Author Narayan Karki Editor Sedunath Dhakal Tel : +977-1-4313205 10 Book
10 Book Publisher: Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. Anamnagar, Kathmandu Writier : Narayan Karki Editor : Sedunath Dhakal Copyright : Publisher First Edition : 2079 B.S. Second Edition : 2081 B.S. (Revised and enlarged) Layout: Oasis Desktop Group (Ramesh Bhattarai) Printed in Nepal
Foreword Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition is a series of Graded English Grammar Books (I-X) for school students. Although some people think that grammar teaching and learning is rigid as well as tasteless, I hope this newly written grammar series will really quench the deep thirst of learners. During the course of 20 years of my experience in the field of English language teaching, I have faced practical and actual difficulties because of the lack of availability of proper teaching learning materials for school children. This updated series has been designed to inculcate the real and practicable skills for the young users of English. ‘Learning by doing’ is very effective to get the knowledge and skill in English. All lessons included in each book of the series have varieties of interesting, enjoyable, stimulating and useful illustrations. Selected and situational pictures have been included for balancing conceptual base. This series is useful to both students as well as teachers. Inductive method is applied to prepare each unit which makes the learning easier for not only the fast tyros but also for slow learners. I thank Mrs. Laxmi Karki who encouraged me to address the real demand of the students throughout Nepal. I would like to thank Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. for publishing this series. I cannot stay without thanking Oasis Desktop Group and Mr. Ramesh Bhattrai for the computer typing and setting. Finally, I am grateful to all the personalities who helped to prepare and publish this new series. Constructive comments, suggestions and feedback are always welcome for further development of the series in its upcoming edition. Author 2024
TEST SPECIFICATION CHART – 2080 Compulsory English – 10 External Assessment (Written Examination) Reading and writing skills will be assessed through a written test. Grammar is included in the writing section. The test will be based on the specification chart given below: Reading (40 marks) Writing (35 marks) The assessment of reading skill follows the following structure: 1. Reading 1: One short reading text from the textbook with one type of comprehension question. (5 marks) Text length: about 100 words 2. Reading 2: One short reading text from the textbook with two types of comprehension questions. (10 marks) Text length: about 200 words 3. Reading 3: One short reading text not given in the textbook with two types of comprehension questions. (10 marks) Text Length: about 200 words 4. Reading 4: One short reading text not given in the textbook with three types of comprehension questions. (15 marks) Text length: about 300 words Note: » Text type for reading 3: story, notice, advertisement, product guide, letters, news story, brochure, instruction/manual, diary entry, interview, letter, recipe » Text types for Reading 4 : biography, autobiography, essay, newspaper/magazine article, science article, book/film review, travelogue, editorial, report, Blog Spot » Total number of test items = 40 » Question types: True/False, Fill in the Gaps, Multiple Choice, Matching, Ordering and Short Answer Questions » Except for short answer questions, the same types of questions should not be repeated in the two seen passages. This applies to the two unseen passages as well. » Only Reading 4 should contain a test type for testing vocabulary. » The comprehension questions (except questions for vocabulary) should cover Literal Comprehension (LC), Reorganization (R), Inference (I) and Evaluation (E). The assessment of writing skill follows the following structure: 1. Guided writing I: paragraph, description of tables/charts/diagrams, a set of instructions, recipe, advertisement, notice and a set of rules and regulations. (5 marks) Number of words: about 100 words 2. Guided writing II: news story, skeleton story, message of condolence, message of congratulations, invitation letter, thank you letter, biography. (5 marks) Number of words: about 100 words 3. Free writing I: paragraph (presenting views, opinion, experience, feeling), leave application, job application, dialogue. (6 marks) Number of words: about 150 words 4. Free writing II: Personal/official letter, letter to the editor, email, short essay (narrative, argumentative, descriptive), diary, newspaper article, book review/film review (8 marks) Number of words: about 200 words Notes: » Organization, coherence and cohesion, subject matter, appropriateness and correctness of language, range of vocabulary and layout will be assessed in the writing section. » The type of writing task should not be similar to any of the reading text given in the test paper. 5. Grammar (11 marks) The grammar section should contain the following areas: 1. Articles 2. Prepositions 3. Tense 4. Connectives 5. Question tags 6. Reported speech 7. Voice 8. Conditional sentences
» The distribution of comprehension questions should be based on the following table: Type of comprehension Number of questions Literal comprehension 16 Reorganization 8 Inference 8 Evaluation and reflection 3 9. Subject-verb agreement 10. Interrogation and negation 11. Causatives 12. Modals 13. Relative pronouns 14. Adjectives and adverbs Types of questions: 1. Reproduction/Transformation: This should cover tense, question tag, reported speech, voice, and interrogation ('wh' question) and negation (6 × 1 = 6 marks) 2. Multiple choice (in a contextual passage): This can contain the following areas of grammar: Articles, prepositions, tense, question tag, voice, reported speech, connectives, conditional sentence, subject verb agreement, causative verbs, modals, adjectives and adverbs, and relative pronouns. (10 × 0.5 = 5) Note: Multiple choice items should contain four alternative choices.
Part-I Grammar Section 1. Articles............................................................................................. 1 2. Prepositions..................................................................................... 11 3. Tens................................................................................................... 24 4. Connectives...................................................................................... 40 5. Questions Tags................................................................................. 51 6. Reported Speech.............................................................................. 65 7. Voice................................................................................................. 77 8. Conditional Sentences.................................................................... 90 9. Subject-Verb-Agreement................................................................ 100 10. Interrogation and Negations......................................................... 113 11. Causative Verbs............................................................................... 119 12. Modals (Verb).................................................................................. 127 13. Relative Pronouns........................................................................... 131 14. Adjectives and Adverbs................................................................. 135 Grammar Practice in SEE Format 1. Grammar Type-1 (Reproduction)................................................. 148 2. Grammar Type-2 (Contextual Passage)....................................... 157 Part-II Writing Skill Guided Writing-I 1. Paragraph......................................................................................... 161 2. Description of Labels/Chars/Diagrams....................................... 168 3. A Set of Instructions....................................................................... 171 4. Recipe............................................................................................... 172 5. Advertisement................................................................................. 174 6. Notice .............................................................................................. 175 7. A Set of Rules and Regulation...................................................... 178
