References Sengar, N., Joshi, A., Prasad, K. S., & Hemalatha, S. (2015, February 3rd). Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of standardized root extract of Jasminum sambac. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, (160), 140-148. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.039 Jiang, X., Zhang, M., & Chen, Q. (2020). Chemical structure of hesperidin. Inhibition of quorum sensing and virulence in Serratia marcescens by Hesperidin [Figure 1]. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Chemical-structure-of-hesperidin_fig1_334439295 Arabian Jasmine: Care and Growing Guide. (2022, April 6th). TheSpruce. https://www.thespruce.com/arabian-jasmine-guide-5190635 Arabian Jasmine Indoors (Jasminum sambac). My Garden Life. https://mygardenlife.com/plantlibrary/arabian-jasmine-indoors-jasminum-sambac Remaining images were taken from Pinterest 191
Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Jiao Gu Lan Uses Jiaogulan is traditionally used as a herbal tea and is popular in China for its medicinal properties. It's used to treat various diseases such as cancer, dementia, and hyperglycemia. Active Compounds saponins/gypenosides polysaccharides flavonoids sterols History The earliest documentation of Jiaogulan comes from southern China during the Ming dynasty. The people of southern China used Jiaogulan as an energizing drink, believing that it increases their endurance and strength during the day, and promote relaxation and quality sleep at night. It has been said that the inhabitants of the villages in Fanjing Mountain lived to 100 years by drinking the tea they call Xiancao, the Immortality Herb. Toxicity/Warnings The plant has minimal pharmacological toxicity. This, in addition to its wide range of biological activities, is the reason for its recent popularity. Geographic Range Jiaogulan grows wildly in the mountainous regions of southern China and northern Vietnam. 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 Dried Jiaogulan used to make herbal tea.5 Glypenoside L, a compound found in Jiaogulan. 192
Sources Su C, Li N, Ren R, Wang Y, Su X, Lu F, Zong R, Yang L, Ma X. Progress in the medicinal value, bioactive compounds, and pharmacological activities of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Molecules. 2021; 26(20):6249. doi:10.3390/molecules26206249 History of Jiaogulan. Majestic Herbs. 2015. https://www.majesticherbs.com/history-ofjiaogulan/ Illustration of Jiaogulan [Image]. https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/jiaogulan/ Glypenoside L [Image]. https://www.medkoo.com/products/34820 Dried Jiaogulan for herbal tea [Image]. https://treasuregreen.com/products/jiao-gu-lan-greentea 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 193
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About me Lavender Lavender, known for its calming fragrance and striking appearance, has been used for centuries in various ways, from culinary delights to medicinal remedies. This versatile plant has a rich history and offers numerous benefits when incorporated into your life. The Soothing Scent of Serenity Scientific Name: Cuisine Essential Oils Ingestion: Excessive consumption may cause gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea and abdominal pain. Allergies: Individuals allergic to plants in the mint family may also be allergic to lavender. Symptoms may include itching, rash, or respiratory issues. Drug interactions: Lavender may interact with sedative medications or anesthesia, potentially increasing drowsiness or sedation. (Lis-Balchin, 2012) Pets: Lavender can be toxic to cats and dogs when ingested, causing symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and lethargy. Lavandula angustifolia (formerly Lavandula officinalis) Daily life Uses and Incorporation Promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety. Use essential oil in a diffuser or add it to a warm bath. (Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2002) Enhances sweet and savoury dishes, such as baked goods, teas, and ice cream. Treats skin ailments, improve sleep quality, and alleviates headaches when used as a pillow spray or in a diffuser. (Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2002) Attracts pollinators and acts as a natural insect repellent. Aromatherapy: Culinary: Medicinal: Gardening: Toxicity and Warnings References: https://www.gardendesign.com/plants/lavender.html https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1103 Https://www.junedarville.com/cooking-with-lavender.html Https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095688.329 Https://www.100percentpure.com/blogs/feed/6-reasons-to-use-lavender-oil-for-skin https://www.gardendesign.com /plants/lavender.html https://www.100percentpure.c om/blogs/feed/6-reasons-touse-lavender-oil-for-skin https://www.junedarville.com/co oking-with-lavender.html Wordart.com/ 195
Reference Page 1. Balogh, A. (2023, April 6). Growing lavender: Planting & care guide - garden design. GardenDesign.com. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.gardendesign.com/plants/lavender.html 2. Cavanagh, H. M., & Wilkinson, J. M. (2002). Biological activities of Lavender Essential Oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1103 3. Cooking with lavender: Best lavender steak. Simple. Tasty. Good. (2020, November 13). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.junedarville.com/cooking-with-lavender.html 4. Lis-Balchin, M. T. (2012). Lavender. Handbook of Herbs and Spices, 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095688.329 5. PURE®, 100%. (2023, January 4). 6 reasons to use lavender oil for skin. 100% PURE. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.100percentpure.com/blogs/feed/6-reasons-to-uselavender-oil-for-skin 6. Image Editor: Word cloud generator. Word Cloud Generator - WordArt.com. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://wordart.com/ Jianing Li 1006171367 BIOB38 Prof: Jeneni Thiagavel 196
