Oasis Applied Grammar 10

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 143 The highlighted words in the above sentences are adverbs: Adverbs are words and phrases that modify the meaning of a verb and adjective in a sentence. Words like very, everywhere, fast, silently, yesterday, never, carefully, happily, actively, sometimes, often, soon, always, etc. are adverbs. Adverbs are mixed class of words. They add something to the meaning of a verb and adjective or another adverb. Read these sentences. Vivek is very handsome. Honest people are respected everywhere. This child runs quite fast. They worked silently. The test began yesterday. Adverbs Kinds of Adverbs 1. Adverb of Time: It shows the time of an action. It answers the question: 'When'. Examples: Sentence Adverb I will go tomorrow. tomorrow She writes today. today I have already eaten. already Since, early, now, tomorrow, ago, today, then, daily, yet, already, late and before are adverbs of time. 2. Adverb of Place: It shows the place of action. It answers the question: 'Where'. Examples: Sentence Adverb I met him there. there Dont' go outside. outside The sunlight is everywhere. everywhere Please go up. up

144 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 The words here, up, below, down, outside, there, above, everywhere, away and near are adverbs of place. 3. Adverb of Number: It shows the frequency of an action. It answers the question: 'how often'. Examples: Sentence Adverb Use the medicine twice a day. twice Never smoke Munu. never He often watches TV. often I always go to school. always Always, often, never, twice, again, occasionally, once and sometimes are simple adverbs of number or frequency. 4. Adverb of Quantity: It shows the quantity of an action. It answers the question: 'in what degree' or 'how much'. Examples: Sentence Adverb I made a great mistake. I am very sorry. very The bottle is nearly half. nearly You're quite right. quite She danced pretty well. well The words well quite, nearly, very, fully, almost extremely, enough and fairly are adverbs of quantity or degree or extent. 5. Adverb of Manner: It shows the manner of an action. It answers the question: 'how' or 'in what manner'. Examples: Sentence Adverb Ram was beaten badly. badly I speak softly. softly Please walk slowly. slowly He came happily. happily The words happily, slowly, softly, badly, fast, quickly, neatly, surely, certainly, probably and bravely are adverb of manner. 6. Adverb of Certainty: It shows the certainty of an action. It answers yes or no

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 145 type of question in affirmative or negative. Examples: Sentence Adverb You will certainly go. certainly I will surely play. surely The words surely, certainly, definitely and obviously are simple adverbs of certainty. 7. Interrogative Adverb: An interrogative adverb is used to ask a question. For example: When did the bell ring? Where are you today? Where did you place the tray? Why are you angry? 8. Relative Adverb: The word that modifies the verb, adverb or another adverb as well as joins the antecedent sentence is known as relative adverb. Sentence Adverb I don't know when I was born. (when- time) This is the place where I live. (where- place) That is the reason why she wept. (why - reason) The words why, where, when are the relative adverbs because they join with their antecedents. 1. Change these adjectives into adverbs. slow ............................. magical ............................. strong ............................. natural ............................. dangerous ............................. light ............................. sweet ............................. happy ............................. clear ............................. aimless ............................. safe ............................. careful ............................. rich ............................. proud ............................. Number Exercise

146 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 2. Circle the adverbs in the following sentences. a. Walk slowly or withdraw your name. b. When did you get the book? c. I speak English well. d. He didn't meet her anywhere. e. Speak gently with your friends. f. I met your brother yesterday. g. They have quarreled twice in school. h. He was working inside. i. Mr. Samson is quite intelligent. j. Her bag was lying there. k. He was late again. 3. Find out and write whether the highlighted words are used as adverbs or adjectives. a. You have slow movement. slow- adjective b. You are a kind man. ................................. c. It can be done simply. ................................. d. The wall is beautifully painted. ................................. e. She put on simple dress. ................................. f. I straight went home. ................................. g. The car was running very fast. ................................. h. He telephoned me late. ................................. i. She spoke in a loud voice. ................................. j. He goes for a walk daily. ................................. k. He is still working. ................................. 1. She talks very loudly. ................................. m. I'm passing my life happily. .................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 147 4. Read the sentences given below and write in the boxes whether the underlined adverbs are adverb of time, place, manner, frequency, degree, interrogative adverb. a. She always reaches office in time. b. The milkman brings milk regularly. c. Do not throw rubbish everywhere. d. Why did you let him go? e. It is raining outside. f. I shall come back soon. g. The police searched for the thief everywhere. h. Why is the child crying? i. Move forward. j. I shall do it gladly. k. When did you visit Pokhara? l. The boy was not found anywhere. m. Work carefully. n. You arrived late. o. Bina runs quickly. 5. Fill in the blanks with suitable adverb. a. She recites poetry very .......................... (fast, fastly) b. This train .......................... goes to Delhi. (direct, directly) c. He guessed the answer .......................... (right, rithtly) d. I have seen him .......................... (late, lately) e. Open your mouth .......................... (wide, widely) f. Hold your head .......................... (high, highly) g. It is .......................... hot today. (too, very) 6. Use an adverb in the remarks as shown below. a. He is a good teacher. He teaches well. b. She is a wonderful speaker. ..................................................... c. My brother is a gentle worker. ...................................................... d. He was a skillful builder. .......................................................

148 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Marks - 6 Type- 1 (Reproduction) Grammar Practice in SEE Format Marks - 11 1. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) You’d like pizza…. ? (Add question tag) b) It does not have any meaning. (into affirmative) c) He has already danced. (into interrogative) d) Pukar (read) 20 pages so far . (rewriting using the correct form of the verb) e) My mother said to me, “The sun rises from the east.” (into indirect speech) f) My proposal was refused. (into active voice) 2. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Let’s work hard, ….. ? (add question tag) b) Let him sing a song. (into negative) c) Are there any students in the class ? (into statement) d) His brother (be) engaged since July. (rewrite using the correct form of the verb) e) Mohan said to Tom, “ Let me help the poor” (into indirect speech) f) Please return my money. (into passive speech) 3. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) There is a pen on the table, ….? (add question) b) I have a lot of books. (into negative) c) Ramita goes to school every day on foot. ( into how question) d) Some people never(tell) the truth. (rewrite using the correct form of the verb) e) He exclaimed with surprise that she was very beautiful. ( into direct speech) f) It is believed that the earth is round. ( into active voice) 4. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) You and I can do it, …. ? (add question) b) He hasn’t visited Pokhara yet. (into affirmative) c) Does TV affect our behavior ? (into statement) d) The sky is overcast. It (rain) (rewrite using the correct form of the verb) e) He said to his son, “Please write a letter in English.” (into indirect speech) f) Who won the match? (into passive voice)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 149 5. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Anupa never works hard, …..? (add question) b) Cows give milk. (into negative) c) Saru saw a giant hornbill last week. (into what question) d) Mina… (run) a grocery shop at present. (Supply the correct form of the verb) e) The General said to the soldiers, “ Shoot them.” (into indirect speech) f) English is spoken all over the world. (into active voice) 6. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) We’d call a taxi… ? (add question) b) I have never been to solu. (into affirmative) c) She deals in cloths. (into yes/no question) d) The cure of Parkinson…. (find out) by 2027. (Supply the correct form of the verb) e) Sanju said to her husband, “Have a nice journey.” (into indirect speech) f) Roshani adores people taking her to restaurants. (into passive voice) 7. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Don’t smoke,….. > (add question tag) b) My dog loves travelling in fast cars. ( into negative) c) Someone hit her on her head. ( into interrogative) d) No one likes him. He always…. (beat) about the bush. (supply the correct form of the verb) e) Laxman said he had been ill the previous week. (into direct speech) f) No one can solve this problem. (into passive) 8. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Let him play the music, …. ? (add question tag) b) I’m fine too. ( into negative) c) Paru has to take medicines regularly. ( into yes/no question) d) She generally sings Nepali songs. But todays she…. (sing) English songs. (supply the correct form of the verb) e) My father forbade me to take drugs. (into direct speech) f) Weight the solid in air. (into passive) 9. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Let’s wish for her long life, …. ? (add question tag) b) She has already finished her work. (into negative) c) He didn’t either go there. (into affirmative) d) Hush! Someone … (cry) outside. (supply the correct form of the verb)

150 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 e) “Have you ever seen a wounded man ?” said the king. (into indirect speech) f) Don’t insult the weak. (into passive voice) 10. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Let’s go to Saurah, …. ? (add question tag) b) Don’t switch off the fan. (into affirmative) c) You are well now? (into interrogative) d) The public (catch) the criminals just now. (Supply the correct form of the verb) e) The teacher said, “ Water flows downwards.” (into indirect speech) f) Her wallet has been stolen. (into active voice) 11. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) None helped me last week, …? (add question tag) b) I had a swim yesterday. (into negative) c) Does it have any meaning. ( into statement) d) Bharati …(lose) her key. She still can’t enter the house. (supply the correct form of the verb) e) Meera said to Moti.”Do you like lemon in your tea?” ( into indirect speech) f) Who told you about the robbery ? (into passive voice) 12. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Someone loves fishing, ..? ( add question tag) b) Did he see my father on the way ? (into statement) c) I have already taken my meal. ( into negative) d) Ganesh …. (teach) at Siddhartha school for many years. (Supply the correct form of the verb) e) Rama said to me, “ Where are you going ?” into indirect speech) f) I have to attend a meeting . (into passive voice) 13. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Someone has a book, … ? (add question tag) b) He likes meat, too. (into negative) c) Did she hear anybody calling ? (into statement) d) Look ! Somebody (spill) water on the floor. (rewrite using the correct form of the verb) e) Oasis and to me. “ How did you plant a tree ?” (into indirect speech ) f) Farmers have to grow more rice. (into passive voice) 14. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Ram hardly stands up form bed, …? ( add question tag)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 151 b) Put some milk in your tea. (into negative) c) Ramila bought a story book last week. (into what question) d) I will wait here until he (wake) up. (rewrite using the correct form of the verb) e) The general forbade his soldiers to smoke (into direct speech) f) Let the book be written by him. (into active voice) 15. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) You’d better do this…? (add question tag) b) Did anybody bread the vase? (into affirmative) c) You saw someone there. ( into yes/no question) d) I(revise) three chapters by 3 o’clock. (rewrite using the correct form of the verb) e) Sahan said to me, “Have another cup of tea.” (into indirect speech) f) I hate people telephoning me early in the morning. (into passive voice) 16. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) I am a student. ….? ( add question tag) b) Either Ram or his friends have come here. ( into negative) c) He cut his finger. (into interrogative) d) She (hurry) to work every morning. (Supply the correct form of the verb) e) The old man cursed him to die. (into direct speech) f) why does light attract insects. (into passive voice) 17. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Let me sing a song,..? (add question tag) b) I’m fine and so is mu brother. (into negative) c) We make a lot of profit. (into yes/ no question) d) He (lose) his wallet. He doesn’t have money for his tiffin. (correct form of the verb) e) They congratulated me. ( into direct speech) f) They are cutting down the trees. (into passive voice) 18. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) One should obey his parents,…? (add question tag) b) They have already eaten beef. (into negative) c) He never reads magazines. (into affirmative) d) Tom(visit) Kathmandu in 2011. (supply the correct form of the verb) e) “Have you done your homework?”, said the teacher. (into indirect speech) f) Finally, he won the match. (into passive voice)

