CHRYSANTHEMUM × GRANDIFLORUM Chinese culture shoutout Chrysanthemum, also known as "Ju Hua" in Chinese, is most well-known for its benefits antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-hypertensive in Chinese medicine. Drinking chrysanthemum tea can get rid of toxins and "heat" in their system allowing people to be in a more relaxed, healthy state. It is also used as an acne reliever and to ease sore throats. The tea taste bitter at first, then it slowly turns sweet and aromatic. Moreover, it only requires simple steps to brew the tea, which makes it a great everyday drink. (Grandparents, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) Is It Poisonous? Chrysanthemum is a beautiful flower, however, it can cause skin irritation when comes to direct contact with the leaves. Although the toxicity is low and rarely fatal, the irritant oil in leaves could cause redness, blisters and dermatitis depending on the severity. (NC State University, [no date]) (Canva, 2023) Description Chrysanthemum is an angiosperm in the Asteraceae family. It is native to China, it has been cultivated in China for 2000 years and its flowers are commonly used in Chinese traditional medicine. (NC State University, [no date]) There is a wide range of flower colours, including orange, yellow, purple and more. (Calyx flowers, 2021) Chrysanthemum contains phenolic compounds, the major ones are flavonoids and hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids. The phenolic compounds present have been reported to offer human health benefits such as anti-carcinogenic and anti-virus. (Lin & Harnly, 2009) Common name: Chrysanthemum, Mums Scientific name: Chrysanthemum morifolium (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) (Canva, 2023) 91
References Calyx Flowers, Inc. Chrysanthemum - C. X morifolium (dendranthema X grandiflorum). Calyx Flowers The Flower Lover's Flower Company (2021, September 16). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.calyxflowers.com/floral-library/chrysanthemum/ Editors of Canva Designs. (2023). Canva Designs [Images]. Retrieved Apr 7, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/design/DAFe-5ygngg/A3gFSU0Cd26FzihyW6smbA/edit? analyticsCorrelationId=40e472ee-2587-49e9-ae00-1136b4e09211 Lin , L.-Z., & Harnly, J. M. (2009). Identification of the phenolic components of chrysanthemum flower ... Food Chemistry. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/39398/PDF NC State University. (n.d.). Chrysanthemum X morifolium. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/chrysanthemum-x-morifolium/ 92
CEYLON CINNAMON TREE AKA CINNAMOMUM VERUM Since the beginning of time, cinnamon has been considered valued greatly as aromatic substances and components of oils and fragrances in addition to being utilized as spice and remedies. The food, medicine, and fragrance sectors all use the bark of cinnamon oil. As it may be quantified precisely and adds a consistent fragrance to meat, various processed items, and confectionary, it has virtually supplanted cinnamon powder in the manufacturing industry. It is a pale yellow aroma oil that has a spicy and sugary scent. It is employed in the food sector for flavoring fast food items, spirits, condiments, pickled vegetables, baked goods, confections, and beverages. It is also used to spice meat. (Ravindran, P. N., et al., 2004) Since the beginning of time, cinnamon has been considered valued greatly as aromatic substances and components of oils and fragrances in addition to being utilized as spice and remedies. The food, medicine, and fragrance sectors all use the bark of cinnamon oil. As it may be quantified precisely and adds a consistent fragrance to meat, various processed items, and confectionary, it has virtually supplanted cinnamon powder in the manufacturing industry. It is a pale yellow aroma oil that has a spicy and sugary scent. It is employed in the food sector for flavoring fast food items, spirits, condiments, pickled vegetables, baked goods, confections, and beverages. It is also used to spice meat. (Ravindran, P. N., et al., 2004) ACTIVE COMPOUNDS : CINNAMALDEHYDE, BENZALDEHYDE, CUMINALDEHYDE AND TERPENES (ALMATROODI, S. A., ET AL., 2020). "ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTI-DIABETIC, HEPATOPROTECTIVE, NEUROPROTECTIVE, CARDIOPROTECTIVE, IMMUNOMODULATORY AND ANTICANCEROUS POTENTIALS OF CINNAMON" (ALMATROODI, S. A., ET AL., 2020). CINNAMON, IS STILL REFERRED TO AS "KWAI" IN CANTONESE NOWADAYS DESPITE BEING HOMEGROWN IN CEYLON (SRI LANKA). CHINESE TEXTS ON THE PLANT EXTEND TO APPROXIMATELY 2800 B.C. THE WORD "AMOMON," WHICH MEANS AN AROMATIC SPICE PLANT IN ARABIAN AND HEBRAIC, IS THE SOURCE OF THE SPECIES'S SCIENTIFIC TITLE. (FILIPPONE. ET AL., 2019) CEYLON CINNAMON IS INDIGENOUS TO SRI LANKA; IT POSSESSES A LUSCIOUS, ALLURING SMELL, SWEET FLAVOR, AND SMOOTH, PALE BROWN QUILLS. THE BARK OF CASSIA, WHICH ORIGINATES FROM VARIOUS ASIAN NATIONS INCLUDING INDONESIA, CHINA, AS WELL AS VIETNAM, IS TOUGH AND DURABLE, A DEEP BROWN IN COLOR, AND MORE POWERFUL AND SPICIER TASTING. (RATHNAYAKE, ET AL., 2022) 93
References Aliksir. (n.d.). Ceylon cinnamon, bark (Cinnamomum verum) essential oil. Aliksir. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://aliksir.com/en/plant-extracts/huiles-essentielles/ceylon-cinnamon-tree-cinnamomum-veru m-essential-oil.html Almatroodi, S. A., Alsahli, M. A., Almatroudi, A., Anwar, S., Verma, A. K., Dev, K., & Rahmani, A. H. (2020). Cinnamon and its active compounds: A potential candidate in disease and tumour management through modulating various genes activity. Gene Reports, 21, 100966–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100966 “Ceylon Cinnamon - Durga Interiors .” DURGA INTERIORS, Durga Interiors , https://durgainteriors.com/product/ceylon-cinnamon/. Cinnamon Tree Pictures, Images and Stock Photos. iStock. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/cinnamon-tree DavorLovincic, blizzard87, Helovi, Moolyboo, Natali22206, Rchphoto, StasWalenga, TommyIX, GarryKillian, seven75, Ziprashantzi, vuk8691, Pidjoe, Nuttapong, Jedraszak, Alisafarov, Häuslbetz, A., Artush, Racoonbtc, … Mediterranean. McIntosh, J. (2022, April 14). How to grow cinnamon. The Spruce. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.thespruce.com/cinnamon-plant-care-and-growing-guide-4690725 Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Cinnamon . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge. “Interesting Highlights in the Colorful History of Cinnamon.” Origin and Historical Uses of Cinnamon, The Spruce Eats, 19 Aug. 2019, https://www.thespruceeats.com/history-of-cinnamon-1807584. Grant, A. (2021, October 14). Ceylon cinnamon growing - information about Cinnamomum zeylanicum plants. Gardening Know How. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/ceylon-cinnamon/ceylon-cinnamon-care. htm 94
Rathnayake, Zinara. “Harvesting 'True Cinnamon': The Story of the Ceylon Spice.” Harvesting ‘True Cinnamon’: The Story of the Ceylon Spice, Al Jazeera Al Jazeera Media Network, 19 Apr. 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/10/18/harvesting-true-cinnamon-the-story-of-the-ceylo n-spice#:~:text=Ceylon%20cinnamon%20is%20native%20to,stronger%20and%20hotter%20in %20taste. Ravindran, P. N., Nirmal Babu, K., & Shylaja, M. (2004). Cinnamon and cassia : the genus Cinnamomum. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203590874 95
Coconut palms can be found along the shores of South Pacific and along tropical regions. They have active compounds such as tannins, catechins, and flavonoids (Lima et al., 2015). In many cultures, coconut trees are considered the "tree of life" due to its various uses from its roots, wood, fronds to its husks. In the Philippines, fronds are dried and weaved into hats and fans; its midribs are used as brooms; its sap is fermented into alcohol called Lambanog (Murai et al., 2021). Lambanog have 40- 45% alcohol content. Consuming too much can lead to methanol intoxication which are rare but can be lethal (De Luna, 2022). Palm fronds are also used in observing Palm Sunday, when Christians celebrate the moment Jesus entered Jerusalem (Sanchez, 2023). coconut (Cocos nucifera) 96
R e f e r e n c e s De Luna, K. A. (2022). 76 A Report on 83 Patients with Suspected Methanol Poisoning from Philippine Coconut Wine (Lambanog) Seen at East Avenue Medical Center: A Case Series. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 80(4, Supplement), S39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.08.099 Lambanog Projekte | Fotos, Videos, Logos, Illustrationen und Branding auf Behance. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.behance.net/search/projects?search=Lambanog&locale=de_DE Lima, E. B. C., Sousa, C. N. S., Meneses, L. N., Ximenes, N. C., Santos, M. A., Vasconcelos, G. S., Lima, N. B. C., Patrocínio, M. C. A., Macedo, D., & Vasconcelos, S. M. M. (2015). Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 48(11), 953–964. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20154773 Murai, M., Pen, F., & Miller, C. D. (2021). COCONUT: In COCONUT (pp. 36–66). University of Hawaii Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824884819-008 Palm Sunday Vector PNG Images, Palm Sunday Design Vector, Good, Palm Celebration, Greeting PNG Image For Free Download. (n.d.). PH | Tingting | Sweeping Broom (Walis Tingting) | 10pcs. (n.d.). Beagley Copperman. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.beagleycopperman.com/non-foodother-non-food-ph-sweeping-broom-walis-tingting Sanchez, R. (2023, April 2). What do Christians celebrate on Palm Sunday? CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/02/world/palm-sunday-meaning-christiantrnd/index.html 97