Lavender Scientific name: Lavandula angustifolia Family: Lamiaceae Habitat: lavender's natural habitat is characterized by a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, and it prefers well-drained soils in sunny locations. Including North America, Australia, France, Spain, Italy, and Greece. Benefits: 1. Aromatherapy: The soothing fragrance of lavender can help reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. It is often used in aromatherapy to promote relaxation and improve sleep (Bowman,2021). 2. Pain relief: Lavender oil has analgesic properties that can help relieve pain from headaches, muscle aches, and joint pain (Cromkleton,2022). 3.Skin care: Lavender oil has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe skin irritations and reduce acne, eczema, and psoriasis(Bowman,2021). 4.Insect repellent: Lavender oil can repel insects such as mosquitoes and moths, making it a natural alternative to chemical insecticides (Harrington,2019). Active Compound: Lavender contains several active compounds that contribute to its medicinal properties. The most well-known and researched compounds in lavender are linalool and linalyl acetate. Linalool has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties. It can help reduce pain, inflammation, and anxiety, making it useful for treating conditions such as headaches, muscle pain, and anxiety disorders.Linalyl acetate also has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, and it is known for its calming and sedative effects. It can help promote relaxation and improve sleep quality. History: The history of lavender dates back thousands of years and is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean region. It has a rich history and has been valued for its fragrance, beauty, and therapeutic properties for thousands of years. It continues to be a popular herb today, both for its medicinal properties and its use in cosmetics and fragrance products. Tocinity: Ingesting lavender oil can be toxic and potentially harmful, and it is not recommended. The ingestion of large amounts of lavender oil can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and even convulsions.Pregnant or breastfeeding women should also use caution when using lavender, as there is not enough scientific evidence to determine whether it is safe for these populations. By. Sharon Li 197
Reference list Bowman, J. (2021, November 19). The many wonders of lavender: What it can do for you. Healthline. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/health/what-lavender-can-do-for-you Cavanagh, H. M. A., & Wilkinson, J. M. (n.d.). Biological activities of lavender essential oil - natural ingredient. Wiley InterScience. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from http://naturalingredient.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/Biological-Activities-of-LavenderEssential-Oil.pdf Coldwell, V. J., George, A., & Lee, L. (2022, December 20). Is lavender toxic to cats, dogs or humans? Gardender. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://gardender.com/is-lavender-toxic-to-cats-dogs-or-humans/ Cronkleton, E. (2020, June 5). 13 essential oils to help relieve pain. Healthline. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-relief/essential-oils-for-pain#oils-for-pain-relief English lavender – planting, flowering, pruning & care. Nature & Garden. (2023, March 16). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.nature-and-garden.com/gardening/english-lavender.html Richards, A. S. (n.d.). Types of lavender that grow best in your region. United States Lavender Growers Association. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://www.uslavender.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96%3A types-of-lavender-that-grow-best-in-your-region&catid=24%3Alavender-101&Itemid= 138 198
L A V E N D E R The herb has been used for centuries, throughout Ancient Greece and Ancient Egypt. It was used for cosmetics, often preserved for the aroma to scent their bath water, and was used as a form of holistic medicine and cooking purposes (History of Lavender, n.d.). Along with its healing qualities, it can also be used for aesthetic purposes. The plant can live up to five to seven years in ideal conditions. It must be grown in very hot areas with dry soil to prevent the roots from rotting (Balogh, 2018). Studies have also shown lavender can help with psychological disorders and its anti-inflammatory properties that help calm the nervous system (Koulivand et al., 2013). Now, lavender is widely used for aromatherapy. The flowers of the plant (the purple buds) are harvested immediately, steamed and distilled to make essential oils, that can be used once diluted (Basch et al., 2004). H O W C A N I T B E U S E D ? H I S T O R Y Lavandula or commonly known as Lavender, is native to the Mediterranean region, southern Europe, along northern and eastern Africa, and east of India (Koulivand et al., 2013). It is a herb a part of the mint family Lamiaceae. The active compound in this plant is called Linalool; it is a terpene that promotes relaxation and has anti-inflammatory properties (Buckle, 2015). Overall lavender can be safely used by humans, for aroma, and on the skin, and very small amounts can be digested if used properly in cooking. Although it's not toxic pets and children should avoid ingesting it. 199
