Oasis Applied Grammar 10

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 243 Dear Ursula, Hi dear! How are the days going on? I expect this letter finds you in sound health. I was very happy to receive yourletterlast Monday. You were quite eager to know about my culture specially the festival celebrated in my locality. So I’m writing to you about the most popular festival of our community ‘Chhath’. Chhath is an ancient Hindu Vedic festival. The Chhath Puja is dedicated to the Sun and his wife Usha in order to thank them for bestowing the bounties of life on earth and to request the granting of certain wishes. This festival is observed by the Nepalese people living in the Terai region. Chhath puja is performed on Kartika Shukla Shashthi. This falls typically in the month of October or November in the English Calendar. The rituals of the festival are are observed over a period of four days They include holy bathing, fasting and abstaining from drinking water, standing in water for long periods of time, and offering prashad and arghya to the setting and rising sun. The devotees maintain fast without even taking a drop of water. It mainly consist of going on river bank and offering ‘argha’ and surya namaskar to the setting sun followed by the next day event of offering argha and surya namaskar to the rising sun on the last day of chhath. The fast is then come to end after offering argha to rising sun. Urshula, don’t forget to write me about the festival celebrated in your community,too. I’m eager to know about it. Please convey my greetings to uncle and aunt. Bye. Yours, John Exercise for practice 1. Write an email to your friends asking him to lend you some money for buying some books. 2. Write an email to the principal of your school asking for the permission to organize a basketball tournament on behalf of your school’s child club. 3. Write an email to your friend about your plan after SEE. 4. Write an email to your friend inviting him/her for dinner.

244 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 3. Short Essay (Narrative, argumentative, descriptive) Introduction As a word is a collection of 'letters,''a sentence is a collection of 'words''a paragraph’s a collection sentences','an essay' is a collection of paragraphs. So in other words, we can say that an essay is a collection of paragraphs from starting to closing. An essay is a piece of writing on a particular subject. It is a fact based on discussion rather than an imaginary creation. But it does not mean that essays are not creative. Essays are creatively explained on real subjects of the world and society. It explores the views, options and perspectives towards the subject. Essays explain, describe, narrate and put forward the valued arguments on given topic. An essay can be written in any length.It can be concluded in a single paragraph and elaborated to multiple paragraphs considering the subject and its area. But all the essays have definite beginning, middle and ending. More importantly, beginning paragraph should conclude the whole essay. Besides, beginning sentence of each new paragraph should raise new concept related to the essay. The subject of the essay must remain at the centre. No matter into how many paragraphs you develop the essay, each paragraph must support and connect with all other paragraphs so that the piece of writing can be a complete whole. No any unnecessary detail should be included and not any necessary detail should be left out. However, as a student of lower secondary level you can write the particular essay in three to five paragraphs in about 150 words. In the first paragraph introduce the topic and shortly convey the theme of the essay. Explain, elaborate, give detail, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages with necessary examples and so on in the middle: you can break paragraphs as per your convenience. Conclude the essay with some resolution and stating your ideas or views Make your essay like¬ "There's nothing more to be said." There is four of English literature: essay, fiction, poetry, and drama. The essay in its purest form uses words to establish ideas addressed directly by the essayist to the reader. The term essay is derived from the French verb 'essayer' which means 'try' or 'attempt'. It was the French writer Montaigne, who first used the word in the 16th century, then the system of writing essays started and spread all over the world. According to the definition given in the Oxford dictionary, an essay is a literary composition, which is usually prose in nature, and precise on a particular subject. So far as essay-writing is concerned, it is an intelligent exercise that requires knowledge of the factual data as well as the mental grasp and literary acumen to present it in a clear and lucid style. Scope: The scope of essay-writing is as broad as the world. There is no subject from the starts to then dust heap and from the amoeba to the man, which may not be dealt with in an essay. Its theme and purpose are endlessly diverse. Further, an essay is practically the manifestation in a literary form, of the personality of the writer. This

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 245 accounts for its subjective character Importance: In almost all the competitive examinations, essay0 writing forms the part and parcel. Though there are numerous forms of testing the student regarding his/her understanding of the language, the essay has come to be regarded as the surest test of the writing power form, of the personality of the students. Kinds of Essay According to the subject matter and form, essays can be divided under the following headings. i. Descriptive Essays: Descriptive essays are those that consist of the description of some places or things. The description should be both clear and pleasant and founded upon close observation. ii. Narrative Essays: The narrative essays consist of the narration of some event, action or movement. The event may be imaginary or historical or a personal experience of the student or an account of the life of someone else. The students may be asked to write about the biographical sketch of a national leader, a journey or a voyage or an incident like a street quarrel or a bus accident. iii. Reflective Essays : The prime aim of the reflective easy is to test and evaluate whether the student has developed this reasoning and logical power on abstract issues like patriotism, Honesty, Essentials of Character, Discipline, etc. The student is to attempt topics of abstract as well as social, political and domestic affairs. The essay should be a sincere self expression of the student. iv. Expository Essays: Expository essays are of explanatory types: they seek explanations to give detail information. Such types of essays include the topics such as science, literature occupation, astronomy etc. Parts of an Essay 1. Introduction : The first part of an essay is the introduction. The introduction moves from the general to the specific. It often begins with a hook to capture the reader's attention. The hook is followed by some general statement on a topic. The introduction must also include the main idea known as a thesis statement. 2. Body: The body of an essay may consist of several paragraphs and include information that supports the thesis statement. This information may be in the form of statistics, Anecdotes, Facts, Examples or Reasons (SAFER).

246 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 3. Conclusion: The conclusion begins with a restatement of the thesis statement. It often sums up important arguments, gives advice or an opinion, and leaves the reader something to think about. The conclusion should contain key words and phrased from the introduction and body to unify the essay. Tips for essay writing 1. Essay writing is asked as a free writing. 2. Clues on the topic of the essay may not be given. If clues are given, follow them because clues work as the guidelines for writing. 3. Organise the ideas about what and how to write. Usually an essay includes introduction to topic of the essay, situation, good sides, bad sides, problems and their solutions or conclusion. 4. Think or jot down the clues/points. Do rough work if necessary. Try to link one point with another. 5. Start with introduction/definition/meaning. Complete it in the first paragraph. 6. Write the main content with historical background, advantage, importance, disadvantage, existing condition, etc. in the second paragraph. 7. Write your opinion/ suggestion/ recommendation/ conclusion in the last paragraph. 8. Give facts and figures if you think they will make your writing more valid. 9. Use simple language/simple sentence as far as possible. 10. Try to be original and creative. 11. Make your writing precise and to the point. 12. Writing newspaper article is also like essay writing. For this, give the title and mention the author of the article. The rest are same as in writing essays. Checklist for self- editing your essay writing 1. Introduction Does the essay contain a good introduction? Is the introduction concise and precise ? Does the introduction focus reader's attention on the topic ? Does the introduction a arouse reader's interest and curiosity about the topic? Does the introduction give enough background information? Is the introduction clearly related to the body of the text? Is there a thesis statement in the introduction? If so, is it clear? 2. Body: Is the text segmented into appropriate paragraph? Is the first sentence of each paragraph indented to show the organization ?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 247 Does each paragraph have only one idea ? Is there a topic sentence in each paragraph ? If so, is the topic sentence clear? Are all the paragraphs well developed with specific information? Do the paragraphs contain enough supporting details? Are all the supporting details relevant to the topic of each paragraph ? Are the ideas grouped together in a suitable way ? Do the paragraphs support the thesis statement in the introduction ? Do the connections between the ideas need to be made more explicit ? Is the order of the ideas and paragraphs logical ? 3. Conclusion Does the conclusion clearly summarize all the ideas given in the main body? Does the conclusion restate the thesis statement in the introduction with a fresh emphasis? Does the conclusion link the main idea of the text to the future, or to some broader issues not covered in the essay ? Some Models of Essay My Aim in Life Everyone in the world has a definite aim, and it is a good thing to have a purpose in life because a person without it is likely to end in failure. As I look forward to shaping my future, I firmly believe in becoming a good teacher for a number of reasons. To began with, a teacher can significantly contribute to his\her society in different ways. Firstly, s/he produces some responsible and accountable citizen who in turn can help in introducing necessary change initiatives in their community. As a result, we will have an idea society that can make meaningful contribution to nation building, secondly, I will be able to plan and execute the concept of preserving indigenous knowledge and resources that always inspire people to know their self because we can conquer the world when we first of all know ourselves and our rich cultural heritage. Finally I will be capable enough in updating myself throughout my life, and it will always keep me active academically, professionally and physically. Moreover, my choice may not be liked by many because they think that one cannot make a lot of money in this profession. Frankly speaking dreams of becoming rich do not allure me very much. If some reasonable means of subsistence are supplied to meet the basic necessities of a respectable living, I should feel particulary happy in my work as a teacher. Similarly, I sometimes plunge into the pleasing fancy that some

248 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 of my students entering different walks of life will enrich the society by their character and ability. To train youths so as to make them grow up into helpful members of the community is the objective of my life. To summarize, the pursuit of this aim is, with me, a very agreeable process. It is a pleasure by itself and a reward. Newspaper Even though there are several means through which one can get to know ablut what is happening around, the newspapers hold their own importance. They are still one of the chief mediums for conveying news to the people. Newspapers are becoming more and more popular day by day. It has become the fashion of the day to read them. however, a newspaper to a large extent. However, I also see there are some strong arguments against it. Firstly, newspaper is the most powerful organ of democracy. It is a link between the people and the government. The government and the public both can explain their relevant views through a newspaper. It is the only agency through which people can express their opinions. Secondly, a newspaper has materials for every kind of people. For businessmen it gives the news of market information which helps in the development of business. It is also the best source of advertisement. All sorts of advertisements can be found in the newspaper. It helps the unemployment people in finding jobs, helps to he unmarried boys and girls in finding their matches. It publishes TV and radio programs, literary articles, notices and even tenders are invited by the means of newspaper. Finally, the educative value of newspaper is very great. Articles on all subjects, scientific, literary, political, economic , etc appear in the pages of newspaper. These articles increase our knowledge and develop our outlook. In contrast, many people believe that there are some disadvantages of the newspapers. Most importantly, some of the newspapers are entirely controlled by different political parties for the purpose of disseminating a range of propagandas, and this is true in case of Nepal. Moreover, such papers create misunderstanding, mistrust and haltered among the people. In a nutshell, the newspapers are powerful means of spreading good news relating to different fields in the entire globe. Despite this fact, they also circulate bad news which may mislead people in general. If this is not done. newspapers may prove themselves of great importance in the development of human culture. Child Labour in Nepal Generally children are those who are below 16 years. They are innocent by nature. Love, care and affection are their basic needs. Education is their basic right. It makes them civilized persons. Theirfuture depends on education. so, their primary right is education. Children have many rights. They are- right to shelter, right to food, right to health