Coconut Tree Coconut Tree In many parts of Asia, the coconut tree provides a symbol of piousness and is central to rituals wishing for health and wealth . In the philippines, the coconut tree is referred to as the “Tree of Life” because each part of the tree has a use that can benefit the user greatly . Below are some examples… Did you Know? Did you Know? A compound known as lauric acid is found within the coconut fruit and can be used to soothe infections, make food, and produce hair products . Lauric acid is present in safe quantities naturally, but, like all substances, overconsumption can be harmful . The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a tropical plant that grows along the coasts of Mexico, South America, Asia, Africa, and Indonesia . This plant can be either short or tall and produces a fruit with a rough shell, white meat, and refreshing liquid . The husk can be used to produce a variety of products including door mats, ropes and furniture . Coconut water contains electrolytes that can reduce blood pressure, restore skin and rehydrate your body . Many products can be made from the meat like coconut oil, milk, and syrup that we can eat and drink ! The leaves of a coconut tree can grow so big that a person can use it as a blanket World Coconut day on September 2nd honours the benefits of coconuts worldwide Sometimes monkeys are trained to help harvest coconuts from the tops of trees Palm leaves can be woven together to produce sturdy baskets, roofing and disposable dinnerware . The roots are a natural mouthwash having anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties . The thick trunk is useful for constructing large scale projects including huts and canoes . Coconut trees do not have any known toxic effects, but the trees can still be dangerous because of falling coconuts . Also, falling from tree tops is a problem during harvesting, so it is necessary to take extra precautions . 1 1 2 2 3 3 Cocos nucifera 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 98
1. Reichgelt, T.; West, C.K. & Greenwood, D.R. Relationship Between Global Palm Distribution and Climate. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8, 4721. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23147-2 2. Rehan, R.; Jones, P. D.; Abdeen, H.; Rowas, H. & Dhaliwal, J. The dangers to children from coconut tree trauma, in KiraKira, Solomon Islands: A retrospective clinical audit. Archives of Public Health, 2016, 74, 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-016-0125-0 3. Schaefer, A. What is Lauric Acid? https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/what-is-lauric-acid. (accessed 02/20/23). 4. KconnectHQ. Coconut Tree Facts. https://www.konnecthq.com/coconut-tree-facts/. (accessed 02/20/2023) 5. Ahuja, S.C.; Ahuja, S. & Ahuja ,U. Coconut-History, Uses and Folklore. Asian Agricultural History, 2014, 18(3), 221-248 6. Love, A. The Many Uses of the Coconut Tree. https://gingerhillfarm.com/the-many-uses-of-the-coconut-tree/. (accessed 02/20/2021) 99
COCOS NUCIFERA COMMON NAME: COCONUT - Uses - Hazard Coconut falling from their trees and striking individuals can cause serious injury to the back, neck, shoulders and head, and are occasionally fatal. (The Tree Dudes, 2021) -Cultural Significance In the costal region of India, the fishermen offer coconut to the sea for expecting to catch fish in abundance. (Indian Eagle) Coconut grown throughout the humid tropical zone, particularly in coastal regions but also up to 1000 meters above the sea level. It originally from Southeast Asia and the island between the Indian and Pacific Ocean. (Lima, E.B.C., 2015) Coconut water (Canva, 2023) Coconut water comes from the liquid inside the young coconut, which is a kind of beverage. It contains 94% water and very little fat. It acts as a source of hydration, which can restore hydration and replenishing electrolytes lost during exercise. It can also lower blood sugar for people with diabetes and prevent kidney stones and heart disease risk. (Kim, R. F., 2023) Coconut oil (Canva, 2023) Coconut oil is a quick source of energy, which encourage fat burning and reduce hunger. It can be in a solid or liquid form. It uses for cosmetic purpose to improve the health and appearance of the skin. It can also reduce the severity of mild to moderate the symptoms of atopic dermatitis. (Meeks, S., 2023) Coconut milk (Canva,2023) Coconut milk comes from the coconut’s white flesh. It acts as dairy alternative for cooking and beverages, such as smoothies, soups, oatmeal and sauces. It helps for weight loss and improve heart health. (Meeks, S., 2022) - Active Compound Lauric acid is one of the active compound in the coconut. It prevents bacteria from multiplying without killing the bacteria and inhibit the growth of microorganisms that are harmful to plants. (Meeks, S., 2023) It can also decrease cholesterol and support the immune system. (Meeks, S.,2022) (Canva, 2023) 100
REFERENCE LIST: 1. LIMA, E. B. C., SOUSA, C. N. S., MENESES, L. N., XIMEMES, N. C., SANTOS JÚNIOR, M. C., A., VASCONCELOS, S. M. M. COCOS NUCIFERA: A PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH, VOL.48 (11), P. 953-964, 2015. HTTPS://WWW.SCIELO.BR/J/BJMBR/A/VJSRQJ9ZW8VCMKMD8M6FH9B/?FOR MAT=PDF&LANG=EN 2. MEEKS, S. HEALTH BENEFITS OF COCONUT MILK. MEDICAL NEWS TODAY. 2022. HTTPS://WWW.MEDICALNEWSTODAY.COM/ARTICLES/323743 3. MEEKS, S. 10 EVIDENCE-BASED HEALTH BENEFITS OF COCONUT OIL. HEALTHLINE. 2023. HTTPS://WWW.HEALTHLINE.COM/NUTRITION/TOP-10-EVIDENCE-BASEDHEALTH-BENEFITS-OF-COCONUT-OIL 4. KIM, R., F. 7 SCIENCE-BASED HEALTH BENEFIT OF COCONUT WATER. HEALTHLINE. 2023. HTTPS://WWW.HEALTHLINE.COM/NUTRITION/COCONUT-WATER-BENEFITS 5. THE TREE DUDES. TAKE YOUR COCONUT DOWN- THEY ARE DANGEROUS. MAY 12, 2021. HTTPS://THETREEDUDES.COM/TAKE-YOUR-COCONUTS-DOWN/ 6. INDIAN EAGLE. SIGNIFICANCE OF COCONUT IN INDIAN CULTURE & CUISINE. HTTPS://WWW.INDIANEAGLE.COM/TRAVELBEATS/INTERESTING-FACTSABOUT-COCONUT-IN-INDIAN-CULTURE/ 7. CANVA (ACCESSED OF 29TH MARCH, 2023) 101
Coffea arabica is an evergreen plant that has a lifespan of 10 to 15 years (1). Read through this page to learn more about this plant and its uses. C O F F E A A R A B I C A A R A B I C A C O F F E E P L A N T Figure 2. The stem of a Coffea arabica plant containing flowers and fruit. Image from Miller (3). PLANT USES Coffee production using the fruits of Coffea arabica The fruit of this plant, known as a coffee cherry, contains two coffee beans (the green endosperm in Figure 1) (1). The coffee cherries are processed by either a dry or a wet method to collect the coffee beans (1). The beans are roasted and used to make coffee (1). Medical Uses The essential oil of Coffea arabica has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects (2). This allows it to be used in medicine, such as a cough suppressant for the common cold (2). ACTIVE COMPOUNDS Active compounds in plants are chemicals produced for various functions, such as helping the plant defend itself (4). Some active compounds in Coffea arabica include: Alkaloids One important alkaloid is caffeine (a methylxanthine) (2). It is found in the fruit and leaves (2). Terpenoids Some examples are cafesterol and kahweol (2). These are found in leaves (2). Phenolic acids Some examples are chlorogenic acid and cafeic acid which are found in leaves (2). Catechins Examples include, catechin and epicatechin that are found in the leaves (2). PLANT TOXICITY One of the active compounds, caffeine, can be toxic to insects and cause paralysis (5). This plant can also be toxic to certain animals, like cats and dogs (6). CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Coffee, a drink produced using Coffea arabica fruit is important in many cultures, including mine. In my Eritrean culture, coffee is consumed during all events and family gatherings. The coffee is prepared by roasting coffee beans (Figure 4). They are then ground up, then brewed using cultural equipment. Finally, the coffee is served in special cups (Figure 5). Figure 1. The fruit of a Coffea arabica plant. Image from Farah et al. (1). Figure 3. Geographic range of Coffea arabica plant shown in the area highlighted red. Image from KVDP (8). PLANT LOCATION Habitat Coffea arabica is found in areas with high elevation, moderate and humid temperatures, consistent rainfall, and in tropical rainforests (1, 2, 7). Geographic Range Coffea arabica is found in areas between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (red area in Figure 3) (7). Figure 5. Brewed coffee poured into a traditional coffee cup. Image taken myself. Figure 4. Raw coffee beans ready to be roasted. Image taken myself. 102
Page of a Storybook Assignment - References Safia Mohammad, 1008076911 References: 1. Farah, A.; dos Santos, T. F. Chapter 1 - The Coffee Plant and Beans: An Introduction. In Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention ; Elsevier, 2015; pp 5-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409517-5.00001-2 2. AL-Asmari, K. M.; Abu Zeid, I. M.; Al-Attar, A. M. Medicinal Properties of Arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica ) Oil: An Overview. Adv. Life Sci. 2020 , 8 (1), 20-29. https://submission.als-journal.com/index.php/ALS/article/view/1024 3. Miller, J. Coffee plant (Coffea arabica): flowering and fruiting stem with floral segments. openverse, 1774. https://openverse.org/image/a36742fc-6985-4e6c-a198-d4eef497cc6c?q=coffee%20ara bica%20plant (accessed 2023-04-07). 4. Zhao, Y.; Wu, Y.; Wang, M. Bioactive Substances of Plant Origin. In Handbook of Food Chemistry ; Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015; pp 967–1008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36605-5_13 5. Matsuura, H. N.; Germano Fett-Neto, A. G. Plant Alkaloids: Main Features, Toxicity, and Mechanisms of Action. In Plant Toxins. Toxinology , 1st ed; Springer Dordrecht, 2015; pp 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6728-7_2-1 6. GLF Outdoors. Coffee Plant Toxic To Cats: Everything You Need To Know. https://www.gfloutdoors.com/coffee-plant-toxic-to-cats-everything-you-need-to-know/ (accessed 2023-04-07). 7. Taylor, K.; Verlinde, S. Coffea arabica - Arabica coffee. https://www.uwb.edu/wetland/plants/coffea-arabica#:~:text=Distribution%20and%20Habi tat,It%20is%20native%20to%20Ethiopia (accessed 2023-04-07). 8. KVDP. File:World map indicating tropics and subtropics. openverse, n.d. https://openverse.org/image/a36742fc-6985-4e6c-a198-d4eef497cc6c?q=coffee%20ara bica%20plant (accessed 2023-04-07). This assignment was created using Canva. Canva ; Canva Inc: Sydney, 2013. https://www.canva.com/ (accessed 2023-04-07). 103