Citations Auerbach, P. S., Constance, B. B., & Freer, L. (2019). Field guide to wilderness medicine. Elsevier. Balogh, A. (2018). Growing Lavender: Planting & Care Guide - Garden Design. GardenDesign.com. https://www.gardendesign.com/plants/lavender.html#:~:text=Lavender%20is%20a%20pe rennial%20that Basch, E., Foppa, I., Liebowitz, R., Nelson, J., Smith, M., Sollars, D., & Ulbricht, C. (2004). Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller). Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 4(2), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/j157v04n02_07 Buckle, J. (2015). Basic Plant Taxonomy, Basic Essential Oil Chemistry, Extraction, Biosynthesis, and Analysis. Clinical Aromatherapy, 37–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-5440-2.00003-6 Canva. (2012). Canva. Canva.com. https://www.canva.com/ History of Lavender. (n.d.). CACHE CREEK LAVENDER. https://www.cachecreeklavender.com/history-of-lavender.html Koulivand, P. H., Khaleghi Ghadiri, M., & Gorji, A. (2013). Lavender and the Nervous System. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/681304 Unknown. (n.d.). Lavender.jpg. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/d8/8c/39/d88c392d5b64e0b2f86e35bf5fe73afa.jpg 200
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- A myt of lavender originatd fom medieval tmes and was about four tieves who robbed te house of tose who suffered or died fom te Black Deat (17t-century plague). Tey would make herbal vinegar and apply it t teir body as protcton against te disease. Te herbal vinegar was known as te four tieves vinegar and contain lavender as one of te major ingredients. - Some histrical use: In ancient Egypt, it was used in making perfme and for mummificaton. In ancient Rome, it was used for cooking, perfme, bating and making insect repelent. - Lavender is also mentoned in te biblical txt and is referred t as spikenard. It oftn appeared as an ointment or perfme tat is used for purificaton, healing and fagrance. Cultural Significant, Histry, Folklore 7 6 5 - Scientfic name: Lavandula angustfolia Mil - It originatd near te Meditrranean Sea and grows in dry, hot and sandy soil conditons. - It is used in culinary, landscaping and essental oil - Lavender essental oil is used as herbal medicine in aromaterapy and is considered one of te most popular herbal remedies t countr stess, anxiet and depression - Some actve compounds found in Lavender are linalool, linalyl acetat - Tese compounds consist of sedatve, anxiolytc and analgesic propertes which alow lavender t teat anxiet and stess. - It is generaly non-txic, however, te actve compound linalyl acetat in lavender could cause damage t skin cels as a result of an alergic reacton. 4 3 2 1 2 8 2 Origin, Uses, Actve Compound,Toxicit 202
Reference: Assignment’s template and image: Perkins, Obrecht, & Adams. (2012). canva [Software]. Canva Pty Ltd. https://www.canva.com/ 1)López, V., Nielsen, B., Solas, M., Ramírez, M. J., & Jäger, A. K. (2017). Exploring Pharmacological Mechanisms of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Essential Oil on Central Nervous System Targets. Frontiers in pharmacology, 8, 280. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00280 2)Pokajewicz, K., Białoń, M., Svydenko, L., Fedin, R., & Hudz, N. (2021). Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of the New Cultivars of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Bred in Ukraine. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(18), 5681. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185681 3)Prashar, A., Locke, I. C., & Evans, C. S. (2004). Cytotoxicity of lavender oil and its major components to human skin cells. Cell proliferation, 37(3), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2184.2004.00307.x 4)Prashar, A., Locke, I. C., & Evans, C. S. (2004). Cytotoxicity of lavender oil and its major components to human skin cells. Cell proliferation, 37(3), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2184.2004.00307.x 5)Pivarnik, M. (2022, December 6). How to Make and Use the Legendary Four Thieves Vinegar Blend. Herbal Academy. https://theherbalacademy.com/diy-four-thieves%E2%93%A1-vinegar/ 6)Flower-meanings.com. (2021, March 30). Lavender meaning, origins, and other interesting facts. Flower Meanings. https://flower-meanings.com/lavender-meaning/ 7)Hibbs, A. (2022, June 14). Lavender’s Biblical Roots : Jersey Lavender Farm Article. Jersey Lavender Farm. https://jerseylavender.co.uk/lavenders-biblical-roots/ 8) Richards, A. (n.d.). Types of Lavender that grow best in your region. https://www.uslavender.org/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96:types-of-lavender-that-grow-best-in-yourregion&catid=24:lavender-101&Itemid=138#:~:text=Lavender's%20native%20habitat%20is%20the,much %20rain%20and%20it%20drowns. 203
References 7 plants that can naturally improve your health and wellness at home. UrbanStems. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://urbanstems.com/blog/guide/plants-that-improvewellness-and-home Lavender. Lavender - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (2017). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/lavender Lavender. Mount Sinai Health System. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/herb/lavender Maffia, N. (2023, February 22). Lavender meaning & symbolism. 1800Flowers Petal Talk. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.1800flowers.com/blog/flower-facts/all-aboutlavender/#:~:text=Lavender%20flowers%20represent%20purity%2C%20silence,higher%2 0purpose%20and%20spiritual%20connectivity. Picincu, A. (2019, April 15). Are there bad side effects of lavender oil? | livestrong. LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.livestrong.com/article/402048-are-there-bad-side-effects-of-lavender-oil/ 204