152 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 19. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) They’ve finished their work,…? (supply the correct tag) b) She’s done her homework. (into yes/no question) c) He never speaks English. ( into affirmative) d) By 2030,total enrolmentrate inGradeOne….(reach) 100%.(puttodirect speeh) e) The teacher said that he had been teaching English for 20 years. (change into direct speech) f) They are building a new ring road. ( into passive ) 20. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) He’ll do the task,…? (add question tag) b) She dances well. ( into yes/no question) c) She walks to school. (into How’ question) d) I … (teach) in this school for 15 years. (put the verb in bracket in correct tense) e) He said to me, “What’s your name>” (into indirect speech) f) The road is being repaired now. (into active voice) 21. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Let’s have a party…. ? (supply the correct tag) b) He can sing a folk song. ( into yes/ no question) c) She always prays in the morning. (into negative) d) By 2020, she … (complete master degree. (direct speech) e) The poem was written by Devkota. (into active voice) f) He said, “What do you want from me ?” ( into indirect speech) 22. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) He’s been dancing for 20 minutes,… ? ( supply the correct tag) b) She’s writing a letter. ( into ‘What’ question) c) My father like tea. ( into negative) d) The thief had already run away when the police…. (come) (put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) e) The poem was written by Devkota. (into active voice) f) He said,” What do you want from me ?” (into indirect speech) 23. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Come back early in the morning . …? ( supply the correct tag) b) He studies hard. ( into negative) c) She been studying English of 10 years. ( into ‘How long’ question)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 153 d) Listen ! someone …. (cry). (put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) e) Kalpan said to him, “I never drink tea.” (into direct speech) f) No one could solve the problem. ( into passive voice) 24. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) You like milk tea,…. ? ( supply the correct tag) b) Did she tell you anything ? ( into statement) c) He has never talked to her. (into yes/ no question) d) Don’t cross the road ! The bus …. (come) (put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) e) He said to me, “ Go to the bank.” ( into indirect speech) f) Who was this book written by ? ( into active voice) 25. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) She’s definitely not coming ..? ( supply the correct tag) b) The book has been sold. ( into yes/ no question) c) She drinks milk tea. ( into ‘what’ question) d) When I reached home, my wife…. (sleep) (put the verb in the bracket in correct tense) e) My father said, “ Don’t smoke.” ( into indirect speech) f) The work was done by him. ( into active voice) 26. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) Manjila threw a tantrum when she was told that she wouldn’t be able to to go. (into negative sentence) b) The boy did not kill the spider with his shoe. (into passive sentence) c) The angry mother asked her son if he thought that he knew better than his dad. (in to direct speech) d) Where have you been found by your father? (into active voice) e) We shall forget these happy moments. (into simple past tense) 27. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) Mr. Baral is from Baglung….? (add a suitable tag question) b) My sister lives with my parent, (Change into negative sentence) c) It was a great sight, (Change into interrogative sentence) d) The eldest brother… the family since his father passed a way. (Use the correct form of the verb “support”) e) She asked me if I was going with them. Or She asked them if was coming with them. (change into direct speech) f) Were you recognized by her? (change into active voice)

154 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 28. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) Mr. Sharma has been to Scolatland recently,…. ? (add suitable tag question) b) It is useless to cry over spilt milk. (change into interrogative sentence) c) Madan gets along with his brother-in –law. (change into negative) d) The meeting …. Due to lack of quorum. (use the correct form of the verb “postpone”) e) The ticketing man said to the passengers; “The bys didn’t arrive on time.” (change into indirect speech) f) By whom was this book written? (change into active voice) 29. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) Sameer gets along with his brother-in-law. (add question tag) b) She did not throw a tantrum when she was told that she wouldn’t be able to go. (into positive sentence) c) Elina said, “I have just spoken to Kiran.” (into reported speech) d) Parliament members will be elected soon. (into active voice) e) She had nothing to say. (into simple present tense) f) Let’s have a party… ? (a question tag) 30. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) The trip is very expensive,… (add question tag) b) The boy killed the spider with his shoe. ( change into negative) c) Nepal is known for the scenic beauty. ( change into interrogative sentence) d) The athletes … for Canada tomorrow. ( use the correct form of the verb “leave”) e) RoniyasaidtoAnkita“YoucanspeakSpanishwell.”(change intoindirect speech) f) Have you finished work ? (change into passive voice) 31. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) The boy killed the spider with his shoe. (into negative sentence) b) She did not recognize him at once. ( into positive sentence) c) He said that it would be nice if he could see me again. (into direct speech) d) Our parents and teachers were warmly welcomed. (into active voice) e) Nobody believes a liar. (into past tense) f) Has the work been finished by you? (change into active voice) 32. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) Aditya had a new red branded car,….? (add question tag)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 155 b) She recognized him at once. ( into negative ) c) They beauty of nature is beyond description. (into interrogative) d) The delivery man ….the petrol already. (use the correct form of the verb “delivery”) e) My father said,” they like the song”. (into indirect speech) f) Has the work been finished by you. (into active) 33. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) Dibya recognized him at once. (into negative ) b) He did not apologize for the conduct. (into positive sentence) c) He said that he might be late. (into direct speech) d) Who opened the gate. ( into passive sentence) e) There are no use of this status, ( simple past) f) I think my mother return home…..? ( a question tag) 34. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) She can reply come these days, (add tag question) b) He apologized for his conduct. ( into negative) c) Everyday we have heard of Devkota. ( into interrogative sentence) d) The market … usually noisy in the morning. (use correct form of the verb “to be”) e) Apsara says,” I am going to clean the room”. ( into indirect speech) f) When will they announce the results ? ( into passive voice) 35. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) Sujan apologize for his conduct. (into negative) b) Martin does not get along with his brother –in- law. ( inot positive sentence) c) The teacher said, “ the earth revolves around the sun.” ( into reported speech) d) Weight the solid in the air. (into passive) e) He always speaks the truth. (simple past) f) I don’t suppose you are serious,…. ? (a tag question) 36. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) He never came again. (add question tag) b) She threw a tantrum when she was told that she wouldn’t be able to go. (into negative) c) He has his dinner at seven every evening. (into interrogative sentence) d) Arya…. accurate class every Saturday. (use the correct form of the verb "attend”)

156 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 e) Aditi said: “ She works in an office.” (into indirect) f) Did she recognize you ? (into passive voice) 37. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) My sister lives with my parents. (into negative) b) None but he can play good cricket. ( into affirmative sentence) c) ‘Will you help me ?’ the young girl asked. ( into reported speech) d) The window was opened by an unseen hand, (into active voice) e) Evereybody loves his motherland. (simple past) f) Let’s drink tea,…. ? ( a question tag) 38. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) I know the answer . ( into negative) b) Pokhara one of the richest cities of Nepal. ( into comparative sentence) c) Mother said to the boy,” did you look the front door”? ( into reported speech) d) The Prime Minister was given a warm welcome. (into active voice) e) She likes white dress. (into past perfect) f) There is a bus to Dhading Basi every hour….;? (a question tag) 39. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) You hardly ever came late, (add suitable tag) b) My mother works at a bank. ( into negative) c) No one worships the setting sun. ( into interrogative sentence) d) The board man… to our housing estate every evening. ( use the correct form of the verb “come”) e) I asked him whether he had been present at the meeting the day before . (into direct speech) f) When will the results be announced( by them) ? (into active voice) 40. Reproduce the following sentences as directed in the brackets. a) Sophiya sings rally well. (into negative) b) Isn’t it kind of you to invite us ? (into affirmative sentence) c) He said, I might be late. (into reported speech) d) Several rhinos have been killed by poachers (into active voice) e) He was not a meritorious boy. (into simple past) f) Let’s go to the movie theatre…… ? (a question tag)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 157 Marks - 5 Type- 2 (Contextual Passage) 1. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the text below: In the remote past, there was a man who was supposed to be…. (a/an/the/ nothing) heir to the throne, but he didn’t pay due attention… (for/ to /in/at) the affairs of the country. He with his friends …(is /was/were/am) interested in the activities that…. (would / was/ were/is) not suitable for him. Actually he… (were supposed/ had supposed / was supposed/had supposed ) to be involved in the affairs that were good for the well being people. …..(Although/ in spite of/ Because of/) of his counsellor’s advice, he did not give up his bad habits. As a result, one day a big demonstration was organized against him and the people warmed him…. (not to get involves/ to get involved / not get involved/not get involved) in bad activities any more. But they couldn’t get him …(stop/ to stop/ stopping) committing mistakes. If he….(listen/ listened / had listened/has listened) to the people’s warning in time, he wouldn’t have left his motherland. He was not a good man,….? (wasn’t he/ was he/ is he / was not he) 2. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the text below: Do you know …? (does opera mean / opera means / will opera mean / opera will mean) it ….refers….(by/ to /form / from ) a dramatic art form, originated in Europe, in …..(what /which/ that / who) the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as it,…. (is/ was/ has / were) through the lyrics. By contrast, in musical theatre the actor’s dramatic performance is primary ….. (a / an /the / nothing )drama in opera …(is presented /are presents /have been presented/was presented) using the primary elements of the theatre. Some of which…. (Have/ is/ are/were) scenery, costume and actions. However the words of the opera, or libretto are sung rather than spoken....? (isn’t it/ aren’t it/ wouldn’t they/hadn't they). The huge accompaniment of the singers something makes the opera…. (sound/ sounded/ to sound/sounds) like a full symphonic orchestra. One feels the real flavour of the orchestra if one …. (watch/ watches /will watch/watching) in person. 3. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the text below: One day a man… (drove, was driving, will be driving/will drive) at 80 kilometers per… (a,an,the, no article/xxx) hour. He accelerated and passed the chicken. Three minutes later the chicken passed him again as he was driving …(on, at,by,to) 100kph. The man tried to catch the chicken but it ran down a side road. The man followed it into a farmyard…… (and, but, because, so) couldn’t find it anywhere.