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 249 care,right to expression,right to game etc. but in our country, child rights are violated. Many children are working in hotels, garments, and factories. In towns many children are servants. They don't get enough to eat. They aren't well paid. Similarly, there are many orpgans and homeless children. They live in the streets. They eat waste food thrown on the streets. Political leaders are also faulty. They use the children in the civil wars. As a result, many children have been the victims of wars. Thus child labour is a serious problems in Nepal. Child labour should be banned in Nepal. Presently many NGOs are supporting the children. Some of then are SOS, UNDP, and UNICEF are providing shelter, food health care clothes and education. But this mayn't be enough. The government and all the Nepali should be serious problems in Nepal. The children should be provided with basic needs. Education should be made compulsory for them. sons and daughters should be equally treated. For this public awareness is a must. So, many programs should be run to promote child rights. The civil society shouldn't be silent about the violation of child rights. Drug Addition 'Drug addition' refers to the habit of taking the substance that affects the nervous system. Some of the drugs are cocine, herion, opium, brown sugar, hashish etc. the people who are drug addicts have different drugs regularly. Nowadays, especially the young boys of towns are victimized. They are badly intoxicated in drugs. Nowadays drug addition proves to be a major and serious social problem. This problem is rapidly increasing especially in urban regions. The teenagers have been victimized by this problems. The boy of high schools and higher secondary schools are fond to have been drug addicts. The percentages of the school girls who have been intoxicated in drugs is very low. That's why this is the major social problems among the boys who are teenagers. Some responsible circumstances and causes have paved the way to drug addition, the children seem to be initiating the adults behavior. When the adults smoke, the children are lured and they start taking drugs imitating the habit of their friends. Some people start taking drugs because of being pessimistic. They are hopeless about their future. The people who are fed up with life do not want to live for a long time. They want to enjoy the life taking drugs for a few days. Some of the smugglers of drugs provide the youths habitual or intoxicated of cost at the beginning . their prime motive is to make the youths habitual or intoxicated in taking drugs. When the youths become drug addicts, they go to the smugglers to buy the drug. Similarly, some sadhus also take some drugs. Some of the youths go to these sadhus and learn to take drugs from them. There are many adverse effects of drugs on the individuals and the society. The drug

250 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 addicts are most affected. The regular use of the drugs makes the addicts mentally dull. They gradually become weaker and weaker. It also produces complete instability, irritation, fatigue and infertility. Some of them can be victimized of fatal diseases like irritation fatigue and infertility. Some of them can be victimized of fatal diseases like AIDS and Hepatitis B. Drugs are very expensive. The drug addicts are led to crimes. They are even ready to kill others for money to buy drugs. They steal things of others. Memorable Event in My Life This incident happened in my childhood. Being a child of a farmer, I used to go to the near by forest to graze the cattle. I was told that there lived a jackal in the forest. I used to be afraid of all kinds of animals. One day when cows and goats were grazing, a jackal came to kill the goats. All the goats afraid of the jackal. They ran towards me. I was also afraid of the jackal. I tried my best to chase the jackal. Unfortunately the jackal produced upon me. It bit on my left leg. I was injured. Frantically I hiot on its head with a stone. It died there. I returned home being sad and nervous as well in the evening. Cows and goats were tied in the sheds. Then I went to my father to report about the incident. I told him that I had been hurt by the jackal. I showed him my wound. He told me that I would be taken to hospital to cure my bruises, he went to join his job. Nobody cured me. Few days leter, I suffrered from rabies. Mother took me to the nearby clinic. I was checked up there. I was suggested to admit the hospital. Then I was admitted there for a week. I was treated there without any caretaker. I could see other's patients. Caretakers were helping them, but I had none. I fekt lonely since I could talk to none. Nobody asked me about my health. Then I decided to get discharged. I requested doctors to dichage me. They understood my voice and discharged me. I straightly want my home. On the other hand, father had gone to hospital to look for me. He returned home two days later. As he saw ne at home. He hugged me tightly and wept bitterly. I couldn't remain without weeping. Then he called an HA named Govinda to cure me. I was treated at my home. I recovered in a month. Ir is a memorable event in my life. I can't ever forget it. Technical Education in Nepal Technical education refers to the education related to science and technology. It provides skilled manpower like doctor, engineers, technicians electricians, plot agriculturists, scientists etc. without skilled man power, the modern development of science and technology is impossible. A country may have lots of natural resources. But in the lack of technical education. The resources remain unutilized or unused. Thus, technical education is the infrastructure for technical development.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 251 In a developing country like Nepal, the importance of technical education can hardly be exaggerated. Nepal is very rich country in natural resources. It is the second richest country in the work in water resources. But in the lack of sufficient technicians related to electricity production and management, Nepalese people are compelled to spend nights in darkness. In the city area and in some villages where electricity is available, people are compelled to bear the problem fo load shedding frequently. In the lack of sufficient electricity, the industries and factories can't give sufficient production. As a result, production is badly affected. We can't provide people our own production and there is no hope of earning foreign currency by exporting Nepalese productions. Nepal has got more agricultural land but we are still applying traditional farming method and sometimes we have to import, food from foreign countries. It is shameful and misfortune to Nepalese people. We are also rich in forest and mineral resources. On the one hand, we haven't been able to carry on agricultural based industries and forest based industries and on the other, we have not been able to split the mineral resources in the lack of technical education, technicians and other skilled manpower. If we could utilize the resources found in our country, we would be economically strong. Transportation is another infrastructure of development. Nepal is making progress in road transportation to some extent but we are deprived of rail transportation. Air is not affordable, by common people. However, Nepal has come a long way in communication. Thus technical education carries a great importance for the development of country like Nepal. Deforestation Deforestation is one of the natural problems in our country. If people start cutting down trees little by little from the forest, deforestation takes place. When people cut down trees, shape and size of the forest decrease gradually. Trees are cut down for various purpose. Some people cut down them for timber. Some people cut down trees for killing wild beats which has been a harmful problem for human beings and animals. It degraded the environment. We find many causes of deforestation. For example, poverty is one of them. poor people go into forest to steal timber. Their problems can be solved by selling the stolen timber to the people. They are ignorant to know value of the forest. A cattle grazing is another problem. Cattle are taken to the forest for grazing. They destroyed plants and grass of the forest. Some people go into jungle to look medicinal herbs plants. Then, deforestation takes place. People are unware about the value of the forest. People don't know trees are sources of oxygen and water. What they know that they can only get benefit by selling the forest. They are selfish and irresponsible.

252 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Deforestation leads many problems in the environment. Many kinds of natural disasters such as soil erosion. Flood and landslides are causes by deforestation. In the deserted part of the forest, no animals and birds live. Their natural habitat has been destructed. They forced to run away to the safety place. Little by little animals become extinct. Trees, animals and human beings are the part of nature. If one part is affected, others will also be affected automatically. If deforestation is not checked in time, there will be nothing left in the future. The only way to solve this problem is a forestation. So, let's start a campaign to plant trees in the bare land right now and commit not to cut down the tree without care. Patriotism Patriotism is the love of one's own country. It is noble virtue which urges a man to do all he can for the good of his country. 'Your mother and motherland are greater even than heaven.' Says a sanskriti proverb. A patriot is liked by everybody. He works for the good of his country. He is unselfish. He is ready to bear any hardship for the sake of his country. He is even ready to die for his country. Shukra Raj Shastri, Dasharath Chand, Dharma Bhakta Mathema and many others have sacrificed their lives for the freedom of the country from the autocratic rule. These people are praised and honored for their deeds. Though they are dead and gone, their names to this day fill us with thrill and inspire us with noblest feelings of love for our country. A man who does not love his country is hated by all. Nobody loves or respects him. He is very unhappy. After his death, he id forgotten by all. Patriotism becomes a danger when we are blind to our national defects." My country, right or wrong" is a foolish and dangerous sentiment. World WarII began with hitlar's boastful and aggressive patriotism. All wars are born of similar sentiments. All of us must have patriotic feelings. Patriotism doesn't lie in thinking that one's own country is the best. We must love our country but must not hate other countries. If the people of different countries start to hate each other, there may be quarrels and wars which will result in huge loss and sufferings. We should, therefore, love our country as well as those of others. Dowry System A dowry is property or money brought by a bride to her husband. Dowry system is one of the greatest evils of our society. The sacred institution if marriage is reduced to a business transaction. Though giving or taking a dowry is regarded as a social crime, it is still prevalent in our country, most commonly in the Tarai belt. The parents of the

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 253 girls have to provide cash or kinds to the bridegroom at the time of marriage or at later date. The custom of giving dowry started from times immemorial with a good intention that it would be a sort of help to the young couple to set up a new home. But this custom becomes an evil as the greed of the bridegroom's parents mounted. Giving of dowry is no problem for the rich. For keeping their false social prestige, they maximum dowry. The poor try to imitate them and in the process ruin themselves. The practice of giving dowry has brought a number of problems in our society. Many girls are put to a lot of trouble, and some of them even commit suicide. We must stand against this system. This inhuman practice must be put to an end. This social evil needs a treatment at the social level. Both taking and giving dowry should be strictly forbidden. Those people who demand dowry should be sternly punished. Boys and girls should come forward and resolve not to give consent to such marriage which involves dowry. In conclusion, dowry system has been an evil of a civilized society in the present world. It has created a number of problems, and it certainly needs to be abolished for the well being of all brides and grooms. Superstition Superstition is an irrational and unreasonable belief in ghosts, devils and unnatural elements. It is a kind of belief in which certain things or concepts are considered the symbol or sign of good or bad luck. Every society in the world either educated or not, has one or another kind of superstition. Such beliefs are harmful to the smooth progress of any society so we, the educated people, have to play the significant role to minimize the effect of superstition in our society. Let us discuss some examples of superstition in our part of the world. Three persons walking out of the house to accomplish a special mission will not be presumed a successful one. But if you by any chance happen to see a pot full of water when you start a journey, your mission will be successful. When a crow crows near your house, it is generally considered that you are likely to receive some disappointing news very soon. While combing if your comb drops from your hand, it is expected that some guests are coming. There are some more interesting examples of superstitions. A driver stops and waits another vehicle to go if a cat or a squirrel runs across the road. He does not dare resume his journey, no matter how educated he may be, by the fear that he will meet with an accident. So people generally avoid that practice. Is is interesting to note that when you ask some educated people whether they believe on such beliefs they verbally respond 'no' but in practice they are not found free from superstitions. Therefore it is necessary to wipe out the deep- rooted belief from the general people of our society.

254 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Environment Pollution Nowadays one of the greatest problems facing the modern civilization is environment pollution. The chief cause of environment pollution is the population pressure on environment. Environment pollution means fouling of the purity of things around us. Air pollution water pollution soil pollution noise pollution, are some types of pollution. The pollution of air, water, and soil is not only threatening the quality of life but the very survival of human beings. Environment pollution is one of the major and serious problems that are beings faced by the developing countries. The ecological balance of the earth is being threatened by it. Air and water are polluted by various toxins. The noise pollution has destroyed the peacefulness or our surroundings. The main sources of pollution are the increasing vehicular traffic and garbage. The petrol and diesel being used in the vehicles gives out poisonous smoke. It contains dangerous gases. Catch deadly diseases like monoxide and nitrogen oxide. All the inhaling these gases catch deadly diseases like bronchitis, asthma, and other breathing problems. The accumulation garbage gives out foul bronchitis, asthma, and other breathing diseases. Various industries polluted both the air and water by sending out poisonous smoke and waste courses. The increasing felling of trees, building dams and upcoming of congested localities have destroyed the clean environment. Human life is, thus, in real danger. There is a need of planting of more trees at every possible area of land. There is also a need of shifting industries to places far from the human population. Tourism in Nepal Nepal abounds with unique natural phenomena such as winding rivers, enchanting mountain ranges, forests, valleys and plains. Despite being small in size, Nepal is rich ethnic culture aned is unique in diverse weather. Due to these natural phenomena, people from different parts of the world come here every year as tourist. Tourism can be the major business to earn foreign currency which can be spent on development works. Natural phenomena itself is not sufficient to run tourism. We have to have some basic requirements such as: good roads, hotels security, easy access of communication, publicity, honest service, ect. We need to prepare required human resources fortourist industry. For this purpose, it should be included in school and university curriculum. Mountain trekking pony trekking, rafting, bungee jumping, rock climbing, jungle safari are some of the major activities for tourists.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 255 Tourism is one of Nepal's sustainable sources of income. This industry has supported our national economy for quite a long time. It is not only the source of income but also means of solving unemployment problem. What all we need to do is to make long term vision, and launch program accordingly. The Value of Traveling Traveling in the past was difficult and dangerous but it is no longer so in modern time. Today, the several means of transportation have made traveling easier. People travel from one place to another for various purposes. Some travel to gain knowledge. Some travel for the sake of business and some to see new places and things. Tostartwith,travellinghasmanybenefits.Firstof allour educationremains incomplete without travelling as travelling broadens our mind and thinking of horizon. Similarly, travelling levees people better informed. For example. We learn more by travelling than from books. If we see a thing actually with our own eyes, it becomes easier to understand and remember. We forget those things very soon about which we are only told, but if we get to see them, they will remain imprinted in our mind. In addition, during travelling we come across all sorts of people. We can talk to them; know about their culture, customs and traditions. Likewise, we can make friends, too. In the same way, another advantage of travelling is that is satisfies one's love for adventure breaking the boredom and dullness of life. For instance, we have so many visitors coming to Nepal every year. Their love for adventure brings than here. Nepal being a mountainous country offers many adventurous tours to these people. In conclusion, it can be said that traveling brings a number of advantages for both individuals and a country as a whole. Nepal is a poor country. It is not possible for an average Nepali to travel to foreign countries just for the sake of traveling. But what we can do is visit different places of Nepal itself, and come to know about the people and see the places of historic and religious interests. Advantages And Disadvantages of Computer Great advancement in the field of science and technology has result into invention of numerous devices, which have made our life easier and more comfortable. Among the devices, which are widely used in the present time, is computer. Indeed computer has become basis need of modern people. There is a symbol of modernity. Despite this fact computerlike other device has pros and cons. Having computer certainly has advantages and there are some good aspects of it too. Computers are useful in business, in education and at home. The use of computer has reduced time span of many works. Any works can be done sitting in a place and pressing few keys. It has enabled people to know happenings of the world shortly after it happens. Computer has made it easier for people to communicate in addition to saving time and money. Formerly,