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References Bradley, A. (2016, November 4). Lilac: An edible and medicinal treat. The Practical Herbalist. https://thepracticalherbalist.com/advanced-herbalism/herbal-encyclopedia/lilac-an-edible-and-medicinal-tre at/ Elnagar, S. (2021, December 7). The story of the lilac flower and its meanings. Bouqueh Blog. https://www.bouqueh.com/blog/en/the-story-of-the-lilac-flower-and-its-meanings/ Witters L. A. (2001). The blooming of the French lilac. The Journal of clinical investigation, 108(8), 1105–1107. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI14178 206
The Japanese Tree Lilac History: The Japanese Tree Lilac (Syringa reticulata) was first discovered in Japan, it was described in 1875 by Maximowicz, a Russian Botanist. Introduced to North America in 1876 in Boston, United States. (Malik, 2021) Now it is used in Ontario landscape for its structure and pleasant properties Sturdy tree with a low range in growth, and fragrant, beautiful blooms, it's resistant to the majority of pests and diseases, transplants well and grows in a wide range of soil conditions in both urban and suburban neighbourhoods. (Beckerman, 2013) Habitat and geographic range: Native to southeastern Europe and eastern Asia. The environment for the best condition for the Japanese Tree Lilac is for exposure being the full sun. Prefers moist, well-drained soils but will tolerate alkaline clay soils. It is easy to transplant being 25 feet tall, and its blooming period is June in Ontario. Its flowers are fragrant, creamy white panicle flowers. It’s likely to be resistant to pests and diseases, although it may get powdery mildew during hot humid Ontario summers. (Beckerman, 2013) Also called ‘Ivory Silk’ for its young blooming age and small size. Well-liked in North American landscaping and can be seen in Ontario. Traditional Folktale: In many cultures, lilac was said to be used in traditional medicines. Lilac belonging to the Oleaceae family, many species have been naturalized and cultivated to be infused with alcohol used to treat gout, rheumatism and muscle/joint aches (Woźniak et al., 2018). Many countries like Poland, Bulgaria, Italy, and Greece have used an infusion extract as an antipyretic to treat colds, and coughs. This species, Syringa reticulata, is an Asian species which was said to help to treat bronchial disease. Other Asian species were used to help with lung and heart diseases, tooth pain, and antipyretics (Woźniaket al., 2018). Active Compound: Secoiridoid which is a Glucoside, which has been linked with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (Bi et al., 2011). Planting Warnings: Even though this species is well known to be resistant to pests and diseases, like powdery mildew, caterpillars and leaf miner lilac borers. You must remove damaged, dead, or diseased limbs, when necessary. This helps with a healthy stress-free lifecycle (Horan, 2022; Minter, 2022). 207
Reference List Primary Resources Bi, X., Li, W., Sasaki, T., Li, Q., Mitsuhata, N., Asada, Y., Zhang, Q., & Koike, K. (2011). Secoiridoid glucosides and related compounds from Syringa reticulata and their antioxidant activities. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 21(21), 6426–6429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.089 Woźniak, M., Michalak, B., Wyszomierska, J., Dudek, M. K., & Kiss, A. K. (2018). Effects of Phytochemically Characterized Extracts From Syringa vulgaris and Isolated Secoiridoids on Mediators of Inflammation in a Human Neutrophil Model. Frontiers in pharmacology, 9, 349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00349 Secondary Resources Beckerman, J. (2013). Syringa reticulata Japanese Tree Lilac. Landscape Ontario. Retrieved March 31, 2023, from https://landscapeontario.com/syringa-reticulata-japanese-tree-lilac#:~:text=The%20Japanese%20tree%20l ilac%20is,wide%20range%20of%20soil%20conditions.&text=Specimen%2C%20street%20tree%2C%20 tree%20lawns%2C%20groupings. Horan, G. (2022). Syringa reticulata 'Ivory Silk' . Syringa reticulata 'ivory silk' - plant finder. Retrieved March 31, 2023, from https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=f810 Malik, K. (2021). Japanese Tree Lilac | Space for life - espacepourlavie.ca. THE GREEN PAGES. Retrieved March 31, 2023, from https://espacepourlavie.ca/en/green-pages/japanese-tree-lilac Minter, M. (2022). Ivory Silk Japanese Tree Lilac. JNI Knowledgebase. Retrieved March 31, 2023, from https://kb.jniplants.com/ivory-silk-japanese-tree-lilac-syringa-reticulata/#:~:text=Ivory%20Silk%20Japan ese%20Tree%20Lilac%20has%20few%20problems.,wilting%2C%20particularly%20on%20stressed%20t rees. Recipe from Alexis Nikole on @BlackForager on Instagram https://www.instagram.com/p/CdrSGKaDzsK/ All images were found on Google on free domain 208
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Water Lily Water lilies are aquatic plants that are known for their stunning beauty and delicate fragrance. They have waxy-coated leaves on long stalks that float in still freshwater environments (Berry, 1999). The flowers are solitary and are borne on long stalks that are attached to the underground stems (Berry, 1999). The petals are arranged in a spiral pattern. Some species of water lilies only open their flowers in the morning or evening to attract pollinators (Berry, 1999). The fruit is typically nut-like or berry-like in shape (Berry, 1999). Water lilies are scientifically known as Nymphaea and have different common names depending on the specific species (Berry, 1999). They are widespread throughout the world, inhabiting ponds, lakes, and slow-moving rivers (Berry, 1999). Some species are indigenous to North America, while others are native to Asia and Europe (Berry, 1999). The white water lily, Nymphaea nouchali, is the national flower of Bangladesh, my home country, and is locally known as "Shada Shapla" (Mathews, 2023). Given