Guided Writing-II 1. News story...... 182 2. Skeleton Story .................................................................................. 186 3. Message of Condolence................................................................... 192 4. Message of Congratulations........................................................... 194 5. Invitation Letter................................................................................ 202 6. Thank You Letter.............................................................................. 204 7. Biography.......................................................................................... 208 Free Writing-I 1. Paragraph (presenting views, opinion, experience, feeling)..... 212 2. Leave Applications........................................................................... 213 3. Job Application................................................................................. 217 4. Dialogue ........................................................................................... 220 Free Writing-II 1. Letter (Personal/Official Letter/Letter to the Editor)................... 225 2. Email.................................................................................................. 241 3. Short Essay (Narrative, argumentative, descriptive)................. 244 4. Diary................................................................................................... 264 5. News Paper Article.......................................................................... 267 6. Book Review/Film Review.............................................................. 269 Part-III Reading Comprehension Seen Passage Reading.................................................................................. 272 Unseen Passage Reading............................................................................. 290 Part-IV : CDC Model Questions 2080................................................................... 323 Part-V : Model Question Set (I-V).............................................................. 329 Word Formation ....................................................................................... 359
Part - I Grammar
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 1 Articles 1 Unit Read and learn. a man a hat a university a European a one-way street an apple an island an hour an umbrella an egg an M.P. an M.A. a B.A. an 'x' an actor an actress a woman a table a union an earthquake a ewe an insect an animal an iron an honest man an old man an apple an engme a mango an egg A / An is used in the phrases like: a lot of a few a bit a number of a pack of a litre of a piece of a cup of a couple of a dozen a great deal of a little a large number of a glass of an item of a sack of a kilo of • The adjectives 'a/an' or 'the' are usually called articles. Types of Articles: A. Indefinite Article: 'A' and 'An' B. Definite Article: 'The' Introduction and uses: A. Indefinite Article (A and An) a. Indefinite articles 'A: and 'An' are used with singular countable nouns because 'A' or 'An' means only one in number and any one of that kind. Examples: Singular Plural Uncountable Nouns a book ......x...... books a kilo of ...x...sugar a pen ......x...... pens a piece of ...x...meat a cock ......x...... cocks a litre of...x...milk an aeroplane ......x...... aeroplanes a tin of ...x...oil an ewe ......x...... ewes a piece of ...x...iron an eagle ......x...... eagles a packet of ...x...salt
2 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 * No indefinite articles are used with plural and uncountable nouns as shown in the above examples. * But indefinite articles (a, an) are used with the units of uncountable nouns like kilo, piece, litre, tin, packet, etc. B. Definite article 'The' Article 'the' is used for showing a particular person or thing. Read the following examples. 1. With repeated noun: Example: I have a dog. The dog is black. 2. With ordinal numbers: Example: Rukesh is the first boy. the second, the third, the tenth, the next, the last, etc. 3. With the nouns with adjective phrases/clauses: Example: The book on the table is not mine./The book which is on the table is not mine. I don't like the girl with long hair./I don't like the girl who has long hair 4. With superlative degree of adjectives: Example: Mt. Everest is the highest summit in the world. the tallest, the deepest, the longest, etc. A. Uses of 'A' Before a word beginning with a consonant sound. Example: a man, a horse, a one way steet, a university, , a Euresian,a hat, a ewe, a B. A student a union a book, a useful pen, a Euresian, a useful, a one – eyed man, a one rupees note, a one horned rhino, a unicorn, etc., 1. 'A' is used in the sense of 'one'. Example: She bought a pen. My brother sold a cow. Ram eats a mango. 2. 'A' is used in the sense of 'per'. Example: Rs 5 a kilo. , Ra 20 a dozen. 3. 'A' is used after 'what' and 'such' and before singular nouns in exclamation. Example: what a beautiful scene, such a long queue etc. 4. 'A' is used before subjects thought of as a singular unit. Example: a pair, of , a bunch of, a dozen of , a pile of etc. 5. 'A' is used before subjects thought of as a singular unit. Example: a spoon and fork, a cup and saucer, a pen and paper etc. 6. 'A' is used with a place +of+ countable noun. Example: a place of chalk, a cup of tea, a sack of cement etc.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 3 B. Uses of 'An' 1. 'An' is used. Before singular countable noun beginning with a vowel sound. Example: an old man, an animal, an M.A – student, an image. an orange, an honest, an unkind lady, an anthem, an hour, an urgent meeting, an actor, an ox, an artist, an hour, an honorable, an heir, an SLC, and excellent, an Island, and FM, an engineer, an, expenssive, an exercise, an insect, an opportunity, an MP, an MBBS, an, LLM, and MD, and NGO, an MBA etc. C. Uses of 'The' 1. Before adjectives. Example:The poor, The brave, The old, The blind, The rich etc. 2. Before things of inventions. Example: The French, the Nepalese, The Chinese, The Indian, The Dutch, etc. 3. Before things of inventions. Example: The heart, The airplane , The mobile, The microscope, The telephone. 4. Before organs in the human body. Example: The heart, The nose,The eyes, The lungs, The stomach, The head. 5. Before clubs, trusts, foundations. Example: The red cross, The SOS, The Lion's Club, The Susma Koirala Trust, etc. 6. Before comparatives structures : Example: The more you eat, the fatter you get. 7. Before countries that have more than one word. Example: The USA, The UAE, The USSR, The UK, The Netherlands, etc. 8. Before the name of direction. Example: The east, The west, The north, The south. 9. Before parts of the house. Example: The kitchen, The bedroom. The toilet, the gate. 10. Before the part of the day. Example: The morning, The afternoon, The evening. 11. Before the newspaper. Example: The Gorkhapatra, The Rising Nepal, The Kantipur,The Himalayan, The Tippu Sultan, etc. 12. Before cinema, theater, office, etc. Example: I often go to the cinema. 13. Before the same. Example: His height is the same as mine.
4 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 My short is the same as his. 14. Before school, market, hospital, bed, temple, prison, church, campus, when they are used for secondary purpose. Example: My sister went to the school to see my brother. They went to the hospital to meet their patient. 15. Before a noun repeated. Example: John bought a car. The car was very expensive. 16. Before a unique object. Example: The sun, the earth, the moon, the sky, the stars, 17. Before superlative forms of objectives. Example: the best day, the biggest, the highest, the tallest, the longest, the most important etc. 18. Before the ordinal number. Example: the first the second, the third, the 4th . the 5th, the 12th etc. 19. Before the name of religious book. Example: the Bible, The Vedas, the Ramayan, The Gita, The mahabharat etc. 20. Before the name of political parties. Example: The Congress, The Communist, The Labour Party, The Republicans 21. Before religious groups. Example: The Hindu, The Buddhist, The Muslims, The Chirstians, The Sikhs, The Jews, etc. 22. Before the name of musical instruments. Example: The madal, The Guitar, The piano, The drums, The violin etc. 23. Before singular noun used represent a whole class. Example: The rose is the sweetest of all flowers. The potato is considered the king of vegetables. 24. Before caste of people. Example: The Gurung, The Shrestha, The Magar, The Lamas, etc. 25. Before river, ocean, lakes, canals, gulfs. Example: The Narayani River, The Bagmati River, The Amazxon River, The Pacific Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean, The Gulf of Maxico, The Panama Canal, The Fewa Lake, The Begnas Lake, etc. D. Omission of Articles 1. Before the names of the metals. Example: Silver is a useful metal. Diamond is a precious metal. 2. Before uncountable /plural proper/abstract nous.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 5 Rice, milk, water Boxes, vermin, cattle, people pens. Kathmandu Hari, Rita, Nepal Wisdom, honesty, death, kindness, beauty. But, when abstract/ uncountable nouns are qualified by an adjective. The kindness of Sarmila is adorable. The milk is this glass is pure. 3. Before streets and lakes. New road Durbar Marga Rara lake Tilicho lake 4. Before language/ subjects. We're learning Chinese. Is science your favorite subject ? 5. Before games and sports. I like cricket. He is interested in football. 6. Before names of days, months seasons. We will meet on Saturday. It's very cold in winter. I was born in July. 7. Before names of diseases, colour, next, last, nature, mankind, type of kind of and before possessive pronouns. He died of AIDS. Pink is my favorite colour. We will see you next week. These inventions are useful for all mandkind. I like this type of bag. You are a different kind player. Mina's watch doesn't work. 8. Before magazines. Wisdom, Muna, Himal, Shikshyak 9. Before mountain. Mount Everest, Annapurna, Ganesh Himal. 10. Before parks and falls. Ratna Park. Hyde Park, Victoria Falls.