256 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 operating business used to be totally manual work. Because of payments to be made for worker, goods used to be costly. The use of computer has surely reduced cost of goods. Moreover, a chance of miscalculation is very less if done with computer than with a human brain. The use of computer in education sector has brought changes in the age- old teaching materials. As in business and education computer is useful at home. Leisure time of family members does not become burden. They can sit at a place and spend time watching any movies they like. Computer puts a stop to writing letter, posting it and waiting for the reply. Needless to say computer has numerous advantages. Nonetheless it has disadvantages too. Use of computer results into unemployment as computer can perform the duty that might need nearly more workers. Unemployment is likely to result into crimes. Continuous work with computer causes loss of eyesight in the long run. Internet, which is widely used to see pornographic scenes, corrupts the mind to teenagers. Due to it, sex- violence increases rapidly. Computer has direct impact on culture of any nation. The eventual impact of computer in society is uncertain, but they are likely to cause total disorder in society. Computer has disadvantages, but advantages are not loss. Faults are not inherent: they are manmade. As defects are man-made, they can be reduced and computer can be used for the benefits of human beings. Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet Introduction----AdvantagesofInternet….DisadvantagesofInternet…..Concluding lines. Introduction: Internet has been perhaps the most outstanding innovation in the field of communication. Internet is defined as a collection of various services and resources. Although, many people still think- e-mail and World Wide Web as the principle constituents of Internet, there is a lot more in store than e-mail, chat rooms, celebrity web sites and search engines. Today internet has brought a globe in a single room. Right from getting news across the corner of the world to accessing knowledge resources to shopping, everything is at our fingertips. As with every single innovation, internet has its own advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless the advantages of the internet are so huge in number that they outperform the disadvantages quite easily. Let us see what are advantages and disadvantages or Internet. Advantages of Internet The biggest benefit offered by the Internet is information. It functions as a valuable

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 257 resource of information. We can find any type of information in any subject with the help of the search engines. So for students at the same time, Internet is a blessing. The primary goals of the Internet are communication. It has done extremely well in this field. By sending on e-mail we can contact a person who is physically present thousand miles away within the fraction of a second time. E- Commerce is the deal that is implemented for any form of commercial strategy or business transactions. E- Commerce has become a fantastic option through which you can shop anything. Avariety of services are offered via internet, for example job searching, online banking buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation service and so on. Internet functions as a popular medium news and others can be accessed through the internet. Disadvantages of Internet There are a lot of people who see the internet as a promoter of immorality. The first and the foremost disadvantages of internet for students is the wastage of time in social networking websites like face book, twitter etc. student are found spending ample time with these social sites rather than with their books. This habit spoils their time, learning habit in some case leads them to involve in immoral activities. Besides this the general disadvantages are spamming. Theft of personal details, fraud, virus threat and so on. Spamming denotes distribution of unsolicited e-mails in large numbers. They are meaningless and they unnecessarily block the whole system. These activities are treated as illegal while using the Internet, there is high probability that your personal details like name, address and credit card number may be accessed by con artists and used for fraudulent purposes. Virus is the biggest problem. It is a problem that interrupts the usual operation of your personal computer system. PCs linked to the internet have high probability of virus attacks and as a result of this your disk can crash, giving you lots of trouble. Concluding Lines We can conclude, like in everything else, internet has its advantages and disadvantages both. But in a larger scale Internet is a boon that is facilitating the world cheaply and easily and it will definitely crave a blessing if it is rightly controlled. Nepal and Her Beauty Nepal, one of the most beautiful countries, lies in the heart of Asia. The beauty of Nepal is beyond description. No matter how much we describe her, it does not suffice. The Almighty has thoughtfully and deliberately created her. She appears smiling. She lies on the tender lap of the Himalayas which spontaneously gives us powerful feelings.

258 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 She possesses many particularities. She has many mountains where various types of trees, bushes which are the living places of many birds and animals grow. Towards the north there are very high Himalayas capped with snow. The scene of melting snow and piled snow attracts us dramatically. Many tourists come to climb the high mountains, such as Mt. Everest, Mt. Makalu etc. They consider this piece of heaven a dreamland. They come to dive into the rivers of imagination to make their exotic creation. The Terai belt adds more beauty to her. The greenery of crops in our eyesight is very fantastic. Our eyes never get tired of seeing them. There are many dense forests in the Terai belt like Churia range belt. The Chitwan National Park, Bardia Nationalo Park, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve are really the canters of attraction. We find various kinds of wildlife. The landscapes, lakes, rivers glaciers, resorts, are really wonderful in Nepal. Nepal is very rich in national and cultural heritage. There are many temples, stupas, monasteries, kutis, water spouts (kundas), statues and idols of Gods and Goddesses here. They are full of art and architecture. Although the Hindu religion is the major religion, other religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Jainism, Shikhism are also in practice. Here lived great souls such as Janak, Buddh, Sita, Bhrikuti, Shiva, Parvati, Bal Gura Khadanand, Prithivi Narayan Shah, Laxmi Prasad Devkota, Pushpa Lal, Ganeshman, etc. who contributed to her development very much. Our late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev declared Nepal a zone of peace. This has also added beauty to her. Gorkhalies are very famous all over the world. This is also an identification. Nepal is a beautiful garden of four castes and thirty-six subcastes. Nationality is our motto. There is unity among diversity in Nepal. My Favourite Season: The Spring Season There are mainly four seasons in Nepal. They are Summer season, Rainy Season, Winter Season and Spring Season. All come for nearly a span of three months. All seasons have their merits and demerits. Some create problems to us but some are joyous. Everyone likes one season or the other but I like spring season the most. Spring has been called the king of all seasons. Many poets have described the beauty of this season in songs. The morning is pleasant. The noon is soothing, the evening is cool and calm, the night is comfortable. Birds chirp, the sky is clear and the wind is refreshing. Every creation of nature looks very beautiful. Flowers bloom. New leaves sprout on trees. The spring season is important for farmers. Crops ripen in the fields. Farmers gather wheat and barley at home. Everyone has a sense of pleasure. Spring is a

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 259 season of Hindu festival Holi which falls in this season. It is festival of eating and drinking. People enjoy it most. Holi adds to the glory of the spring season. In this pleasant season, fields are covered with green plants. Flowers bloom and give off pleasant fragrance. It is neither hot nor cold. The cuckoo speaks in its melodious sound. There is no cold wind. Days and nights are neither too long nor too short. I hate the cold wind of winter as well as the hot sun of summer. I dislike mud and dirt caused by the rains. So spring is my favorite season. In this way we see that this season is so pleasant that most people like it. We feel quite fresh and cheerful. We move in orchards to gather unripe mangoes. We can watch different types of birds in our localities. People sing 'Phagu'songs and 'Chitawar' songs. So, spring is the most popular season in Nepal which I like most. Co-education Education is the light of life. Education is necessary for both men and women. When men and women are educated together, it is co-education. This is the system of education in which girls and boys get an opportunity to share their feelings together. Co-education trains both men and women to live peacefully and happily. Education develops all hidden power of boys and girls. It makes them understand each other. Their married life will fail without this clear understanding. Co-education prepares them to live in the practical world. In co-education system, they sit together, share their feeling of happiness and sorrow as well. Later their conjugal lives become successful. The government cannot afford to have separate schools and colleges for both men and women in proportion to their number. We have very few schools and colleges for girls. So, co-education solves this problem. Both girls and boys are given equal opportunity to face the competition. When they are in co-education, girls don't have problems to face with boys. They have no problem to do their duties together. Some people dislike co-education. They think it to be harmful for our society. Our main religious beliefs are against co-education. A young boy is considered to be the burning fire and a young girl to be like fuel. According to them co-education means to add fuel to the fire to burn the society into ashes. There is another objection to it. Girls are shy by nature. So, they cannot study with boys with full freedom. Some are in favour of giving a different kind of education to girls. Co-education will not serve the purpose, so it is not useful and helpful to the women of our country. In this way, we can conclude that co-education has both merits and demerits. But merits are more than demerits. We see those girls who get co¬ education have been

260 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 more successful. Gradually, their shy nature goes away. They face the interviews expertly because they have already developed the qualities of facing the questions raised by boy-students. Thus co-education is a successful system of education which can bring women ahead of men. Importance of Computer Today The age in which we live is known as the age of science and technology. The contribution of sciences in our life is great and remarkable in so many ways. Computer is one of the most useful inventions of this age. Computer has affected almost every aspect of our life. Today we hear off and on about computer and its introduction in various fields. Science has made impossible things possible. We cannot think of anything without science. Indeed, we cannot deny this fact. A computer is a machine. In it various data and information technically called programs are put into. Then the quick and exact result comes out in a short time. Computers are of many kinds. Mathematical computer can add, subtract, multiply, and divide any number in the wink of an eye. The medical computer can tell the symptoms of the disease and diagnose treatment. If the computer is fed some words and ideas into, it can corn pose a poem of your liking as well. In the history of Science and Technology of the present world, Charles Babbage added a new invention called computer for the first time in human history. With it a new chapter of computer revolution has opened the history. Now Nepal too has some of the agencies of computer sellers and manufacturers like Chaudhary Group of Industries, LG Marked Computer, Hansarj Hulashchandra Golchha and so on. In today's world a great number of computers are being used, only as office machines. They are used for typing and calculations only. And yet computer has been proved to be very indispensable for the people of 21st century. Modern word is very busy. Everywhere there is challenge and competition among the human race to survive. People have to live very busy life. There is no sense of leisure for the rapid promotion and progress in every field. Government should open up colleges of Information and Faculty of Computer Science for availability of computer education to the country. Soaring Prices There is a problem of rising prices all over the world. But this problem is more serious in Nepal than anywhere else. It is a great curse to the poor class. The following facts have caused the price-rise in Nepal. Nepal is a backward country. Production is not enough to meet the needs of her people. So there is a shortage of everything. It causes rise in prices. And the people of Nepal have very low per-capita income, too. Over population is also a cause of soaring prices. Nepal is undergoing a great problem of over population. But production does not increase in the same proportion. So people's needs cannot be met. The prices go high. As such there is a great need of