the country's susceptibility to flooding, monsoons, and climate change, the white water lily serves as a symbolic representation of the resilience of its people in coping with these natural disasters (Mathews, 2023). While Bangladesh is also home to blue, pink, yellow, and red water lilies, the white ones are dearest to our hearts as it is associated with the purity and innocence of the Bangladeshi people (Mathews, 2023). The national emblem of Bangladesh features a white water lily encircled by rice sheaves and stars (Mathews, 2023). The water lily is also depicted on Bangladesh's currency, including the one taka note, which has been in use since 1973, indicating its cultural significance and importance to us (Mathews, 2023). Water lilies are known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, making them useful in the treatment of various ailments (Paudel & Panth, 2015). They are also effective in reducing fever, controlling blood sugar levels, and improving digestive health (Paudel & Panth, 2015). The seeds of water lilies are edible and have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries (Paudel & Panth, 2015). The petals of water lilies can be used to make tea, which have diuretic properties, aiding in detoxification and weight loss (Paudel & Panth, 2015). The extracts from the flowers improve skin texture, reduce inflammation, and protect against UV rays (Paudel & Panth, 2015). The active compounds in water lilies vary depending on the species (Jyoti, 2023). The white water lily contains Nymphaeine, an alkaloid responsible for the plant's sedative and calming effects (Jyoti, 2023). Nymphaeine also possesses anticonvulsant, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties (Jyoti, 2023). However, there is limited information available about the toxicity and hazards of this plant (Jyoti, 2023). Therefore, it is recommended to consume the plant in moderation, and individuals with pre-existing medical conditions should consult a healthcare professional before incorporating it into their diet (Jyoti, 2023). 211
Work Cited Berry, P. E. (1999, May 4). Nymphaeales | Characteristics, Order, Families, Species, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/Nymphaeales Cook With ME. (2019, December 10). Water Lily cooking with coconut | নারিকেল বাটায় শাপলা ভাজি [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2oQ20OjwM8 Jyoti, A. (2023, January 29). White water lily health benefits and side effects - foodthesis.com. Research on Plants, Nutrition, Tea & Superfoods. https://foodthesis.com/white-water-lily-health-benefits-and-side-effects/ Mathews, B. (2023, February 3). Discover the National Flower of Bangladesh: the White Water Lily. AZ Animals. https://a-z-animals.com/blog/discover-the-national-flower-of-bangladesh-white-water-lily/ Nelumbo nucifera Water lily Flower - flower png download - 600*438 - Free Transparent Nelumbo Nucifera png Download. - Clip Art Library. (n.d.). http://clipart-library.com/clip-art/water-lily-transparent-16.htm Paudel, K. R., & Panth, N. (2015). Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activity of Nelumbo nucifera. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/789124 Pink Water Lilies. (n.d.). http://forum.mflenses.com/pink-water-lilies-t82689.html PNG Mart. (2017, October 30). Water Lily PNG Photo | PNG Mart. PNG Mart |. https://www.pngmart.com/image/60424 PNG Mart. (2017, October 30). Water Lily PNG File | PNG Mart. PNG Mart |. https://www.pngmart.com/image/60496 PNG Mart. (n.d.). Water Lilies PNG Images Transparent Free Download | PNGMart. https://www.pngmart.com/image/tag/water-lilies Water Lily in the Rain | GirlWithACamera. (n.d.). Blipfoto. https://www.blipfoto.com/entry/2628209804442600887 Water Lily PNG Image - PNG All. (n.d.). https://www.pngall.com/water-lily-png/download/6995 Somraat, B. (n.d.). NATIONAL EMBLEM OF BANGLADESH VECTOR (জাতীয় প্রতীক, বাংলাদেশ). Logo Bundle. https://logobundle.blogspot.com/2019/09/blog-post_43.html 1 Taka. (n.d.). Numista. https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note204750.html 212
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References Canva Pty Ltd. (2013). Canva . Canva Inc. www.canva.com Clker-Free-Vector-Images from Pixabay. (n.d.). [Clover Leaf]. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/icons/MAEF06hgEYE/ Dior. (n.d.). [Diorissimo Eau de parfum promotional image]. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.dior.com/en_ca/beauty/products/diorissimo-F087422009.html?gclid=Cj0KC Qjw27mhBhC9ARIsAIFsETHq0kxESc8VgGox20oUY4QDTmsKknLXJoRt-nAKr15C1 Eb0fDWIy1YaAgr_EALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds Fink, S.L., Robey, T.E., Tarabar, A.F., & Hodsdon, M.E. (2014). Rapid detection of convallatoxin using five digoxin immunoassays. Clinical Toxicology , 52 (7), 659-663. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.932366 Hachi Studio. (n.d.). [Line Flower]. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/icons/MAEFreGfZC4/ NC State Extension. (n.d.). Convallaria majalis. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/convallaria-majalis/ OpenClipart-Vectors from Pixabay. (n.d.). [Flag of Finland Illustration]. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/icons/MAEFreGfZC4/ Ramachanderan, R., & Schaefer, B. (2019). Lily-of-the-valley fragrances. ChemTexts , 5 (2), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40828-019-0081-8 Sain, T., Sr. (n.d.). Lily of The Valley. Our Breathing Planet. https://www.ourbreathingplanet.com/lily-of-the-valley/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwuLShBhC_ARI sAFod4fJEcmy31fg5Go5FWQhihbKpEyfn4K1oyIyifSK46soIbZwv0FDhv8YaAmYwE ALw_wcB Sketchify India. (n.d.). [Buildable Gouache Lilies of the Valley]. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/icons/MAEdHBpQL7g/ Suwak, M. (2023). [Photograph of planted rows of lilies-of-the-valley]. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://gardenerspath.com/plants/flowers/how-grow-lily-valley/ 214
