anything can lead to issues. Ginseng have a wide variety of reasons as to why they are so highly prized. Firstly, they are shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Interestingly enough, it’s found that Ginseng also has an anti-diabetes effect, along with having anti-cardiovascular disease activity (Ratan et al.). More astoundingly, it’s been found that Ginseng has some abilities to mitigate some of the side effects of cancer (Ratan et al.). 155
References: Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, et al. “Pharmacological Potential of Ginseng and Its Major Component Ginsenosides.” Journal of Ginseng Research, Elsevier, 25 Mar. 2020, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845320300592#sec2. Wee, Jae, et al. “Biological Activities of Ginseng and Its Application to Human Health .” National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2011, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92776/. Im, Dong-soon, and Seung-yeol Nah. “Yin and Yang of Ginseng Pharmacology: Ginsenosides vs Gintonin.” Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Nov. 2013, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818586/. “Ginseng - Asian, American, Eleuthero.” Ron Teeguarden's Dragon Herbs, https://www.dragonherbs.com/ginseng-asian-american-eleuthero#:~:text=American%20Ginseng %20is%20a%20Yin,is%20generally%20warm%20in%20nature. All images and drawings were taken/drawn by Arthur Ng 156
Figure. 1 A bowl of dried Lycium [1] The scientific name of barbary wolfberry is Lycium barbarum, also called Gou qi zi, or goji berry [4]. It originated from tropical or warm regions of mainland East and Southeast Asia and South Africa [5], and is often found in dry stony hills and mesas below 1800 meters, as well as desert and creosote bush scrub lands [8]. It can be used in some Chinese cuisine, such as chicken soup, boiled fish and fried vegetable. Aside from its culinary use, barbary wolfberry also has a medicinal use [3]. It has an essential role in Traditional Chinese Medicine, which is beneficial to immune system function, eye sight, liver, sperm production and so on [3]. Barbary Wolfberry Figure 2. Barbary plant [2] There is much folklore about barbary wolfberry, and the most prevalent version in the Chinese community is the story about Li Shizhen, who is a person that is passionate in collecting medicinal herbs. One day, when he was collecting herbs in the mountains, he met a women who looked young and beautiful but was a hundred years old. Li was curious about how she could sustain her youth to such an incredible extent. The woman then took him to a tree of barbary wolfberry and told him that it is the fruit that makes her immortal and keeps her young. After that, Li recorded barbary wolfberry in his book and passed it on through generations. Barbary wolfberry cannot make people immortal, of course, but it is true that it can alleviate the process of aging. It is rich in potent antioxidants such as zeaxanthin, which is a xanthophyll, an oxygenated carotenoid [6]. It is shown to protect against age-related macular degeneration and cataracts in eyes. Zeaxanthin has also shown to provide protection against oxidative stress in many tissues as well as systemic inflammation [7]. Even though there are no records of toxicity for this species, it still belongs to a family that contains many poisonous plants [8]. As such, one needs to be aware of its leaves or unripe fruits; however, as for ripe fruits, they are usually edible [8]. 157
Reference: [1] "Barbary Wolfberry Fruit (Goji Berry)," All Things Health, Available: https://www.allthingshealth.com/enmy/glossary/goji-berry/ [2] Globalsources.com, "Wolfberry Extract Barbary Wolfberry Fruit P.E.", 2023, Available: https://www.globalsources.com/product/wolfberry-extract-barbary-wolfberry-fruit-p-e-_1065013151f.htm [3] S. Wenli, M. H. Shahrajabian, and C. Qi, "Health benefits of wolfberry (Gou Qi Zi, Fructus barbarum L.) on the basis of ancient Chinese herbalism and Western modern medicine," Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 109–119, 2021, Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8051317/ [4] "Lycium (Goji Berry) - American Botanical Council," HerbalGram, no. 113, Available: https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/herbalgram/issues/113/table-of-contents/hg113-herbprofile/ [5] U. S. University, "Goji In The Garden," Utah State University Extension, Available: https://extension.usu.edu/yardandgarden/research/goji-in-the-garden [6] P. Bucheli, Q. Gao, R. Redgwell, K. Vidal, J. Wang, and W. Zhang, "Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects of Chinese Wolfberry," National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2011, Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92756/ [7] A. Murillo, S. Hu, and M. Fernandez, "Zeaxanthin: Metabolism, Properties, and Antioxidant Protection of Eyes, Heart, Liver, and Skin," Antioxidants, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 390, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.3390/antiox8090390. [8] "Lycium andersonii Wolfberry, Water jacket PFAF Plant Database," Plants For A Future, Available: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+andersonii [9] Canva, "Creating assignment," Available: https://www.canva.com/learn/the-benefits-of-exercise-infographic/. 158
Goji berries are regarded as a ‘super-fruit’ since it has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for at least 2000 years. The earliest record of these berries was in a historical medical text by famous herbalist Li Shizhen in the 16th century. It describes a legend about a doctor who visited a village in China where all residents were over 100 years old. How? It appeared they all drank from a well surrounded by goji berries! As the fruit ripened, it would fall into the well and get seeped into the water (Turrell, 2020). This incredible benefit led Chinese people to begin incorporating Goji berries in cuisine. Most of the Goji berries produced come from China but the plant is also grown in most U.S. states and Canadian provinces (Demchak, 2016). The plant is normally a slightly thorny deciduous woody shrub that can grow up to 12 feet tall! It also thrives in neutral soil pH, lots of sunshine and well-watered conditions (Demchak, 2016). Flowering blooming happens in late spring to early summer. Mid-summer is when the Goji berries ripen. They are super delicate and need to be hand-harvested (Demchak, 2016). GOJI BERRY aka Lycium barbarum The medicinal effects of Goji berries are thanks to several phenolic compounds like coumaric acid and caffeic acid, which play a protective role age-related diseases (Istrati et al., 2013; Dumont et al., 2020). The berries also contain carotenoids, which gives them their red-orange colour. A major carotenoid is zeaxanthin, a pigment that protects eyes from UV radiation damage like sunlight (Ma et al., 2019). Despite all these benefits, some people experienced allergic reactions after consuming Goji berries, which apparently led to liver toxicity (Karaman et al., 2019). But more research is needed to investigate — for now, Goji berries are extremely beneficial for humans! Goji berry is the fruit of the plant, a type of boxthorn shrub (Vidović et al., 2022). Goji berries can be eaten fresh, dried or processed and are commonly used in teas, juices and soups. It has high nutritional value and medicinal purposes. To list a few, it helps improve the immune system, skin and eye health. It is known to even have anti-aging properties! (Vidović et al., 2022). Goji berries have a tart and sweet taste, in between a cranberry and a cherry (Istrati et al., 2013). Lycium barbarum CL Canva, 2023 Canva, 2023 Terrakai Skin, 2021 Wang, 2018 Zhen, 2023 Li Shizhen BBC Radio 4, 2019 枸 杞 (Goji berry in Chinese) zeaxanthin Canva, 2023 Nolan et al., 2013 159
Chrystal Li 1008075707 BBC Radio 4. (2019). In Our Time, Li Shizhen . Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000bp3g. Canva [Design platform]. (2023). Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: www.canva.com. Demchak, K. (2016). Goji Berry Culture . Penn State Extension. Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: https://extension.psu.edu/goji-berry-culture. Dumont, D., Danielato, G., Chastellier, A., Hibrand Saint Oyant, L., Fanciullino, A.L., Lugan, R. (2020). Multi-Targeted Metabolic Profiling of Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds and Primary Metabolites in Goji ( Lycium spp. ) Berry and Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) Reveals Inter and Intra Genus Biomarkers . Metabolites, 10 (10), 422. Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100422. Istrati, D., Vizireanu, C., Iordăchescu, G., Dima, F., Garnai, M. (2013). Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Goji Fruits Jam and Jelly During Storage . Food Technology 37 (2), 100-110. Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: https://www.gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/food/article/view/2162. Karaman, K., Yılmaz, D.Y., Özlüer, Y.E., Çanakçı, S.E., Deniz, A.T. (2019). A new hepatotoxic agent: Goji berry . J. Emerg. Med., 10 (4), 105-107. Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33706/jemcr.517021. Ma, Z. F., Zhang, H., Teh, S. S., Wang, C. W., Zhang, Y., Hayford, F., Wang, L., Ma, T., Dong, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Y. (2019). Goji berries as a potential natural antioxidant medicine: An insight into their molecular mechanisms of action . Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev, 2019 . Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2437397. Nolan, J.M., Meagher, K., Kashani, S., Beatty, S. (2013). What is meso-zeaxanthin, and where does it come from? . Eye, 27, 899-905. Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.98. TerrakaiSkin. (2021). What Does Goji Berry Have To Do With Skincare? . Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: https://terrakaiskin.com/blogs/ingredients/what-does-goji-berry-have-to-do-with-skincare. Turrell, C. (2020). The berry that keeps Asia looking young . BBC Travel. Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200226-the-berry-that-keeps-asia-looking-young. Wang, Z. (2018). Goji berries keep wolf from the door . China Daily. Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/15/WS5b23207aa310010f8f59d234.html. Vidović, B.B., Milinčić, D. D., Marčetić, M.D., Djuris, J.D., Ilić, T. D., Kostić, A. Ž., & Pešić, M.D. (2022). Health Benefits and Applications of Goji Berries in Functional Food Products Development: A Review . Antioxidants, 11 (2), 248. Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020248. Zhen. (2022). how to make goji berry tea drink (wolfberry tea) . GreedyGirlGourmet. Cited March 16, 2023. Available from: https://www.greedygirlgourmet.com/how-to-make-goji-berry-tea-drink-wolfberry-tea/. 160
Commonly called: Haw, thornapple, maythorn, whitethorn Adverse effects of hawthorn are not yet known and its toxicity is considered low. However, when taken in combination with other herbs/medicines, drug interactions are possible and professional advice should be taken when using hawthorn supplements to treat medical conditions.[1] There are different species of Hawthorn; products from C. laevigata (midland hawthorn) C. monogyna (common hawthorn) prevail in Europe, North America, Australia etc. While C. pinnafitida products are used in countries in Asia, like China.[1] A treat for your heart Hawthorn - Carataegus Active compounds in hawthorn include flavinoids, phenolic (oleanolic & caffeic) acids, and Vitamin E that give the plant its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties. It also contains Vitamin C that helps with development and repair. The plant itself has beneficial effects in treating chronic heart failure. In China, its berries are used to improve digestion, and circulation.[1] Dioscorides, the father of pharmacognosy, was one of the first to use hawthorn as herbal remedy for kidney and bladder stones. Traces of its use in treating fever, insomnia and depression can also be found in history, before it became popular for treating heart and circulatory problems in late nineteenth century.[1] Fig. 1: Flowers of C. pinnafitida grown in China.[2] Fig. 2: Dried berries of hawthorn can be consumed in various way to reap its benefits.[3] Berry preparation was the most common way to extract the benefits (Fig. 2) but leaves and flowers extracts can be used as medicinal and dietary supplements in the form of tablets, capsules, teas, jams, and tinctures (Fig. 3&4). Hawthorn can be consumed by itself or combined with other herbs .[1] Fig. 3: Jam prepared from hawthorn berries.[4] Fig. 4: Hawthorn extract in tinctures.[5] Fig. 5: Pedanius Dioscordies, Greek physician .[6] - Hunaina Hashmi 161