158 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 The man saw the woman told her the story. The women said that …....( we like, they liked, we do like, we have like) chicken legs so they bred – 3 legged chickens. “What do they taste like? it tastes like local chicken,…..... (isn’t it, doesn’t if, wasn’t it, do it) asked the man. “I don’t know” , replied the women, “we haven’t caught one yet. All of them…(run, runs, is running, was run) so fast. I will get one …..... (catch, to catch, caught, catches) if a superman…....(comes, came, had come, coming, had been coming) to help me. 4. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the text below: Having eaten some delicious food in…. (a, an, the , none) Indian restaurant, Dorje discovered that his wallet…… (stole, had stolen, was stolen, steals). He could easily sense the problem he was going to have. Just then a businessman got a call…. (for, at, on, to) his call phone. He hanged up, grinning form ear to ear and ordered a round of drinks and food for everybody in the bar…… (although, to, because, if) he announced, his wife had just produced a baby boy. Dorje become relaxed and congratulated the businessman. Luckily he got his bill…… ( to pay, paid, pay, pays). Congratulations showered him from all around and many exclamations of “WOW” ! …. (was, are, were, is) heard. Two weeks letter the businessman…… (has returned , returned , had returned, will returned) to the bar. One of the waiter asked, “your son is all right…. (isn’t he , aren’t he, wasn’t you, was you)? The businessman replied that…. (my son is okay, My son was okay, his son was okay, it is ok). The waiter requested the man, “ if you ….. (will celebrate, celebrate, celebrated, celebrates) your son’s birthday, please other birthday cake from here.” The businessman smiled and said “sure”!. 5. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the text below: Once, I happened to visit a village far from the town…. (a, an, the, nothing) village was full of natural beauties. There were not many houses which were made…. (in. of, from, to) mud bricks. The village was very neat and clean. In one place,…. (a sheep, sheep, sheep’s, sleeping) were grazing under the tree. Shepherds were playing ‘dandi biyo”…. (in spit of, through, because of, because) their attention to the game, they did not take any notice of me. I ….(please, had pleased, was pleased, is please) with the lamb. But one of the boys came to me and rebuked me …(to play, not to play, not to be played, plays) with the lamb. If he had not behaved in such a way, i… (will enjoy, would enjoy, would have enjoyed) happily for a long time. It made me…. (leave, to leave, left, leaves) the place. I think he should not have behaved so,…. (don’t I , should I, should he, he should). He said,"(I will call, will I call, I will be call, call will I). I (will believe, will believe, believes, will be believes). 6. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the text below:

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 159 It was… (an/a/the/nothing) windy evening. I was pretending as if I was reading in my room. Way down…..( in/ at /on/onto) my heart, I couldn’t help feeling that there was something in what grandmother had said. The leaven of my grand parent’s philosophy…( was/were/has/is) working. I could clearly see that happiness contentment and peace depend more upon genius, spasmodic effort or keeping up appearances…. (couldn’t /could I /can’t I, can I)? (although/ however/because/because of)....…mother had been wonderfully courageous father could hardly have claimed that virtue. What kind of mother would have had to be in order to have filled expectations of grandmother, …....(was/ is/ were/have) difficult to imagine for me now. It makes me…. (feel/to feel/feeling/ feels) all the them. Had I not been alone in the room, I …(would think /did think /would not have thought/ will think) so. Anyway I believed that i…. (had learnt/ have learnt/ am learnt/is learn) much from my family. Then the door…. ( was knocked /knocked /would knock/will locked) and I was called by mother. 7. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the text below: There lived… (an, a, the, nothing) university student near my house. He used to go to university …(on, in, with, at) foot. One day, I met him when he…(was going, went, had gone, goes) to the market. He was in a hurry. I stopped and asked him, “why …(you are running, he was running, are you running, you run) ? he replied, “The bus is about to leave,….. (doesn’t it, isn’t, aren’t it, is they)?” In fact the bus had already started …( because, but, as, because of) some people were left behind. Neither the boy nor his friends….(was, had, were, is) able to catch the bus. Everyone….. (were stranded, was straned, are stranded, is strand) on the road. If they were in time, they,….. (would catch, will have caught, will catch, will catching) the bus without any problem. In this way, the situation made them…. (to regret, regret, regretted, regreting) themselves. 8. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the text below: A hungry fox, in search of a meal, once saw a crow, sitting on…. (a/ an/ the/ nothing) branch of a tree. and holding a large piece of meat in its beak. The fox sat down ….(below/ beneath/ in/between) the tree, and began to talk to I..… (himself /herself/ oneself/myself) aloud, “What a fine handsome bird …(this crow /was that crow is that is crow/this crow) ‘ said he,” but what a pity that it ….(could sing /can sing /cannot sing/was that crow). In face the poor creature is “quite dumb”, The crow,…. (because of/in spite of/even though/so that) its great beauty. However, if it could utter a single though sound, I. / ……(shall think / should have thought /should think/will thinking) it an excellent crow, if not the finest bird I ever saw. As it is I can only pity an despise it”. A crow does not like…. (be insulted/ being insulted/ insulting/insults) in such a way. It made the crow… (to think, /thought/think/thinking) to caw. Here upon the insulted and

160 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 vain crow opened its beak to show that is could caw in the best style. The meat dropped from its beak and saying,” thanks very much”, the fox ate it and ran off. The story is (ends/end/ended/to end). 9. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the text below: One evening I wanted to get home early to watch my favourite programme on TV. Just as I was leaving. However, some students came in to complain but I didn’t ..( listen, /listened,/ to listen/listen) to them thinking that I …(will be/ would be/would have been/will ave be) late for (a/an/the/nothing) programme if I delayed there. Then, as I …. (drove/ was driven/ had driven/drives) home, I noticed that I was almost out …. (from/ of/ off/to) petrol. I stopped at a self –service station…. (in /order to/ although /because/in order to) get some and arrived home just in time. When the television … (was switching/ switched /was switched/switch) on, I found that it was not working properly. Luckily a friend of mine had a new video recorder, so I rang him up said, my TV is not working; so …… (recorded/to record/please record/records) the programme for me, (will /don’t/ would/would be) you ?” thus, I could get him… the programme. (record /to record/ recorded/has record). 10. Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the text below: Aman whohadjustdied…..(arrive /arrived/hadarrived/arrving) attheheaven’s gate. Yamaraj, the death God death questioned him if he …… (loved/ had loved /is loved/loving) a women. “No” …. (a /an/ the/nothing ) man replied,” never loved a single man or one.: yamraj questioned him again if he had loved a child then. “No” Had I loved a child I …. (should /would/ had/is) silent. Have told you.” His answer …(made yamraj /yamraj made /made/making) silent. Then he had asked again.” Perhaps you loved animals…. (did not/not/didn't/don't) you ? No, he answered “. once I ….. (am bit /was beaten /was bitten/beaten) by a dog …. (after /since /before/for) then I hate animals. Then, the man ….( was /were/ have/had) taken …..(onto/into/towards/in) the palace of Yamraj.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 161 Writing Skill Part - II Marks - 5 Guided Writing-I 1. Paragraph Introduction A paragraph is generally defined as the combination of sentences dealing with one main idea which is something also called the topic sentence. Often the topic sentence occurs at the beginning of a paragraph while the rest of the sentences in a paragraph expand, illustrate or modify the main idea. Read the following paragraph: The moon's gravity pulls the earth's oceans towards it as it moves round the earth. Then it lets them go again. These movements of the oceans are tides. The sun also affects the tides. At seaside you can see that sometimes the sea covers the beach completely. These are called high tides. At other times, the water goes back, leaving the shore uncovered. These are called low tides. The purpose of writing something is to express your opinion/ideas or sharing any information to the readers. You cannot attract your readers unless you organize your writing effectively. It is often said that: Look after the paragraphs and the sentences will look after themselves. We have seen that the sentence is the basic unit of expression and that it can take various forms. A series of sentences can combine to form a paragraph, which is the next stage in expression. Such a collection of sentences must have a recognizable structure and unity for it is feature that gives validity to the paragraph. Generally, one paragraph contains one central idea and it is supported by the details like examples and explanations. Paragraphs usually make a general statement and then give a number of specific details or reasons in support of that sentence. Here are some useful tips for paragraph writing: First, go through the clues you are provided to develop paragraphs. Then, divide the given information into two parts: the ones you can put in the introductory paragraph and the concluding paragraph. Introduce the main theme ( controlling idea) in the first paragraph. Organize the subordinate theme (topic sentence) in the second paragraph. Do not repeat the same information, and be careful in connecting ideas. If possible it would be better to use synonyms or antonyms or paraphrases. Create linkage between the paragraphs. For this, link words such a moreover, firstly. To start with, in addition, in fact, etc. can be used appropriately