The House Beautiful Team. (September 20, 2022). Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis): the meaning, how to plant it, and is it poisonous? House Beautiful. https://www.housebeautiful.com/uk/garden/plants/a41245028/lily-of-the-valley/ Zok, Y. (2021). White lily of the valley in spring [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/HItxN3_eo2U 215
Madagascar Periwinkle CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS L. The most abundant and potent class of active compounds produced by the plant are alkaloids. These secondary metabolites are isolated from the leaves and stems of the plant and are used in drugs, cosmetics, food additives and fragrances. Catharanthus roseus, colloquially referred to as Madagascar periwinkle, is a flowering plant native to Madagascar whose use extends all the way back to ancient Mesopotamian civilizations. An overview of its morphology, chemistry and history reveals the various ways in which we as humans can benefit from incorporating Madagascar periwinkle into our lives. Madagascar periwinkle is endemic to the island of Madagascar, however, over the past century, it has been introduced to countries across the world for cultivation. It grows to be approximately 1 m in height and flowers all year-round yielding a beautiful array of pink, purple and white flowers. Madagascar periwinkle is used to treat a wide variety of illnesses and ailments ranging from hypertension to diabetes to menstrual problems. Traditionally, it has been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to heal cuts, burns and stings as well as to treat headaches and alleviate symptoms of depression. Most notably, the plant produces Vinblastine and Vincristine, classified as terpenoid indole alkaloids, have been experimentally shown to reduce the proliferation and survival of cancer cells. These compounds are currently used as anti-cancer drugs to treat a variety of cancer types including leukemias and lymphomas. 216
References Das, S., & Sharangi, A. (2017). Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.): Diverse medicinal and therapeutic benefits to humankind. J. pharmacogn. phytochem., 6(5), https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2017/vol6issue5/PartY/6-5-182-590.pdf Free stock photos, images, pictures - royalty free, no watermarks | CANVA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/features/free-stock-photos/ McDermott, A. (2019, September 3). Mixing magic and medicine: New study shows Mesopotamian doctors had to battle demons. Ancient Origins Reconstructing the story of humanity's past. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://www.ancient-origins.net/newshistory-archaeology/mixing-magic-and-medicine-new-study-shows-mesopotamiandoctors-had-battle-021828 Zell, H. (n.d.). Madagascar periwinkle. Roots of Medicine. Retrieved April 5, 2023, from https://dsps.lib.uiowa.edu/roots/madagascar-periwinkle-2/. 217
MARIGOLD BOLD colour Marigold flowers contain high concentrations of carotenoid pigments, which give them a bold orange or yellow colour. People use the flowers to make natural dyes for textile materials and food (American Meadows). The flowers contain many different yellow and orange carotenoids, like Lutein, α-Carotene, and Zeaxanthin (Zhang et al., 2020). Pest Repellent Marigolds are known to deter many insects and other animals. People use marigolds to repel mosquitoes and protect garden vegetables from herbivores. A variety of compounds in their essential oils and in their roots likely contribute to this, including several terpenes and antibacterial thiophenes (American Meadows; Bakshi & Ghosh, 2022). Pollination Butterflies often pollinate the marigold. The plant provides nectar for adults and habitat for caterpillars (American Meadows). Planting marigolds will likely attract butterflies to your garden. Cultural significance The flowers from the marigold plant (“cempasúchil”) are used in Mexican Dia de los Muertos celebrations. Their bright colour and strong scent are believed to guide the dead to their altars or ofrendas. The marigolds also represent life and the sun (Cano-Murillo). The plant is native to North and South America and was used centuries ago by the Nahua, before Spanish colonization, for medicine and to honour the dead (McKeever, 2022). Marigolds are also a part of Diwali celebrations, weddings, and other religious festivals in India and other Asian regions (McKeever, 2022). Latin name: Tagetes (Image from Microsoft PowerPoint 2023.) (Image from Microsoft PowerPoint 2023.) (Image from Microsoft PowerPoint 2023.) (Image from Microsoft PowerPoint 2023.) (Image from Microsoft PowerPoint 2023.) (Image from Microsoft PowerPoint 2023.) 218
References American Meadows. (n.d.). All about marigold. https://www.americanmeadows.com/wildflowerseeds/marigold-seeds/all-about-marigolds. Bakshi, L., & Ghosh, R. (2022). Marigold biopesticide as an alternative to chemical pesticides. Journal of advanced scientific research, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.55218/JASR.202213503 Cano-Murillo, K. (n.d.). The meaning of marigolds for dia de los muertos. Crafty Chica. https://craftychica.com/2020/10/meaning-of-marigolds-for-dia-de-los-muertos/. McKeever, A. (2022, Oct 24). How the soulful marigold became an icon, from mexico to india. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/how-the-marigold-became-aglobal-icon-from-mexico-to-india. Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Chen, X., Liang, F., Qin, H., Zhang, Y., Cong, R., Xin, H., & Zhang, Z. (2020, Oct 8). Carotenoid metabolite and transcriptome dynamics underlying flower color in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Scientific Reports, 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73859-7 219