Hunaina Hashmi 1008268214 1 References: 1. Rasmussen, P. Charms & Harms: Hawthorn. https://www.publish.csiro.au/hc/HC11063 (accessed Apr 7, 2023). 2. Gaither, J. Crataegus pinnatifida #1. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimsf/5724108216/in/photostream/ (accessed Apr 7, 2023). 3. Nicklom, H. 5 heart-healthy benefits of hawthorn berries for pets. https://www.ferapetorganics.com/blogs/fera-pet-organics-blog/5-heart-healthy-benefits-ofhawthorn-berries-for-pets (accessed Apr 7, 2023). 4. Adamant, A. Homemade hawthorn jelly. https://practicalselfreliance.com/hawthorn-jelly/ (accessed Apr 7, 2023). 5. Pei, D. Hawthorn as an herbal remedy. https://www.poison.org/articles/hawthorn-as-an-herbalremedy-214 (accessed Apr 7, 2023). 6. Asiado, T. Pedanius Dioscorides Bio. https://www.ediblewildfood.com/bios/pedaniusdioscorides.aspx (accessed Apr 7, 2023). 162
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References Pradhan, R., Dandawate, P., Vyas, A., Padhye, S., Biersack, B., Schobert, R., Ahmad, A., & Sarkar, F.H. (2012). From body art to anticancer activities: perspectives on medicinal properties of henna. Current Drug Targets, 13(14), 1777-1798. https://doi.org/10.2174/138945012804545588 Bobaker, A.M., Alakili, I., Sarmani, S.B., Al-Ansari, N., & Yaseen, Z.M. (2019). Determination and Assessment of the Toxic Heavy Metal Elements Abstracted from the Traditional Plant Cosmetics and Medical Remedies: Case Study of Libya. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16(11), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111957 Groot, A.C. (2013). Side-effects of henna and semi-permanent ‘black henna’ tattoos: a full review. Contact Dermatitis, 69(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12074 Hashim, M.S., Hamza, Y.O., Yahia, B., Khogali, F.M., & Sulieman, G.I. (1992). Poisoning from henna dye and paraphenylenediamine mixtures in children in Khartoum. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 12(1), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1992.11747539 Images: - Canva was used along with Google Images https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Lawsonia+inermis https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.ca%2FATCUSAPremium-Colored-StencilStickers%2Fdp%2FB08FYMQCLB&psig=AOvVaw0nKIPtNMQSWDc5Zybi5dcI&ust=16 80810612208000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCMjo583Bk_4CFQA AAAAdAAAAABAI https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2 Fmehndi-stage-decor-- 336925615876815132%2F&psig=AOvVaw1YUShUOJFQlGpmk4Pv0O8D&ust=168081 0121256000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLj2wuO_k_4CFQAAAA AdAAAAABAJ https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdr9wvh6oz7mzp.cloudfront.n et%2Fi%2F1db0b815357e2a8f2569ccc84bfd3448_ra%2Cw380%2Ch380_pa%2Cw380 %2Ch380.jpg&tbnid=P_fV3E2V9NRSaM&vet=12ahUKEwjRy__YwpPAhWoGFkFHfHqApkQMygLegUIARDrAw..i&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwell.ca%2Fpr oducts%2Ftints-of-nature-henna165
cream_150948.html&docid=HiaUmnK59LsNvM&w=380&h=380&q=henna%20cream&v ed=2ahUKEwjRy__YwpP-AhWoGFkFHfHqApkQMygLegUIARDrAw 166
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Hibiscus is a flowering plant, known scientifically as Hibiscus Sabdariffa (Montalvo-Gonzalez et al., 2022). It is native to India and Malaysia but found all around the world. Some types of hibiscus are native to Asia and Europe whereas others are native to North and South America. They grow and thrive in a wide range of conditions but are most commonly found in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates (Gaumond, 2022). Hibiscus has many different uses around the world that anyone could incorporate into their everyday life. The Hibiscus calyxes (which is the outermost part of the plant) are used for cosmetics, food, and medicine. From a medical standpoint, extracts for the hibiscus calyxes have been used as an antiinflammatory, anti-anemic, antioxidant, and antidyslipidemic (Montalvo-Gonzalez et al., 2022). In Egypt, they have been known to use hibiscus to treat cardiac and nerve diseases. In Guatemala, they use the plant to treat drunkenness and in India, they use the seed of the plant to relieve indigestion (DaCosta-Rocha et al., 2014). The active compounds in the Hibiscus include gallic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, hibiscus acid, protocatechuic acid, hydroxy citric acid, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, anthocyanins, polysaccharides, and flavonoids (Montalvo-Gonzalez et al., 2022). In moderation, the oral consumption