162 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Follow the given outlines: Paragraph writing can be divided into two parts. i) Paragraph writing with guide line: Atitle is given to write a paragraph and some hints are given below. Those hints are not complete sentences, only some points to be mentioned in it. We should read the given points and prepare a paragraph. ii) Paragraph writing without guideline: Questions are asked to write one or a couple of paragraphs on the prescribed title but there are no hints for writing. We have to collect our own points or ideas to complete it. Examples are given below.: Some Models Write a couple of paragraphs on the use of computers with the help of the clues given. Communication store important information multimedia, school office business and personal work, games , parts of modern life. A computer is a power driven machine for the high speed performance. It is equipped with keyboard, monitor, processing unit. We can store important information in it and can retrieve then when we need. It has become an important device in the field of communication. Today we can chat, make phone calls, and send voice mails and text mails in a matter of seconds ot a person who live in another part of the world. In schools it has been used as one of the most effective teaching learning materials. Both teachers and students can use computer in teaching learning activities . computers have become effective tools to accomplish manually troublesome work. Therefore government as well as private corporate offices and business houses use computers to manipulate data and print documents. We can also play different kinds of games and music with the help of computers. Similarly, computer has made it possible to watch TV and movies, and people of different ages enjoy playing games on computers. Without computer the life of a person in today's society will definitely be paralyzed. Write a couple of paragraphs on the role of young generation in nation buildings using the clues given. Human resources : teachers, administrators, technicians, business person, media person. Employment : income generation, stop brain drain Outcome : Development work, social service, peace and stability In board terms population can be categorized in two groups: active population and passive population. The population of children and old people is almost passive and young people are active population. The development of a country is based on active population to utilize its natural resources. If natural resources are properly utilized,

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 163 we can improve our life standard. In order to utilize the available natural resources, we need the contribution of young generation- the store house of efficient human resources such as: teachers, administrators, technicians, business person, media persons, etc. young generation is the strong pillar of their country's economy. They can work harder and harder and better to earn money. If they are rich, a country automatically becomes rich. They should be given enough opportunity to work in their country that ultimately sports the problems of brain drain. 1. Write a paragraph about Agricultural in Nepal Nepal an agricultural country..............most people depend on it.............. cottage industries based on ..............agriculture supplies them needy materials.............. even modern industries..............helps decreasing imports..............increasing exports..............majority of people will get employment..............government should give priority. Nepal is an agricultural country. Most of the Nepalese people depend on agriculture. Agriculture provides us items of daily need like crops, vegetables and fruits. Most of the cottage industries in Nepal are also based on agriculture and its products. Agriculture supplies them adequate raw materials they need. Modern industries also need raw materials that belong to agriculture. Nepalese economy gets itself strengthened when we produce adequate agricultural products and increase exports. From the exports of agricultural products, we can surly earn foreign currencies, which can be used to boost up the economic status of the country. Moreover, the majority of the people are employed in the multiple sectors of agriculture. In order to develop the country rapidly, the government should give top priority to agriculture and its sectoral development. 2. Write an account of a place: Bhadrapur Bhadrapur .............. Jhapa .............. Mechi river .............. about 550 km east from Kathmandu..............generally hot..............little cloud during winter.............. fear of snake bite..............during rain..............cultivate rice, wheat, tea leaves, jute..............cottage industry..............mainly. Hindu and others..............racial and religious harmony..............population about 50 thousand. Bhadrapur is the headquarters of Jhapa district. It lies on the bank of Mechi river. It is the eastern border line of Nepal. It naturally separates the two countries Nepal and India. Bhadrapur is located about 550 km away east from Kathmandu. The climate of the town is generally hot and a little bit cold in winter. The people in the town face the fear of snakebites during the rainy season. The farmers generally cultivate both food and cash crops like rice, wheat, tea leaves and jute. People of the town also run cottage industries. Hindu people mainly cover the area of the city. Also the people of other religious groups live together there with racial and religious harmony. About 50 thousand people live

164 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 there in Bhadrapur. 3. Write a paragraph about Nepal Kathmandu ..............Nepal ..............to the northern hemisphere.............. known as a mountainous country-physically three division..............Terai known as bread basket..............region for fruit farming..............area for livestock.............. exports agricultural products..............import machinery. Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. In the map of the world, it lies in the northern hemisphere. It is known as a mountainous country. Nepal has mainly three physical divisions. They are the Terai, the Hill and the Mountain. Terai cultivates more food crop than other regions so it is known as breadbasket of the country. Fruits farming and livestock pasturing are for the Hill and Mountain regions respectively. Nepal mainly exports agricultural products, timbers and herbs in return of the import of machinery. 4. Write a paragraph on The Use of Radio' by using the clues given: Part of our life ..............means of communication-advantages .............. disadvantages .............. conclusion. The Use of Radio The radio is a means of communication which employs electromagnetic waves broadcast through space. It was invented by an Italian electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi in 1902. Today the radio has been an essential part of our life. We can immediately know the news of the world through the radio. Both the government and people can circulate the most important messages through it. It is also a means of entertainment as we can enjoy listening to music, songs, filmy songs, drama and so on. Nowadays it has also been a part of education as different education programmes for students are launched. And many other knowledge giving programmes for the people of all walks of life are also broadcast. However, listening to the radio too much is not a good habit. Many students listen to the radio only for songs and music and waste their valuable time of studying. If we use it properly, it can be a good companion in our life. 5. Write a paragraph about Educational Value of Travelling.' Educational Value of Travelling' Travellinghasagreat educationalvalue.Itmakes aman wiser and well¬informed. It broadens his outlook. It helps to promote national unity. Travelling brings us in contact with all-kinds of people. We meet good and noble people. We also meet bad people. Thus, we come to understand human nature in a better manner. We can form a correct judgment of others. A widely travelled person is always a wiser person. He becomes tolerant and sympathetic. Thus, travelling can make us better human beings.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 165 6. Write a paragraph about 'My Favorite Game'. My Favorite Game There are a lot of games but my favorite game is football which is very popular. I play this game in the school ground. I go there every Saturday with friends in the morning and play football for two hours. It gives me good exercise. The game does not cost much. Twenty two men can play with one football. This game is not time-consuming like cricket. A football match takes only one and a half hours.It gives us better exercise than any other game. It is not very risky also. There is no danger of any big injury. So, I like this game very much. 7. Write a paragraph about a festival which is celebrated in your society. Dashain Dashain is one of the greatests festival in Nepal. This festival generally falls place in the month of September. It is celebrated (observed) for 15 days (a fortnight). The first day is Ghatasthapana. On this day, people scatter the seeds of barley and maize for Jarnara. On the seventh day of Dashain, people put phulpati. During this festivaC people worship Goddess Durga, the Goddess of power, for nine days at horne or in temple. They sacrifice animals and birds (goats, hens, ducks, buffaloes) to the Goddess on the Maha Asthrni and Maha Navarni. This festival symbolizes the victory of good over evil. The tenth day is the most auspicious day of this festival because Goddess Durga Bhavani killed the powerful demon named Mahishasur and Lord Rarnchandra got victory over the demon king Ravan on that day so the day is called "Vijaya Dashrni". From that day people go to their superiors to seek blessing which continues for five days. Dashain is a happy occasion. Schools, campuses and offices remain closed during this festival. People put on new clothes and eat delicious food. They stop their work and pass the time in merry making and forget the miseries of the year. This festival ends with a great pomp. In this way, we see that this festival makes us come together and share our feelings by forgetting our previous troubles. It brings a new enthusiasm in us to remain in peace and harmony. 8. Write a paragraph about 'An Exhibition I Have Seen' An Exhibition I Have Seen It was the book exhibition which I visited last Sunday. There were more than hundred book stalls representing famous publishers from all over the world. At each stall there were a large number of books on a variety of subjects. The titles were so attractive that a person could not resist picking up one. Children were thrilled by the illustrated story books. Some scholars were examining the contents of the books closely. Being neither a child nor a scholar, I was looking for books which might help me in my examination. I was so much confused by the variety of books that I could not select a single.