6 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Exercise 1. Put a or an before the following phrases. Example: i)……………….. happy man. ii) ……………. unanimous decision a happy man. a unanimous decision. a. …………….. happy man. b. ……………. interesting play. c. ………… university teacher. d. ………..aspirin table e. ……….. English name f. ……….. angry tiger. g. ……….. old woman. h. …………… urgent message. i. ……… unique opportunity. j. ……… European language . k. …… H.S School. l. ……. Urdu quotation. m. ……… honorable man. n. …….. M.P. o. ……… hour's delay. p. ………. high wall. q. …….. united team. r. ………… young officer. s. ………. Australian citizen. t. ……….useless book. u. ………… BBC reporter. 2. Complete the following sentences by choosing 'a', 'an', or 'the' in the blanks: a. Copper is …………. useful metal. b. He is not ….. honorable man. c. ………….. able man has not always a distinguished look. d. ……….. reindeer is a native of Norway. e. Honest man speak ………truth. f. Rustam is ………..young person. g. Do you see………. blue sky ? h. Varanasi is ………..holy city. i. Aladdin had …….. wonderful lamp. j. The world is ……… happy place. k. He returned after….. hour. l. ……… school will shortly close for the Puja. m. …….. sun shines brighty. n. I first met him… year ago. 3. Rewrite the following sentences by choosing the correct article 'a', 'an' or 'the' from the brackets: a. Do you know … answer to question number 5? (a/ an/ the) b. Mohan heard ….. teacher shouting. (a/ an/ the) c. Yamraj questioned a mam "Did you love….. women ? (a/ an/ the)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 7 d. "No…… man replied, " I have never loved one. (a/ an/ the) e. I have given him half …. hour to finish it . (a/ an/ the) f. He wanted ….. book which you are reading. (a/ an/ the) g. Raju is playing ….. football in his room. (a/ an/ the) h. she is …… teacher who teaches us English. (a/ an/ the) i. Mr. Buddha was……. unwanted fellow in our locality. (a/ an/ the) j. ……. Injured passengers of this bus were rushed to hospital. (a/ an/ the) k. I hate …….telephone. (a/ an/ the) l. He earns Rs. 100,000 ……. month. (a/ an/ the) m. Who invented ……. radio ? (a/ an/ the) n. Rice sells Rs. 30 ……. kilo. (a/ an/ the) o. He is ……. M.P (a/ an/ the) p. That could be…….useful information. (a/ an/ the) q. He is not …… honorable man. (a/ an/ the) r. …… blind are unfortunate to see. (a/ an/ the) s. I went to ……. church to observe its architecture. (a/ an/ the) t. He is ……. European. (a/ an/ the) 4. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. Sita is.............useful member of the family. (a, an, the) b. This is.............plot where we intend to build a house. (a, an, the) c. Sita plays.............flute well. (a, an, the) d. Mt. Everest is.............highest peak in the world. (a, an, the) e. Sri Lanka is.............island. (a, an, the, some) f. Who is.............best student of your class? (a, an, the) g. It is.............one-rupee note. (a, an, the) h. That is.............book I like most. (a, an, the) i. My sister is.............M.A. student. (a, an, the, nothing) j. The Atlantic Ocean is.............biggest ocean. (a, an, the, nothing) k. Mrs. Karki is.............honourable teacher. (a, an, the, nothing) l. We played.............volleyball yesterday. (a, an, the, nothing) m. Who is.............best player of your team? (a, an, the) n. New Zealand is.............island. (a, an, the) o. There is.............ewe beside him. (a, an, the) p. This is.............place I like very much. (a, an, the)
8 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 5. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. .............university student need not wear uniform. (a, an, the, nothing) b. .............'s' is missing from the word 'crossed'. (a, an, the, nothing) c. He is.............M.A. student. (a, an, the) d. She works in .............UNO office. (a, an, the) e. Today I met.............one-eyed man on the road. (a, an, the) f. He is............. (a, an, the) US citizen. g. ............. (A, An, The, Nothing) water has no colour, but ..............(a, an, the, nothing) water of the tank is red. h. Mr. Shrestha is............. (a, an, the, nothing) university lecturer. i. People recite.............Geeta (a, an, the, nothing) every morning. j. Who is Mr. Joshi? He is ............. (a, an, the, nothing) university professor. k. Which is............. (a, an, the, nothing) best book in English literature? l. Would you like to drink.............cup of coffee? (a, an, the) m. What is.............capital of England? (a, an, the) n. He has kept............. (a, an, the) ewe. o. She is............. (a, an, the) L.L.M. p. He is............. (a, an, the) Eurasian. 6. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. She has written............. (a, an, the) unique article in The Kathmandu Post. b. He is............. (a, an, the) heir to the palace. c. I have heard a lot about............. (a, an, the, nothing) Netherlands. d. Iron is............. (a, an, the) useful metal. e. ............. (A, An, The) dog is an honest servant of man. f. Raju is playing ............. (a, an, the, nothing) football in his room. g. She is............. (a, an, the) teacher who teaches us English. h. Mr. Buddhoo was............. (a, an, the) unwanted fellow in our locality. i. ............. (A, An, The) injured passenger of this bus was rushed to hospital. j. I hate............. (a, an, the) telephone. k. Who invented............. (a, an, the) radio? l. He earns Rs.50,000............. (a, an, the) month. m. Rice sells Rs. 30............. (a, an, the) kilo. n. That could be............. (a, an, the) useful piece of information. o. He is not............. (a, an, the) honourable man. p. ............. (A, An, The) blind are unfortunate.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 9 7. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. I went to.............church to observe its architecture. (a, an, the) b. He is .............European. (a, an, the) c. .............water in the glass is very dirty. (A, An, The) d. Please buy me.............exercise book. (a, an, the) e. Nepal is ...............independent country. (a, an, the) f. He is.............M.B.A. (a, an, the) g. He is a champion of............. golf. (a, an, the, no article) h. Washington is the capital of.............U.S.A. (a, an, the, nothing) i. I have.............hundred-rupee note in my bag. (a, an, the, nothing) j. This is.............most beautiful situation of our life. (a, an, the) k. I have.............cup of tea in the morning. (a, an, the) l. Sunil has passed S.L.C. and is studying in.............university. (a, an, the) m. There is.............ox beside him. (a, an, the) n. .............ignorance of these people creats problem. (A, An, The, Nothing) o. .............water in that basin is not fit to drink. (A, An, The, Nothing) p. We have made.............union of youths. (a, an, the, nothing) 8. Choose the correct answer and put in the blanks. a. We had dinner in.............very nice restaurant. (a, an, the) b. Sonam is.............housewife. (a, an, the) c. Mr. Karl Louis is.............Christian. (a, an, the) d. Akriti plays.............flute well. (a, an, the) e. The minister welcomed.............king. (a, an, the) f. .............gate keeper is very well behaved. (a, an, the) g. Don't laugh at.............poor. (a, an, the) h. It is.............one-rupee note. (a, an, the) i. Rijan is.............M.A. student. (a, an, the) j. Nitu is.............first girl of our class. (a, an, the) k. Hari is.............university student. (a, an, the) l. Let's sit in.............garden. (a, an, the) m. What is Jenish like? He is.............honest man. (a, an, the) n. Arjun asked his doctor when he would go to ...hospital. (a, an, the, nothing) o. Rice is sold for Rs. 70.............kilo. (a, an, the) p. Carl is from.............UK. (a, an, the) q. I hate.............telephone. (a, an, the) r. Indira is.............honourable teacher. (a, an, the) s. Who is.............best student of your class? (a, an, the)
10 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 9. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. .............European visited our school yesterday. (A, An, The, Nothing) b. Mr. Thapa is.............honest man. (a, an, the, nothing) c. He plays.............guitar well. (a, an, the, nothing) d. I felt pity for.............one-eyed man. (a, an, the, nothing) e. Gita went to.............prison to meet her friend. (a, an, the) f. On his way to school he found............. (a, an, the) one-rupee note. g. I have left.............one rupee note in the room. (a, an, the, nothing) h. Mount Everest is.............highest peak in the world. (a, an, the, nothing) i. ............. water in the glass is dirty. (A, An, The) j. Petrol is sold by.............litre. (a, an, the) k. Your servant is.............honest man. (a, an, the) l. Which is.............longest river in Nepal? (a, an, the) m. We have formed.............union in our locality. (a, an, the, nothing) n. I go to school by.............bus. (a, an, the, nothing) o. She is my.............best friend. (a, an, the, nothing) p. .............iron is a metal. (A, An, The, Nothing) 10. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: a. He bought.............x-ray plant. (a, an, the, nothing) b. .............'1' is missing from the word 'allowed' (A, An, The, Nothing) c. He is.............U.S. ambassador. (a, an, the) d. .............education of little children has been greatly neglected. (A, An, The, Nothing) e. Have you eaten.............enough? (a, an, the, nothing) f. My sister is.............L.L.B. (a, an, the, nothing) g. I do not like.............sugar in my tea. (a, an, the, nothing) h. Mr. John works in.............UNO office. (a, an, the, nothing) i. Where is.............book I left with you? (a, an, the, nothing) j. The rich are dominating.............poor. (a, an, the, nothing) k. Mr. Subedi is.............university graduate. (a, an, the) l. Which is.............longest bridge in the world? (a, an, the) m. A student goes to.............school everyday. (a, an, the, nothing) n. Oil is sold by.............litre. (a, an, the) o. Mr. Shrestha is.............honourable member of our institution. (a, an, the) p. Have you seen.............Bagmati river during the rainy season? (a, an, the, nothing)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 11 Introduction A preposition is a word used to show the way in which other words are connected. It is used to express basic relationship between words. The preposition is placed before a noun or a pronoun (or any other words functioning like a noun such as a gerund) Examples: a) There is a bird in the cage. b) This letter is form him. c) The man jumped off the chair. In sentence (a) the word is shown the relation between two things –bird and cage. In sentence (b), the word from shows the relation between him and this letter. In sentence (c) the word off shows the relations between the action expressed by the jump and the noun chair. Kinds of preposition There are six different kinds of preposition. They are as follows: 1. Simple prepositions - at, by, in, through, over, under, etc. He is at home. The tree was cut down by me. She has passed through many troubles. The sun shines over the earth. This road is under repair. 2. Double prepositions - out of, from within, from among, from under, etc. Why were you driven out of the house ? a voice from within my heart. He was selected from among fifty candidates. We a poisonous snake emerging from under the water. 3. Compound prepositions - across, above, about, before, behind, beyond, beside, without, etc. His house is across the river. We walked along the river's bank. A sword is hanging above his head. She is about to be married. The train starts before six o'clock. The bus is behind its time. Her hut is beyond those hills. He is standing beside me. I have come without any clothes. 4. Phrasal preposition - on account of, in course of, on the point of, in the brink of, with an eye to, with reference to, etc. His scheme failed on account of the failure of the crops. It happened, in course of conversation, to reveal this secret. The patient is one the point of death. Our Prepositions 2 Unit