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Reference List Butnariu, M., & Coradini, C. Z. (2012, April 27). Evaluation of biologically active compounds from calendula officinalis flowers using spectrophotometry. Chemistry Central journal. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3379952/#:~:text=Phenolic%20compounds%20 (flavonoids%20and%20phenolic,C. Decker, S. (2023, January 24). Marigolds. Lovingly. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.lovingly.com/featured-content/flower-meanings/marigolds/#:~:text=In%20fact%2C %20the%20use%20of,lives%20inside%20of%20a%20person.&text=The%20marigold%20has% 20also%20come%20to%20symbolize%20a%20feeling%20of%20despaired%20love. Edward Hodsdon https://www.petalrepublic.com/author/edward/. (2023, February 1). Are marigolds toxic to humans, pets, and other animals? Petal Republic. Retrieved April 7, 2023, fromhttps://www.petalrepublic.com/marigold-toxicity/#:~:text=Marigolds%20are%20not%20tox ic%20to,away%20from%20marigolds%20wherever%20possible. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Discover the medicinal benefits of Marigold and its uses in the food industry. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/video/180200/Overview-marigolds#:~:text=The%20flowers%20len d%20a%20dash,make%20them%20look%20 more%20 attractive. 221
Menthol H3C CH3 CH3 HO Menthol is the active chemical of the Canadian mint. It is the source of the fresh peppermint smell that this plant gives off and it has a wide variety of uses, some of which you may already be taking advantage of without knowing. It's commonly used in medications used for pain relief and respiratory conditions. Outside of it's applications in drug development menthol and by extension Canadian mint have many at home applications. If you're a gardener insect that are infest plant some Canadia crops.[4] The peppe natural insect repella insects think twice b on your crops. If the are not enough to d could collect some o leave them soaked in water for an extende like how you would the menthol from th
References Canadian mint Formally known as Mentha Canadensis this minty plant is native to many parts of the world resulting in it having a multitude of common names but here in Canada we call it the Canadian mint. If you're already interested in getting yourself one you're in luck because it is commonly found all over the country even in the northern territories. r and are battling with ting your garden you can n mint amongst your ermint aroma will act as a ant making those pesky before attempting to feast e presence of those plants deter the insects, you of your mint leaves and n a small amount of hot ed period of time much d prepare tea to extract he leaves. You can then take your minty concoction and spray it on your precious plants for a more potent insect repellant. Another use for the leaves would be to take then and brew some mint tea. This tea is considered to have a variety of beneficial effects such as helping to alleviate digestive issues such as gas and bloating and, unclogging sinuses.[2, 3] Menthol: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online. (n.d.). DrugBank. https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00825 Rozza, A. L., Beserra, F. P., Vieira, R., De Souza, E. L., Hussni, C. A., Martinez, E. R. M., Nóbrega, R. H., & Pellizzon, C. H. (2021). The Use of Menthol in Skin Wound Healing—Anti-Inflammatory Potential, Antioxidant Defense System Stimulation and Increased Epithelialization. Pharmaceutics, 13(11), 1902. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111902 Groves, M. (2023, March 10). 12 Science-Backed Benefits of Peppermint Tea and Extracts. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/pepperminttea#TOC_TITLE_HDR_6 Sugg, H. (2017, October 2). Why You Should Always Have a Pot of Fresh Mint in Your Kitchen. Cooking Light. https://www.cookinglight.com/healthy-living/home/mint-naturaldiy-bugrepellant#:~:text=The%20pungent%20nature%20of%20mint,roaches %2C%20spiders%2C%20and%20flies. NameThatPlant.net: Mentha canadensis. (n.d.). http://www.namethatplant.net/plantdetail.shtml?plant=928 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 222
April 7, 2023 1 Peppermint Peppermint is one of the most popular plants due to its many benefits and ability to spread. Peppermint, also scientifically known as Mentha Piperita L, is a plant that comes from the mint heritage, cross between water mint and spearmint, that originated in Europe and Middle East and was first found by Carl Linnaeus in England. It has now become diverse and is spread all around the world due to its rapid ability to spread. Peppermint has smooth stems and grows to a height of 30 to 90 cm. Peppermint can be incorporated in people’s daily lives due to its various benefits. Peppermint oil has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of gastrointestinal issues, including indigestion, IBS, children's stomach pain, and post-operative nausea (Chumpitazi et al, 2018). The anti-inflammatory properties of mint leaves aid in relieving any gastrointestinal discomfort. Menthol is found in mint, causing mucus and phlegm to be simpler to remove (Olsen et al, 2019). On the other hand, with improper use, mint and many herbs can be detrimental. Mint should not be used by those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) to relieve gastric discomfort due to mint frequently causes GERD symptoms to flare up (Newburry et al, 2019). Large dosages of peppermint oil can be hazardous, according. It is crucial to use peppermint oil in the amounts advised. Pure menthol is harmful and should not be consumed internally. 223