of hibiscus has been proven to be safe (Da-Costa-Rocha et al., 2014). Although safe to consume, Hibiscus may cause dermatitis, headache, nausea, and ringing in the ear (Metcalf, 2021). The Hibiscus flower holds cultural significance in many different countries. In Hawaii hibiscus is as a symbol of beauty. Women will wear it behind their ear and depending on which ear it is tucked behind it represents their marital or relationship status. If the flower is tucked behind the right ear it symbolizes that the wearer is available for marriage or a romantic relationship. The yellow hibiscus is also the state flower (Gaumond, 2022). The different colours of the flower, have different meanings in certain cultures. For example, the white flower symbolizes purity and the pink flower is associated with friendship (Gaumond, 2022). Overall these beautiful flowers have many different uses in many different cultures. From medicine to cuisine to traditions, this plant is both beautiful and easy to incorporate into our lives. HIBISCUS Figure 2. Pink Hibiscus (Canva, 2023) Figure 4. White Hibiscus (Canva, 2023) Figure 1. Hibiscus graphic (Canva, 2023) Hibiscus can also be used in a non-medical sense. Many cultures use calyxes for hot and cold drinks, wines, ice cream, and chutneys. The plant also has cosmetic purposes. In Malaysia, they use the oil that the plant produces for soap; in India, they use the flowers and leaves in hair care products such as shampoo (Montalvo-Gonzalez et al., 2022). Figure 3. Hibiscus graphic (Canva, 2023) 171
References Canva [Internet]. c2012. Perth, ASTL: Canva; [accessed 2023 Apr 4]. Available from:https://www.canva.com/ Da-Costa-Rocha I, Bonnlaender B, Sievers H, Pischel I, Heinrich M. 2014. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. – A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Food Chemistry. 165:424–443. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.002. [accessed 2023 Apr 4]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030881461400692X. Gaumond A. 2022. Ultimate Guide to Hibiscus Flower Meaning & Symbolism. Petal Republic. [accessed 2023 Apr 4]. https://www.petalrepublic.com/hibiscus-flower-meaning/. Metcalf E, MPH. 2021. Hibiscus: Uses and Risks. WebMD. [accessed 2023 Apr 4]. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/hibiscus-uses-and-risks. Montalvo-González E, Villagrán Z, González-Torres S, Iñiguez-Muñoz L, Isiordia-Espinoza M, Ruvalcaba-Gómez J, ArteagaGaribay R, Acosta J, González-Silva N, Anaya-Esparza L. 2022. Physiological Effects and Human Health Benefits of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A Review of Clinical Trials. Pharmaceuticals. 15(4):464. doi:10.3390/ph15040464. [accessed 2023 Apr 4]. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/4/464. 172
H I B I S C U S H I B I S C U S R O S A - S I N E N S I S Chinese Hibiscus, or Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, are perennial plants that grow as common shrubs that produce large striking flowers of varied vibrant colours such as red, pink, white, or yellow. On July 28 in the year of 1960, the flower was appointed the national flower of Malaysia by the country's 1st Prime Minister, Turku Abdul Rahman Petra Al-Haj. The vibrant colour represented the vitality of the people and the 5 petals symbolized the five principles of the Rukun Negara, which were declared to strengthen the unity among the races in Malaysia. Habitat Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is commonly found in the subtropic and tropic regions of the world, including countries such as Hawaii and Malaysia. They are native to Southeast Asia. These flowers are incapable of living in regions that reach temperatures below 12 °C (Mejía et. al., 2023). Toxic? The effects of ingesting low concentrations of the Hibiscus extract is more detrimental in plants and small organisms. The flowers contain antimitotic constituents, which inhibit mitosis in any step of the cell cycle (Maganha et.al., 2009). Hair growth Treatment for arterial hypertension Treatment for anti-fertility (Maganha et.al., 2009) Treatment for liver cancer (Lu, 2021) In a study done by Mejía et. al. (2023), it was found that Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers of darker shades like red contained a higher amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds such as