166 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 9. Write a paragraph about 'The Season I Like Most'. The Season I Like Most I like winter season most. Everything looks fresh in this season. The grass, the fruit, the vegetables are very fine to look at and eat. We do not perspire. There is no foul and awful smell of sweating bodies. One can protect oneself against cold by wearing woolen and fur clothes. By wearing suits one can enhance one's personality. The snow covered mountains look majestic. Ice-skating is possible only during winter. It is easy to digest food during this season. One can sleep comfortably. Some do not like foggy morning but I think it is better than bright morning. When the atmosphere is foggy, we recognize a person only when he is close at hand. It gives a thrill. 10. Write a paragraph about 'The Birds I See Everyday' The Birds I See Everyday The bird which I come across almost everywhere is a crow. Black in colour it is generally found in populated areas. It is considered to be a very cunning bird and very famous for dodging. A sparrow, a tiny bird, builds its nest in inhabited houses. It is a very innocent bird and often becomes prey of hawks, eagles and cats. Dove is another innocent bird which is often seen near the inhabited places. It is gray in colour. Pigeons, generally of bluish-gray colour, are found in the cities. The crowing of crows, the chirping of the sparrows and cooing of the doves are familiar sounds. 11. Write a paragraph about 'The Newspaper I Read'. The Newspaper I Read I am used to reading the press-paper "The Rising Nepal." It is always latest with the news. I think this is a good newspaper for the educated people. The editorials are always informative. The articles are written by well-known specialists. The coverage of the news is comprehensive. The main news of the paper always regards the current affairs of the state. Other interesting features are also included. Every Friday it provides its special issue of Friday Supplement, covering various fields and sectors like horoscope, tourism, sports, religious fate, kids' corner. Many a time it brings out special issues. Such issues are of great value. Apart from good articles we get a lot of other information about worldwide sports activities. But a model-corner of the paper is far of my like for reason of my personal interests. Nevertheless it is, in fact, a complete newspaper. 12. Write a paragraph about 'If I Were a Bird'. If I Were a Bird Birds are more privileged creatures because they enjoy better facilities during their lifespan. They do not have to bother about the passports if they are to migrate to other countries and they do not have to make provisions for their food and lodging. For them, nature is the host as well as the helper in every

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 167 respect. This is why for them race distinctions and national prejudices have no significance on the other hand, human beings have to suffer because of the barriers which the different nations and races have constructed for other nations and races. Birds have their limited demands and nature is generous enough to satisfy those demands. On the other hand man wants to rob nature animals and even birds in order to get comfort for himself. That is why man has to live in a polluted atmosphere whereas the birds enjoy fresh air and pure sunlight and all the blessings of nature. No doubt, the birds do not help another being but they are gregarious by nature. They move together and also try to oppose the enemy with combined efforts. The birds of the same species are not enemies of one another. But in the case of human beings we find that man is the enemy of man. We must agree with the poet who says "It grieves my heart to think what man has made of man." But this cannot be said of birds. So, I feel that life of the birds that watch the panorama of the earth is definitely more pleasant than man's life on earth. If I were a bird, I would enjoy in a group of birds leaving the selfish human society. Exercise for practice 1. Write a couple of paragraphs describing what you would do if you became a doctor. 2. Write a few paragraphs about your future plan after passing SEE. 3. Write a short description of your village or native town. 4. Recently you had a trip from your school to one of the very popular historic place. Write a paragraph about it. 5. Write a short note on 'The Uses of Natural Resources in the development of a country. 6. Have you ever travelled to a town of tourist important? Where does it lie and who were with you while travelling? Write few paragraphs describing about the journey, the people and their occupations, the environment the things you observed there, the main attractions and your impression about the visit. 7. Write a short paragraph on importance of transportation in about 120 words. 8. Does the system of giving a dowry exist in your society? If yes, in what form? Do you support this system? Write a few paragraph in about 120 about dowry system. 9. Do you see the children involving on the works such as collecting plastics and used cans, instead of going to school? Aren't such works against the child rights? Write your opinions on that topic in about 120 words. 10. Write a paragraph on "The Uses of Telephone' by using the clues given below.part of our life-means of communication- advantage- disadvantages conclusion.

168 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 11. Write a paragraph on Village Life' You can use the following clues. Meaning.................good sides (no pollution, fresh and pure food stuff, good cooperation and hard-working, etc.) .................drawbacks (lack of good education, health care, market and job, etc.) .................conclusion. 12. Write a couple of paragraphs about a festival which is celebrated in your village or town or by your community. 13. Write a couple of paragraphs giving reasons why some of the children in your village or neighborhood don't go to school. 2. Description of Table/Charts/Diagrams Introduction The information that is supplied in the form of a diagram is called graph. The types of graphs can be listed as follows. a) Bar graph b) Line graph c) Pie charts d) Tables Students should know the way of changing the information of graphs, charts and tables into language. Proper attention should be paid to the main information in the process of interpretation or writing. It is essential to compare, contrast and show the trends of changes in the figures and facts presented. Some tips for interpreting charts, diagrams and tables: The following points are very helpful to interpret the chart. 1. Look the graphs, charts, tables very carefully and try to understand what they are about. 2. The interpretation should be strictly objective. 3. Start from those data or information which is clearly seen in the chart. 4. Try to select the suitable heading from the data what it is about. 5. Describe the hidden thing from the data like average, mean percentage etc. 6. Think about grammatical accuracy. Try to understand whether the information is of past present or future. 7. Be careful about correct spelling and punctuation. 8. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting main features and make comparison where relevant. 9. Organize and link the information in a logical way. 10. Give reasons for your answers and include any relevant Examples for your own knowledge or experience. Specimen: 1 Write a paragraph on the basis of the following table. Chocolate consumption –kilos per head in 2002.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 169 Country Kilos per head (female) Kilos per head (male) Total kilos per head Brazil 0.5 0.4 0.9 Japan 0.8 1.0 1.8 Australia 2.2 2.2 4.4 Belgium 4.0 2.8 6.8 Uk 4.0 4.4 8.4 Austria 6.0 3.8 9.8 Switzerland 5.0 5.3 10.3 The table provides information on how much chocolate people ate in a range in different countries around the world. It shows the number of kilos per head was eaten in 2002 and provides a breakdown of these figure for men and women. Total chocolate consumption ranges from 0.9 to 10.3 kilos per head. The country higher consumption of chocolate is Switzerland, where an average of 10.3 kilos consumed per person. In Austria we see the very similar consumption pattern. By contrast, Brazilians would eat the least amount of chocolate. Specimen: 2 Look at the chart below about the popularity of civil and electronic engineering among Nepalese students. Write a paragraph interpreting the chart using the clues in the box. 0 5C 10C 15C 20C 25C 30C 35C Electric Engineering Electronic Engineering 1980 1985 1990 1995

170 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Popularity of civil and electronic engineering - from 1980 to 1995 - electronic engineering more popular - student enrollment increased Popularity of Engineering Ans: The graph indicates the popularity of electronic and civil engineering amongst Nepalese students between the years 1980 and 1995. Overall, electronic engineering gained popularity over civil engineering in all the years, al- though, student enrollment rate in civil engineering also steadily increased. A closer look at the graph reveals that enrollment in electronic engineering was about 130 in 1980, and the number doubled in 1995 with 300 number of students. On the other hand, the enrollment in civil engineering in 1980 was slightly below 100 and the number reached to 250 in the year 1995. In summary, although both electronic and civil engineering saw parallel rise in student enrollment, electronic engineering was constantly popular amongst Nepalese students over civil engineering. Specimen: 3 The chart below shows how Mr. Yadav spends his money. Look at it and interpret the information given in the chart. Ans: The chart highlights how Mr. Yadav spends his earning on different topics. According to the chart, Mr. Yadav spends most of his salary on his food followed by clothes and entertainment. A detailed look at the chart illustrates that Mr. Yadav spends 45% of his salary on his food which is nearly double of expenses on clothes and entertainment at 25 % and 20% respectively. How-ever, he spends only 10% on rent. Overall, Mr Yadav’s expenses on food seems to be nearly double to the expenses on three different titles clothes, entertainment and rent. Mr Yadav's Expenses

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 171 3. A Set of Instructions Tips to write instructions 1. Firstread the questions and generate some ideas to write introduction/ direction to prepare something. 2. List out ingredients required 3. Use simple sensible sentences. 4. You need to use imperative sentences with linking words (first of all, then, after that, next at last, finally) Specimen -1 The procedures for mouth- to mouth resuscitation are given below. 1. First, place the patient on his or her back on a firm surface. 2. Then, quickly clear out anything (e.g. Food) from the mouth and throat 3. Extend the patients head as far as possible to keep the airway open. 4. After that, pinch the patient’s mouth so that no air escape. 5. Seal your mouth around the patient’s mouth so that no air escape. 6. Then, blow the air into the lungs until the chest is seen to expend. 7. Remove your mouth quickly to allow passive expiration. 8. Repeat the progress 10-15 times per minute until the patient’s breathing begins again. Note: The above procedures can be written in a paragraph , too. Specimen- 2 Making Pizza Ingredients: pizza base, pizza sauce, favourites pizza toppings, i.e. onions mushroom, chicken spinach leaves, peppers etc. and cheese. Instructions First of all preheat the oven to 204 degree Celsius, Then, prepare the crust. You need to do the following things in this step. - Remove the unbaked crust from the packing and place it on the banking sheet. - Spread a thin coating of olive oil over the top of the crust with a pastry brush. After that, spread pizza sauce on the crust and add toppings. To add toppings. - Layer your favorite toppings over the sauce.

172 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Exercise for practice 1. Write stepwise procedures to mend a bicycle puncture. 2. Write stepwise procedures for mouth to mouth resuscitation, an immediate help to the patient. 3. Imagine that one of your friends coming to visit your school. Write the direction to reach your school from the nearest bus park. 4. Imagine that one of your friends from village is coming to visit you. Write the short-cut directions to reach your home from the nearest station. 5. Write a direction how to reach to a nearest hospital from your home. 4. Recipe Recipe is a set of instructions for making something from various ingredients. Some tips for writing recipes 1. Ingredients: The starting point of all recipes is a table of ingredients. List your ingredients in the order they appear in the method 2. Method: the method section and the ingredients list should correlate to make a recipe as easy to follow as possible. You also need to explain your method clearly to allow for both beginner and more experienced cooks 3. Precision: Be precise, especially in measurements, timings, oven temperatures and tin or dish sizes. Clearly describe how the ingredients should be prepared. 4. Measurement: Use exact measurements Some Samples 1. Recipe to make an omelet Ingredients • 2 eggs • 2 tbsp (30 ml) water • Pinch salt • Pinch pepper • Filling ingredients Instructions Step-1: Whisk eggs, water, salt and pepper. Step-2 : Spray 8-inch (20 cm) non-stick skillet with cooking spray. Heat over medium-high heat. Pour in egg mixture. As eggs set around edge of skillet, with spatula, gently push cooked portions toward centre of skillet. Tilt and rotate skillet to allow uncooked egg to flow into empty spaces. Step-3: When eggs are almost set on surface but still look moist, cover half of omelette with filling. Slip spatula under unfilled side; fold over onto filled half. Step-4 : Cook for a minute, then slide omelette onto plate.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 173 2. Recipe to make cold coffee Preparation time 2 mins Cooking time 5 mins Total time 7 mins Ingredients (used American measuring cup, 1 cup = 250 ml) • 4 tbsp coffee powder • 1 tbsp cocoa powder (optional) • 5 tbsp hot water • 4 tbsp sugar • 3 cups milk • few ice cubes • scoop of chocolate or any ice cream of your choice (optional) Process to make 1. First mix coffee powder and cocoa powder using with hot water. Boil for 2 mins until all dissolves. Add sugar and boil for a minute more until sugar dissolves. 2. Now strain the mixture with a mesh strainer. 3. Combine 2 tbsp of the coffee solution with milk and ice cubes. Blend until all blends well. 4. Serve cold coffee in tall glasses with a scoop of ice cream of your choice. Exercise for practice 1. How do you cook curd fish? Write a recipe to cook it. 2. Describe a recipe to prepare boiled egg. 3. How do you make rice pudding? Mention the necessary ingredients and describe the method to cook. 4. Describe the process of making Chana Chatpate. Also make a list of the things needed. 5. How is momo (dumpling) cooked? List the ingredients that you need and describe the method.