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 261 check on population. Backward farming is also a cause of rising prices. The yield is low. The supply is less than the demand. So theories have it that prices go up in such situation. Scientific methods and co-operative farming can help a lot to improve agriculture. If production is increased, price will go down, there is no doubt about it. People waste much time and money on social and religious functions. There is much waste at the time of marriage, birth and death. People should be taught to get rid of orthodoxy. In Nepal, the traders store the commodities and sell them in black market at higher rates. Besides this, a lot of black money is in circulation. Hoarding and black-marketing has made the situation worse. The frequent strike in factories and 'Bandhas' also affect the production and supply which results in price rise. Our government should try to increase production and convince people of the advantages of family planning. Production should be increased applying scientific methods. The government should impart technical and scientific training to the industrial workers to enable them to increase production so as to bring about a fall in the prices of essential commodities. Traders who create artificial scarcity having stored the goods should be penalized without being influenced by them. Money: Its Uses and Abuses The word 'money' has been defined in many ways. Economists like Marshall, Robbins, J.S. Mill and others defined it in their own words as they perceived it, but money is what money does. In the whole world nobody is self- dependent. The people get what they need from others. It is the same with all human beings. Some people adopt the barter system. But this barter system is limited. So for more progress in life man adopts money to serve his purpose. Money is the most useful article for human beings today. Our needs are great in number. The things we need are obtained from different places. We need many things everyday. We also need services: of the barber, the tailor, the cobbler, the doctor, the lawyer and of the owner of a rickshaw or a bus. For this, we need money. We need it everyday and every moment. Without money life is impossible today. We cannot do any work without money. Money buys the necessities of life and the things of luxury and comfort. It can even buy honour. The government needs money for its functioning. Some men have an evil mind. All men are not good and contented. A bad man puts money to many evil uses. Money is at the root of all sins. Women sell their bodies for money. Men work and do most sinful things for money. A saboteur sells the secrets of national security to the enemy country. But every misuse of money is not sinful or criminal. It is misused in many ways for which you cannot punish a man. The use of money for the luxury of some when most men are starving is the worst misuse. Those who have money force or persuade others to do wrong. The people who have money exploit the poor. Wasting money for show is a misuse. We see the worst misuse of

262 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 money in functions and wedding parties. The misuse of money is contagious. When one man wastes money on pomp and show, others follows suit. If the rich stop the misuse of money, if helping the poor pleases them more than false prestige, the earth will be heaven itself. Importance of Cinema in Our Life Science has conferred many boons upon man from time to time. In the present time, cinema has been proved as one of the most important boons of science to mankind. It has become an integral part of modern civilization. Everyone likes to enjoy a picture, whether he is old or young, man or woman. The booking windows of cinema hall have thicker rush than the stationery shop. It has become very popular. Cinema is a combination of many arts. The script writer jots the story and the dialogues. The singer gives his/ her melody to the songs. The musician creates the music and actors and actresses play their roles according to the composition of the story. The directors direct the plots. The photographer takes the poses in film. And then a complete film comes before the audience. There are many sweet and tasty fruits of cinema. In fact, cinema is one of the cheapest but complete means of entertainments. People often go to the cinema to entertain themselves for a few hours. Young people think that cinema is the greatest blessing in life. Cinema is also a means of education. It is called a practical teacher. Everything can be taught in a normal way. Learning by seeing is easier than learning by reading. In order to improve our knowledge, cinema helps us a lot. Moral lessons can also be given through the cinema. Clouds Clouds are generally very beautiful. We do not look at them enough. If we have to pay to see them, or if they could be seen only once a year, people might look at them and think them to be wonderful and beautiful. But when we see a thing always, we cease to see it. We say it is common, and take no more notice. But if we watch the sky, we will see that all clouds are not the same - there are different kinds of clouds: and we would see how beautiful they sometimes are. A still white cloud in a dark sky at night with the moonlight on it, white feathery fine clouds high up in a deep blue sky at noon lit up by the sunlight, the bright red clouds at yellow, grey, that make the western sky ablaze of colour, at sunset, the dark black rain clouds that sweep up from the south on the monsoon wind- how beautiful and grand all these are - The great use of clouds to us is that they give rain. Without rain our world would be a dry and barren desert. There would be no rivers and streams, all plants would too, for want of food. What are clouds, and how they give rain? We have noticed that when we go out on a

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 263 very cold day, we can see our breath corning out of our mouth like mist or frost. The reason for this is that our breath is warm and at the same time it is full of moisture from our body. Warm air can hold a lot of water in the shape of vapour though we cannot see it but cold air cannot hold much. So when our warm breath comes out into the cold air, it is chilled and as it cannot hold all the vapour any more, some of it "condenses", that is, turns back into tiny drops of water, which we can see as mist. Now the sunshine warms the air and the warm air over sea sucks up water from the sea in shape of unseen vapour. This warm air full of water¬ vapours is always rising: and when it gets to colder air high up in the sk)'t the vapour condenses into tiny drops, and these make the clouds and the tiny drops run together and form big drops and these fall by their weight to the earth as rain. Importance of Discipline in Student Life Clues: Meaning of discipline- role of discipline in different walks of life¬ students and discipline- situation of discipline in our schools-conclusion/ suggestion. Importance of Discipline in Student Life Student life is a golden time. In this life, there is a great importance of discipline. Discipline means the training of mind and character. It makes us self controlled, obedient, sincere and honest. In different walks of life, the role of discipline is very important. Students, teachers, business people, housewives, etc. need discipline to get success in their lives. It is the root of success. It teaches us to make our lives happy and prosperous. Moreover, discipline is more important to students. It leads us towards the right path. Indisciplined students cannot learn anything. The two words II student" and II discipline" should be synonymous. But the situation of discipline in our schools is not good. Those students who are well disciplined have passed their exams with good marks but those who are undisciplined have failed the exams. They do not know about their future. An Important Religious or Historical Place in Nepal Clues: Location- surroundings- date of origin- development-community or people- religious rites- historical importance Lumbini There are many important religious or historical places in Nepal. I think one very important historical or religious place is Lumbini. This place has religious and historical importance because Gautama Buddha was born here. This place is located in the western Terai of Nepal. It lies in Kapilbastu district. Lord Budda was born 2,500 years ago in this place. He had gained knowledge and truth here. Since then it has been a memorable place for millions of people in the world. Buddhism has been one of the main religions of the world. Millions of people have faith in Lord Buddha. This has spread all over the world.

264 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Lumbini is important not only from religious point of view but also from historical point of view. Thousands of people come to visit Lumbini every year. It has helped to earn foreign currency also. The most important aspect of this place is culture. Lumbini has been a part of culture of our country. Natural Disaster Clues: Meaning of natural disaster- causes and effects- efforts to control them. Natural Disaster Disaster means unfortunate and unexpected event. Natural disaster is sudden destruction that happens in landslide, flood, earthquake, etc.. Flood and landslide are the result of continuous rain. Earthquake and volcano are unexpected. People do not have the ability to avert such natural disasters. We sometimes hear the sad news about the death of hundreds and thousands of people in some parts of the world. In such disaster either the whole family is affected or at least there is tragic separation. There are different causes of natural disaster. Many of them are natural. Earthquake and volcano take place due to internal natural laws. Man cannot have the knowledge before they erupt neither can they prevent them. So, little can be done about the earthquake and volcano. But flood and disaster take place because of human mismanagement also. When the natural balance is disturbed, thereis muchrainina region whereas in the other there is no rain at all. Besides these, there are epidemics and other diseases caused by man himself. All these disasters, however, can be less devastating if we can manage well. We can certainly minimize the effect of natural disasters even though we cannot prevent them. In Nepal, there have been a lot of flood victims in recent. Hundreds of people have been buried in the landslides. Many of them have drowned into the flood water. Some of the survivors died later when they did not get any help from the government or the community. Efforts have been made to help the flood victims by the government and the others. But they are not enough, something more has to be done about it. 4. Diary A Visit to Book Exhibition Clues: Significance of books -book exhibition as important activity -visit to it A Visit to Book Exhibition Books are the means of conveying views, ideas and knowledge. They are also the records of what people think. Nowadays there are other means of conveying knowledge and information. I think books are the best. So I often visit book exhibitions. Last week I wentto Bhrikutimandap to see the book exhibition. There were hundreds

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 265 and thousands of books on various subjects. Many people came to see and buy the books. I went there several times to see different people select and buy books. It was a happy experience to survey through the series of book cases and the latest titles. I enjoyed looking at the pictures in children books. In that book exhibition there were video and film shows which were also important. Habit of reading books helps to develop the society. Reading broadens our mind. Thus, last week's book exhibition was a very significant event forthe educated people. Corruption Clues: Meaning of corruption- causes and effects- types of corruption solution. Corruption Corruption is something that takes place in a society when men misuse their power and position for personal gain. If a policeman, for example, intimidates a citizen to confess the uncommitted crime, that policeman is said to be corrupt. When a government official misuses the power of his position to take bribe from people, he or she is corrupt. Many other examples of corruption can be given from various aspects of life- economic corruption, moral corruption religious corruption, etc. Of various types of corruption, economic corruption is said to be the worst because it damages the economy of the individual victim and the society or the nation. Moral corruption damages the personality, and the religious corruption torments the soul. Corruption takes place especially in the third world nations where people have economic problems. They have no sense of culture and morality. Nepal is one of those countries where many cases of corruption scandals are heard. Even the ministers and officials are put into jail for corruption cases. If corrupt officials are not punished, corruption continues and spoils the whole society and the nation. In order to control corruption, the police, judges, and other corruption controlling bodies have to be strictly moral and accountable to the people and the nation. Importance of Women Education Education is the divine light which lights the mind and soul of a person to lead a happy life. It also means training and instruction to give knowledge and develop skills. It is necessary for every human being. Nepolean Benaparte said, "Give me a good mother, I will give you a good nation." This shows the importance of women I female education. People have a traditional thought and look down upon women. They are only considered to be a child-bearing machine as well as cook. In some places they are not allowed to come out of their houses without covering their faces with veils. Parents pay their special attention to sons but not to daughters. They are only trained for

266 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 cooking and doing house-hold work. Due to the lack of education they cannot fulfill their aim. Although they have the capacity to go ahead they are not able to do so because of the lack of education. Male and female are the two wheels of a cart or two sides of a coin. A coin can't be imagined leaving the other part. A cart cannot run smoothly on only one wheel. Similarly, human life cannot run without the help of women. Horne is the first school and mother is called the first teacher of a child. If a mother is educated a child can get good education at horne, get knowledge, widen its mind, develop its character and mental power. A child learns the language of its mother first. Later it learns the language spoken by father and other family members. So, its initial language is known as 'Mother-Tongue'. This verifies that the female education is more important than male education. Women should not be neglected at all. They can also earn name and fame in this world. As for example we can name some well-known ladies like Mao Bhandar Naike, Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thacher, Benazir Bhutto, Seikh Hasina Wazid, Florance Nightingale, Mother Teresa, Madam Currie, An-Sang Suu Kyi and Pasang Lharnu Sherap. In Nepal after the restoration of democracy, women have known the value of education and want to be educated. Our government also is encouraging them to go to school to get education. In conclusion, we can appreciate that if we educate a female child, it will be 'a wellknown person. It is the out put of female education. Exercise for practice 1. Write diary on the following topics: a. Equality of education b. The importance of television c. Health is wealth d. Pokhara as a tourist center e. Men and women are equal f. Value of physical exercise g. Cultural heritages of Nepal h. Your first day at school i. A visit to museum j. Your visit to a zoo k. One of your best friends 1. Garden m. A famous temple you know n. Street children o. Games and sports p. Pollution q. Seasons r. Student's life s. Your school library t. Importance of prizes for children in school u. A traditional belief in your community v. An interesting place you've recently visited w. An important event in your life

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 267 2. Write an diary on the topic Rivers in Nepal' using the clues given in about 200 words. Introduction - advantages- how rivers are polluted-how to best utilize the rivers and protect them-conclusion 3. Write an diary on the following topic in about 200 words. Use the given clues: Television: use, abuse and your opinion 5. News Paper Articles A news article is an article published in newspapers, newsletters, magazines, etc. It discusses topic of some general interest of on a specific topic. It is a kind of essay writing. It follows all the methods that you need to write a good essay. • Write a headline that catches the attention of the reader and relates well to the topic. • Have a good starting that establishes the subject matter and guides the reader into the article. • Write introductory paragraph that tells the most important facts and answers to questions: who, what, where, when why and how. • Try to include some quoted reference and importance quotes that are used to add interest and support to the story. • End your news article when all of the information has been presented clearly. It should conclude with a good summary statement. Things to Remember Model-1 'Untouchability' By : Rajani Gautam Untouchability is a bad social tradition prevailing in our society. It's a cultural concept in people's mind which cannot be easily erased from our mindsets. It is a type of discrimination made to dominate the so called lower caste people by so called higher caste people in the society. It can also be defined as caste discrimination in the society. People living n a community or a country are of ethinic have groups. So called higher caste people like Bhramhin themselves have made the rules and values in the society. Lower caste people are called Achut who are deprived of different social functions, opportunities. If they enter, they are punished. This is very strict in a society where people are illiterate. Illiterate and uneducated people do not accept the new change although it is right.