12 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 country is on the brink of a serious disaster. We are working hard with an eye to the future. Do you have anything to say with reference to these questions? 5. Participial preposition - concerning, considering, regarding, during, pending etc. Let us talk with chairman concerning this matter. Considering his age, he should be given light punishment. We will go home during the puja holidays. Do you have anything to say regarding his appointment to this post ? pending confirmation by the authorities concerned, the propose meeting connot be held. 6. Disguised propositions - that is, wealened forms of the prepositions on or off. They went out- hunting (~ on hunting). It is 10 o'clock . (- of the clock ) he has gone a –fishing (= of fishing) Uses of preposition A. Uses of 'In' Months : in January. in Bhadra, etc. Years : in 1950, in 2017 etc. Seasons : in spring, in red short, etc. Dress : in blue sari, in red army dress, etc. Occupation : in business, in the army, etc. Following nouns: Example; in bed, in hospital, in the kitchen, in the bathroom, in church, in the temple. Physical surroundings: Example: in the rain, in the light, in the day light, in the room, in the sunlight, in the sequence etc. Arrangements: Example; in a queue, in a row, in order ,in a line, in alphabatical order, in sequence etc. Direction : Example: in the east, in that direction, in this direction, in the west etc. Towns, cities, countries, continents, districts,zones, capital. Example; in Kathmandu, in Nepal, in Pokhata, in Asia, in London, in Europe etc. Boundaries : Example: in a taxi, in the box, in the pool, in the world, in the drawer, in the room etc. We can say: on a bus, on a train, on a plain, on a ship, But in a car, in a taxi. Condition / state: Example: in direction, in love,, in trouble, in secret, in hurry, in doubt, in public,
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 13 in debt, in /at a profit, in /at loss etc. With in space of time: Example: in a few minutes, in a few days, in a short time, in an hour, in a month's time etc. B. Uses of 'On' Days: on Sunday, on Monday etc. Dates: on the 1st of January, on December 3. Activity: on holiday, on a picnic, on a journey, on rent, on fire, on strike, on the radio, in trek, on the phone, on the whole, on business etc. About /concerning - lecture on, debate on, topic on, keep on doing something, etc. Membership - on the team, on the jury, on the city council, etc. Closeness/Beside/ Against - on my right, A house on the main road, etc. Surfaces/ supports by/ fastened to / lying against/ in contact with - on the phone, on foot, on the wall, on the floor, sit on the grass, on the map, on the chair, on your shirt, on the list, on the menu, on your nose, on the roof etc. C. Uses of 'At' Point of time: at 8 o'clock (But, knock on the door) Condition : at war, at peace at leisure etc. Occupation : I am at work ( working) She is at play (playing) Superlatives : at least, at worst, at his/her best etc. Degree/ value or cost: at full speed, at/in a loss, at/in perfit. Direction: point at, aim at, look at, smile at, short at Temporary/ permanent addresses : at the clinic, at the park, at the market etc. Noun/Night/ festivals : at noon, at night, at Dashain, at Tihar, at midnight, etc. Place (Comparatively smaller : at the bus park, at a hotel, at the Ratnapark etc. D. Uses of 'By' Point the ending time : by Sunday, by 8 o'clock, by 30th may, by the time. Transport: travel by bus, by car, by air, by bicycle, by boat, by plane, by underground etc. Measurements: by hectometer, by a ruler, by a barometer, by a seismograph etc. Division : ten divided by two is five. Communication : come and sit by me. The telephone is by door etc. E. Uses of 'Of' Cause: tired of , sick of, ashamed of, proud of, afraid of, approve of, think of/ about, dream of/ about etc. Partition /inclusion/ measure : sheet of , more of, ton of, a lot of, point of, etc.
14 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Connection/Reference/ Relation : cause of , result of, well of, hear of , found of, topic of, etc. Materials/ substances: made of eg: The table is made of wood. Age: a man of 32, a man of middle age. F. Uses of 'Off' Down from/ away from, fall off, roll off, kee off, slice off, Special verbs: put off, doze off, switch off, finish off, take off, hump off, get off, turn off, etc. G. Uses of 'Over' One side to another Example; heard voice over, spoke over. Superiority/ authority Example; command over, victory over, authority over, A level higher than, but not touching. Example balcony over, lean over, wires over, sky over, More than; Example; the class has over 55 students. H. Uses of 'With' 1. Possession: a boy with red hat, a man with an umbrella, a women with a bag a coat with a belt. a child with books 2. Indicating the tool or instrument/ material used. Draw with a pencil. Cut it with a knife Feed with a spoon Hit with an axe Chop with a saw Fill the bowel with water. The lorry was loaded with timber. 3. In the company: I live with my parents. Discuss the plans with an expert He played football with his friends. 4. Manner: He did it with pleasure/ease/difficulty
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 15 5. Giving assistance Can you help me with the washing up? 6. Adjective /verbs+with: satisfied with angry with content with pleased with delighted with furious with, familiar with, board with, fed up with agree with, deal with, collided with, bargain with, quarrel with, fight with 7. Common expression: With pleasure, with care, with practice, with difficulty, with regard I. Uses of 'By' 1) By+ agent in passive; The cat is chased by a dog. America was discovered by Columbus. 2) To denote positive (near/beside/ at the side of); Please sit by me. Come stand still by him. 3) To indicate a means of transport or a route taken; by boat, by bus, by car, by plane ,by train, by air, by land, by sea 4) Mode of payment/ measurement/route; he paid by cheque / cash we sell by dozen. May I enter by the back door? 5) Some phrases; by accident, bit by bit, by hand, by mistake, one by one, side by side, by chance, by the way, by heart, by oneself, by means, little by little. J. Uses of 'For' 1) Indicating purpose or function; Go for a walk, It's a machine for slicing bread. Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work? 2) Indication destination, aim or reason; head for the shore depart for home a book for children a chair for visitors bicycles for sale /hire etc. 3) Duration of time. He walked for two hours. She has been ill for a few days. He was in prison for twenty years.
16 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 He got a medal for bravery. I love you forever. 4) As the price, reward or penalty ; I bought a book for Rs. 500. (price) He was fined for dangerous driving. (penalty) He got a medal for bravery. (reward) 5) Purpose; these books are for blind people. What is this tool for? 6) In favour of: I will vote for her. Are you for the motion? 7) With some verbs like; apply for, look for, apologize for, pay for, wait for, search for, leave for, care for, K. Uses of 'Since' Before point in time with present or past perfect tense; I haven't taken lunch since morning. She's been working in a bank since Christmas. He had spoken to her only once since his marriage. L. Uses of 'From' 1) Place or direction from which sb/sth starts; Go from Gangabu to Kalanki. They came from Nepal. Has the bus from Pokhara arrived ? 2) Indicating the time at which sth starts. He is on leave from 20th July. He was ill from birth. 3) indicating who sent or gave. A massage from my brother. A present from a pen friend I had a phone call from Max. 4) Indicating source: I knew it from her. He came from the south. 5) Indicting the material from which sth is made. Wine is made from frapes. Steel is made from iron.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 17 6) Indicating protection or prevention; protect children from violence. Save the baby from cold. 7) Being unlike. Is Portuguese very different from Spanish? How would you know an army from a civilian ? 8) Indicating a cause; she's suffering form nasty cold. Did he suffer from heart disease? 9) Getting safety he had to take shelter from rain. M. Uses of 'Into' 1) Moving to a point within an enclosed space or volume; come into the room throw in to the fire. She dived into the pool. 2) Indicating a change in form as the result of an action. Turn the spare room into study. Fold the napkin into strangle. Cut the paper into strip. 3) Indicting a change in from as the result of an action. He is going into the room. They are putting it into the bag. N. Uses of 'Onto' Moving to a position on a surface. Move the book onto second shelf. Water is dripping into the floor. The crowd ran onto the pitch. O. Uses of ' Through' Moving or passing from one side to the other. The dog came into the room through the window. A river flows through my village. The snake is coming through the hole. P. Uses of ' below ' below: lower than/ later on page This lake is fifty meters below the sea level. Footnotes are provided below the text.