tinental plateaus and in tropical areas thriving at altitudes of approx. 1000-2000 mm and are to be found in America and Caribbean Islands. (ALAsmari et al., 2023) The plant produces a coffee cherry, containing two coffee beans which is picked by hand or machine to extract, dry, roast and ground for the making of coffee. n the rolling hills of Ethiopia there grows a tree called Coffea Arabica that have captured the hearts and taste buds of coffee lovers all over the world. It grows in high conI The plant has a cultural significance especially where it is traditionally grown and consumed. In Ethiopian communities preparing and consuming coffee is celebrated at coffee ceremonies where they would come together and share stories. As coffee spread from Ethiopia to other countries it became an important cultural symbol and coffee houses became more popular. Today coffee is still a source of income for many people and remains an important part of people's daily lives. Medicinal uses of coffea arabica can vary across different countries. Males in cuba consume the seed's hot water extract as an aphrodisiac and nursing mothers in Mexico consume the seed's roasted extract to boost milk production. In other countries the coffee cherry fruit is eaten to treat liver problems, the soaked fruit is applied to treat nervous shock, and the leaves are made into poultice to treat fever. (Bisht, 2023) In addition to the many advantages that coffea arabica offers, there are some drawbacks as well. When we think of coffee, we typically think of the active ingredient, caffeine, and drinking too much coffee can interfere with sleep cycles, eventually resulting in insomnia and leaving one unable to function. Additionally, it can increase the production of stomach acid, which can cause a variety of digestive issues like heartburn. Many people can develop a coffee addiction and may exhibit signs like fatigue and headaches. COFFEA ARABICA ARABIC COFFEE 104
REFERNCES ALAsmari, K. M., Zeid, I. M. A., & Al-Attar, A. M. (n.d.). Medicinal properties of arabica coffee (Coffea Arabica) oil: An Overview. Advancements in Life Sciences. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.als-journal.com/submission/index.php/ALS/article/view/1024/463 Bisht, S. (n.d.). Coffea Arabica: A wonder gift to medical science - researchgate. Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Siddhraj-Sisodia2/publication/277430134_Coffea_arabica_A_wonder_gift_to_medical_science/links/57b29fa108ae95 f9d8f4d055/Coffea-arabica-A-wonder-gift-to-medical-science.pdf https://www.canva.com/photos/ 105
Look up your hardiness zone to learn how you can grow the chocolate cosmos! Cosmos diversifolius The chocolate cosmos is only native to Mexico, and has difficulty growing i in colder temperatures. The plant only grows year-round in zones 9-11, and in zones 7-8 if dug up and stored over the winter. The chocolate cosmos was once thought to be extinct, but was redicovered in the 1980s (Rice 2017). Though still rare, through the efforts of many botanists and horticulturists the plants are now being developed and grown across the world! Cosmos bipinnatus Cosmos candystripe (hybrid species) Cosmos sulphureus The Chocolate The Cosmos The “Eclipse” - a variant of the chocolate cosmos developed in 2016! Cyopreservation can be used for long-term storage of endangered and rare species like the chocolate cosmos (Wilkonson et al 2003). If the plant ever does go extinct in the wild, it will live on - in ice. A Hot Home Once Lost, Now Found The Chocolate Cosmos (Cosmos atrosanguineus) This øower smells like chocolate! Its petals naturally produce vanillin, the same compound found in vanilla beans, which is responsible for the plant’s sweet, chocolatey scent. Cosmos plants are known for their beautiful øowers, which attract many pollinators like bees and butterøies. Adding a variety of cosmos øowers is the perfect choice for any garden! A Frozen Future? 106
Works Cited Cosmos atrosanguineus. (2017). Plantopeida. photograph. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.plantopedia.com/cosmos-atrosanguineus/. Eden Brothers. (n.d.). Https://www.edenbrothers.com/products/cosmos_candystripe_seeds. Cosmos Seeds - Candystripe. photograph. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.edenbrothers.com/products/cosmos_candystripe_seeds. Hammett, K. (n.d.). Cosmos atrosanguineus Eclipse. photograph. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://plantipp.eu/uk/varieties/cosmos-atrosanguineus-eclipsehamcoecpbr#:~:text=Cosmos%20Eclipse%20is%20a%20great,this%20from%20July%20t o%20October. iNaturalist. (n.d.). Cosmos diversifolius. photograph. Retrieved from https://inaturalist.ca/taxa/273987-Cosmos-diversifolius. Joydeep. (2013). Cosmos bipinnatus pink flower. Cosmos bipinnatus pink flower. Taken at Burdwan, West Bengal, India. photograph, Burdwan, West Bengal, India; Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_bipinnatus#/media/File:Cosmos_bipinnatus_pink,_ Burdwan,_West_Bengal,_India_10_01_2013.jpg. Komaruzaman, R. (2019). Yellow cosmos in Kepahiang. photograph, Kepahiang; Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_sulphureus#/media/File:Bunga_Kenikir.jpg. Rice, G. (2017). The story of Cosmos atrosanguineus. The Plantsman, 16(2), 112–119. WILKINSON, T. (2002). Suitability of cryopreservation for the long-term storage of rare and endangered plant species: A case history for cosmos atrosanguineus. Annals of Botany, 91(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg009 107
Costus Igneus Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by the body's inability of producing βcells that synthesize the pancreatic hormone - Insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels of the body. The plant possesses phytoconstituents such as steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, and glycosides. They are responsible for pharmacological properties such as Antidiabetic, Antiproliferative, Antimicrobial activity, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Neuroprotective Roles. Commonly known as the 'Spiral flag' or 'Insulin plant' in India, belongs to the family Costaceae. Oral hypoglycemic agents possess various side effects, whereas, Costus igneus is a traditionally used medicinal plant that has the potential to increase insulin by strengthening β-cells of the pancreas. Leaves are the important part that reduces postprandial blood glucose levels. Palmitic acid is present in the leaf and stem, which can induce the degeneration of myofibrils in healthy heart muscles. Therefore, a physician must be consulted before consuming the plant leaves. It's a member of ornamental plants in south Indian Gardens and is native to Southeast Asia, the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. Noor Kundu (Mathew & Varghese, 2019) (Hajam et al., 2022) (Shetty et al., 2010) (Shetty et al., 2010) (Mathew & Varghese, 2019) (Hegde et al., 2014) 108
References: Images Primary and Secondary Sources Creative Platform Fallabel, C. (2022, December 2). Costus igneus: Side effects of the insulin plant for diabetes treatment. Healthline. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes/costus-igneus-side-effects Thebaghstore. (2021, November 11). Insulin plant, Costus Igneus - Plant: Thebaghstore - online indoor plants nursery. TheBaghStore. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://thebaghstore.com/product/insulin-plant-costus-igneus-plant/ Mathew, F., & Varghese, B. (2019). Global research online. A Review on Medicinal Exploration of Costus igneus: The Insulin plant. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v54-2/10.pdf Hajam, Y., Kumar, R., Reshi, S., Rawat, D. S., AlAsmari, A. F., Ali, N., & Ishtikhar, M. (2022, February 17). Administration of costus igneus nak leaf extract improves diabetic-induced impairment in hepatorenal functions in male Albino Rats. Science. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364722000921 Shetty, A. J., Choudhury, D., Rejeesh, R., Nair, V., Kuruvilla, M., & Kotian, S. (2010, April). Effect of the insulin plant (costus igneus) leaves on dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia. International journal of Ayurveda research. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2924971/#:~:text=Costus%20igeus%2C%20%5BFigure %201%5D,in%20their%20blood%20glucose%20levels. Hegde, P. K., Rao, H. A., & Rao, P. N. (2014, January). A review on insulin plant (costus igneus nak). Pharmacognosy reviews. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931203/ Noor Kundu Canva 109
CRANBERRY GOD OF BERRIES? Cranberry aka (Vaccinium macrocarpon) (Christopher Boswell, Envato Elements) Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is a plant native to North America and is widely known for its tart, red berries. The plant belongs to the heath family (Ericaceae), which also includes blueberries, huckleberries, and rhododendrons Cranberries are a rich source of antioxidants and have been traditionally used to treat urinary tract infections. The fruit is often consumed as juice or added to baked goods, sauces, and other food products. Cranberries are also used in the production of dietary supplements. Little history Cranberries have a long history of use by Native American tribes, who used the fruit for food, medicine, and as a dye. The berries were also used in various ceremonies and were considered a symbol of peace. In the 17th century, European settlers began using cranberries in their own cooking and eventually developed commercial cranberry farming. (The Cranberry Story, 2023) God of berries? There are so many active compounds in cranberries which multiple very common diseases. Procyanidins and polyphenols are the two most popular ones A-TYPE PROCYANIDINS A-type procyanidins in cranberry exhibit anti-adhesive effect against E. coli to the uroepithelial cells and the bladder epithelial cells, removing the 'hooks' from the bacteria, thus limiting the spread of Urinary tract inflammation and cystitis. (Nemzer et al., 2022) POLYPHENOLS Cranberry polyphenols may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease by making LDL more resistant to oxidation, preventing platelet aggregation, and lowering blood pressure. It also serve as dental antimicrobial agents by preventing cariogenic bacteria from producing organic acids and creating biofilms. (Nemzer et al., 2022) Cranberries grow in wetlands and boggy areas, primarily in the northern United States and Canada. Commercial cranberry production is concentrated in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Oregon. The plants are typically low-growing and produce pink flowers in the spring, followed by the characteristic red berries in the fall. (Cranberry Facts and History - Cooperative Extension: Cranberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 2023) Be thankful for cranberries’ health benefits all year long. (2018, November 21). Www.heart.org. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/11/21/be-thankful-for-cranberrieshealth-benefits-all-year-long Nemzer, B. V., Al-Taher, F., Yashin, A., Revelsky, I., & Yashin, Y. (2022). Cranberry: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Impact on Human Health: Overview. Molecules, 27(5), 1503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051503 The Cranberry Story. (2023). Nj.gov. https://www.nj.gov/pinelands/infor/educational/curriculum/pinecur/tcs.htm#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20cranberries%20is,%22%20and%20also%20%22pakimintzen. Reference: 0. 0. 0. 110