268 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Feeling of untouchability sometimes creates social disorder, fighting and murder. Lower caste people are not allowed to enter inside the temple, inside the public places where social function and celebrations are help. If they try they are cruelly treated. This is an injustice done upon them although there are constitutional rules and system for quality. Since it's a deep-rooted cultural concept, the constitution and political decisions alone can't change the feeling of people In the society. Naturally all people are equal. All human beings have same blood. Then a person shouldn't be judged according to his/her caste. The division of caste is only for the work division. No caste in higher or lower in real sense. Constitutional laws should be made to punish the person who behaves and treats a low class person in a bad way. The better solution is to erase the traditional mindsets about the caste division through awareness and education. If people are aware and educated such system will be automatically erased. Social and national development is easier if such situation is eradicated. Government, every individual as well as the media should play a vital role to solve the problem. [email protected] Model-2 Why do Females Needs Education? By Sunny Yadav The right to gain education is the right of all people; whether they are poor or rich, child or adult, male or female. So, females should also have access to education. Females are also the citizens of a nation, so they must also be educated for the development of the country, since the strength of country is on its able citizens, they need to educated so that they can contribute something to the nation. Men and women are two wheels of a vehicle; the vehicle cannot move just on one wheel. Similarly, a family cannot run smoothly if only male is educated. If females are also educated and able, they can share the burdens of males either mentally of financially. Similarly, mother cares a child most of the time, so, if the mother is educated the child will learn a lot of from the mother in its early stage. An educated woman, therefore can help for the betterment of her family, community and nation. Education is the chief defense of a country, so all citizens should be provided education without any discrimination against religion, caste, creed, and sex. Male and female should be equally treated and both should be adorned with education. And especially in male dominated countries like Nepal, female education should be compulsory.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 269 Exercise for practice 1. Write a newspaper article on Gender Discrimination. Use the following clues. Introduction __ how males are superior __ its impacts___ways to resolve___ conclusion 2. Write a newspaper article on Need of Adult Education with the help of the following points. Introduction __ help to increase literacy __ support to nation __ end superstition __ help to children __ conclusion. 3. Write a newspaper article on Inclusive Democracy including the following points. Democracy introduction __ participation of all ___ sense of ownness __ equal opportunity __ peace and harmony __ development __ ways to get it __ conclusion 4. Write a newspaper article on Poverty Alleviation. Use following guideline. Introduction __ causes of poverty __ ways to solve it __ government effort __ improve agriculture ___ use resources __ employment __ practical education __ conclusion 5. Write a newspaper article in about 200 words on 'Importance of Women Education' using the following hints. Meaning of education – the place of women in the society – need for educating women in Nepal – how women education differs from that of men – conclusion. 6. Book Review / Film Review A. Sample of Film Review Chhakka Panja : Have a Journey of Laughter Genre : Comedy and social drama Director : Deepa Shree Niraula Producers : Deepak Raj Giri, Deepa Shree Niraula, Kedar Ghimire Cast : Deepak Raj Giri, Priyanka Karki, Aaryan Sigdel, Jeetu Nepal, Kedar Ghimire, Buddhi Tamang, Shivahari Poudel and Aruna Karki Release Date : 9 September, 2020 The film Chhakka Panja revolves around four friends in a village — Raja (Deepak Raj Giri), Saraswoti (Jeetu Nepal), Magne (Kedar Ghimire) and Buddhi (Buddhi Tamang). Raja is rich but illiterate and enjoys life, and tells his friends to not get married or hold any job. However, he secretly has affairs with married women. Then one day Raja gets married to Champa (Priyanka Karki), and the story enters a serious mode when Champa elopes with someone else. The lives of Raja and

270 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 his friends are turned upside down. Chhakka Panja is a total comedy and social drama, a story of friendship, love and revenge. It is hilarious from start to finish. With comedy and satire on society, it ‘is’ funny and takes you to Raja’s land. Deepa Shree Niraula as the debutant director has done a good job. The storyline and setting is nothing new, but the way it has been presented is different, hence refreshing. Giri’s look resembles that of Govinda’s in the Bollywood film Raja Babu. Except for Dayahang Rai and Dhurmus of Wada No. 6, the other characters are the same. One may see these characters regularly on television, but the director has presented these characters in new avatars. The first-half of the film moves with Giri and his friends’ mischievous acts and social problems of society — leaving one’s wife to work in a foreign country, unemployment, society’s culture to show off, poverty, domestic violence and so on. In the middle of the second-half, the story takes a turn surprising the audience with its terrific ending. Giri justifies his role as Raja. His cunning nature, Raja Babu-style get-up and perfect comedy timing steal audience’s heart as Raja. Karki as Champa and Poudel as the mystery man do a decent job. Nepal and Ghimire tickle your funny bone with their gags and humour. Tamang as the coward husband is apt and really funny. Aruna Karki as the tigress wife Devi is natural. Aryan Sigdel in a cameo as an NRN is treat to watch. The songs Purba Pashchim Rail and Dekhan Champa Sunana Champa — Rajan Raj Shiwakoti and Deepak Sharma’s composition — will thrill you. The background score is awesome. B. Sample of a Book Review Muna Madan : A True Reflection of the Society Title of the book : Muna Madan Author : Laxmi Prasad Devkota Publisher : Sajha Prakashan Genre : Epic Year of Publication : 1939 AD Muna Madan is a short epic narrating the tragic story of Muna and Madan written by Nepali poet Laxmi Prasad Devkota. It is one of the most popular works in Nepali literature. Just before his death in 1959 he made his famous statement, “It would be all right if all my works were burned, except for Muna Madan.” It is the most commercially successful Nepali book ever published. Muna Madan describes the life of a man (Madan) who leaves his wife (Muna) and goes to Lhasa to make money, and while returning he becomes sick on the

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 271 way. His friends leave him on the road and come back home saying he has died. The story also shows the life of a poor woman who suffered much without her husband and later dies because of grief. Finally he is rescued by a man who is considered to be of lower caste in Nepal. That is why it is said that a man is said to be great not by caste or race but by a heart full of love and humanity. When Madan returns to Kathmandu after regaining his health, he discovers that his wife is dead and becomes grief-stricken. Madan comes to realize that money is of no value at that point. In this poem, Devkota has written about the biggest problems of the then Nepalese society which is still relevant in the present Nepalese societies as many youths are leaving the country for foreign employment. Exercise for practice 1. Write a review of a movie that you have recently watched. 2. Write a review of a book that you have read recently. SEE Questions as No 8 for Practice 1. Write an essay in about 200 words on 'The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Education'. [8] 2. Write a letter to your foreign friend describing your local festival in about 200 words. [8] 3. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper complaining about the problem of road accidents in Nepal. [8] 4. Write an essay on "Importance of Peace for Development." [8] 5. Write an essay on 'Prospect of Tourism in Nepal' in about 200 words. [8] 6. Write an essay on 'Unemployment in Nepal' in about 200 words. [8] 7. Write an essay on 'Environmental Pollution' in about 200 words. [8] 8. Write an essay on "The use of Modern Technology in Education" in about 200 words. [8] 9. Write an essay on "Political Change in Nepal". [8] 10. Write a letter to the ward chairperson of your ward about the necessity of preserving cultural and religious heritages in your locality. [8]

272 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 SEE Questions as No. 1 1. Read the poem and do the activity that follow: [1 × 5 = 5] Weathers This is the weather the cuckoo likes, And so do I; When showers betumble the chestnut spikes, And nestlings fly; And the little brown nightingale bills his best, And they sit outside at “the Traveller’s Rest’, And maids come forth spring-muslin drest, And citizens dream of the south and west, And so do I. This is the weather the shepherd shuns And so do I; When beeches drip in browns and duns, And thresh and ply; And hill-hid tides throb, throe on throe, And meadow rivulets overflow, And drops on gate bars hang in a row And rooks in families homeward go, And so do I. –Thomas Hardy State whether the following statements are true or false. a. People like to stay inside the house due to the scorching heat in summer. b. Cuckoo hates the weather described in the first stanza. c. The young girls dress up in their fine clothes. d. The speaker shuns the weather described in the second stanza. e. Both the speaker and the cuckoo admire summer weather. Part-III Comprehension Reading Reading Comprehension Part - III Marks - 15 Seen Passage Reading Marks - 40

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 273 2. Read the poem and do the activity that follows: [5] Climbing On and on, from bough to bough, The leaves are thick, but I push my way through; Before, I have always had to stop, But to-day I am sure I shall reach the top. Today to the end of the marvelous stair, Where those glittering pinnacles flash in the air! Climbing, climbing, higher I go, With the sky close above me, the earth far below! Match the following: [5 × 1 = 5] Column 'A' Column 'B' a. The first stanza describes the speaker’s determination i. extremely good b. The second stanza describes the speaker’s ii. to reach the top of the tree. c. Marvelous means iii. the culmination of the speaker’s climb. d. Pinnacle means iv. shinning with a lot of small bright flashes of light e. Glittering refers to the v. the highest point of a mountain or tower or house 3. Read the text and do the activity that follows: [5] A Century of World Population Trend: 1950 to 2050 In the next three decades, the regions of the world will experience different growth rates of their population. Consequently, the regional distribution of the population in 2050 will significantly differ from that of today, Central and Southern Asia is expected to become the most populous region in the world by 2037 as the population of Eastern and South Eastern Asia could start declining by the mid-2030s. Between 2022 and 2050, the population of sub-Saharan Africa is expected to almost double, surpassing two billion inhabitants by the late 2040s. With average fertility levels remaining close to three births per woman in 2050, sub-Saharan Africa is projected to account for more than half of the growth of the world's population between 2022 and 2050. In 2022, the size of the population in this region was growing at an annual rate of 2.5 percent, the highest among all eight regions or more than three times the global average of 0.8 percent per year.