174 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 5. Advertisement Some Tips i. Write headline in bold letters as shown in specimens. The form of headline can be like this. WANTED VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT VACANCY NOTICE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY VACANCY ii. Write brief introduction of the organization. iii. Mention the vacant post (s) with required number iv. Mention qualifications and experiences. v. Mention the major duties and responsibilities to be carried out. vi. Mention the facilities i.e. salary, bonus and other bebefits to be provide. vii. Mention the documents to be submitted. viii. Write the deadline to apply. ix. Write address to send the petition / application ] x. Mention the first date of publication. VACANCY A well established Multinational Organization is seeking an energetic, selfmotivated and dynamic personnels for the following post. Post : Machine Operator Qualification : 10 + 2 or equivalent in any discipline Required No : Some Experience : At least 2 years in the respective field. Salary and Benefits : As per the company’s rules. Qualified candidates are informed to apply with their CV and a Pp size photograph by Sepetember 2, 2020 to: The Managing Director Colgate Palmolive Pvt. Ltd. Nepal, Post Box No : 2345 HID, Hetauda-8, Makawanpur.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 175 6. Notice A notice is a formal means of communication. The purpose of a notice is to announce or display information to a specific group of people. Notices are generally meant to be pinned up on specific display boards whether in schools or in public places. Notice issued by the government appear in newspapers. Format A notice should be written is the following format: • The name of the organization issuing the notice. • The title 'NOTICE' • A heading to introduce the subject of the notice. • The date • The body of the notice • The writer's signature, name (in block letters) and designation Name of organization/ office issuing the notice Date Notice Heading Body of letter Signature Name Designation Points to remember: • A well written notice must inform the readers about the Ws: - What is going to happen, (that is, the event) - Where will it take place? - When will it take place (that is, the date the time)? - Who can apply or is eligible for it? - Whom is contact or apply to (that is, the issuing authority)? • Only the most important points should be written. • The sentences should be short and grammatically accurate. • They should be in the passive voice as far as possible. • The notice should be presented within a box. • Information given in a notice must be clear and should not cause any misunderstanding or confusion. • A notice must be catchy and appealing - it should attract the reader's attention at once.

176 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 • Increase the visual appeal of your notice by using bold letters, catchy slogans, striking words and phrases, etc. • Standard abbreviations are allowed. Sample Notices Children's Welfare Association Notice 10 Jan 2022 Holl Fiesta The children's Welfare Association is ogranising a Holi festival in the colony as per the following details. Date: 17 February 2022 Time: 9 am to 5 pm Venue: Handigaun, Kathmandu The residents are requested to come along with their families and friends and add colour to the rejoicing Yaman Yaman Karna President, CWA New Numuna School, Kathmandu Notice 13 April 2022 Meeting of Science Society On the occasion of National Science and Technology Day, the school has decided to organize a fair. All the bearers are requested to attend a meeting int eh School Library on 16 April 2022 at 10 a.m. to discuss in arrangements for the fair. Kalyan Kalyan Sunuwar (Secretary, Science Society)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 177 Shanti KunjaVidyalaya, Sauraha, Chitwan Notice 6 May 2022 Attention Please! Lend of Helping Hand Your help of co-operation are required to make a difference in the lives of the less fortunate living in Sauraha Chitwan, Donate generously. Deposit your contribution to the undersigned by 13 May 2022. The money so raised will be spent on medicines and clothes for the poor and helpless children. Rohan Rohan Dahal (Head Boy) Exercise for practice 1. There is going to be an inter-section debate for all the students of Class X on the topic 'Tobacco companies should not sponsor sports events'. As the cultural secretary, draft a notice providing all relevant details in not more than 100 words. Clues: Organization's name ………… date and time ………… venue ………… content ………… writer's name signature and post. 2. You are Kedar, a student of Class X. You have lost an expensive watch in the school premises. Draft a notice to be put up on the school notice board giving details of the watch and offering a suitable reward. Use not more than 100 words. Clues: Organization's name ………… date and time ………… venue ………… content ………… writer's name signature and post. 3. As president of the student's council of your school, write a notice in not more than 100 words asking the students of your school to donate old clothes, books and bags for Nepal Sikshyalaya, a school for the underprivileged being run on your school premises. Clues: Organization's name ………… date and time ………… venue ………… content ………… writer's name signature and post. 4. Write a notice for the school notice board informing the students about the visit of the Education Minister to your school on 12 June, 2022. Write the notice in not more than 100 word asking the students to maintain punctuality, cleanliness and discipline.

178 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Clues: Organization's name ………… date and time ………… venue ………… content ………… writer's name signature and post. 5. You are the president of Lion's Club and the Club is organizing a Diwali Program in your locality. As the president of the club, draft a notice in not more than 100 words informing the residents about the same. Give other essential details about the program. Clues: Organization's name ………… date and time ………… venue ………… content ………… writer's name signature and post. 7. A Set of Rules and Regulations Some Tips Read the clues, if given. Otherwise read the question carefully and think of what you are allowed to do and what you are not allowed to do at the given place. Write complete sentences that express either obligations or prohibitions. You’dbetteruse the following structures to express obligationandprohibitions. S +should (n’t) + v1…. S + must (n’t) + v1….. S + is /am/ are allowed………. It is forbidden / prohibited to + v1…… Gerund noun (v4) + is (n’t) allowed, etc. Specimen -1 A set of obligations and prohibitions to be followed at a visiting park. 1. The visitors should enter the part at the time when the park remain open. 2. All the visitors must pay entrance fee to enter the park. 3. No visitors are allowed to pluck the flowers in the garde. 4. Provoking animals around the park is strictly prohibited. 5. The visitors are required to place the trash in the rubbish bins and should care about the cleanliness of park. 6. The visitors of the park must respect the religious and cultural sites all around the park. Specimen -2 A set of obligations and prohibitions to be followed at a school library. 1. No students are allowed to make noise in the library. 2. Every students must pay Rs. 50 to be member of the library. 3. The membership should be renewed every year.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 179 4. All students must return their books before the deadline. Otherwise, they will have to pay 50 paisa per day fine for overdue books. 5. No one is allowed to enter the library carrying bags. If they have, they have to put them in a designated place. 6. Tearing or damaging books is strictly prohibited Specimen -3 A set of obligations and prohibitions to be followed in a park; 1. Visitors are not allowed to get into the park without paying the entrance fee. 2. Visitors are strictly prohibited to set a fire in the park. 3. Camping is allowed in the park. 4. Visitors are expected to keep the rubbish in the specified place. 5. Visitors are allowed to have a dry picnic in the park. 6. Visitors are not allowed to feed the animals. 7. Any pets are not allowed to take into the park. 8. Visitors must not go very close to the animals. 9. Hunting is strictly prohibited in the park. 10. Children under 10 years are not obliged to pay the entrance fee. Exercise for practice 1. Write a set of rules and regulations that the patients of a hospital are supposed to follow. 2. Write a set of rules and regulations that the customers of a department store are supposed to follow. 3. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions that the visitors of a museum are supposed to follow. 4. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions that the hostel residents should follow. 5. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions to be followed in the examination hall. 6. Write a set of obligations and prohibitions that one has to follow at the National Zoo.

180 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 SEE Questions as No 5 for Practice 1. Imagine that you are the Manager of a shoe company, and your company is in need of a Marketing officer. Now, prepare a model of a Vacancy Announcement for the post to be published in a newspaper. Consider the given points. [5] Name of company ______ Address ______ qualification ______ selection process ______ Salary ______ last date to apply ______ duty and responsibility ______ . 2. The following table shows the pre-board marks of students. Interpret it in your own words: [5] Subject Marks 100 English 85 Nepali 39 Maths 40 Science 60 Social 55 3. The following table shows the distribution of world population. Interpret it: [5] RankRegion Share of Global Population% Population 1. Asia 60% 4.5 billion 2. Africa 16% 1.2 billion 3. Europe 10% 729 million 4. North America 7% 534 million 5. South America 6% 424 million 6. Central America 1% 47 million 7. Oceania 1% 42 million 4. The bar diagram below shows caste wise data of the students in ABC school in 2079. Study the diagram and write a description of it in about 100 words. [5]