p j g p p y , p %22 Cranberry Facts and History - Cooperative Extension: Cranberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension. (2023). Cooperative Extension: Cranberries; The University of Maine. https://extension.umaine.edu/cranberries/cranberry-facts-and- history/#:~:text=The%20Cranberry%20(genus%20Vaccinium)%20is,the%20tropics%20in%20both%20hemispheres. 0. • N U T R I T I O N W E E K • PINEAPPLE THE BENEFITS OF FRUIT Rich in potassium, calcium, vitamin C, beta carotene, thiamin, B6, as well as soluble and insoluble fiber. WATERMELON Helps prevent kidney disorders, high blood pressure, the prevention of cancer, diabetes ORANGE Boosts immune system function, reduce signs of aging, protect against cancer, and boost cellular repair. LEMON APPLE KIWI 111
Has nourishing elements like vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin A, vitamin E, folate, niacin thiamin, and riboflavin. Helps improve digestion, prevention of stomach disorders, gallstones, constipation, liver disorders. An excellent source of vitamin C, vitamin A, folate, vitamin E, and vitamin K. Has antioxidant properties. 112
Crispy Wave (Harster Greenhouses Inc. 2019-2020) Asplenium nidus (Bird’s Nest Fern, Crispy Wave) Asplenium nidus, which is native to some Asian countries and Pacific islands, has been used locally in folk medicine for asthma and sores. Its sprouts are eaten in some tropical islands as a traditional aboriginal vegetable, and the plant is also wildly used as insect repellent (Jarial et al., 2018). It is a rich source of anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer phytochemicals. Flavonoid compounds constituent of gliricidin hexoside and quercetin rutinoside were isolated in recent years. The antibacterial activity demonstrated by the isolated compounds can be potentially proven useful as novel agents against harmful pathogens (Jarial et al., 2018). Crispy Wave is the name of a variety of Asplenium nidus originally cultivated by Japanese horticulturists as a houseplant. The bright green plant with unique wavy foliage was the result of over 30 years of breeding. It has superior air purification capability and is nontoxic to humans and pets. The wavy fronds greatly increased the leaf surface area, a main factor for the plant’s enhanced abilities to produce oxygen and to absorb harmful chemical particles in the air according to NASA’s air purifying plant study (Harster Greenhouses Inc., 2019). Citation: Harster Greenhouses Inc. (2019-2020). The King of Ferns. https://www.aerifyplants.com/crispy-wave. [April 2, 2023]. Jarial, R., Thakur, S., Sakinah, M., Zularisam, A.W., Sharad, A., Kanwar, S.S., Singh, L. (2018). Potent anticancer, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of isolated flavonoids from Asplenium nidus. Journal of King Saud University – Science. 30(2), 185-192. Saita saito Inc. (2012). Saita saito. https://www.saita-saito.jp/plant/?p=1051 [April 2, 2023]. Family: Aspleniaceae (Ferns) Description: simple light to bright green wavy fronds (leaves) of 10 to 150 cm long with leathery leaf tissue Origin and Distribution: native to the rainforests of southeast Asia, Polynesia, India and eastern Australia Habitat: thrives in warm and humid areas with partial to full shade from the sun, typically grows on organic matter but can survive as epiphyte or terrestrial plant Crispy Wave (Saita saito Inc. 2012) PLANT INFORMATION 113
DAISY Why Daisy is all over the world PG. 14 PG. 24 THE DAISY PLANT CONTAINS SEVERAL ACTIVE COMPOUNDS THAT ARE BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTE TO ITS MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. SOME OF THESE COMPOUNDS INCLUDE: FLAVONOIDS - THESE ARE A GROUP OF PLANT COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES. SOME EXAMPLES OF FLAVONOIDS FOUND IN DAISY PLANTS INCLUDE LUTEOLIN, QUERCETIN, AND APIGENIN. POLYPHENOLS - THESE ARE ANOTHER GROUP OF PLANT COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES. ESSENTIAL OILS - THE DAISY PLANT CONTAINS SMALL AMOUNTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS, WHICH ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC PROPERTIES. POLYSACCHARIDES - THESE ARE COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES FOUND IN MANY PLANTS, INCLUDING DAISY PLANTS.(HOWARD 1987) THE DAISY, ALSO KNOWN AS BELLIS PERENNIS, IS A FLOWERING PLANT NATIVE TO EUROPE THAT HAS ALSO BEEN INTRODUCED TO OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD. IT IS WIDELY GROWN AND CAN BE FOUND IN MANY GARDENS AND PARKS AROUND THE WORLD.(HOWARD 1987) THE DAISY PLANT (BELLIS PERENNIS) HAS BEEN TRADITIONALLY USED FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES. IT CONTAINS COMPOUNDS SUCH AS FLAVONOIDS, POLYSACCHARIDES, AND ESSENTIAL OILS THAT ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANALGESIC, AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES. THE DAISY FLOWER HEADS CAN BE MADE INTO A TEA THAT IS SAID TO HELP WITH RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS AND BOOST THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. THE PLANT IS ALSO USED TOPICALLY AS A POULTICE OR CREAM TO HELP RELIEVE SKIN IRRITATIONS AND WOUNDS.(BARRINGER 2007) DAISY PLANTS ARE GENERALLY CONSIDERED SAFE WHEN EATEN IN MODERATION AS FOOD OR USED TOPICALLY FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES. HOWEVER, AS WITH ANY NATURAL PRODUCT, THERE ARE SOME POTENTIAL DANGERS AND CAVEATS TO BE AWARE OF:ALLERGIC REACTIONS – SOME PEOPLE MAY BE ALLERGIC TO DAISY PLANTS AND MAY EXPERIENCE SYMPTOMS SUCH AS ITCHING, RASHES, OR TROUBLE BREATHING. DRUG INTERACTIONS - DAISY PRODUCTS MAY INTERACT WITH CERTAIN MEDICATIONS, SUCH AS BLOOD THINNERS OR DIURETICS. CONTACT DERMATITIS – IN RARE CASES, CONTACT WITH PLANTS MAY CAUSE SKIN IRRITATION OR DERMATITIS. TOXICITY - INGESTING LARGE AMOUNTS OF DAISY LEAVES OR FLOWERS MAY CAUSE AN UPSET STOMACH, NAUSEA, OR VOMITING.(BARRINGER 2007) DAISIES ARE RICH IN CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE, HISTORY AND FOLKLORE IN MANY CULTURES AROUND THE WORLD. HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES: LOVE AND INNOCENCE – DAISIES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LOVE AND INNOCENCE IN MANY CULTURES. IT IS OFTEN USED AS A SYMBOL OF YOUNG LOVE OR NEW BEGINNINGS. CELTIC MYTHOLOGY - IN CELTIC MYTHOLOGY, THE DAISY IS CONSIDERED A SACRED FLOWER THAT SYMBOLIZES PURITY AND LOVE. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GODDESS BRIGID, GODDESS OF FERTILITY, HEALING AND POETRY. MEDICINAL USE - DAISIES HAVE BEEN USED FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES FOR CENTURIES. IN TRADITIONAL EUROPEAN MEDICINE, IT IS USED TO TREAT RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS, AND TO BOOST THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. DAISY PLANTS HAVE PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CULTURAL AND FOLK TRADITIONS THROUGHOUT HISTORY. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOVE, PURITY AND INNOCENCE, MAKING IT A BELOVED FLOWER IN MANY CULTURES AROUND THE WORLD. (BARRINGER 2007) (DAISY BOUQUET IMAGES 2021) (DAISY BOUQUET IMAGES 2021) 114
DAISY BOUQUET IMAGES - FREE DOWNLOAD ON FREEPIK. FREEPIK. (2021, MARCH 29). RETRIEVED APRIL 6, 2023, FROM HTTPS://WWW.FREEPIK.COM/FREE-PHOTOSVECTORS/DAISY-BOUQUET BRITANNICA, T. EDITORS OF ENCYCLOPAEDIA (2021, SEPTEMBER 22). DAISY. ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. HTTPS://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/PLANT/DAISY REFERENCE BARRINGER, F. 2007. WILDFLOWERS FIND FAVOR WITH HIGHWAY GARDENERS. NEW YORK TIMES AUGUST 29, 2007. HOWARD, M. 1987. TRADITIONAL FOLK REMEDIES: A COMPREHENSIVE HERBAL. LONDON: CENTURY. ISBN 0712617310. 115
DANDELION Scientific name: Taraxacum officinale Weber Dandelions have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Active compounds present in these species include phenolic compounds (flavonoids) as well as terpenes (Gonzalez-Castejon, 2012). ACTIVE COMPOUND: Dandelions are a flowering plant species native to Europe, but they are widely found all across the northern hemisphere in the warm temperature zones (Gonzalez-Castejon, 2012). Dandelions can grow anywhere ie. lawns, fields and even wastelands. However, they tend to grow more in areas that have an abundant amount of sunlight (Hourdajian, 2006). HABITAT: EDIBLE/MEDICINAL USES: All parts of a dandelion are edible. Its roots, leaves and flowers provide great benefits and can be incorporated into the diet in various ways. For example, dandelions can be dried and used in beverages (ie. tea), young leaves can be used in salads, roasted roots can be used as coffee substituents and certain extractions of the flower can be used for flavour in desserts, puddings and more. Due to dandelions being rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties, they were found to have beneficial effects against cardiovascular risk factors, obesity, diabetes mellitus as well as cancer. The extractions of all parts of the plant have the potential to prevent the negative outcomes of several diseases. Dandelions also have detoxifying effects therefore it is also used to maintain liver health and treat systemic disorders (Gonzalez-Castejon, 2012). CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE: TOXICITY /HAZARDS: Dandelions are safe to consume for the most part and are known as a non toxic herb. There are no known hazards unless an individual is allergic. The recommended consumption amount is 4-10g (GonzalezCastejon, 2012). Leaves contain high amounts of fiber, minerals, vitamins and essential fatty acids (Di Napoli et al., 2021). Seeds dispersed via wind. Symbolize optimism, growth and good luck (Balasubramanian, 2022). Consuming dandelion roots lower cholesterol. (Gonzalez-Castejon, 2012). An average dandelions height varies between 2-14 inches (Roncoroni, 2019) (Image from Di Napoli et al., 2021). (Image from Covington, L. 2021) (Image from Northern Hemisphere 2023) 116