274 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Europe and Northern America are projected to reach their peak in population and to begin experiencing a decline in the late 2030s due to sustained low levels of fertility. More than half of the projected increase in the global population between 2022 and 2050 is expected to be concentrated in just eight countries: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and the United Republic of Tanzania. The populations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Republic of Tanzania are expected to grow rapidly, between two and three percent year over the 2022-2050 period. Disparate population growth rates among the world's largest countries will change their ranking by size: For example, India is projected to surpass China as the world's most populous country in 2023.(Adapted from world Population Prospects 2022) Answer the following questions: [1 × 5 = 5] a. Which regions of the world will be the world’s most populous regions by 2037? b. What is the predicted trend of the population of Eastern and South-Eastern Asia by the mid-2030? c. Which region of the world will have double population size by 2050? d. What is projected about Europe and Northern America? e. What is projection about India? 4. Read the poem and do the activity that follows: [5] IF If you can dream—and not make dreams your master; If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim; If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster And treat those two impostors just the same; If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken, And stoop and build ’em up with worn-out tools: If you can make one heap of all your winnings And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss, And lose, and start again at your beginnings And never breathe a word about your loss; If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone,

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 275 And so hold on when there is nothing in you Except the Will which says to them: ‘Hold on!’ Answer the following questions: [5 × 1 = 5] a. According to the poet, what are two ‘imposters’ of human beings? b. Why do the knaves twist our words? c. What should we do after losing a toss of our all winnings? d. What remains with us after losing all our winnings? e. What does the phrase ‘hold on’ mean? 5. Read the text and do the activity that follows: [5] Discovering Migration: What Birds Reveal A snow-covered forest in winter can be a quiet place. In spring, however, this same spot is filled with the chirps, chatter, and calls of birds. Where do they go during the winter? In the past, people used to think that during the winter, birds slept in holes that they dug in the ground. Others thought they hid in the mud on the bottoms of ponds-alive, but waiting for spring. Others claimed that familiar summer birds transformed into other types of birds in the winter. The truth is, in some ways, more incredible. What birds do during this time is migrate: They fly over land and oceans without a roadmap or compass to destinations that are sometimes thousands of miles away. Like marathon runners, birds pace themselves so they do not run out of energy before they can land. They are always adjusting speed, height, and flight path to account for changing winds, their own weight, and storms. In the spring, they retrace their paths back to their summer homes. Each fall, about five billion birds migrate south for the winter from North America. Nearly all 500 of the 650 species of North American birds migrate. Yet this is just one small part of the picture. before than half of all the bird species in the world-approximately 5,000 species-migrate, and each species is on a different journey. Fill in the blanks: [1 × 5 = 5] i) A snow-covered forest in summer is found______ . ii) In the past, the major misconceptions about birds during winter were ______ . iii) Birds migrate during ______ . iv) Birds can migrate ______ . v) The migrating birds are compared with the ______ runners.

276 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 SEE Questions as No. 2 Marks-10 1. Read the given text and do the activities that follow: [10] Strange Food From Around the World Oddly enough, when you take all of the parts of a sheep that no one else wants - the heart, the liver and the lungs - grind it up. And, mix it with mutton fat, oatmeal and spices. Then pack it in a sheep's stomach and boil it for a few hours. It tastes ... really good. Scotland isn't exactly known for its cooking and eating skills, but give me "haggis, neeps and tats" (haggis with turnips and potatoes) any clay of the week. Most Japanese food is simple: it sounds delicious, and it is delicious. But how about raw squid mixed with salty, fermented squid belly? This is shiokara, a Japanese staple, and one I used to hate. However, I'm slowly coming around. 'Once you get used to it and you have it with good conversation, this food takes on a whole new beauty. This dish can appear challenging to those of us who only associate jellyfish with the scary nature of some species of them. There's also a rubbery texture to jellyfish that some find a little challenging. However, the Chinese know what they're doing with these things. They mix jellyfish into salads pair it with chicken, stir it through sesame oil ... it's all tasty, and it's all low-fat. You can keep your witchetty foods, as far as I'm concerned: too soft, too many guts. If I'm going for bush food, it's definitely green ants, little insects that are pulled from trees, lightly crushed between your hands, and then eaten. They're lemony, peppery, and delicious. Local producers are even putting them on top of goat's cheeses now, with lemon myrtle, for extra energy, seriously good. You hear, occasionally, that insects are the protein source of the future, and to that I say: no problem. In northern Thailand, deep-fried crickets are a staple, and they're delicious. They're nutty and crunchy, perfect with salt. I still struggle, ;however, with the larger insects. Anything that requires more than one bite is a bridge too far for this guy. Snails aren't unusual-you'll find them on the menu at most French restaurants, even in Australia. However, some people are still nervous about eating garden snails, even though they needn't be. Fried up with plenty of garlic and butter, snail is yummy. Snails, in fact, are eaten in many countries, particularly Vietnam, where fried snails are a very tasty staple dish.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 277 A. Match the following: [1 × 5 = 5] Haggi is prepared The people of northern Thailand deep enjoy crickets after deep frying. Bush food Fried up with plenty of garlic and butter, this dish is particularly eaten in Vietnam. Crickets raw squid mixed with salty, fermented squid belly. Snails Refer to the green ants extracted from trees, lightly crushed between hands, and eaten. Shiokara Grinding the heart, liver, and the lungs of a sheep and mixing with mutton fat, oatmeal, and spice. B. Write true or false. [5 × 1 = 5] a. Most Japanese food are complex. b. The speaker used to hate shiokara. c. Bush food is prepared by green ants. d. Deep-fried crickets are eaten in Japan. e. The special food of Vietnam is fried snails. 2. Read the given text and do the activities that follow: [10] Parents Dad! I'm going to meet my Facebook friend." ''When?" I asked. “Now” "I'm coming with you.'' "No, I’m going alone." "Look, Anuja..." "You are obsessed dad. Nothing is going to happen to me.'' Anuja, my daughter is only 13. She spends most of her time on computer chatting with her friends and sending messages. She has many e-friends. A couple of days ago she told me about her new e-friend. She is 12 and Anuja is very fond of her. And now she is going to meet her. I warned her about bad people who fake themselves as teenager, chat with girls like her and seek opportunities to take advantage of innocent girls. But she doesn't listen to me. She thinks I am an old man who is overprotective of his daughter, a man who sees ghosts in every dark corner. "Look, honey. I'm not saying you can't meet your friend. All I’m saying is let me come with you. I will not get out of the car first and if I see a girl of 12 waiting, I'll do some window shopping and you can go and meet her. But if there is no girl, we will wait for 10 minutes and then come back. OK?" "This is ridiculous." She stamped her feet. 'Why? Is it because I'm 60 years old? Or is it because I've a big belly? Or because there is no hair on my head that you're ashamed of going out with me?" I tried to joke.

278 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 "Oh Dad, you're impossible." 'You look like a boy in your new outfit." On the way, I commented on her dress. "Dad! I think I must tell you something.'' ''I'm listening." "I’m not a girl... I mean I'm not a girl for the girl... I mean the friend I’m going to meet." "You lost me." "Sorry. What I want to tell you is that I chatted with her as a boy." "You mean you pretended to be a boy to this girl?" I stared at her and the car swerved a little which I controlled. "Yes, she knows me as a boy." "God!" I tried to digest this new information. When we reached the place, I got out of the car and walked around. There was no girl in sight. Some hundred meters away, a car with dark window was parked on the other side of the road. On the nearby playground, some boys were playing cricket and a couple of cows were munching dried hay. I looked at my watch and started pacing up and down the road. I looked at the car and started walking again. The car started and sped away. I again consulted my watch. Ten minutes up: no sign of any girl. I walked to my car, got into it and said, "You see, I was right. There is no one here. The girl you chatted on the internet must have been fake." Next day, at lunch time I retold the whole event to my colleague, Dhurva. "So you think that some bad guy was trying to approach your daughter?" He smiled. “Why are you laughing?'' ' 'Let me tell you why the girlfriend of your daughter didn't appear at the meeting place. It was because her mother came with her in a car before you reached there. The mother was watching if there was really a boy of 13. But all she could see was an old man with a big stomach and a bald head lurking around the meeting place. So she didn't let her daughter get out of the car. She just drove the car back home." "You mean... You mean she saw me and..." I stammered “Yes, she saw you. Do you know what she said about you?" He laughed. "She said that she saw a lecherous old man with an evil leer on his face...........'' Adapted from: Vishnu Singh Rai’s Martyr and other Stories) A. Write true or false. [1 × 5 = 5] a. The girl is reluctant to go with her father. b. The girl spent her most time in reading and writing. c. Anjua thinks that her father is very liberal. d. Anuja had a fake ID for chatting with the boys. e. In the sentence, ‘She saw a lecherous old man., the word lecherous means lewd.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 279 B. Answer the following questions: [1 × 5 = 5] a. How does Anuja spend her time? b. What kinds of friends does she have? c. How do some people try to take advantages? d. Write two physical features of Anuja’s father? e. How did Anuja introduced herself to her new friend? 3. Read the given text and do the activities that follow: [10] Cyber Security: Basic Internet Safety Tips When you want to make your home secure, you lock the door. When you want to prevent your bike from being stolen, you use a bike lock. When you want to protect your valuable possessions, you keep them in a safe. But what do you do to protect your identity online? Modern life is fundamentally intertwined with the internet. Nearly every daily task now has the opportunity for online integration, and almost everyone owns multiple devices, including laptops, phones, tablets, smart watches, smart TVs and many more. The more accounts and devices you have online, the greater the potential is for criminals to access your personal information and take advantage of you. Online safety is important no matter your age or life stage, but there are particular concerns for certain vulnerable groups like children, teenagers and senior citizens. When it comes to internet safety, it's best to start with the basics. Here are some tips to guide you as you evaluate your online habits and make small changes to ensure your privacy and security on the internet. While creating a new password, pay attention to strong password requirernents. Use different user IDs or password combinations for different accounts. Make the password more complicated by combining letters, numbers, and special characters and create hard-to-guess passwords and keep them private. Change your passwords quite often. Don't share your passwords with other people. Make sure passwords and password hints are stored securely. Record passwords in an encrypted file on your computer, or select another secure password storage method. Avoid writing them down. Prevent "auto-login", uncheck "Keep me signed in" and "Remember my password" options. A. State whether the following sentences are true or false: [1 × 5 = 5] a. Valuable possessions are kept in a safe to protect form dust and dirt. b. Present life is basically knotted with the internet. c. There is only one device to use the internet. d. It is safer to use multiple accounts and devices. e. For strong password, we should use only letters.