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 181 5. Write a set of five rules and regulations to be followed in school by the students using the clues given below: [5] arrival time: 9:30 ____ wear uniform ____ obey teachers ____ do not fight ____ preserve school property, etc. 6. The bar graph represents the season liked by the students of a class. Interpret it in your own words in 100 words. [5] 7. Suppose you are the school prefect and your school is going to conduct a debate program. Now write a notice to be published on the school notice board giving details. Consider the given points. [5] Notice for debate ______ debate date ______ debate topic ______ last date to submit their names ______ choice of their topic ______. 8. Write a set of instructions to change a bulb at home. [5] ______ turn of the mains ______ take the old bulb out ______ put the new bulb ______ switch on the mains ______ turn the light on. 9. Suppose you are the principal of a school, and your school requires an English teacher to teach at secondary level. Now prepare an advertisement to be published in a newspaper. Consider the given points. [5] Name of school and address _____ how to apply _____ Post _____ level English teacher _____ required qualifications and experience _____ last date to apply _____ selection process salary. 10. The following pie–chart shows the marks obtained by Sujan KC in the SEE pre–test 2079. Study the chart and write a description of it in about 100 words: [5]

182 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Marks - 5 Guided Writing-II 1. News Story Introduction Generally a news story has the following parts. Headline : Your headline for the news story must be attractive and eye catching. Place : The name of the place, where the story occurred, must be written. Date : You must mention the date of your story. Source : The source must be clearly written i.e. who gave you or where did you get the story from? Body : The first sentence of the body generally describes the headline. Other sentences must give the background and detail for the headline. The language must be simple and grammatically correct. Useful tips for writing news report: * Go through the given outlines very carefully and try to understand events, message or information clearly. * Give the news reports a headline like “Seven dies in a bus misshap” Sometimes the (dateline). If these are not given in the outlines, point them out with imagination. * Start your report cautiously and remember that the first sentence of the report should give a clear idea to the reader what the news is about. * Start your report cautiously and remember that the first sentence of the report should give a clear idea to the reader what the news is about. * Contact the points given in the outlines as naturally as possible. * Quote the sentences by the source using inverted commas. * The information and analysis should be actual and accurate. * Be brief. * Avoid giving your own judgement and opinions but you can raise important issues and leave the decision to be made by the reader. * Do not attack a person or label allegations unless you are sure and it is unavoidable. The report should be fair. * Be grammatically correct and simple in language. * Remember passive voice is more frequent in news story writing.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 183 Specimen- 1 Write a news story using the information given in the box below. Also give your story a suitable title. A night bus (8465 BA) …skidded off the road …. 12 died in the spot ………..two died in the hospital…. Khalasi and driver in the police custody. Fourteen Killed in a Bus Accident Birgunj, Sep.18 (Himalayan News Service) : A night bus registered as 8465 BA of Makalu Transport Pvt. Ltd. Skidded off the road near Parbanipur, a place near Birgunj, and fell into the river pushing the death toll to twelve on the spot, our official reported it today. The ill fated bus left Kathmandu to Birgunj carrying thirty passengers. It skidded off the road and fell into the river thirty feet below. Twelve people died on the spot and many were injured in the accident. The injured are under the treatment and two have already died in the hospital. Arjun singh, one of the passenger said, “ The accident occurred because the driver was drunk.” Thedriver andtheKhalasihave beenkeptinthepolice custody forthe legalinvestigation. Specimen- 2 Hemanta Rokaya, 22 killed, Tanahun, Anbu Khairani Local people abstracted traffic for 11 hours, ambulance set on fire by angry people, no casualty, traffic resumed after 5 pm Traffic Obstructed for Eleven Hours Tanahun, Dec. 9 Himalayan News Service Hemanta Raokaya, 22, was killed in the spot when a vehicle hit at Anbu Khaireni Bazar on Friday. It has been reported that the angry locals obstructed the traffic for almost 11 hours putting hundreds, of passengers stranded. According to an eyewitness, an ambulance, carrying a serious person, was set on fire. However, there has been no reports of any casualty. The traffic resumed only after 5pm and the situation has turned to normal. Specimen-3 Nine Expedition teams… granted permission to climb Mt. Everest… information issued by Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation -6 Us teams, from UK, Japan and France scaled Mt. Everest. Clean up rubbish – welcomed and received by Ministry of Tourism at base camp. Each team awarded token of love and cash prizes.

184 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Nine Teams Scaled Mt Everest Kathmandu, 20 December (RSS) Nine expedition teams from different countries were granted permission to climb the world’s highest peak- Mt Everest. According to the information issued by the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation, mini teams, six from the United states, one each from UK, Japan and France successfully climbed the world’s highest peak. Mr. serge Bauds, a US mountaineer, got snow bite while climbing down to the base camp. The teams also cleaned up the rubbish in a camping to save its environment, sources said. The Minister of Tourism heartily welcomed and received all the successful mountaineers at base camp. They were also given a token of love and cash prize worth Rs. 50000 each. Specimen -4 Prepare a news story with the help of the following hints. Boy Lost from School Tripureswor Ma. Vi.........HitanRamjali.........notreturned home since last week......... teachers had punished him.........had gone with a bag and his cycle......... school and his family are searching him.........cycle and bag found nearby the jungle.........teaching affected.........principal has accepted moral responsibility......... mother fainted still undergoing treatment........... . By Birendra Hamal Birendranagar, Jan. 20 Boy Lost from School A grade IX student of Tripureswor Ma. Vi. Hitan Ramjali has not returned home from school since last week. Teachers had punished him publicly in the ground accusing him of puncturing others' cycles. Following the event, he had run away from the school in his cycle carrying his bag too. All the relatives, family as well as the school teachers are searching his whereabouts very seriously but with no luck. After three days his bicycle and bag have been found in the nearby jungle on the bank of the Veri River. Because of the event the school's teaching activity has been affected. Principal of the school Mr. Mahendra Prasad Sharma has taken the moral responsibility of the event since Hitan was punished at school. Hearing the news, Hitan's mother fell unconscious and she is undergoing treatment at the regional hospital Surkhet.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 185 Exercise for practice Given below are the clues. Write news story of each and give your story a suitable heading. 1. Na 1 kha 8796 Passenger bus left for Pokhara from Kathmandu … fell down below the road in a diversion … at 7.30 am yesterday… owing to brake failure 14 died, 7 injured… compensation announced. 2. Thirty-two passangers injured … mini-bus veered off the road … fell 60 meters down a hill… Nagarkot VDC, Bhaktpur ..bus headed for Kathmandu Medical College, Sinamangal …4 serious… 12 admitted to Bhaktpur District Hospital. 3. The Dhaka SAG 2008 b… cricket to be included …it is hoped cricket giants India, Pakistan, Sri-lanka will send their teams…. India has given its go ahead…. Organizers would discuss with the countries and ICC … finalizes the schedule … all SAARC countries will participates. 4. A team of dolphin experts … reached Bardia … to help conserve dolphins in Barduya's Badha River… lack of suitable habitat…. The dolphins here are facing hard time…. Process of transferring them to Karnali river discussed … it will take a couple of days to execute transfer said the chairman of ICDC. 5. 39 people hurt …accident explosions struck an oil depot near London ..most of the injured suffered cuts and bruises ..one seriously injured … suffered lung damage… being treated in an ICU at Watford General Hospital…. Condition not critical … initial remours a plane was involved ..police dismissed the remours. 6. Football……….Martyr's Memorial San Minfuel "A" Division League … Dashrath Stadium 13th December..Nabil Three Star Club (NTSC) defeated NTR 2-1 .. vishan Gauchn of NTSC laxman scored one goal for NRT in the 88th minute … cashan Gauchan…. Named Adidas man of the match. 7. An air bus to Kuwait ..took off at 4 o'clock from the airport …one of the engine stopped working after 30 minutes ..pilot thought what to do …flew 45 minutes to finished the fuel … crew members busy…. Conforting the passangers …all nervious …no hope of life…brought to TIA … landed safely …no damage at all…. All safe….. pilot and co- pilot awarded by the airlines. 8. Write a news story with the help of the following hints. Two killed, 3 injured in a bus mishap Rajbiraj...........on East-West Highway...........a bus accident...........two killed three injured...........locals blocked demanding compensations...........thousands stranded throughout day...........Na 2 Kha 982 from Rajbiraj to Birgunj hit water buffalo...........killed identified...........injured rushed to local hospital-police trying to hold talks to open the road...........situation tense.

186 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 2. Skeleton Story Introduction A story refers to the imaginary description of events or happening related to a certain character (s). It is also the description of past events. So, it is necessary to develop a story as a readable and meaningful one. Here are some of the tips for waiting a readable story. Read the given outline/clues carefully to understand it. Have a clear and definite idea to plot the story. Give the suitable title of the story. Remember that the title should be closely related to the principal character(s). Use all the points given in the outlines and add other suitable/ related points if necessary. But concentrate more on given clues. Generally, use past tense but present tense can also be used in direct speech. As the concluding part of the story is very important, write the ending in a simple and meaningful way. Mention the moral of the story in proverb as much as possible. Start the story with ‘Once upon a time’ …. Once there was\were, once it happened that …., it so happened that….. Some Tips Read the given outlines carefully to find out the subject of the story. Have a clear and definite idea of the plot of the story. Think of a title and write it on top before you begin to write the story. Begin your story with, Once upon a time…………. Long long ago………….. Once there + v2 …………… Link the outline using the points given below and adding other suitable points of your own imagination if necessary. Be careful in forming dialogues if necessary. Generally, use past tense. Write moral of the story. Specimen -1 Three artists in a city - all skilled competition held who was the best prize declared judges appointed - one painted a flower, second fruit, third picture of curtain flower so natural-a bee sat in it fruit so natural-an ox tried to eat it - the judge praised the paintings- went to see the third picture- tried to remove the curtain to enter the room- wasn’t real third painting declared the best flower deceived an insect - fruit deceived a beast- third an intellectual man.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 187 The Best Artist Once upon a time, there artists were very famous in a city. All of them were well skilled and were noted for their creations. To declare the best among them was a difficult job to all. One day a competition was held among them to find out who was the best one. Handsome prize was also declared for the winner by the organizer and judges were appointed accordingly. Those three artists, then sat for the competition. The first, the second and the third painted a fruit, a flower and a curtain respectively. The flower was looked to be so natural that a bee came and sat on it. Likewise, second artist painted the fruit. An ox tried to eat the fruit. The third artist painted a curtain. One of the judges found the curtain so natural that he tried to remove it to enter the room so that he could see the third painting. But it was not a real curtain. The judges declared that the third painting was the best among all because it had deceived an intellectual man where as the first and the second painting deceived an insect and an animal respectively. Moral : Wise-men bow to good work. Specimen -2 Develop a readable story with the help of the clues below: Once there was a king............had a friend, monkey............helped the king in his works............king sleeping............monkey looking after him............a housefly came............disturbed the king............monkey tried to chase............ but can't............ sits on king's face............monkey picked a sword............hit the king............moral. The Foolish Monkey and the King Once upon a time there was a king. He had a friend, monkey. The monkey helped the king in his works. One day, the king was sleeping. The monkey was looking after the king. At that time a housefly came and disturbed the sleeping king. The monkey became angry. He wanted to chase the fly away. Many times he tried to chase it but he could not. The fly came again and again and sat on the king's face. The monkey could not control his anger. He had one idea to kill the fly. There was a sword of the king near the monkey. The monkey picked up the sword and hit on the king's face where the fly sat. His aim was to kill the fly but he did not know that it would destroy the king. The moral of the story is, "Foolish friend is harmful."