References Balasubramanian, H. (2022, December 5). Dandelion meaning, significance, benefits, and medicinal uses. Housing News. Retrieved April 1, 2023, from https://housing.com/news/dandelion-meaningsignificance-benefits-and-medicinal-uses/ Covington, L. (2021). Dandelion Tea. https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-dandelion-tea-5185775. Di Napoli, A., & Zucchetti, P. (2021). A comprehensive review of the benefits of taraxacum officinale on human health. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021- 00567-1 Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ González-Castejón, M., Visioli, F., & Rodriguez-Casado, A. (2012). Diverse Biological Activities of Dandelion. Nutrition Reviews, 70(9), 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00509.x Hourdajian, D. (2006). Invasion biology introduced species Summary Project - Columbia University. Retrieved March 31, 2023, from http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoffburg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Taraxum_officinale.htm Northern Hemisphere . (2023). Retrieved from https://nookipedia.com/wiki/Hemisphere. Roncoroni, J. (2019). How to manage pests. UC IPM Online. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7469.html#:~:text=Leaves%20vary%20in%20length%20fr om,%E2%80%9Ctooth%20of%20the%20lion.%E2%80%9D 117
Dandelion, which is scientifically known as Taraxacum officinale, is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The plant is indigenous to North America, Europe, Asia and is a highly prevalent invasive species that propagates in gardens, farmland, meadows, and uncultivated areas. Throughout history, this plant has been utilized for its health benefits. The various components of the plant contain phytochemicals that contribute to its medicinal qualities (Napoli et al., 2021). Dandelions possess numerous medicinal properties, which are attributed to the presence of phytochemicals in its flower, leaf, stem, and root. The primary phytochemicals found in this plant are carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polysaccharides. The plant contains beta-carotene, an antioxidant that shields cells from harm. Dandelion is composed of various potential bioactive constituents, including sesquiterpene lactones, taraxasterol, taraxerol, chlorogenic acid, and CRA. These elements are not toxic and may be utilized for their possible anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-rheumatic, and choleretic properties (Stud et al., 2016). Possible advantages of Dandelions comprise reducing cholesterol, enhancing the immune system, promoting digestion, and purifying the liver (Napoli et al., 2021). Dandelion has a history of being utilized for medicinal purposes in both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and European remedies. TCM has employed dandelion to address issues such as stomach ailments, appendicitis, and breast-related conditions like inflammation and insufficient milk flow. Meanwhile, in Europe, dandelion has been used as a remedy for various ailments including fever, boils, eye problems, diabetes, and diarrhea (Mount Sinai, n.d.). To make use of Taraxacum officinale, one can prepare a tea by brewing its roots, or add the leaves as a garnish to a salad. In Asian cuisine, the leaves can be used as a substitute for lettuce and cooked through boiling, frying, or in a soup. It is important to remember to clean them thoroughly before consumption (Mount Sinai, n.d.). Dandelions were given the nickname "fairy clocks" due to their characteristic behavior of opening and closing their flowers in a predictable manner. Additionally, dandelion was employed as a means of divination, with the number of seeds remaining after blowing a seed head being interpreted as an indication of the number of children one would have. During the Victorian era, dandelion was associated with the concept of love in the language of flowers. Dandelion has symbolized various other meanings as well, including wishes, welcome, faithfulness, divination, grief, bitterness, and the sun (Hunter, n.d.). Overall, dandelion is commonly regarded as a safe substance, although some individuals may experience an allergic reaction upon coming into contact with it or develop mouth sores. It is recommended that those who are allergic to ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigold, chamomile, yarrow, daisies, or iodine should steer clear of dandelion. Additionally, in some cases, dandelion can stimulate the production of stomach acid, leading to heartburn and skin irritation, as well as exacerbate bleeding for those who already take blood thinners (Mount Sinai, n.d.) 118
References Di Napoli, A., & Zucchetti, P. (2021, June 9). A comprehensive review of the benefits of taraxacum officinale on human health - bulletin of the National Research Centre. SpringerOpen. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-021-00567- 1#:~:text=Background-,Taraxacum%20officinale%20(G.H.,agricultural%20crops%2C%20pastures%20 and%20wasteland. Dandelion. Mount Sinai Health System. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://www.mountsinai.org/healthlibrary/herb/dandelion#:~:text=Dandelion%20leaves%20are%20used%20to,used%20to%20treat%20l iver%20problems Wirngo, F. E., Lambert, M. N., & Jeppesen, P. B. (2016). The physiological effects of dandelion (taraxacum officinale) in type 2 diabetes. The review of diabetic studies : RDS. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5553762/#:~:text=Dandelion%20includes%20potenti al%20bioactive%20components,and%20chloretic%20properties%20%5B37%5D. Hunter, C. (2010, June 20). Dandelion history, folklore, myth and Magic. The Practical Herbalist. Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://thepracticalherbalist.com/advanced-herbalism/dandelionhistory-folklore-myth-andmagic/#:~:text=Dandelion%20was%20used%20as%20a,and%20bitterness%2C%20and%20the%20sn. Lamiya Islam 1008166137 119
Dosage: 3–15 grams, standard 10 grams (Hempen, 2009). Cooking Time: Boil in water for 20 minutes. Warnings: Do not use if pregnant or breastfeeding. Do not use in the absence of blood stasis (slowing or pooling of blood flow). Consult a TCM practitioner or a health care provider if currently using blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs. Medicinal Uses: Danshen (also known as red sage) is one of the most popular traditional medicines in China, and it is categorized as an herb that invigorates the blood (Su et al., 2015). Its roots are highly valued in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and they are often used either alone or with a combination of other herbs to treat a wide range of illnesses – including irregular menstruation, renal deficiency, liver diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, insomnia, and epilepsy. Dried red taproots are typically boiled into a tea with a distinctive bitter taste; however, modern medicine has also produced it in the form of tablets, sprays, and capsules. Danshen possesses antipyretic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties and several other effects, such as stimulating blood flow to eliminate blood stasis and dilating blood vessels. The active compounds of Danshen include salviol, miltirone, and tanshinones. Habitat & Geographic Range: Danshen is a flowering plant that is present during all seasons of the year, and it is native to China and Japan (Cooper et al., 2018). It grows between 30 to 60 centimetres tall, and it possesses purple petals and red roots. The plant grows at an elevation of 90 to 1,200 metres (300 to 3,900 feet), and it favours flourishing along stream banks, hillsides, and grassy areas in forests. The plant is able to endure some freezing temperatures; however, they are vulnerable to drought and water logging (Lu, 2019). Its optimal air temperature for growth is between 20–26°C. History: Danshen was first documented in the second century B.C. in the oldest Chinese monograph, called "Shennong's Classic of the Materia Medica" (Lu, 2019). It was classed as a top-tier medication, and thereafter, it was recorded in several other ancient Chinese texts that were written more than 1,500 years ago. S. miltiorrhiza belongs to the genus Salvia in the mint family. Salvia originates from the Latin word salvere, which translates to “to feel healthy and well.” Moreover, the particular epithet miltiorrhiza translates to “red juice extracted from a root.” Thus, the plant’s scientific name appropriately corresponds to its characteristics. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) 120
References Cooper, R., Che, C. T., Mok, D. K., & Tsang, C. W. (2017). Examples of single Chinese and botanical medicines derived from TCM. In Chinese and botanical medicines: Traditional uses and modern scientific approaches (pp. 69-96). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315118956 Danshen tincture [Digital image]. (n.d.). Reverence Botanicals. https://www.reverencebotanicals.com/product/dan-shen-tincture-red-sage-tincture-salviamiltiorrhiza/15 Hempen, C. H., & Fischer, T. (2009). Herbs that regulate the blood. In A materia medica for Chinese medicine (pp. 570-571). Elsevier: Churchill Livingstone. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-10094-9.00015-7 Lu, S. (2019). Salvia miltiorrhiza: An economically and academically important medicinal plant. In C. Kole (Eds.), Compendium of plant genomes: The Salvia miltiorrhiza genome (pp. 1-15). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24716-4_1 Su, C. Y., Ming, Q. L., Rahman, K., Han, T., & Qin, L. P. (2015). Salvia miltiorrhiza: Traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 13(3), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(15)30002-9 Webb, J. (n.d.). 50 red sage seeds - Salvia miltiorrhiza - Chinese sage seeds danshen root TCM herb medicinal apothecary perennial flower seeds for planting [Digital image]. Etsy. https://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/1106450676/50-red-sage-seeds-salvia-miltiorrhiza 121