280 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 B. Answer the following questions: [1 × 5 = 5] a. What do you do to protect your possessions? b. How is modern life? c. What are multiple devices of online? d. What do you mean by vulnerable groups of our society? e. What kind of password is considered a strong password? 4. Read the given text and do the activities that follow: [10] Common Hobbies Hobbies are not just a form of entertainment; they are also great for igniting our creativity and discovering some of our hidden talents. Choosing a hobby for yourself can be a challenging task. Although you want a hobby that is interesting to you, you may also want one that can be enjoyed with friends. Some people enjoy spending their free time outdoors fishing, camping, hunting, and hiking, while others prefer to be indoors reading a good book or browsing online courses to hone their skills. The popularity of these hobbies differs around the world based on individual preferences and cultural influences. For example, while fishing is the most prevalent hobby in England, hiking is the most in-demand hobby in China. The following are the most common hobbies practiced around the world. The best aspect of these hobbies is that you can do most of them without spending a lot of money. Furthermore, those that require learning are easy to master. Reading: Reading is one of the most popular hobbies across many cultures. It is not only a fun activity, but a way of improving yourself. Whether you read to get information or be entertained, there is undoubtedly a book for you as you have got a variety of genres to choose from. Another thing that makes reading a book an exciting hobby is that you don't require any special gear compared to most other hobbies. Simply head to your local library or download some PDFs. If you are looking to connect with new people or share your reviews, you can join a book club. The best part about making reading your hobby is that you should have fun anywhere! Dancing: Almost everyone loves dancing even when some of us are terrible dancers. Just put some music on and let your body feel and move to the beat. No wonder, dancing is one of the most popular hobbies today. Dancing can he1p you improve your flexibility and mobility. As a physical

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 281 activity, it is also an excellent way to let off excess energy and steam. Plus, it is an enjoyable form of exercise. You can simply have fun dancing around your living room or take it up a notch by joining a dance studio. Or, you can take some online dancing courses. A. Complete the sentences with the correct information from the above text. [1 × 5 = 5] a. Hobbies help us to kindle our ______ . b. There are two types of hobbies. They are ______ . c. Two dominant factors that determine one’s hobby are ______ . d. Reading is one of the most popular hobbies in the world because it does not need any special ______ compared to other hobbies. e. Dancing develops ______ for our body. B. Answer the following questions: [1 × 5 = 5] a. What are the benefits of hobbies? b. Why is choosing a hobby challenging? c. What are two major types of hobbies? d. Why is reading books an exciting hobby? e. What are benefits of dancing? 5. Read the given text and do the activities that follow:[10] Pratap Malla Pratap Malla was one of the most famous kings of Malla Dynasty. He constructed some magnificent and beautiful architectural structure around Kathmandu. The way he came to the throne is very interesting and controversial at the same time. He had the experience of administration even when his father was alive. When his father Laxmi Nara Singh's madness grew worse, he imprisoned his father and he himself ruled as a regent of his father in Kantipur. He was an able administrator. Kantipur was highly developed during his reign. Trade with Lhasa (Tibet) was also going on well. By his tact, he was making the kings of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur play against each other. Sometimes he sided with Bhaktapur and posed a threat to Lalitpur. On other occasions, he aligned with Lalitpur and fell upon Bhaktapur. Pratap Malla was a religious-minded person. He built a beautiful temple at Guhyeshwari and fenced it. He renovated the temple of Pashupatinath and raised a pinnacle over it. At Swayambhu he built Pratappur, Kabeendrapur and many other temples and also set up a copper gilt 'Bajra'. He also renovated the temples of Basuki Bhiinsen. Taleju, and Degutale with a view to warding off evils, he erected an image of Hanuman, the monkey god, by the side of his palace gate and called the palace Hanumandhoka. He erected the golden gate

282 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 of the palace, set up an image of Nri Simpha, Kal Bhairab, and Vishwaroop at Layaku Bali. Inside the palace, he also set up Sundari Chowk and Mohan Chowk. A pond was dug at Bhandarkhal and filled with water brought from Budhanilakantha. He installed an image of Narayan lying in the pond, an exact replica from Budhanilakantha Temple. Pratap Malla was vastly-learned king and a poet. He could compose poems in Sanskrit, Nepal Bhasa, Nepali, Bengali and Hindi. He also knew Arabic, Roman and English scripts. Because of his excellent poems, he conferred on himself the title of 'Kabeendra', a king of poets. Himself learned, Pratap Malla had a galaxy of learned men in his palace as the Mughal Emperor Akbar had. Like Akbai he also respected and patronised the scholars of his time. Lainbakarna Bhatta, who hailed from Mahaiastra, Nri Simha Thakur, from Bihar, and Jamana Gurubhaju of Kantipur were some of the jewels in the galaxy of scholars in his palace. He was also very fond of music. So, musicians were welc01ned and respected in his palace. Pratap Malla had five sons Bhupendra, Chakrabartendra, Nripendra, Mahipatendra and Parthibendra. He wanted his sons to have experience in the administration of the country while he was still living. He made each of them rule over the country for one year in turn. But unfortunately, his second son Chakrabartendra Malla died the next day he took over the administration of the country. Both the king and queen were greatly grieved at his death. To console the grieving queen, he made a huge pond in front of the present Tri Chandra College. The pond is known as Ranipokhari. Pratap Malla had a sudden death while he was watching the religious dance of Harisiddhi. During his reign for thirty-three years (1641A.D. to 1674 A.D.), Nepal made remarkable progress in each and every field. There was peace and prosperity at home and no threats from outside. Trade with India and China made Nepal prosperous. Art and literature flourished. Kings of Bhaktapur, Lalitpur and other neighbouring kingdoms did not dare to invade Kantipur. A. Choose the correct option. [1 × 5 = 5] i) Pratap Malla came to his throne: a. after the death of his father b. after defeating his father c. after keeping his father in the custody d. after his mother's death ii) The kings of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur used to fight because: a. Pratap Malla was neutral in their fight b. He had a good relationship with Tibet and India.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 283 c. He used to change his side time and again to make them fight themselves. d. Pratap Malla sided the King of Lalitpur iii) Pratap Malla was a: a. atheist b. theist c. agnostic d. historic iv) Pratap Malla and Mughal Emperor Akabar were similar a. to expand their kingdom b. to receive throne from their father c. in patronizing the scholars of his time d. to develop culture iv) Kantipur was a strong state during Pratap Malla’s reign because a. He was a brave king b. He was a very diplomatic king c. He loved art, literature and culture. d. he loved music B. Answer the following questions: [1 × 5 = 5] a. What did Pratap Malla construct around Kathmandu? b. Why was his coronation controversial? c. How did he make Kings of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur play against each other? d. What did Pratap Malla do to promote religion? e. Why did Mratap Malla make Rani Pokhari? 6. Read the given text and do the activities that follow: [10] Flowers in Russian Culture Flowers are a staple item in the gift-giving world. For many of us, it usually does not matter which blossoming bunch we receive. Flowers are a thoughtful gesture of good will, as long as they produce a pleasant aroma and a visually pleasing colour palette. The Russians are practically no different, and similarities exist regarding using flowers as a token of expressing love and affection. It is always heartwarming to receive flowers. However, flower-gifting in Russia has some unique traditions. Flower etiquette, in Russia is strictly guided by a range of rules depending on the setting. For instance, the kinds of flowers gifted in a romantic setting differ immensely from those gifted when visiting a Russian home. If flowers are gifted outside these rules, it is possible to offend the receiver. Red carnations are filled with a deep sense of patriotism. The origins of this symbolism reside in the 1917 February Revolution. The Russian Social

284 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Democratic Workers’ Party of Bolsheviks had produced masses of cardboard pins designed like red carnations. These badges gained widespread popularity and became a symbol of resistance against the Russian Provisional Government. Contrasting to the victorious symbols of red carnations, white carnations represent bad omens. The washed-out petals are believed to strip holders off good luck and talent. Therefore, white carnations should not be given as gifts to performers. On the other hand, Russians believe that placing a white carnation under your pillow while you sleep leaves you inspired upon waking the next morning. In Russia, red poppy flowers symbolise weakness and fleeting love. Consequently, giving a red poppy to a loved one contradicts the desire for a long, healthy relationship. Interestingly; however, poppy seeds are viewed differently. At traditional Russian weddings, poppy seed is often eaten as a symbol of happiness for a married couple. Sometimes, the seeds are placed in the bride and groom's shoes as a symbol of procreation. In many cultures, yellow is a bright and happy colour that symbolises friendship. However, in Russian culture, yellow flowers symbolise sadness and dishonesty. Therefore, giving a bunch of yellow flowers to a beloved one represents an inevitable break-up. This is most famously represented in the break-up song called 'yellow tulips. Chamomile is the national flower of Russia. Its slender white petals encapsulate a bright yellow centre. Russians believe that chamomile, in the form of tea and aromatherapy, offers a vast range of medical benefits in treating fatal diseases from cancer to diabetes. A. Complete the statements with the correct information from the above text. [1 × 5 = 5] a. As long as the flowers are lovely and they give ______, people don't mind what kind of flowers they get. b. Around the world, people give flowers as gifts to show their _____ . c. Profound sense of ______ is contained within each red carnation. d. Red carnations stand for ______ symbols while white carnations stand for bad omens. e. Chamomile is used for the treatment of ______ . B. Answer the following questions: [1 × 5 = 5] a. What message does a bunch of yellow flowers convey in Russia? b. What is mostly used as a token of expressing love? c. What guides flowers etiquette in Russia? d. What do red carnations stand for? e. What do red poppy flowers symbolize in Russia?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 285 7. Read the given text and do the activities that follow: [10] The First Olympic Games In ancient Greece, there lived a man called Tantalus, He was half man and half god, His father was the great Greek god Zeus, One day Zeus invited him up to Mount Olympus, high above the clouds for dinner, when Tantalus received the invitation, he was very proud. "Dinner with the gods!" he thought. "What a grand honour!'' said Tantalus and climbed up to the very top of Mount Olympus in his embroidered robes to dine with his father and the other gods. They had an exquisite dinner together. The next morning Tantalus lay in bed remembering the glorious evening. "I must return the invitation." "But what can I serve them? I must give them something I value more than anything." And then Tantalus had a terrible idea, a horrible one. He decided to take his son, Pelops, and chop him up and serve him as a stew to the gods. The gods, who saw everything, were furious. "How could he do such a thing?" they asked. "He knows we hate human sacrifice. We will have to punish him."As a punishment they sent him down to the underworld, where he had to stand in water up to his neck forever. Meanwhile, the gods brought Pelops back to life. As a special present they gave him a chariot with a team of snow-white horses that could run faster than the wind. "Take these horses," said Zeus to Pelops, ''and find yourself a kingdom, for you shall become a great ruler.'' Pelops thanked the gods and mounted his chariot and galloped clown the dusty mountain road and out onto the plain. As he came around a curve, he reined in his horses, for he saw an old man dressed in rags by the side of the road. '''Where are you going?" shouted the old man. "I'm off to find a kingdom," Pelops replied. "Then I have an idea for you, he said the old man. "I know of a kingdom called Elis, where a beautiful princess lives, Her name is Hippodamia. The man who marries the princess will inherit her father's kingdom.1 ''That sounds perfect," said Pelops. "There's just one problem,'' cautioned the old man. "If you want to marry the princess, you have to run a chariot race against the old king. If you win, you get the princess and the kingdom. If you lose, you get your head chopped off. So far, twelve people have lost." ''I won't lose,'' said Pelops. "My horses can run faster than the wind." "But the king's can run faster than lightning," warned the old man. ''I am not afraid," said Pelops. He thanked the old man and started off. A. Write whether the following sentences are true or false. [1 × 5 = 5] a. Tentalus was a pure human creature? b. Tentalus was the father of Zeus. c. Pelops reached Elis with the help of an old man. d. The king of Elis had a prince. e. Pelop’s horse could run faster than lighting.