18 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Q. Uses of ' above' above: higher than/ earlier on a page. The clock hangs above my bed. The plane flew above the clouds. The heading is above each diagram. R. Uses of ' over' over; higher than/ more than there is a bulb over that table. We have over five jobs vacant. S. Uses of ' under ' under: beneath/ less than there is a ball under the table. Under fifteen children are playing. T. Uses of 'across' across : from one side to another/ on the other side. We walked across the road. There is a book shop across the street. U. Uses of ' along' along: in the line. They are walking along the road. V. Uses of ' between' between: between two Sita is sitting between Ram and shyam. W. Uses of ' among' among : between many There is a house among the trees. X. Uses of ' behind' behind: at the back of Our school is behind the hospital. Y. Uses of ' in front of ' in front of: a head of he stood in front of the class.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 19 Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct preposition from the brackets: a. He worked as an army correspondent …. 1945 (of /until/ for ) b. He was wounded ….. 1917 while fighting in the Spanish Civil War. (until/ in / at ) c. He was born in U.S.A at the turn…. the century. ( of /to/ in) d. He was an ambulance driver…… Greece. (at/ in/ of) e. He is always jealous …. other's progress. ( of/ in /with) f. He cut a tree …… an axe. ( by/ from /with) g. He could grow a lot of grain…. his family (for/ of /from) h. Harka goes to school daily. But, he does not go there … Saturday. (in/ on/ at) i. Don't laugh … the poor. ( of /at /in) j. Raman feel in love …. Goma. ( in /with/ of) k. An old man lived in a village …. his family. ( at/ among /with) l. A woman struck …me and nearly fell. (against/ at /with ) m. A pen is different …….a pencil. (than/ from /and ) n. A horse galloped away to the north in a cloud…. dust. (of /from/ with) o. A dutiful son is obedient …his father. ( at /to /for) p. "What is wrong …… you? " she asked me. (in /for /with) 2. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct preposition from the brackets: a. You may rely … what he says. (on/ to/ in) b. Wisdom is the gift …… heaven. (from/ of /by) c. When alcohol is heated it gives …..an explosive vapour. (off/ out /of way) d. We've already got rid…. small pox. (from /of/ by) e. We can go to the cinema … your taxi. (on /in /by) f. We always watch the news… TV. (in/ on /at) g. The police warned us…… the danger. (for /about/ to) h. The ladder is …… the well. (on/ against/ at)
20 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 i. The hunter finished …. the tiger with a shot through the head. (of /off/ out) j. The hospital is ….. the police station. ( on /by/ between) k. The firemen are going to put ….. the fire. ( of/ off out) l. The fan is hanging ….the ceiling . (on/ under /below) m. The coat is hanging ….. the wall . ( on /in /at) n. The boy put a piece of chalk….his pocket as soon as the teacher gave him. (in /into/ from) o. Samir lives about two miles….the center of the town. (away /from /away from) 3. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct preposition from the brackets. a. Kavi was accused …. theft. (for/ in/ of ) b. Shanta met him …. the way to work. (in /on/ at) c. Shrihana is fond … watching TV. (up /of /off) d. She spread the cloth …. the table and offered tea. ( on/ at/ over ) e. She is good …. Mathematics. (in /at/ on) f. She always quarrels … her husband. ( with/ over/ between) g. She fell …. the ladder. (from/ off /of down) h. Raman is accused …. thief . (at/ in/ of ) i. Pramila is … the door now. ( at /in/ by) j. She is … the sari today. (at /in/ by) k. Pukar will have finished it…… tomorrow. (for /from /by) l. My school starts …. 10.00 in the morning (in/ at /on) m. My teacher always goes to school …bus. ( in by /on) n. My father always goes to university…. car. ( by/ in /on) o. My father lives in Pokhara ….. my mother. ( to /by /with) p. Mr. Gurung is suffering …. nasty cold. (from /by/ with) q. Mandira met him ….. the way to work. ( in/ on/ at) r. Mohan married ….. an American lady. ( to/ with /for) s. Laura got tired …. of walking. (by/ of /up) t. I'will try to keep to touch…..him. ( to/ with /up) u. I was born … Bhadra 19, 2035. ( in /on /by)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 21 v. I sat in an arm chair and dozed… (of/ off /up) w. I read the story only… pleasure. ( for/ with/ to ) x. I prevented him… speaking. (for /to /from) y. I prefer milk … coffee. (from /with/ to ) 4. Fill in the blanks with the correct choice from the bracket. a. Ram is accused ............ theft. (at, in, of) b. My teacher always goes to school ............ bus. (in, by, on) c. Don't laugh ............ the poor. (of, at, in) d. Meera met him ............ the way to work. (in, to, on, at) e. "What is wrong ............ you?" she asked me. (by, in, for, with) f. She is ............ a sari today. (at, in, by) g. Madan married ............ an American lady. (to, with, and) h. The boy put a piece of chalk ............ (in/into/out/of/from) his pocket as soon as the teacher gave him. i. A pen is different ............ a pencil. (then, from, and, than) j. Prarnod is ............ the door now. (at, in, by) k. Hari goes to school daily. But, he doesn't go there ....... Saturday. (in/on/at) l. My teacher always goes to school ............ bus. (in/by/on) m. I prevented him ............ speaking. (for, to, from) n. She passed ............ in childhood. (away, on, by) o. Anju usually goes to school ............ foot. (in, to, on) p. All the boys of our class gave ............ smoking. (in, up, away) q. The sunlight came into the room ............ the window. (from, with, through) r. Public opinion was ............ the bill. (from, behind, against) s. I bought this pen ............ five rupees. (with, for, against) t. Hari is true ............ his name. (to, for, with) u. All the students must abide ............ the school rules. (with, by, for) v. You can stay here ............ I come back. (since, until, to) w. Give ............ smoking. (out, up, in) 5. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct preposition given in the brackets.
22 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 a. I will come to your school ............ Sunday. (to, on, by, for) b. She will work ............ Parbat ............ spring. (on, by, in, to, at) c. Ram has lived here ............ five years. (to, for, by) d. The blackboard is ............ table. (around, over, above, at) e. Put the pen ............ your pocket. (on, in, over, at) f. I came here ............ my horse. (in, on, at, by) g. He is here ............ my house. (in, on, at, by) h. Nepal lies ............ China and India. (in, between, among, at) i. My sister sleeps ............ eight o'clock. (over, till, through, by) j. I have been living here ............ last week. (since, by, before, after) k. They were running ............ the jungle. (by, above, through, at) l. The book I bought yesterday is ............ the table. (in, on, to, over) m. Some people believe ............ ghost. (on, to, in, of) n. Is he lying ............ the floor? (over, at, under, on) o. Aesop was accused ............ theft. (by, of, to, in) p. What's wrong ............ you? (on, in, for, with) q. Binod got married ............ an Indian girl. (by, with, to) r. Sushila will have finished it ............ tomorrow. (on, by, for) s. He always quarrels ............ his wife. (with, by, for) t. You should write ............ pencil at first. (in, by, on, with) 6. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct preposition given in the brackets. a. Nepal is rich ............ (in, of, for) hydroelectricity. b. What is the solution ............ (for, of, to) overpopulation? c. I am not annoyed ............ (at, for, with) her behaviour. d. He is excited ............ (for, with, at) my proposal. e. They are surprised ............ (for, with, at) my presence. f. I am pleased ............ (with, for, in) her performance. g. She is conscious ............ (with, for, of) being punished. h. She is engaged ............ (with, to, by) John.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 23 i. They are interested ............ (to, for, in) study. j. Nepal depends ............ (of, on, in) agriculture. k. I am not responsible ............ (with, for, to) the accident. l. She is famous ............ (with, for, to) dancing. m. They are similar ............ (from, to, by) each other. n. He is good ............ (in, for, at) football. o. She is always jealous ............ (of, for, in) others' progress. 7. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct preposition given in the brackets. a. Can you point the arrow ............ (to, at, on) the bird? b. Do you write ............ (to, on, for) me ever? c. Can you throw the pen ............ (on, at, to) me? d. He apologized ............ (to, on, for) me for being late. e. Please search a job ............ (to, with, for) me. f. The police warned us ............ (for, about, to) the danger. g. She was blamed ............ (to, of, for) the accident. h. I congratulated her ............ (for, about, to) the success. i. I love swimming ............ (on, in, into) the sea. j. They will be ............ (at, in, on) work until5:30. k. He goes to market ............ (on, in, by) a horse. l. He got ............ (in, by, into) the car and drove away. m. I met him ............ (in, during, at, nothing) last Saturday. n. I will give your money ............ (in, at, on, nothing) next week. o. I saw a cobra ............ (by, on, in, nothing) last week. p. Don't go out ............ (to, in, under) the rain. Please wait for a while. q. He stands ............ (on, in, at) the door. r. There is a picture ............ (on, in, at) the door. s. The accident took place because of my fault so I had to pay for the damage............ (to, into, nothing) the other bike.