Dates The date fruit, Phoenix dactylifera, has long constituted an integral role in in the lives of humanity throughout history. Date palm trees, from which date fruits are harvested, are predominantly grown in hot, dry and arid climates, in regions like the Middle East, Africa, some parts of Central and South America and western South Asia, for both sustenance and decorative purposes (Figure 1) (Ibrahim et al., 2021) (Siddiq et al., 2014). Figure 1. Date palm plantation in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Arab News, 2018). During development, date fruits undergo 4 stages of maturity: the first is the immature stage, followed by three mature stages, Khalal, Rutab and Tamar, that increase in ripeness respectively with longer maturing periods (Figure 2) (Al-Qarni & Bazzi, 2020). Dates can be consumed at any of the three mature stages, however, are most commonly consumed when they are in the Tamar stage (Al-Qarni & Bazzi, 2020). As date fruits ripen, their moisture content decreases and sugar content increases (Siddiq et al., 2014). Figure 2. Barhi dates in various stages of maturity (Altaheri et al., 2019). The transition from a green to a brown colour as a date ripens is a direct consequence of the degradation of chlorophyll – a green coloured pigment – within it (Al-Qarni & Bazzi, 2020). Furthermore, the change in colour, from yellow to brown as the date enters subsequent maturity stages results from the breakdown of carotenoids, specifically the pigment lutein, which is responsible for a bright yellow colour (Al-Qarni & Bazzi, 2020). The floral and fruity aroma of ripened dates can be attributed to the various alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and terpenes present in them (Siddiq et al., 2014). Dates make an excellent energy source due to their abundance of carbohydrates, proteins, all essential amino acids, dietary fiber, and essential minerals and vitamins (Siddiq et al., 2014). However, nutrition isn’t the only department they excel in; the phenolic compounds housed within them are the main contributors to their antioxidant properties, helping prevent DNA and protein damage within the body (Siddiq et al., 2014). Their antioxidant effects are also intrinsically linked to their antimutagenic properties, as less damage to DNA and proteins results in fewer repair errors that could potentially manifest as cancers (Siddiq et al., 2014). Additionally, the higher potassium content in dates reduces the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease by helping control heart rate and blood pressure (Siddiq et al., 2014). Their low glycemic index and sodium quantity makes them perfectly suitable for diabetic and hypertensive people to consume (Siddiq et al., 2014). The date fruits, pits and pollen also contain reservoirs of phytosterols that play an important role in treating hormone related medical conditions (Siddiq et al., 2014). As noted by El-Seedi et al. (2019), the date fruit is a recurring, significant aspect of the Islamic faith, mentioned in both the Quran – the Islamic holy book – and also several Ahadith – the sayings and teac of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). As a result of this, dates tend to be an integral component of Muslim communities worldwide, to the extent that dates with some tea or coffee is the dish of hospitality and greeting in Arab and Middle Eastern culture (Figure 3). Figure 3. Dates and Arabic coffee; a dish served to guests in Arab culture (Chef in Disguise, 2018). In the holy month of Ramadan, Muslims are instructed to break their fast with dates in the following Hadith: Anas bin Malik (R.A) narrated that the Prophet (S.A.W) said, “Whoever has dried dates, then let him break the fast with that, and whoever does not, then let him break the fast with water, for indeed water is purifying.” (Jami’ at-Tirmidhi, 694). Another Hadith signifying the health benefits of dates is as follows: Sa’d (R.A) narrated that he heard the Prophet (S.A.W) saying, “Whoever takes seven 'Ajwa dates in the morning will not be affected by magic or poison on that day.” (Sahih al-Bukhari, 5779). Another interesting occurrence of dates is in verses 24-26 of Surah Maryam in the Quran, where Maryam/Mary (R.A), pregnant with Isa/Jesus (A.S), went into labour, and God comforted her by providing her a stream of water and dates, “…Do not grieve! Your Lord has provided a stream at your feet. And shake the trunk of this palm tree towards you, it will drop fresh, ripe dates upon you. So eat and drink, and put your heart at ease…” 122
References Al-Qarni, S. S. M., & Bazzi, M. D. (2020). Date Fruit Ripening with Degradation of Chlorophylls, Carotenes, and Other Pigments. International Journal of Fruit Science, 20(S2), S827-S839. 10.1080/15538362.2020.1770151 Altaheri, H., Alsulaiman, M., Muhammad, G., Amin, S. U., Bencherif, M., & Mekhtiche, M. (2019). Date fruit dataset for intelligent harvesting. Data in Brief, 26, 2352-3409. 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104514 Arab News. (2018). [Image of a date palm tree plantation in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia]. 1.9 million Sufri palm trees in Bisha enhance economic resources. 1.9 million Sufri palm trees in Bisha enhance economic resources | Arab News Canva. (accessed 2023-04-07). https://www.canva.com Chef in Disguise. (2018). Saudi coffee [image]. Arabic coffee. Arabic coffee – Chef in disguise El-Seedi, H. R., Khalifa, S. A. M., Yosri, N., Khatib, A., Chen, L., Saeed, A., Efferth, T., & Verpoorte, R. (2019). Plants mentioned in the Islamic Scriptures (Holy Qur'ân and Ahadith): Traditional uses and medicinal importance in contemporary times. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 243, 0378-8741. 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112007 Ibrahim, S. A., Ayad, A. A., Williams, L. L., Ayivi, R. D., Gyawali, R., Krastanov, A., & Aljaloud, S. O. (2021). Date fruit: a review of the chemical and nutritional compounds, functional effects and food application in nutrition bars for athletes. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56, 1503-1513. 10.1111/ijfs.14783 Jami' at-Tirmidhi, 694. Book 8, Hadith 13. Jami` at-Tirmidhi 694 - The Book - com.Sunnah - كتاب الصوم عن رسول هللا صىل هللا عليه وسلم - Fasting on Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (سلم و عليه هللا صىل( Sahih al-Bukhari, 5779. Book 76, Hadith 91. Sahih al-Bukhari 5779 - Medicine - الطب كتاب - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet (صىل هللا عليه و سلم) Muhammad Siddiq, M., Aleid, S. M., & Kader, A. A. (2014). Dates: Postharvest Science, Processing Technology and Health Benefits. John Wiley & Sons. 10.1002/9781118292419 The Holy Qur'an. Chapter 19 (Surah Maryam), Verses 24-26. Surah Maryam - 1-98 - Quran.com 123
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References Images Distribution map: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048021.g001 Central image: https://a-z-animals.com/media/2022/06/dates-fruts-picture-id1211281586- 1024x614.jpg Background: https://www.loc.gov/resource/highsm.12189/?r=-0.773,-0.006,2.547,1.418,0 Emblem of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Text doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048021.g001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm Sallon, Sarah; Cherif, Emira; Chabrillange, Nathalie; Solowey, Elaine; Gros-Balthazard, Muriel; Ivorra, Sarah; Terral, Jean-Frédéric; Egli, Markus; Aberlenc, Frédérique (7 February 2020). "Origins and insights into the historic Judean date palm based on genetic analysis of germinated ancient seeds and morphometric studies". Science Advances. 6 (6): eaax0384. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax0384. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7002127. PMID 32076636. Burrow, T. (Thomas); Emeneau, M. B. ; 1904-; (Murray Barnson) (4 March 1984). "A Dravidian etymological dictionary". dsal.uchicago.edu. 125
BREAD OF THE DESERT: THE DATE PALM AND ITS DATES The cultural and religious significance of dates extends back thousands of years, with various civilizations such as the Egyptians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Sumerians preserving the tree's significance in ancient texts and artwork (Al-Jabri, 2014). From a religious stance, dates are relevant to many Abrahamic religions. For example, in the Muslim world, dates are considered sacred and are often used to break one’s fast during the holy month of Ramadan (Al-Shwyeh, 2019); additionally, dates are the most mentioned fruit in the Holy Quran (AlShwyeh, 2019). Dates can be eaten fresh or dried and can be used in a number of dishes (Barajas & Robinson, 2002). Dates are well known for their nutritious content which includes proteins, minerals, vitamins, and dietary fibers, and various active compounds such as antioxidants (Al-Shwyeh, 2019) - which protect the cell from harmful, unstable molecules called free-radicals (Elliott, 2022). For example, phenolic compounds in dates contribute to the fruit serving as a natural antioxidant allowing the date palm to defend itself from bacterial pathogens (Al-Shwyeh, 2019) such as a fungal pathogen called Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa) (Bouhlali et al., 2020). Other antioxidants include Carotenoids and Flavonoids which also contribute to fighting off and decreasing the risk of diseases in humans such as Alzheimers and eye-related disorders (Elliott, 2022). Dates are generally considered safe to eat, however, consuming large quantities of the fruit may cause weight gain and increased potassium levels; the fruit may also cause abdominal issues and skin rashes in some individuals (Tadimalla, 2023). The date palm, scientifically called Phoenix dactyliferai, is an angiosperm (flowering plant) that belongs to the family Arecaceae - the palm family (Al-Shwyeh, 2019). The plant is largely grown for the consumption of its fruits, dates. The tree thrives in a desert environment, where high temperatures and dry, arid climate allow for the proper growth of its fruits; with that, this plant is mostly found in West Asia and North Africa but is not strictly limited to those regions (Al-Jabri, 2014). Roughly 90% of date palms are produced in the Middle East (Al-Shwyeh, 2019). Introduction A Glimpse Through time The fruit - Dates! Conclusion Overall, dates have been used by humans for thousands of years for their medicinal and nutritional benefits; provided that they are not ingested in excess, dates should be a reasonably healthy addition to our diets. Figure 1: Date Palm Trees (Puisis, 2022) Figure 2: Date palm trees are either male or female; the image depicts female date palm flowers (Das, 2018) Figure 3: A piece of assyrian art depicting a sacred palm tree (Raina, 2017) Figure 4: Isolated Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Bahriz & Bouras, 2020) Figure 5: Dates (Perkins et al., 2012) Figure 6: Dates (Perkins et al., 2012) Figure 7: Served dates and tea (Perkins et al., 2012) 126