286 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 B. Answer the following questions: [1 × 5 = 5] a. Why was Tentalus very proud? b. How did he return the invitation? c. Why were the gods angry with Tentalus? d. What kind of curse did the gods provide him? e. How did Pelops receive the Kingdom of Elis? 8. Read the given text and do the activities that follow: [10] A Century of World Population Trends: 1950 to 2050 Today, the world's population is more than three times larger than it was in the mid-twentieth century. It took around 37 years since 1950 for human numbers to double surpassing 5 billion inhabitants in 1987. Furthermore, the global population is estimated to double again in about 70 years, rising to over 10 billion by 2059. Over the one hundred years, the world population was growing the fastest, particularly between 1962-1965,when it was increasing on average by 2.1 percent per year. Since then, the pace of population growth has slowed by more than half owing to reduced levels of fertility. In 2020, and for the first time since 1950, the rate of population growth fell below one percent per year and it is projected to continue to similar in the next few decades and through the end of this century. The global population could grow to around 8.5 billion in 2030, and add 1.18 billion in the following two decades, reaching 9.7 billion in 2050. Given its reliance on assumptions at the country level about the two components of global population growth-fertility and mortality the projection of the global population is inherently uncertain. It typically becomes more uncertain over time. However, the size of the world population in the near future is relatively certain. This is because the size and age structure of the population over the next few decades are largely the result of demographic processes that have already taken place in the recent past. In particular, most of the women whose offspring will contribute to the population growth through 2050 are already alive. The global population is still growing, though at a reduced rate. Some countries and regions continue to experience further population growth, while others have witnessed stabilization or begun to decrease in population size. The world's two most populous regions in 2022 were Eastern and South-Eastern Asia. 2.3 billion people, representing 29 percent of the global population lived in these regions. Central and Southern Asia had 2.1 billion population representing 26 percent. China and India accounted for the largest populations in these regions, with more than 1.4 billion each in 2022.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 287 A. Complete the sentences with the correct information from the text. [1 × 5 = 5] a. The world population reached five billion in _____ . b. The world population doubled in _____ years after 1950. c. The population rate decreased below one percent in _____ after 1950. d. 29 percent population of the globe live in _____ . e. The highly populated countries in the world are _____ . B. Answer the following questions: [1 × 5 = 5] a. What is the difference between the present and the mid-twentieth century population? b. What was the population size in 1987? c. When was the fastest population growth? d. What is the trend of population growth after 1965 e. When was the population growth less than one percent? 9. Read the given text and do the activities that follow: [10] A Century of World Population Trend: 1950 to 2050 In the next three decades, the regions of the world will experience different growth rates of their population. Consequently, the regional distribution of the population in 2050 will significantly differ from that of today, Central and Southern Asia is expected to become the most populous region in the world by 2037 as the population of Eastern and South Eastern Asia could start declining by the mid-2030s. Between 2022 and 2050, the population of sub-Saharan Africa is expected to almost double, surpassing two billion inhabitants by the late 2040s. With average fertility levels remaining close to three births per woman in 2050, sub-Saharan Africa is projected to account for more than half of the growth of the world's population between 2022 and 2050. In 2022, the size of the population in this region was growing at an annual rate of 2.5 percent, the highest among all eight regions or more than three times the global average of 0.8 percent per year. Europe and Northern America are projected to reach their peak in population and to begin experiencing a decline in the late 2030s due to sustained low levels of fertility. More than half of the projected increase in the global population between 2022 and 2050 is expected to be concentrated in just eight countries: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and the United Republic of Tanzania. The populations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Republic of Tanzania are expected to grow rapidly, between two and three percent year over the 2022-2050 period. Disparate population growth rates among the world's largest countries will change their ranking by size: For example, India is projected to surpass China as the world's most populous country in 2023. (Adapted from world Population Prospects 2022)

288 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 A. State whether the following sentences are true or false: [1 × 5 = 5] a. India will be the most populous country in the world. b. The present population will be five billion in 2059. c. The world witnessed fastest population growth in the past century. d. In 2020, the population growth fell down one percent. e. The projection of population in 2050 is 10 billion. B. Answer the following questions: [1 × 5 = 5] a. Which regions of the world will be the world’s most populous regions by 2037? b. What is the predicted trend of the population of Eastern and SouthEastern Asia by the mid-2030? c. Which region of the world will have double population size by 2050? d. What is projected about Europe and Northern America? e. What is projection about India? 10. Read the given text and do the activities that follow: [10] The First Olympic Games Meanwhile, the gods brought Pelops back to life. As a special present they gave him a chariot with a team of snow-white horses that could run faster than the wind. "Take these horses," said Zeus to Pelops, ''and find yourself a kingdom, for you shall become a great ruler.'' Pelops thanked the gods and mounted his chariot and galloped clown the dusty mountain road and out onto the plain. As he came around a curve, he reined in his horses, for he saw an old man dressed in rags by the side of the road. '''Where are you going?" shouted the old man. "I'm off to find a kingdom," Pelops replied. "Then I have an idea for you, said the old man. "I know of a kingdom called Elis, where a beautiful princess lives, Her name is Hippodamia. The man who marries the princess will inherit her father's kingdom.1 ''That sounds perfect," said Pelops. "There's just one problem,'' cautioned the old man. "If you want to marry the princess, you have to run a chariot race against the old king. If you win, you get the princess and the kingdom. If you lose, you get your head chopped off. So far, twelve people have lost." ''I won't lose,'' said Pelops. "My horses can run faster than the wind." "But the king's can run faster than lightning," warned the old man. ''I am not afraid," said Pelops. He thanked the old man and started off. After many hours he reached the palace and wished to see the king. The servants led him to the king's chamber. There, he saw the beautiful princess, Hippodamia sitting next to the king. Her black eyes sparkled like stars when she saw the handsome young visitor. Pelops bowed low before the king. "I have come to woo your daughter," he said. ''My daughter and my kingdom are yours,'' the king said, "if you win the chariot race." "My horses can run faster than the wind,'' said Pelops. "Mine can run faster than lightning," countered the king. He had never- lost a race. His horses were magic, and had been given to him by Ares, the god of war. "Tomorrow morning at sunrise," the king declared, ''the race shall begin." Later that evening, the

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 289 princess wandered out near the king's stables. She did not see the stable boy, who was brushing the horses' shinly black coats so they would look their best for the race in the morning. Hippodamia looked up at the starlit sky and said to herself, dreamily, "Oh, I do wish my father would lose the race, just this once." Now the stable boy, who had always adored the princess from afar, overheard Hippodamia. "I can make her wish come true." he thought. After the princess went inside, he carefully took out the bronze pins that held the great wooden wheels on the chariot and replaced them with pins made of candle wax. A. Choose the correct option. [1 × 5 = 5] i) Zeus wished Pelops: a. to be a great warrior b. to be a great ruler c. to be great chariot d. to be a great musician ii) The old man helped Pelops: a. by showing him the direction b. by providing shelter c. by telling him about the great kingdom for him d. by providing food iii) When Hippodamia saw Pelops, she: a. fell in love with him in the first sight b. she began to dislike him c. she wished to run away with him d. she hugged and kissed him iv) Pelops won the chariot race because: a. Hippodamia, the prince of Elis, wished him to win b. the horses of Pelops could run faster than the king’s horses c. the stable-boy made princess’ wish true by his secret plan d. pelops hit and hit the horses v) The stable-boy made sure that Pelops would win the race because a. Pelops ordered him to do so b. He hated the king’s cruelty c. He loved Hippodamia secretly d. he loved the king's rule B. Answer the following questions: [1 × 5 = 5] a. How did Pelops regain his life? b. What did the god provide him? c. How did Pelops come to know about Elis? d. How fast were the horses of the king of Elis? e. Who helped Pelops to win the race?

290 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Part-III Comprehension Reading SEE Question as No. 3 10 marks Exercise for practice 1. Read the passages and answer the question given below: In fact in the next decade the world is going to have a population of approximately 8 million. Most scientists agree that the severest problem people then are going to face is producing food. Who is going to feed all these people? Where is the food going to come from? Are we going to have enough food? Are we going to produce more artificial foods? One way of alleviating the situation is for people to eat less meat. Why? Because it takes 4 kilos of grain protein to produce half a kilo of meat protein. Obviously these are not going to be sufficient meat protein for 8 million people. Therefore, it will also be necessary to change eating habits because meat is a fundamental part of many people's diet today. A possible solution to this latter problem is the soybean. The soybean plant produces beans which have a very high fat and protein content. Scientist can now make these look and taste like real meat. They can also make many other artificial products such as soybean milk for example, which has taste of milk and can be used in cooking in very much the same way as cow's milk. In fact, one woman in the United States fed her family only on soyabeans for a year! She gave them soybean beef, soybean chicken, soyabean milk, soybean yogurt and sometimes just soyabeans. Possibly, we are all going to eat soybean in the future and eventually eliminate meat completely from our diets. A. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements: a) People are probably going to eat more grain protein in future. b) Soyabeans are only one possible solution to man's food problem. c) People who eat soyabeans get little nourishment. d) Soyabean milk looks like cow's milk but taste will be quite different. B. Match the words in column 'A' with their meaning in column 'B': Column 'A' Column 'B' Alleviate i) ultimately Obviously ii) cow's meat Beef iii) clearly Eventually iv) make less severe Marks - 25 Unseen Passage Reading

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 291 C. Answer the following questions: a) What's the greatest problem that population explosion will bring in the next decade? b) What do we get from meat eating? c) Name some artificial products from soyabeans. 2. Read the passage and answer the questions given below: For me the events of last weekend were a reflection of some of the problems of society today. On Saturday afternoon I attempted to stop a robbery at one of my shops. No one came to my aid during my endeavours; now I have black eye and broken ribs. The apathy and disinterest of bystanders shocked me. The four youths responsible for the robbery made their escape in a Volvo, which suggests that it is easier to make a dishonest living rather than an honest one. The shopowner has shown no interest in my well-being and no gratitude for my attempt to protect his property. I suppose I am fortunate that my injuries are not more serious, but I have found the experience saddening. When will the public stop turning a blind eye to such event; actively help t prevent them; and take responsibility for factors-such as high unemployment which lead to this sort of crime? A. Find words from the passage that are similar in meaning to the following words/phrases. a) Gratefulness b) attempts c) damage, harm d) lack of concern B. State whether the following statements are true or false. a) The passage tells about a bank robbery. b) The youths were successful in their attempt. c) The writer believes that it is better to rob people than to do an honest job. d) The writer was said because he was hurt. C. Answer the following questions: a) Where did the robbery take place? b) How did the writer get hurt? c) How does the writer regard the shop-owner? 3. Read the passage and answer the questions given below: Ostriches are the largest and heaviest living birds. They are the fastest running birds but cannot fly. Ostriches are normally about 8 feet tall and weight 105 kg. The feathers of male ostriches are mostly black with white at the ends of the wings and in the tail. Females and young male are grayish-brown and white. Their legs are strong and have black feathers. Unlike other birds, they have just two toes on each foot. Their wings are large with a wingspan of over 6 feet but are not used for flight. The feathers, which are soft and fluffy, serve as insulation against the harsh temperature.

292 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Ostriches eat insects, fruits, seeds, nuts and small reptiles including plants. Ostriches are found only in Africa. Many now live in forest reserves and other sanctuaries. These birds are native to the dry savannas of Africa and are well adapted to desert life. They can tolerate a wide range of temperature. Ostriches can go without water for a long time. But they need a gallon and half day so they usually stay near water. Female ostriches lay their eggs in a single communal nest, a simple pit, 30 to 60 cm deep. The eggs are incubated by the females by day and the male by night. The gestation period is about 45 days. The chicks run about within minutes of hatching. The life span of an ostrich is from 30 to 70 years. Ostriches lay the biggest eggs in the world. Their eggs are almost spherical in shape and are glossy and creamy in colour, with thick shells marked by small pits. Eggs are six to eight inches in length, six inches in diameter and weigh almost 1400g. Eggshells are so strong that they can support the weight of a 280 pound person. Different kinds of dishes and water bottles are made out of their eggshells. A. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements: a) Ostriches are the largest and heaviest but slowest birds. b) Their wings are used for both flying and protecting them from severe temperature. c) A wide flat open area of African land is the ostriches' native place. d) Their life is very short that is only 45 days. B. Complete the following sentences supplying words from the text: a) Ostriches' eggshells can be used to make ………. b) Both ……….. ostriches incubate eggs. c) An ostrich needs ………. of water for a day. d) The average weight of an ostrich is 105 kg and its egg is ……. C. Answer the following questions: a) How can you distinguish between male and female ostriches? b) What are the foods of ostriches? c) Why do ostriches like to stay near water although can live in deserts for a long time? 4. Read the passage and answer the questions given below: Many years ago, a beautiful girl in Holland wanted to marry a miller. He did not have much money, but he was loved by everyone because he used to give his flour and bread to the poor. The father of the girl objected to the marriage and said that he would not give his daughter her dowry if she married the miller. The people whom the miller had befriended heard about this and decided to