April 7, 2023 2 Reference: Olsen , N. (2019) Mint: Benefits, nutrition, and dietary tips, Medical News Today. MediLexicon International. Available at: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/275944#risks (Accessed: April 5, 2023). Newberry, C. and Lynch, K. (2019) The role of Diet in the development and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: Why we feel the burn, Journal of thoracic disease. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6702398/ (Accessed: April 7, 2023). Gupta, S. (2021) Did you know good old mint leaves come with these 8 powerful health benefits?, Healthshots. Available at: https://www.healthshots.com/healthy-eating/superfoods/8-powerful-benefits-ofmint-leaves-you-cant-ignore/ (Accessed: April 7, 2023). 224
Peppermint - Mentha x piperita Peppermint is a very versatile plant, with its uses ranging from cooking to medicine. The use of peppermint has been traced back to 1000 B.C., when it was found in ancient Egyptian pyramids (Spirling and Daniels, 2001) Known for its distinct refreshing aroma, this can be attributed to menthol, the active compound of the plant (Spirling and Daniels, 2001). Its essential oil is most commonly used as a flavouring for candy, drinks, food, toothpaste, and much more. Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) is a common herb found in almost all households. This plant is a hybrid between two other types of mint, spearmint and water mint (Riachi and De Maria, 2015). It originated in Europe and Asia, and grows best in shady, moist environments (Groves, 2023; Young Living Essential Oils, 2021). People began to incorporate peppermint into modern herbal medicine around the 1700s (Spirling and Daniels, 2001). As a tea, it is most often used to help relieve gastrointestinal issues like excessive flatulence, irritable bowel syndrome, and nausea; and as an oil, it helps with pain relief (Groves, 2023; Spirling and Daniels, 2001). The cooling sensation and antioxidant properties of peppermint help to promote healing (Riachi and De Maria, 2015). Despite this, some people have allergies to it, with one recorded case of anaphylaxis (Bayat, R. and Borici-Mazi, R., 2014). Peppermint used in tea, (adapted from Canva). Peppermint has cultural significance as well. It was mentioned in the Bible, Greek mythology, and by the famous philosopher Aristotle (Young Living Essential Oils, 2021). In ancient Egypt, peppermint was so valuable that it became a form of currency, hence the modern use of the word "mint" to refer to money (Young Living Essential Oils, 2021). Ancient Egyptian art depicting two people with herb-like plants, thought to be mint, (adapted from Egypt Today, 2021). 225
References Information Bayat, R. and Borici-Mazi, R., 2014. A case of anaphylaxis to peppermint. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 10(6). doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-10-6 Groves, M., 2023. 12 Science-Backed Benefits of Peppermint Tea and Extracts. From healthline.com website, accessed April 7, 2023. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/peppermint-tea Riachi, L.G. and De Maria, C.A.B., 2015. Peppermint antioxidants revisited. Food Chemistry, 176, 72-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.028 Spirling, L.I. and Daniels, I.R, 2001. Botanical perspectives on health and Peppermint: more than just an after-dinner mint. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 121(1), 62-62. doi: https://doiorg.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1177/146642400112100113 Young Living Essential Oils, 2021. History of Peppermint. From youngliving.com website, accessed April 7, 2023. https://www.youngliving.com/en_EU/discover/history-ofessential-oils/history-of-peppermint Images: Peppermint tea and background graphics - adapted from Canva, accessed April 7, 2023. Ancient Egyptian art - Mustafa, M., 2021. Inventions of ancient Egyptians never seize to dazzle. From egypttoday.com website, accessed April 7, 2023. https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/110825/Inventions-ofancient-Egyptians-never-seize-to-dazzle 226
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References Aleksic, V., & Knezevic, P. (2014). Antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of extracts and essential oils of Myrtus communis L. Microbiological Research, 169(4), 240–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2013.10.003 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, January 24). Mandaeanism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mandaeanism Dafni, A. (2016). Myrtle (Myrtus communis) as a Ritual Plant in the Holy Land—a Comparative Study in Relation to Ancient Traditions. Economic Botany, 70(3), 222–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-016-9350-2 Mizban, H. (2018, October 14). [In this Sunday, Oct. 14, 2018 photograph, followers of the ancient Mandaean religious sect perform their rituals along a strip of embankment on the Tigris River reserved for them, in Baghdad, Iraq.]. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/-----e4861d6f5ab04d45999683f7b6d129b7 Rd, H. W. (2019, September 30). What Are Essential Oils, and Do They Work? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/what-are-essential-oils Zaichenko, I. (n.d.). [Lemon Myrtle Detail isolated digital art illustration. Flowers on green stem, Australian hand drawn plant]. Dreamstime. https://www.dreamstime.com/lemon-myrtle-detail-isolated-digital-art-illustration-flowers -green-stem-australian-hand-drawn-plant-scented-ironwood-flowering-image178879284 236
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