REFERENCES Link to Interactive References (Can click links): https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jkCPL0YACYhgMsjZcemj ausnE2-AysVscAcjiKhyop4/edit?usp=sharing 127
Datura: The Devil's Trumpet Datura is the genus chosen rather than the individual species names as more people refer to it as datura or one of the common names (jimsonweed, sacred datura, devil’s weed). Some common species include Datura stramonium, Datura metel, and more. The active compounds include scopolamine and atropine. At low doses, datura can be used to treat diseases affecting the brain and nervous system. For example, the plant can be eaten to treat depression, a condition where people experience intense or long periods of sadness. Otherwise, the leaves, flowers, or seeds can be ground up to make a paste that can be applied to the skin to relieve pain. At medium doses, the plant can cause hallucinations, meaning you can see or hear things that are not there. These hallucinations can be terrifying, and people have compared it to a “living nightmare” that lasts many hours or even days. For example, people commonly report seeing hundreds of spiders/insects crawling on them. In contrast, others report seeing demon-like “shadow people.” At higher doses, the plant is poisonous. The plant can cause paralysis (a condition where you can’t move your body), seizures (a condition where the body shakes or jerks uncontrollably), and death. The dosage that causes hallucinations and the dosage that causes death is very close, so it’s often avoided altogether. The main species are native to Mexico, Central America, India, and China. However, they are found on almost all continents, growing as weeds in disturbed or dirty soil. They like direct sun and grow best in warmer countries. Another use of this plant is for religious or spiritual ceremonies. For example, in Mexico, the plant is thought to be used to connect with deceased relatives or spirits and is considered sacred. Likewise, in Buddhist traditions, they see the plant as representing strength and caution. Conversely, in European countries, they thought it to be evil, and many people who were caught with it were accused of witchcraft. 128
Text with references Datura is the genus chosen rather than the individual species names as more people refer to it as datura or one of the common names (Jimsonweed, sacred datura, devil’s weed). Some common species include Datura stramonium, Datura metel, and more. The active compounds include scopolamine and atropine. At low doses, datura can be used to treat diseases affecting the brain and nervous system (Joshua et al., 2022). For example, the plant can be eaten to treat depression, a condition where people experience intense or long periods of sadness. Otherwise, the leaves, flowers, or seeds can be ground up to make a paste that can be applied to the skin to relieve pain. At medium doses, the plant can cause hallucinations, meaning you can see or hear things that are not there (Karadas et al., 2011). These hallucinations can be terrifying, and people have compared it to a “living nightmare” that lasts many hours or even days. For example, people commonly report seeing hundreds of spiders/insects crawling on them. In contrast, others report seeing demon-like “shadow people.” At higher doses, the plant is poisonous. The plant can cause paralysis (a condition where you can’t move your body), seizures (a condition where the body shakes or jerks uncontrollably), and death. The dosage that causes hallucinations and the dosage that causes death is very close, so it’s often avoided altogether. The main species are native to Mexico, Central America, India, and China. However, they are found on almost all continents, growing as weeds in disturbed or dirty soil (Editors of Encyclopaedia, 2023). They like direct sun and grow best in warmer countries. Another use of this plant is for religious or spiritual ceremonies. For example, in Mexico, the plant is thought to be used to connect with deceased relatives or spirits and is considered sacred. Likewise, in Buddhist traditions, they see the plant as representing strength and caution. Conversely, in European countries, they thought it to be evil, and many people who were caught with it were accused of witchcraft. Intext citations for images as appeared from top to bottom: (Torres, 2012) (White, 2020) (Saeed, 2021) (Lorthiois, 2023) 129
References Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023). datura. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/Datura Joshua, P. E., Yahaya, J., Ekpo, D. E., Ogidigo, J. O., Odiba, A. S., Asomadu, R. O., Oka, S. A., & Adeniyi, O. S. (2022). Modulation of immunological responses by aqueous extract of Datura stramonium L. seeds on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in Wistar rats. BioMed Central. 10.1186/s12865-022-00519-y Karadas, S., Selvi, Y., & Ozgokce, F. (2011). Datura Stramonium Intoxication: Report of a Case with Psychiatric Symptoms10.5350/DAJPN2011240210 Lorthiois, G. (2023, January 10). Brugmansia versus datura, how to tell the differences apart. Nature & Garden. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.nature-and-garden.com/gardening/datura-or-brugmansia.html Saeed, M. (2021, May 26). Can using heroin cause hallucinations & why they happen. Into Action Recovery Centers. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.intoactionrecovery.com/does-heroin-cause-hallucinations/ Torres, V. (2012). Mayan shaman in the XCARET show in Mexico editorial stock image - image of ceremony, ethnicity: 26238454. Dreamstime. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-mayan-shaman-xcaret-show-mexico-imag e26238454 White, C. (2020). How to grow datura (devil’s trumpets). Dengarden. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://dengarden.com/gardening/How-to-Grow-Datura-Devils-Trumpets 130
Dragon Fruit DEPENDS ON THE PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE FRUIT RED SKIN AND WHITE FLESH ►HYLOCEREUS UNDATUS RED SKIN AND RED FLESH ►HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS YELLOW SKIN AND WHITE FLESH ►HYLOCEREUS MEGALANTHUS SCIENTIFIC NAME DRAGON FRUIT, STRAWBERRY PEAR, PITAYA COMMON NAMES ORIGINALLY FOUND IN CENTRAL AMERICA, BUT HAS SPREAD WORLDWIDE AND IS CULTIVATED IN ASIA (MAINLY SOUTHERN AND SOUTH EASTERN) AND AUSTRALIA USUALLY GROWS IN TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FORESTS THE FRUIT ITSELF GROWS ON CACTUS VINES MOST GROWTH OCCURS IN AREAS WITH LITTLE RAINFALL, AS EXCESS WATER CONTRIBUTES TO ROTTEN FRUIT HABITAT, GEOGRAPHIC RANGE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS TERPENOIDS – A MODIFIED TYPE OF TERPENE THAT CONTAINS OXYGEN RATHER THAN A HYDROCARBON FATTY ACIDS BETACYANIN – A PIGMENT ACTIVE COMPOUNDS EDIBLE USES CAN BE EATEN RAW OR ADDED TO DIET THROUGH DRINKS AND SNACKS CAN ALSO BE STEEPED FOR TEA OR ADDED TO SALADS VERY HIGH IN FIBRE AND INCLUDES A VARIETY OF VITAMINS MEDICINAL USES ANTI-OXIDANT PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, CAROTENES, AND VITAMINS IN THE FRUIT HELP DECREASE THE RISK OF CELL DAMAGE ANTI-MICROBIAL EXTRACTS FROM THE FRUIT’S SKIN CAN BE USED TO COMBAT INFECTIONS AND PROMOTE HEALING ANTI-DIABETIC PROPERTIES HELPS CONSERVE INSULIN, WHICH HELPS TO MAINTAIN HEALTHY BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS ESSENTIAL OIL CAN BE USED IN CREAMS AND MOISTURIZERS TO PROTECT THE SKIN AGAINST POLLUTANTS CAN ALSO BE USED IN ANTI-AGING COSMETICS USES GENERALLY, DRAGON FRUIT IS SAFE TO CONSUME BUT OVERCONSUMPTION IS NOT GOOD OVERCONSUMPTION CAN LEAD TO: GAS, BLOATING, AND EVEN DIARRHEA DUE TO INCREASED LEVELS OF FIBRE AN INCREASE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN OUR SYSTEM WHERE ANTIOXIDANTS ARE A HELPFUL DEFENCE MECHANISM, AN EXCESS CAN INTERFERE WITH OUR BODY’S REGULAR FUNCTIONING AND ABSORPTION OF OTHER VITAMINS AND NUTRIENTS FOR SOME INDIVIDUALS, EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION MAY ALSO CAUSE LOW BLOOD PRESSURE, WHICH CAN LEAD TO DIZZINESS AND FATIGUE ALLERGIC REACTIONS AREN’T COMMON BUT MAY STILL OCCUR TOXICITY / HAZARDS / WARNINGS VARIOUS ACCOUNTS OF CHINESE FOLKLORE STATE THAT DURING A BATTLE WITH A DRAGON, THE LAST THING THAT WOULD COME OUT OF A DRAGON AFTER BREATHING FIRE, WAS A DRAGON FRUIT. THE FRUIT WOULD THEN BE PRESENTED TO THE EMPEROR AS TREASURE AS A SYMBOL OF VICTORY FOLKLORE 1 1 2, 3, 4 1 5 6 1, 7 1 1, 8 9 1 2 3 4 131
Joshi, M. (2020). Phytoconstituents and pharmaco-therapeutic benefits of pitaya: A wonder fruit. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13260 https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/dragonfruit-pitahaya-pitaya https://www.livinghouse.ca/news/title/how-to-care-for-dragon-fruit-cactus/ http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/petrini_juli/habitat.htm https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Athabasca_University/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II/Chapter_ 27%3A_Biomolecules_-_Lipids/27.05_Terpenoids https://www.lifebeyondtourism.org/dragon-fruit/ https://www.specialtyproduce.com/produce/Dragon_Fruit_Flower_Buds_14167.php https://www.natureinbottle.com/product/dragonfruit_pitahaya_oil https://fischerinstitute.com/side-effects-eating-too-many-dragon-fruits/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Works Cited Images https://www.sarasotamagazine.com/eat-and-drink/2020/07/six-delicious-summer-fruits-to-try-rightnow https://sowexotic.com/products/yellow-dragon-fruit-selenicereus-megalanthus https://www.emedihealth.com/nutrition/dragon-fruit-health-benefits https://youtu.be/-lzqCJToLNI https://wallpapercave.com/dragon-fruit-wallpapers (background) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Assignment itself was put together using Canva. 132