24 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Tense 3 Unit A. Present Tense: 1. Simple Present Tense: Structure Affirmative Subject + v1 /v5 + object Ram eats rice. Negative Subject + doesnot /do not +v1 +object Ram does not eat rice. Interrogative Do/Does + subject + v1 + object. Does Ram eat rice? Wh+do/does + subject + v1 + object. What does Ram eat? Passive Object + is /am\are +v3+ by + subject Rice is eaten by Ram. Simple Present is used: a) To express present affairs/ permanent or long lasting situation. He speaks English very well. A nurse works in a hospital. His father wears glasses. b) To express habitual action/repeated action/ daily routine. I always take tea in morning. Priya walks to school every day. When do you usually have breakfast ? He frequently takes bath. c) To express truth and facts/saying and proverb: The sun sets early in the winter. Earth is a planet. Honesty is the best policy. Slow and steady wins the race. d) To express fixed time table/ scheduled future actions. The meeting starts at four. His father retires next year. The match starts at 9 o'clock. The train leaves at 5.20.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 25 e) We often use these adverbs of time in simple present tense: always seldom daily usually occasionally now-a- days hardly rarely something never generally frequently often everyday every week every month every year scarcely once a day twice a week thrice a month. He always drinks coffee. I often loose temper. She generally forgets duty. f) To express likes, dislike/ verbs of sensation / emotional states: He hates talking like that. That seems OK for me. I love ice-cream I think he is a good writer. 2. Present Continuous Tense: Structure Affirmative Subject + is /am/are + v4 + object Ram is eating rice. Negative Subject + is /am/are + not + v4 + object Ram is not eat rice. Interrogative is /am/are + sub. + v4 + object? Is Ram eating rice? Wh + is /am/are + sub + v4 + ...? What is Ram eating? Passive Object + is /am/are + being +v3 + by+ subject Rice is being eaten by Ram. Present continuous is used: a) To express things happening now/ at he moment. What are you doing now ? The boys are reading in the class. I am working on a new project. They are not standing in queue. b) To express future plan / arrangements. They are arriving tomorrow. I am going to give interview in July 20. Is he visiting his parents nest week ? c) Expression (Stop, listen, look, don't make a noise, Don't cross the road, Hurry up, Don't disturb ) which draw attention. Look ! The bus is coming.
26 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Listen ! the dog is barking. Don't disturb me. I'm reading. d) Gradual change. The children are growing fast. The price of land is rising rapidly. e) After but today/ but now. He always play tennis but today he is playing football. I always drink tea but now I'm drinking coffee. f) In these adverbs of time. Now, still, at present, at the moment, at this time, this week, this month, currently. You are not swimming now. I am resting at the moment. They are reading at the moment. 3. Present Perfect Tense: Structure Affirmative Subject + has/have + v3 + object Ram has eaten rice. Negative Subject+has not / have not + v3 + object Ram has not eaten rice. Interrogative Has /have + sub + v3 + object ? Wh + has/ have+ sub + v3 + ..... ? Has Ram eaten rice? What has Ram eaten? Passive Object + has/have+ been +v3 + by+ subject Rice has been eaten by Ram. Present Perfect is used: a) Change that have happened over a period of time. He has grown a lot since I met last time. My English has rally improved since I moved to US. b) To denoted recent past action which have results in the present: She has lost her purse: She does not have bus fare. Ravi looks upset. He has failed the examination. c) With since+ point of time or for+ period of time to denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment. They have played music for three month. Rama has been in work since last year. We haven't appeared exam for a month.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 27 d) To express experiences; I have been to India. She has met the lion. He has never travelled by the plane. e) To express accomplishments without mentioning the time. Man has walked in the room. My daughter has learnt how to swim. f) With adverbs (already, recently, ever, lately, never, yet, today, just, so far, many times, before, once) We have already published the news. Have you ever read the book? I have known her for a year by now. I haven't sent her e-mail yet. I have never seen a lion. He has failed his driving test once. 4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: Structure Affirmative Subject+ has been/have been + v4 + object Ram has been eating rice. Negative Subject has not been / have not been+ v4+ object Ram has not been eating rice. Interrogative Has /have + subject + been + v4+...? Wh + has/ have+subject + been + v3? Has Ram been eating rice? What has Ram been eating ? Passive No passive No passive Present Perfect Continuous is used: a) For an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing: Anil has been working on this project since May. How long has he been shopping in the bus park? They have been singing since 5 o'clock. She has been telephoning me all this afternoon, b) With lately, so far, by now, since for: He has been living here for three weeks. They have been working lately. What have you been doing recently?
28 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Note: It often occurs, with since + point of time, 'for + period of time. B. Past Tense: 1. Simple past tense: Structure Affirmative Subject + v2 + object Ram ate rice. Negative Subject + did not + v1+ object Ram did not eat rice. Interrogative Did + subject + v1 + object ? Wh + did +subject + v1 + ... ? Did Ram eatrice ? What did Ram eat? Passive Object + was /were + v3 + by + subject. Rice was eaten by Ram. Simple Past is used: a) To denote completed / finished event or situation with a past time reference. Anita met me an hour before. I didn’t see a play yesterday. Who invented the telescope ? Long ago there lived a king. The steamer sailed yesterday. Mukesh left college last year. b) To express past facts or generalization or situations which are no longer true. I studied Urdu when I was child. Deepa worked at a restaurant after school. They never wear shorts; they wore pants. Did you play musical instrument when you were child? c) A series of completed action in the past. He wrote a letter, put it in the envelope, put stamp on it and posted it. She got off at the bus stop, called her friend and went with her to the hotel. d) Duration of any complete action which starts and stops in the past. We talked on the phone for 30 minutes. I waited for Anjali for two hour. Ichha studied French for three years. e) With adverbs of time. Yesterday, ago, last week, last night, last month, just now, in the past.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 29 It happened many years ago. Columbus lived many years ago. Atul came back last week. Dorje left two hour ago. f) With when clause (before event) When he fell done, he was painting the ceiling . I was writing on the board , when the marker fell down. 2. Past Continuous Tense : Structure Affirmative Subject + was/were + v4 + object Ram was eating rice. Negative Subject+was/were+not+ v4 + object Ram was not eating rice. Interrogative was/were + sub. + v4 + object? Wh + was/were+subject + v4 + ...? Was Ram eating rice ? What was Ram eating? Passive Object + was /were + being + v3 + by + subject. Rice was being eaten by Ram. Past Continuous Tense is used. a) What was happening at a particular time in the past. Yesterday, at that time, I was sitting in the park. What were you doing when the door bell rang? We were watching TV at 3 o’clock yesterday. This time yesterday, I was reading a book. b) Description and background to an event in the past. When he got home, his sister was watching TV. I was eating dinner when there was a knock on the door. c) Interrupted action in the past. I was watching TV when she called. I was just joking when I said that. While we were having picnic it started to rain. d) Two action in a same sentences that express the idea that both action were happening at a same time. The actions are parallel. While I was reading, she was watching television.
30 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Were you listening while she was talking? e) It is used ‘all + past time. They were watching all day yesterday. Note: it often occurs with all day yesterday all last night/ Sunday/ week month/ year etc. f) With while clause (before circumstance) He fell done while he was painting the ceiling While I was writing on the board, the marker fell down. 3. Past Perfect Tense: Structure Affirmative Subject +had + v3 + object Ram had eaten rice. Negative Subject + had not + v3 + object Ram had not eaten rice. Interrogative Had + subject + v3 + object ? Wh + had +subject + v3 + ... ? Had Ram eaten rice ? What had Ram eaten ? Passive Object + had + been + v3 + by + subject. Rice had been eaten by Ram. Past Perfect is used: To express the idea that something occurred before another action in the past: After I had got new job, I left previous one. I noticed that Elizabeth had left her book behind. The police found out who had stolen the bike. I had only just put the phone when it rang again. Laxmi came home after she had left college. Note : When two actions simultaneously happened in the past, simple past is used for the 2nd action and the past perfect is used for the 1st action. 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Structure Affirmative Subject +had been + v4 + object Ram had been eating rice. Negative Subject + had not been + v4 + object Ram had not been eating rice.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 31 Interrogative Had + subject +been + v4 + object ? Wh + had +subject + been + v4 + ... ? Had Ram been eating rice ? What had Ram been eating? Passive No passive. Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used: a) For an action that started in past and continued up until another time in past. How long had you waited to get on the bus. She had been working in a hospital before she found a new job. She had been frying some onions when she burnt her finger. b) Before another action in the past to show effect reaction. Bhim gained weight because he had been overeating. Jim failed the final test because she had not been attending class. c) As soon as + past tense is used for reaction. As soon as I opened the door I saw my aunt. As soon as he peeled the banana, he ate it. d) As soon as + past perfect tense is used for two action. As soon as I had finished my homework, I left for school. As soon as my mother had cooked food, she set the table. e) Past tense with ‘before’ or ‘after’ 1st action [ had + v3 ] before 2nd action (v2 ) 2nd action (v2 ) after 1st action [ had + v3 ] Laxmi came home after she had left college. I had gone school before it started raining. C. Future Tense: 1. Simple Future Tense : Structure Affirmative Subject + will/shall + v1 + object Ram will eat rice. Negative Subject will/shall +not + v1 + object Ram will not eat rice. Interrogative Will/shall + subject + v1 + object? Wh + will /shall +subject + v1 + .. ? Will Ram eat rice ? What will Ram eat ?