cyanidinsophoroside and flavonols, respectively. Due to high amounts of these secondary chemicals in the pigmentation of the flower, they also contain higher anthocyanin concentration and contribute to higher antioxidant, in addition to antibacterial, activity (Mak et. al., 2012). Hence, the red flowers are used for: Petals Note. From Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Photograph], by F.D. Richards, 2016, Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/photos/50697352@N00/30223115055). CC BY 2.0. Roots and Leaves The process of drying and grinding the Hibiscus' roots and leaves is an inexpensive green method of synthesizing metallic nanoparticles that have incredible anti-cancer properties. The extract collected from these plant parts are high in phytochemicals, essential for the bio-reduction in the conversion of base metal ions such as silver or iron. A study by Lu et. al. ( 2021) proved that silver nanoparticles with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extract promoted anti-liver cancer activities! Daily Uses Combination of roots and leaves are used in teas or herbal medicine. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are grown as ornamental plants around houses. Food-colouring dye can be made from the petals. Leaves can be cooked to consume. 173
References Canva. https://www.canva.com/ Lu, L., Zhuang, Z., Fan, M., Liu, B., Yang, Y., Huang, J., Da, X., Mo, J., Li, Q., & Lu, H. (2022). Green formulation of Ag nanoparticles by Hibiscus rosa-sinensis: Introducing a navel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of liver cancer. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(2), 103602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103602 Maganha, E. G., Halmenschlager, R. da C., Rosa, R. M., Henriques, J. A. P., Ramos, A. L. L. de P., & Saffi, J. (2010). Pharmacological evidences for the extracts and secondary metabolites from plants of the genus Hibiscus. Food Chemistry, 118(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.005 Mak, Y. W., Chuah, L. O., Ahmad, R., & Bhat, R. (2013). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) and Cassia (Senna bicapsularis L.) flower extracts. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 25(4), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2012.12.003 Mejía, J. J., Sierra, L. J., Ceballos, J. G., Martínez, J. R., & Stashenko, E. E. (2023). Color, Antioxidant Capacity and Flavonoid Composition in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Cultivars. Molecules, 28(4), 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041779 Richards, F.D. (2016). Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50697352@N00/3022311505 174
An Overview on Chinese Hibiscus Consuming Chinese hibiscus is mostly harmless, but side effects can include low blood pressure, skin rashes, headache and nausea. Only a minority of people are allergic to Chinese hibiscus or the mallow family (Metcalf & MPH, n.d.). Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) also called China rose, tropical hibiscus, and shoe-black plant is a vibrant flower native to the tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, and is commonly found near the equator. Chinese hibiscuses are best grown in temperate climates and their bright red hue makes them great outdoor ornaments (Hibiscus - New World Encyclopedia, n.d.). Aside from ornamental purposes, Chinese hibiscuses are also consumed regularly. Hibiscus tea is a popular herbal tea in Mexico with dietary health benefits. The tea is made from dried petals of Chinese hibiscus and it tastes like cranberry. Chinese hibiscus are consumed medicinally for ailments such as respiratory problems, skin disorders and fevers (Hibiscus - New World Encyclopedia, n.d.). In China, they are often applied as shoe polish and hair gel (Chinese Hibiscus | Planta, n.d.). Chinese hibiscus is significant in many different cultures. It is the national flower of Malaysia. In the Malay language, the flower represents greatness and celebration. In Hinduism, they are used for the worship of Kali, the goddess of power, time and destruction (Hibiscus - New World Encyclopedia, n.d.). There are numerous active compounds in Chinese hibiscus, some of them include flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and alkaloids. Naringenin, myricetin, and luteolin are three flavonoids found in the flower. Naringenin in particular has very potent antibacterial properties (Ngan et al., 2021). (Dangerous Plants for People Prone to Allergy, 2019) (Hansen, 2015) (Richa, 2018) (Pin on Flowers, Plants & Trees, n.d.) 175