Works Cited 1. Joshi, M. (2020). Phytoconstituents and pharmaco-therapeutic benefits of pitaya: A wonder fruit. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13260 2. https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/dragonfruit-pitahaya-pitaya 3. https://www.livinghouse.ca/news/title/how-to-care-for-dragon-fruit-cactus/ 4. http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/petrini_juli/habitat.htm 5. https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Athabasca_University/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_ Chemistry_II/Chapter_27%3A_Biomolecules_-_Lipids/27.05_Terpenoids 6. https://www.lifebeyondtourism.org/dragon-fruit/ 7. https://www.specialtyproduce.com/produce/Dragon_Fruit_Flower_Buds_14167.php 8. https://www.natureinbottle.com/product/dragonfruit_pitahaya_oil 9. https://fischerinstitute.com/side-effects-eating-too-many-dragon-fruits/ Images 1. https://www.sarasotamagazine.com/eat-and-drink/2020/07/six-delicious-summer-fruits-to -try-right-now 2. https://sowexotic.com/products/yellow-dragon-fruit-selenicereus-megalanthus 3. https://www.emedihealth.com/nutrition/dragon-fruit-health-benefits 4. https://youtu.be/-lzqCJToLNI 5. https://wallpapercave.com/dragon-fruit-wallpapers (background) Assignment itself was put together using Canva. 133
Eelgrass is one of 60 species of sea grass found across the planet. Seagrasses grow in coastal and estuarine habitats around the world (Howarth et al., 2021). They have a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, ranging from subtropical to subpolar regions of North America and Eurasia. It can tolerate low temperatures, which allows it suitably inhabit harsh arctic climates. Eelgrass is a marine angiosperm (flowering plant), with long stems and narrow leaves that emerge from horizontal underground stems (Fig 2). It reproduces both sexually and vegetatively, producing flowers and seeds as well as spreading via rhizome fragments (Howarth et al., 2021). It provides many services for the ecosystem, such as stabilizing sediments, reducing wave energy, enhancing water quality, sequestering carbon, and supporting biodiversity. It is a habitat for many fish and invertebrate species, as well as a food source for waterfowl and other herbivores. EELGRASS Zostera marina Figure 1: Geographic distribution of Ealgrass. Credit: (Wikipedia, 2022) Victor Preda Figure 2: Morphological structures of Zostera marina . (Howarth et al., 2021) Credit: (Orth et al., 2007) Eelgrass, along with many other species of seagrass, were commonly used for human consumption in coastal regions due to their high protein content. They contain abundant amounts of caretenoids and chlorophylls, which can act as precursers to antioxidents and vitamins. (Rengasamy et al., 2013) Possibilities for Human Use: Seagrasses have been traditionally used in folk medicines across the world, mainly for remedies such as muscle pains, fevers, various skin problems. They have also been used to treat stings against poisonous rays and sedate infants (Rengasamy et al., 2013). 134
References: Rengasamy, R. R., Radjassegarin, A., & Perumal, A. (2013). Seagrasses as potential source of medicinal food ingredients: Nutritional analysis and multivariate approach. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition, 3(4), 375–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2013.06.011 Orth, R. J., Marion, S. R., & Moore, K. A. (2007). A summary of eelgrass (zostera marina) reproductive biology with an emphasis on seed biology and ecology from the Chesapeake Bay Region. Engineer research and development center vicksburg ms coastal and hydraulics lab. Howarth, L. M., Lewis-Mcrea, L., & Reid, G. K. (2021, March). Managing aquaculture and eelgrass interactions in Nova Scotia. Managing Aquaculture and Eelgrass Interactions in Nova Scotia. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350156601_Managing_Aquaculture_and_Eelgrass_Interactions_in_Nova_Scotia Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, October 2). Zostera Marina. Wikipedia. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zostera_marina Free design tool: Presentations, video, social media | CANVA. Canva. (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://www.canva.com/ 135
Black Elderberry Sambucus nigra Black elderberry has an extensive native range, being found across Europe from the United Kingdom to as far east as Turkiye and south to northern Morocco and Libya. The subspecies Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis is found throughout eastern North America from Labrador in the north to Florida in the south. It grows in a range of habitat types, often favouring sites with some disturbance and rich soil. It is found most frequently in woods, roadsides, fields and scrubland (6). Ripe berries may be boiled into a syrup or used to make jams, jellies and pies. The fruit may be fermented and used to make wine. Flowers are used to make tea, flavour beverages, and may be fried in a batter to make fritters. The fruit are rich in anthocyanins responsible for their deep purple hue, and the juice can be used as a natural food and fabric dye to produce a dark to muted purple colouration. Ripe black elderberries are rich in flavonoids, anthocyanins, and vitamin C, and the fruit are often sold as a supplement for their antioxidant properties or used in products to treat cold and flu symptoms, such as Sambucol (1, 2, 5, 8). All parts of the plant except for flowers and ripe fruit but including seeds contain sambunigrin, a toxic cyanogenic glycoside (6). Ingestion of plant parts containing this compound results in the production of cyanide in the digestive system, leading to cyanide poisoning and abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting. Due to the toxicity of the seeds, black elderberries should not be eaten raw, but must be cooked or dried first to destroy the toxic compounds in the seeds. The bark contains calcium oxalate, which causes swelling in the mouth and throat when ingested. Products made from black elderberry should not be consumed by pregnant or nursing women (2, 6). Black elderberry has been used both medicinally and as a food source in both Europe and North America for thousands of years. In the Celtic traditions of druidry, elder was recognized as one of several species of sacred trees by druids and priests, who saw the tree as a blessing from the earth. If growing at the back of a house, the plant was believed to ward off evil spirits and protect against witches (6). The plant is easily cultivated, and is often grown ornamentally as a hedge or small tree throughout Europe and the UK. Plants provide an important food source for birds and grazing herbivores, as well as nesting habitat for birds (6). 136
Keeford Cross 06/04/2023 References 1. Ciocoiu, M., Mirón, A., Mares, L. et al. The effects of Sambucus nigra polyphenols on oxidative stress and metabolic disorders in experimental diabetes mellitus. J Physiol Biochem 65, 297–304 (2009). https://doi-org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1007/BF03180582 2. Elderberry (2023). Drugs.com. https://www.drugs.com/npp/elderberry.html 3. Elderberry - Uses, Side Effects, And More (n.d.) WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-434/elderberry 4. Homemade elderberry syrup to prevent sickness with raw honey for flu, cough and cold (24 Jan 2020). Raise Your Garden. https://raiseyourgarden.com/home/homemade-elderberry-syrup-to-prevent-sickness-with -raw-honey-for-flu-cough-and-cold 5. Sambucol (n.d.). Sambucol USA. https://sambucolusa.com/ 6. Sambucus nigra- L (n.d.). Plants for a future. https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+nigra 7. Sambunigrin. American Chemical Society (Jan 07, 2019) https://www.acs.org/molecule-of-the-week/archive/s/sambunigrin.html 8. Zelman, K. Health Benefits of Black Elderberry (2023). WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-black-elderberry 137
Elephant Ear Plant Warnings: All parts of the plants are poisonous. Upon chewing, idioblast cells eject the crystals into the lining of the mouth, which can cause burning, irritation, oedema (swelling) and aphonia (loss of speech) (Tagwireyi & Ball, 2001) Cultural Significance: The Caladium has other common names linked to appearance, such as "Heart of Jesus" and "Angel Wing Plants". These plants (real and fake) are often seen decorating homes around New Years and especially Christmas, where the reds, pinks and whites make beautiful foliage. (Danielle, 2022). Scientific Name: Araceae caladium Common Name: Elephant Ear Plant Uses: Humans often use this plant for decorative purposes as a houseplant or garden plant, since the plant has a wide variety of beautiful reds, whites, pinks and greens! (Brittanica) Active Compounds: Calcium oxalate crystals! This poison is used to fight herbivore attacks! figure 1. leaf of green caladium plant (Gwmag, 2023) figure 2. pink caladium plant (All About Caladiums) Habitat: Caladiums are native to South America, and peak in the summer season. There, they grow in the understory of tropical leaves, they die in the winter. Easily susceptible to sunscald, the fragile leaves need partial shade, and much humidity. They are perennials! (All About Caladiums) figure 3. christmas caladium (Caladium White christmas) 138
All About Caladiums. Longfield Gardens. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.longfield-gardens.com/article/all-about-caladiums Caladium White christmas. K. van Bourgondien. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.dutchbulbs.com/product/White_Christmas_Colorful_Shade_Loving_Cal adium_1 Danielle. (2022, December 20). The heart of Jesus Caladiums. Happiness Farms Caladiums. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://happinessfarmscaladiums.com/theheart-of-jesus-caladiums/ Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Caladium. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/caladium Gwmag. (2023, March 29). How to grow colocasia (taro or elephant ears). Elephant Ear Plant: Grow And Care Guide | BBC Gardeners World Magazine. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-growcolocasia-taro-or-elephant-ears/ Tagwireyi, D., & Ball, D. E. (2001). The management of Elephant's ear poisoning. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 20(4), 189–192. https://doi.org/10.1191/096032701678766822 CITATIONS 139
Eucalyptus: A Natural for Variety Health Issues Scientific Name: Eucalyptus globulus Common Name: Blue Gum 140