32 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Passive Object + will/ shall + be + v3 + by + subject. Rice will be eaten by Ram. Simple Future Tense is used: a) To talk about our hopes, expectations, intention, prediction, and forecast: You’ll enjoy the movie. I am sure you’ll. They will find a place worth visiting. I hope it won’t rain. I’m tired. I think I will take a rest. b) For an action that will take place in future. I shall see you tomorrow . She will do her homework. Note: it often occurs with adverbs like: soon, tomorrow, tonight, shortly, next time (day /week/ month/ year), etc. c) Simple future tense often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntary. Will you make dinner? I am really hungry, I will make some sandwiches. I will send you the information when I get it. Look, here a book stall. I will buy some book for my brother. d) ‘Will for expressing, promising, offering and requesting: I promise, I will not tell him about the surprise party. I won’t tell anyone about your secret. Will you buy me an ice- cream. I will call you when I arrive. e) Adverbs of time (tomorrow, in a few days, next week, in 2027, soon, tonight) Sonia will go to Japan next year. It will be dark soon. He will not tell her about it. They won’t be able to help her tonight. f) Conditional sentence type first. Unless you work hard, you’ll not pass the exam. If he comes, I shall give him a chocolate.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 33 2. Future Continuous Tense: Structure Affirmative Subject + will be/shall be + v4 + object Ram will be eating rice. Negative Subject will not be/shall not be + v4 + object Ram will not be eating rice. Interrogative Will/shall + subject + be + v4 + object? Wh + will /shall +subject + be+ v4 + ... ? Will Ram be eating rice ? What will Ram be eating ? Passive No passive - Future Continuous Tense is used: a) Long- term activities in the future or ongoing action at a certain place. I will be watching TV when he arrives tonight. He will be probably sleeping when you return. She will be working in London this time next year. At 2 pm tomorrow, I will be performing a song on the stage. b) For an action going on at some time in future. I shall be reading the paper then. c) For future events that are planned: He will be meeting us next week. 3. Future Perfect Tense: Structure Affirmative Subject + will/shall + have + v3 + object Ram will have eaten rice. Negative Subject will not have /shall not have + v3 + object Ram will not have eaten rice. Interrogative Will/shall + subject + have + v3 + object? Wh + will /shall +subject + have +v3 + ... ? Will Ram have eaten rice? What will Ram have eaten ? Passive Object + will/ shall + have +been + v3 + by + subject. Rice will have been eaten by Ram.
34 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Future Perfect Tense is used: a) To express the idea that something will occur before another in the future. By six o’clock, the sun will have set. By the time we will arrive, everyone will have gone. By the time we will meet again, I will have left America. They will have completed the project before the deadline. b) Adverbs of time. It often occurs with ‘before + future time ( tomorrow, then, next, week, the end of this month, year etc) or time clause. By the time she returns I will have completed my work on report. When he calls, I will have left already. By 2050, the doctors will have found the cure of cancer. 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense: Structure Affirmative Subject + will/shall + have + been+ v4 + object Ram will have been eating rice. Negative Subject will not have /shall not have + been + v4 + object Ram will not have been eating rice. Interrogative Will/shall + subject + have + been + v4 + object? Wh + will /shall + subject + have + been + v4 + ....? Will Ram have been eating rice? What will Ram have been eating ? Passive No passive. - Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used: a) We use the future perfect continuous tense to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in future. By 2040, she will have been living in Canada for ten years. By the time you return I will have been waiting for you here for 3 days. When he finally reaches Daman, tom will have been driving for 10 hour. In two weeks they will have been working for a year.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 35 Note: it often occurs with ‘by /before + future time and for+ period of time’. Verb forms of 12 tense Tense Present Past Future 1. Simple S+V1/V5 V2 Shall/will+ Vl 2. Continuous am/is/are + V4 was/were + V4 Shall/will + be + V4 3. Perfect has/have + V3 had+ V3 Shall/will+ have+ V3 4. Perfect continuous has/have + been+V4 had+ been+ V4 Shall/will+ have+been + V4 Examples: Tense Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Present He dances well. He is dancing well. He has danced well. He has been dancing well. Past He danced well. He was dancing well. He had danced well. He had been dancing well. Future He will dance well. He will be dancing well. He will have danced well. He will have been dancing well. Exercise 1. Choose correct forms of verbs and fill in the blanks. a. Sita doesn't ................... to pass. (try, tries, tried) b. Don't talk loudly. The baby ................... (sleeps, slept, is sleeping) c. When the telephone rang, I ................... homework. (do, did, was doing) d. Before the policeman came, the thief ................... (run away, had ran away, had run away) e. Rabina ................. the key. She has it now. (found, has found, has been found) f. By 2027 A.D. I................... the SEE examination. (will pass, will be passing, will have passed) g. The old man ................... yesterday. (died, had died, dies) h. He doesn't ................... hard. (study, studies, studied) i. We generally ................... to school in morning. (go, went, have gone) j. She ................... in the village last year. (lives, live, lived)
36 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 k. I always ................... in the morning. (walk, walked, walking) l. When we got up, it ................... (rained, had rained, was raining) m. Binita ................... food every day. (prepares, prepared, has prepared) n. They ................... home by tomorrow. (will go, will have gone) o. Don't cross the road. The bus ................... (comes, has come, is coming) p. ................... he sing songs daily? (are, does, is) 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb given in brackets. a. The elephant ................... an excellent memory. (have) b. I ................... all my teachers. (respect) c. It ................... heavily in Assam. (rain) d. This shop ................... all kinds of soaps. (sell) e. Yoga exercise ................... a person fit. (keep) f. Leaves ................... in autumn. (fall) g. Cats ................... milk. (like) h. Television ................... us a lot of useful information. (give) i. The girls ................... since evening. (dance) j. I ................... since morning. (work) k. They ................... football in the next period. (play) l. They ................... hard for many months. (work) m. She ................... in Kathmandu since 2055 B.S. (live) 3. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct words from the brackets: a. Did he..................(led, leads, lead) you into another room? b. ..................(Have, Does, Do) the girls laugh at you? c. ..................(Has, Is, Will, Do) she not buy any mangoes? d. Is your mother..................(comes, coming, come) back? e. Has the wind..................strongly? (blows, blown, blew, blow) f. ..................(Did, Does, Has, Have) she not come yet? g. We..................(has, must, have, are) not smoke in a library. h. She need not..................(stays, stayed, stay) long. i. ..................(Won't, Aren't Hasn't, Shan't) she bring my pen? j. Have you..................(bring, brings, brought, bringing) your bag? k. Has she..................(pays, paid, pay) for you? l. Hasn't she..................(becomes, becoming, become, became) a nurse yet? m. Does she..................(plays, played, play) ping pong? n. I have not..................(see, sees, seen, saw) her before.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 37 o. Students did not..................(listened, listens, listen) to the teacher. p. Narendra ..................(do, has, does, doing) not teach English grammar. q. He always .................. to temple on Saturday. (go, goes, is going) r. Have you ever .................. to Pokhara? (be, been, have been) s. Did Ramesh play the guitar in the programme? No, it..................by Shyam. (played, is played, was played) t. How did Hari..................to school yesterday? (go, goes, went) u. Do the farmers..................rice every year? (grow, grows, growing) 4. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct words from the brackets. a. Did you meet your friend outside? No,..................(I did not met him, I had not met him, I didn't meet him) b. Why..................(does Maya prefer, did Maya prefer, Maya prefers) pop songs very much? c. .................. like sweet? (Don't you, Yes I do, Do you) d. What-question of "He has a pen to write with" is: .................. (What has he to write with?/What has he to write with a pen/what does he have to write with?) e. He ought to..................listened to his teacher. (has, have, had, having) f. They..................go out very often. (have not, are not, do not, had not) g. I didn't try..................the fact. (knowing, know, to know) h. The statement of "Does he have to guide her?" is..................(He have to guide her, He does has to guide her, He has to guide her) i. He..................(would, used, ought) to be an atheist but now he believes in God. j. Did Rohit................(show, showed, shows, has show) his work to his teacher? k. Sarita doesn't..................(fried, fry, fries, had fried) fish. l. Everybody..................(get, gets, have got) money. m. She..................(do, is, has, does) not know anything. n. Ram..................(win, won, have won, was winning) the race last week. o. Rupa cannot..................(see, saw, sees, seeing) well. p. She will not..................(leaves, leaving, left, leave) tomorrow. q. Did you..................(meets, meet, met) her again? r. She does not..................(wanted, wants, want) any more sugar.