References Chinese Hibiscus | Planta. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://getplanta.com/article/trivia/chinesehibiscus Hibiscus—New World Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Hibiscus Metcalf, E. & MPH. (n.d.). Hibiscus: Uses and Risks. WebMD. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/hibiscus-uses-and-risks Ngan, L. T. M., Tan, M. T., Hoang, N. V. M., Thanh, D. T., Linh, N. T. T., Hoa, T. T. H., Nuong, N. T. M., & Hieu, T. T. (2021). Antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. red flower against antibiotic-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori and identification of the flower constituents. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 54(7), e10889. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X2020e10889 Image Citation Canva. https://www.canva.com/ Dangerous Plants for People Prone to Allergy. (2019, June 14). Otolaryngologists in OKC | OKOA. https://www.okoa.org/articles/dangerous-plants-for-people-prone-to-allergy Hansen, H. (2015). English: 3:2 flag of Malaysia. File:Flag of Malaysia.svg: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malaysia_%283-2%29.svg Pin on Flowers, Plants & Trees. (n.d.). Pinterest. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/hibiscus-tropical-gems-of-the-garden--36500274479524070 2/ Richa. (2018, February 21). How to make Hibiscus Tea + Benefits and Side Effects. My Food Story. https://myfoodstory.com/hibiscus-tea-recipe/ 176
Holy basil is native to the Indian subcontinent and is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia tropics (Britannica, 2023) Eugenol (~70%) β-elemene (~11.0%) Varying terpenes (~9%) β-caryophyllene (~8%), Germacrene (~2%) Antimicrobial: a 2014 study treated drinking water with holy basil and observed significant antimicrobial activity (Kayastha, 2014) Holy basil shrine TOXICITY/HAZARDS MEDICINAL USES HOLY BASIL ACTIVE COMPOUNDS Holy basil, also referred to as tulsi, is an edible flowering plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae) grown for its aromatic leaves. Ocimum tenuiflorum WHERE IS IT FOUND? Soil: Moist, sandy loam with drainage Temperature: ≈70°F Sunlight: Full sunlight Soil pH: Can tolerate acidic and alkaline Holy basil produces an essential oil that consists of; Diabetes: Holy basil leaves may be useful in diet therapy of mild to moderate Type 2 diabetes (Agrawal et al, 1996) Antioxidant: Holy basil was found to have strong antioxidant properties (Juntachote et al, 2005) FUNCTIONAL USES Insect repellent: For centuries, dried leaves have been used to repel insects (Britannica, 2023) CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE Tulsi is a sacred plant for Hindus, It is worshipped as the avatar of Lakshmi, and is planted in courtyards of Hindu houses or temples (Britannica, 2023). Holy basil leaves are known as kaphrao in the Thai language. They are commonly used in Thai cuisine for certain stirfries and curries. (Thompson, 2010) DID YOU KNOW? Tulsi is a Sanskrit word which means “matchless one” (Kayastha, 2014) Holy basil leaves Holy basil is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine, a naturopathic form of medicine. It is said to treat arthritis, fever, bronchitis and other ailments (Britannica, 2023) There is limited toxicological information about holy basil. One study found that it may cause reduced sperm count (Narayana et al, 2014) (Britannica, 2023) Eugenol chemical structure https://www.medchemexpress.com/Eugenol.html https://www.onlyfoods.net/holy-basil.html https://www.learnreligions.com/hind u-indian-arts-and-culture-4684842 Ayurvedic medicine Thai curry with holy basil leaves http://asthmahealthtips.blogspot.com/2013/02 /how-to-treat-asthma-ayurvedic-remedies.html https://addictedtohumus.com/blogs /news/copy-of-thai-basil-curry 177