188 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Specimen -3 A story using the following guidelines. Acruel lion in a forest …. killing and eating animals recklessly…………. the animals hold a meeting …….make a commitment with the lion to send one animal a day in turn ………one day an old hare's turn……….he makes a plan to trick the lion…… takes him to a well. /…. the lion jumps at his own shadow…… he dies …….moral. A Clever Hare Once there lived a cruel lion in a forest. He was the king of all animals. He lived by killing and eating animals recklessly. The animal were very worried because of his ruthless behavior. One day, they all held a meeting with the lion and made a compromise with him to send one animal a day in turn. The lion that was getting older and weaker day by day agreed happily at once . He went late to the lion's den. The lion was very angry with the hare. As soon as the hire appeared in his den, the lion asked him why he was so late. In response the hare told the lion that he met a new lion on the way. The new lion claimed that he was the king of the jungle. No sooner had the lion heard it than the lion took it as a challenge. Then the hare took him to a deep well and asked him to look into it. When the loin looked into the well, he saw the shadow of him on ice on the well . the lion thought it was the next lion and jumped into the well at his own shadow and died there. The cleaver hare was able to save all the other animals. Specimen- 4 A story using the following guidelines. A dog eating a bone under tree…. two hungry crows see him … they think to take the bone…. Make a plan… on crow comes down and pulls the dog’s tail…. The dog leaves the bone and runs after the crow… the other flies down and takes away the bone … they enjoy the feast … the dog is puzzled at his folly…. Moral. The Clever Crows Long –long ago, there was a dog which was fond of having bones. One day, while he was eating a piece of bone deliciously, two hungry crows saw him. Their mouths watered seeing the dog eating the bone deliciously. They thought a plan to take the bone form the dog. Then, one of them came down and started to pull the dog’s tail. The other looked down carefully sitting on the tree. the dog was very angry with the crow; left the bone on the floor and ran after the crow to attack him. But the crow flew up and sat on the tree. At the same time the other crow flew down and took away the bone. The dog returned and looked at the bone. But it wasn’t there. The dog saw that the crows were enjoying the fest sitting at the top of the tree. The dog was puzzled at his folly. Moral : Look before you leap.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 189 Exercise for practice 1. Develop a readable story from the outline in the box given below and give a suitable title to it. A wicked shepherd boy… grazes his flock of sheep near forest… a farmer working in a field nearby….. boy hits a fun … cries,…”wolf! Wolf!” … farmers run to help him … the boy laughs at them… no wolf … he does so again and deceives them again….. a wolf rally comes…. The boy cries in fight… no farmers to help… he loses all his sheep…. His folly ….. moral lesson. 2. Develop a readable story from the outlines in the box given below and give a suitable title to it. Three artists complete …..one paints a wreath of flowers … a bee comes and sit on the picture ….. another paints a basket of fruits…. An ox tries to seize it… the third paints a curtain….. all the three picture placed before the judge …. The judge tries to raise the curtain……. The picture adjudged the best… it deceives a man …. Others only insect and animal. 3. Develop a readable story from the outlines in the box given below and give a suitable title to it. Aman … a brave and faithful mongoose… master and mistress go out…. Small child alone in the house … a big snake come up…. Is killed … the mongooses mouth covered with blood …kill it .. find the child safe and sound … moral. 4. Develop a readable story from the outlines in the box given below and give a suitable title to it. Three men find a purse in a forest …. Agree to divide the money … all are hungry…. One goes to buy food… poisons it…. The other two decide murder him… he is murdered on his return…. The other two eat the food ….. result …moral 5. Develop a readable story from the outlines in the box given below and give a suitable title to it. Abee falls into a tank….Adive flies fast…. Drops a large leaf into the water….. the bee climbs on to the leaf… flies away… a hunter takes aim at the dove …. The bee sitting him.. the dove is saved.

190 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 6. Develop a readable story from the outlines in the box given below and give a suitable title to it. A trader has pet donkey … a donkey with a load of self falls into a river…. Load becomes lighter …. The next day he intentionally …. Lets the load fall into the river… the master understands his trick…next time he loads the donkey with sponge … the donkey plays the same trick… has a heavy load to carry all day long … moral. 7. Develop a readable story from the outlines in the box given below and give a suitable title to it. A cat grows old … gets no food …. Makes a plan to trap rats… wears garland of flowers… rings the bell … hearing the sound, rats come to him… he stays eyes shut up… a rat asks him… he replies he commits crime no more … is devotee of God ….. rats trust … walk freely… number of rats decreases….. moral. 8. Develop a readable story from the outlines in the box given below and give a suitable title to it. Two goats narrow bridge… come from two opposite directions… both want to pass at the same time… both reach in the middle of the bridge and say ‘let me go first… both remain standing for minutes … both get angry and fight ..both fall into the river and die…moral. 9. Write story on the basis of the outline given below. A snake frozen by cold............found by a villager............takes it home............ warms............comes to life............darts at children............ escape............ angry............kill the snake. 10. Write a readable story with the help of the following outlines given in the box and add a suitable title and moral too. A hermit in a forest ............ mouse in his hut ............ hermit kind and wants someone to talk to ............ gives the mouse power to speech ............ mouse prays to change it into a cat ............ cat afraid of dogs ............is changed into dog by hermit ............ dog afraid of a tiger ............ hermit changes it into a tiger tries to eat the hermit ............ hermit changes int a mouse again ............ moral.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 191 11. Write a readable story with the help of the following outlines given in the box and add a suitable title and moral too. A pack of jackals in a jungle and an old elephant ............ a clever jackal undertakes to kill him for other jackals ............ flatters the elephant ............ invites him to a meeting of the animals to choose him to a meeting of the animals to choose him as their king ............ leads to a muddy place........... sticks fast in the thick mud. 12. Write a readable story with the help of the following outlines given in the box and add a suitable title and moral too. A king disappointed ............ his people lazy ............ to teach them a lesson he had a big stone put in the middle of t he road one night ............ next day merchants pass and go round it ............an officer driving a car also did the same ............ a young soldier came cycling, did the same ............ all cursed the stone and blamed the government for not removing it ............ then the king had the stone removed ............ many people watched it............ underit was an iron box, marked “Forthe man who moves away the stone” ............inside was a purse full of money ............ the people were ashamed ............moral. 13. Write a readable story with the help of the following outlines given in the box and add a suitable title and moral too. A farmer with several sons ............ sons always quarrelled ............ the farmer was sad ............ fell ill and taken to hospital ............ dying ............ called his sons and gave a bundle of sticks ............ told to break the sticks............ all tired ............ could not break the sticks ............ untied the bundle ............ gave the sticks separately ............easily broke each stick............ moral. 14. Write a readable story with the help of the following outlines given in the box and add a suitable title and moral too. A merchant riding horse from a fair ............ a large some of money with him ............ sudden heavy rainfall ............ merchant gets wet ............ his grumbling ............ shortly after attacked by robber ............ robber’s attempt to shoot ............ failure ............ powder damp ............ the merchant escapes.

192 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 3. Message of Condolence A. Letter of Condolence A letter of condolence is written to relatives of deceased people expressing condolence and sympathy. You may include the following while composing a letter of condolence. 1. Show your admiration to the deceased Describe how much the deceased was respected and admired 2. Simply state good things you liked about the person Write about the deceased person's strengths, achievements, and successes together with positive memory. 3. Keep the letter balanced Maintain balance between the formal tone of a sympathy letter and its deeply personal nature. 4. Keep your letter short Note that a mourner is emotionally drained and doesn’t like lengthy letter. 5. Offer to help in some way If you can do so sincerely, include contact information such as your cell phone number and your email address. Some common expressions • Please accept our heartfelt sympathies on the loss of your loved one. • Words can't express how saddened we are to hear of your loss. • It was with great sadness that we learned of ___________’s passing; please accept our heartfelt condolences. • Our deepest condolences to you upon the passing of _______. • Words are never adequate in moments like these. We will say though, that our hearts go out to you, and we will always remember the joyous memories that we are privileged to have in knowing your _____. • May God's peace be with you. Cherish the memories you created with _____. I will always remember him/her for his/her caring and loving nature. • We were so sorry to hear about _____'s passing. We hope that the love of family and friends will comfort and strengthen you in the days ahead. Read the following condolence letter and write a similar letter with the clues given below: Dear Mohan, I was shocked and saddened to hear Sohan’s death. I will miss his warmth and humor. Sohan was a fine man and a significant influence for good in others' lives. It is difficult to know what to do in times like these. I want you to know that you are in my thoughts and prayers. Please let me help you handle some of the many things that you certainly have to do. Love, Biraj