38 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 s. We shall not..................(has, have, had) any rain. t. I never..................(goes, went, go) to school before 9 o'clock. u. Did Sita..................(fell, falling, fall, falls) down? v. Will you..................(met, meets, meet) his mother? w. She does not..................(speaks, spoke, speak) Japanese. x. Has he..................in the river? (swims, swim, swam, swum) y. Have they..................(do, doing, done, did) their work? z. They do not..................(knows, knew, know, known) anything. 5. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct answers from the brackets: a. Rohan loves music but his father..................(does, don't, doesn't) b. "Did she help you yesterday? "Yes, she...me a lot." (helps, helped, help) c. Prashant visited his grandparents so that they would be glad. The yes/no question of this statement is: ..................? (Did his grandparents visit him, Did he visit his grandparents, Did he visit his grandparents so that they would be glad). d. Sandip brought his beddings, but his friend..................any. (don't bring, did not bring, not brought) e. Gotiya wants to play cricket, but they..................(don't, doesn't, didn't) f. Messi plays football, but I..................(don't, doesn't, didn't) g. Susma sometimes comes to me, but 1................go to her. (do not some times, do not anytime, never) h. Amitabh always loves to watch TV news but his wife..............(doesn't, didn't, don't) i. Ram loves to play ball, but Sita..................(didn't, don't, doesn't) 6. Fill in the blanks. a. How..................you last week? (does she help, did she help, she helped) b. Bina and Muna like travelling a lot. They..................India next month when their SEE exam finishes. (will visit/are visiting/ visit) c. As soon as the teacher entered, the students..................to their feet. (leapt had leapt, were leaping) d. The SEE examination..................near. (will come, is corning, come) e. How did Shyam..................to school yesterday? (go, goes, went) f. ..................it? Yes, I did it yesterday. (Did you, Did you do, Do you do) g. He speaks English but he..................speak Chinese. (doesn't didn't, don't) h. Take an umbrella. It..................outside. (rains, is raining, rained) i. Madam Curie..................radio. (discover, discovered, discovering) j. I have already..................that film. (see, saw, seen)
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 39 k. As soon as you see Bina, you..................her father. (will remember, remember, remembered) l. Did she know the way to your house? Yes, she.......it. (know, knows, knew) m. As soon as I cracked jokes, everybody..................(laugh, laughs, laughed) n. Listen someone................(is singing, sing, will singing) o. Did you..................the principal yesterday? (met, meet, meets) p. When we woke up, it..................outside. (rained, was raining, will rain) q. Binod......his work yet. (has finished, has been finished, has not finished) r. He plays chess but he.........carom. (don't play, doesn't play, is not play) s. Anju is pregnant now. She..................birth to a baby. (is going to give, is giving, will give) 7. Tick the correct verb form brackets: a. The construction of the building …..completed by next year. (will be/ will have/ is being) b. Rakesh are… 16 years by next year, (will reach/ will have reached/ is being reached) c. Nura had painted her picture before you…..( paint/ painted/ paints) d. They… the building by the end of this month, (will complete/ will be completing/ will have completed) e. Students….from picnic by six o'clock, ( will return/ will have been returning/ will have returned ) f. In two months the S.L.C exam result….out. (will be/will have been/ will have) g. I … take part in the SAARC quize contest next month (will be /am going to / had to) h. David ….100 goals by next year, (is being score/ will score/ will have scored) i. Does she…. the class regularly? ( attends / attended/ attend) j. Ram didn't …… to the stadium yesterday. ( go /went/ goes) k. I …in Butwal since last year. (lived have lived will live) l. She usually…. red sari in the special programmers (wore/ wears/ will wear) m. Manoj…most of his works before I asked, (has finished / will have finished/ had finished ) n. Our final exam ….. on the 6th of the next month. ( will start/ starts/ has started) o. It's cloudy,it ….soon. (is rain/ is going to rain/ is raining) p. Shila …..her breakfast. ( has eaten already/ ate already/ has already eaten) q. The River Amazon …into the Atlantic Ocean. (flow/ fows/ flowed)
40 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Connectives 4 Unit Read the following conversation. Lina : What are you doing here, Saara ? Saara : Well, I'm waiting for a person who is never punctual. Lina : It's up to you. If I were you, I wouldn't wait for anyone so long. Saara : But I have to, because I rely pretty much in him. Lina : What do you mean ? Saara : I mean he takes me shopping and to the movies and the theatre and so on. Moreover, he buys me clothes of my choice. Lina : Lucky, you are ! I envy you. Saara : You must. Although he is not so good looking, he is kind hearted. However, he becomes angry if you fail to keep your word. Lina : Interesting man ! Saara : He is very interesting. And whenever you meet him, he is quite busy either with his African projects or with the golf news. Lina : I have to go now. See you latter. All the highlighted words/phrases in the text above are connectives. The words or phrases that connect either subjects or objects representing people, places, things and ideas in a sentence are called connectives. Sometimes, they connect two or more independent clauses or even sentences. The connectives can roughly be divided into relative pronouns and conjunctions. The pronouns that often replace the nouns or give extra information about them are relative pronouns. They are: who, whom, whose, which and that. Example: 1. I don't like a person who is never punctual. 2. I sold my car that I bought two years ago. 3. The person whom I met last night was drunk. 4. I live in the house which is painted pink.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 41 The highlighted words are relative pronouns, and the clauses associated with them are relative clauses. So, who is never punctual, etc. are example of relative clauses. Conjunctions In the conversation, in the beginning of this lesson, the words like if, because, or, but, and, although, and either …or….are used as conjunctions. A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases or sentences together. The conjunctions are also used to join clauses in sentences. Use of connectives Connectives are the conjunctions/joining words that combine two or more words and sentences into one. They are of different kinds like the connectives of reason, purpose, result, condition, concession, comparison, etc. Now, we will learn to join pairs of sentences using the following connectives. 1. Reason Connectives A reason connective joins an action with its reason. The connectives are because, as, since and because of. a. Because, As, Since Structure: Action+ because/as/since+ Reason (SV+O) Raina passes every exam because/as/since she always studies hard. (Action Reason in SV) b. Because of Structure: Action+ because of+ Reason (Noun Phrase) Raina passes every exam because of hard work. (Action Reason in NP) 2. Purpose Connectives A purpose connective combines an action with its purpose. A purpose is like a reason/cause but not exactly the same. The connectives are to, in order to, so that. a. To, In order to Structure: Action+ to/in order to+ Vl (Purpose) I am doing this work until midnight to/in order to publish the book in time. (Action+ Vl Purpose) b. So that Structure: Action + so that + Purpose Statement/Clause (Sub. + Modal Aux. (will/would/shall/should/can/could) + Vl (main purpose lose) I am doing this work until midnight so that we can publish the book in time. (Action+ Purpose)
42 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 3. Connectives of Unexpected Result Sometimes we may get a result that is quite different from our thought or expectation. It means the result is contrary to the situation. Such a result is an unexpected result. The connectives of unexpected result join a situation and an unexpected result. The connectives are though, although, even though, in spite of and despite. a. Though, Although, Even though Structure: Though/Although/Even though + Situation (SV/0),+Unexpected Result Although he is lazy, everybody likes him. When we think the situation is more important, it is normally placed later. Everybody likes him although he is lazy. b. In spite of/Despite Structure: In spite of/Despite + Situation (Noun Phrase), + Unexpected Result In spite of/Despite his laziness, everybody likes him. (Situation (NP) +Unexpected Result) 4. Therefore/So 'Therefore/So' is quite opposite of Reason Connectives. Structure: Reason+ Therefore/So+ Result Binu is honest and patient; therefore/so she can adjust in the new situation. Reason Result Binu can adjust in the new situation because she is honest and patient. (Result/ Statement+ Reason) 5. However 'However' is used with the second statement when it is contrary to the first statement. Structure: First statement+ however+ second statement. The boys were naughty; however, the teacher did not punish them. 6. Relative Clauses Who, whom, whose, which, where and what are the relative pronouns. Relative pronouns make a clause to say something about the persons or things preceded by them. So, they act as adjectives too. • 'Who' is used for a person as the subjective case. (for Ram, Sita, he, she, they, etc.) Sunayana is my own sister. Sunayana lives in Chitwan. Sunayana who lives in Chitwan is my own sister. • 'Whom' is also used for a person as the objective case. 'Who' can be used in place of 'Whom'. (for Ram, Sita, him, her, them, etc.) Bhupal was our boss. You are talking about him. Bhupal of whom you are talking about was our boss.