References Agrawal, P., Rai, V., & Singh, R. B. (1996). Randomized placebo-controlled, single blind trial of holy basil leaves in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 34(9), 406–409. Juntachote, T., & Berghofer, E. (2005). Antioxidative properties and stability of ethanolic extracts of Holy Basil and galangal. Food Chemistry, 92(2), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.044 Kayastha, B. L. (2014). Queen of herbs tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) removes impurities from water and plays disinfectant role. J Med Plants Stud, 2(2). Narayana, D. B., Manohar, R., Mahapatra, A., Sujithra, R. M., & Aramya, A. R. (2014). Posological Considerations of Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi) as per Ayurvedic Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 76(3), 240–245. Petruzzello , M. (2017, July). Holy basil. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/holy-basil Thompson, David (2010). Thai food (7 ed.). London: Pavilion Books. p. 143. ISBN 9 781862 055148. 178
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Jasminum, Jasmine Flower Cultural Uses Jasmine flowers play a big role in many cultures. We will look at specific cultures in Asian and how they use them. In South Asia, many countries and cultures like in India and Sri Lanka use jasmine flowers in there hair because of the pleasant Jasmine scent. Warnings Jasmine flowers are reliable when used for medicine and food.² When applied to the skin as a form of essential oil, it may be irritating and cause allergic reactions.³ benefits of jasmine tea Drinking jasmine tea can make one feel peaceful when faced with anxiety.¹ Background The Jasmine Flower typically grows the best in tropical countries.¹ Some compounds found in it are Linanol, benzyl acetate, phytol, etc.² Figure 1. Jasmine ⁴ Figure 2. Jasmine art ⁴ 185
Sabina Jeyasankar 1008414324 Reference List: 1. Lester I, Sri. International Review of Humanities Studies, Vol.4, No.1, January 2019, pp. 192-200 2. Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Schweiger, T., Denkova, Z., Slavchev, A., Stoyanova, A., . . . Geissler, M. (2007). Chemical composition, olfactory evaluation and antimicrobial activities of jasminum grandiflorum L. absolute from India. Natural Product Communications, 2(4). doi:10.1177/1934578x0700200411 3. Jasmine: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and reviews. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-617/jasmine 4. Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ 186
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References: Ahmed, N., Hanani, Y. A., Ansari, S. Y., & Anwar, S. (2016). Jasmine (Jasminum sambac L., Oleaceae) oils. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-416641-7.00055-9 Gwmag. (2023, January 25). Jasminum officinale. (Common jasmine) | BBC Gardeners World Magazine. Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/jasminum-officinale/ Jasmine Detail. Agriculture extension. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://zarat.kp.gov.pk/crops/view_crop/68#:~:text=In%20Pakistan%2C%20Jasmi ne%20is%20a,the%20national%20flower%20of%20Pakistan. Jasminum officinale (common jasmine). Gardenia.net. (n.d.). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.gardenia.net/plant/jasminum-officinale-commonjasmine Kunhachan, P., Banchonglikitkul, C., Kajsongkram, T., Khayungarnnawee, A., & Leelamanit, W. (2012). Chemical composition, toxicity and vasodilatation effect of the flowers extract ofjasminum sambac(l.) AIT. “G. Duke of Tuscany.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/471312 188
Sahu, R., Chauhan, M., Kaushik, P., Joshi, R., & Arya, V. (2022). Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of jasminum officinale . L : A Review. Indian Journal of Ecology. https://doi.org/10.55362/ije/2022/3640 Sebastian. (2023, January 31). Star jasmine: Varieties, cultivation & care. Plantura. Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://plantura.garden/uk/treesshrubs/star-jasmine/star-jasmineoverview#:~:text=The%20milky%20sap%20it%20secretes,tempt%20them%20into %20tasting%20it. The great outdoors, Indoors. Saje Natural Wellness. (2022, October 3). Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.saje.com/ca/ingredient-gardenjasmine.html WebMD. (n.d.). Jasmine: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and reviews. WebMD. Retrieved April 4, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono617/jasmine#:~:text=Jasmine%20is%20inhaled%20to%20improve,creams%2C%2 0lotions%2C%20and%20perfumes. Canva 189
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