Oasis Applied Grammar 10

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 93 Types of Conditional Sentences to Remember Condition If-Clause Main Clause Type 1 (Cause and Effect) Present (V1/V5) -will/ shall+ V1 -can/ may/ must+ V1 - Imperative Type 2 (unreal) Simple Past (V2) - should/ would/could/ might+V1 Type 3(Impossible) Past Perfect (had + V3) - should/ would/ could/ might +have+ V3 Exercise 1. Complete the zero type conditional sentences with your own idas. a. If the sun shines on winter days, I …………………… b. When I have time on weekends, I………………. c. When I am hungry but don’t want to cook, I …………………. d. If I have a headache, I……………………… e. Whenever I feel sad,………………………… 2. Match the following sentences of column A and B. A B i. You’ll gettired. a) Youcan’t have it. ii. If yougo to football match, b) If students make a lot of noise. iii. Youcan’t hearthe teacher c) Youmusttake yourumbrella withyou. iv. I’ll helpyou with yourlesson, d) If youstandupfor a long time. v. Ifthe soupis too hot, e) If you’re at home tonight. vi. Ifitrains, f) If you wantto study. vii. His family may go on holiday. g) You won’tfinda seat. viii.Aman can’t buy what he needs h) ifthey save enough money. ix. If you’re on a crowedbus, i) If hedoesn’t have enough money x. We’ll come to visit you j) I’ll buy a car. xi. Ifthey haven’t seenGorkhaPlace, k) We’dbetter go there this afternoon. xii. IfI get adriving licence, l) I’ll come with you. 3. Choose the best option: a. I…… very unhappy if my friends didn’t come to my party. a) would have been b) will be c) would d) would be.

94 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 b. If the old man…. some money, he would hire a taxi. a) have b) had c) would have d) had had c. If you had come in time, you…. the lesson. a) wouldn’t miss b) would miss c) would have missed d) wouldn’t have missed d. I could have heard the telephone if I ….. so deeply. a) didn’t sleep. b) hadn’t been sleeping c) wouldn’t sleep. d) wouldn’t have slept. e. If he doesn’t pay the bill, he … into trouble. a) won’t get b) will get c) would get d) would have got f. If the weather…….. good, we would go swimming . a) was b) would be c) were d) is g. Your brother wouldn’t have found such a nice job if he….a university diploma. a) didn’t have b) doesn’t have c) hadn’t had d) hadn’t h. You would have some money in your pocket if you….. it so generously. a) hadn’t spent b) didn’t spend c) couldn’t spend d) don’t spend i. We wouldn’t be here now of we…. In that airplane crash. a) were b) had been c) are d) had to be 4. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct words from the brackets: a. We should have waited you if we …. earlier. (arrived / have arrived/ had arrived ) b. if I were you, I ……. squander the money. (will not/ wouldn’t / wouldn’t have) c. If I had learnt Spanish I, ……. spoken with Rahul Gonzalez in the party last night . ( would/ will have/ would have ) d. I will go to Butwal if the bus ….. on time. ( leaves/leaved/ leave) e. if I ….. enough money, I would buy a new car. ( had/ would have/ had had) f. She can treat the patients carefully if she…. (had been / is /were) a doctor. g. They ….. with us if they had come in time. (could join/ could have joined/ can join) h. If you want to be free, …. ( you can leave/ you could leave/ you could have left ) i. She would write the poem, if she …. taught. (is /were/ had been)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 95 j. What would you do if you….. the headmaster. (are/ was/ were) k. If I …. a bird, I would fly.(am / was /were) l. He would have told you if you…. him. ( asked/ ask \had asked) m. If you ….. more carefully, the accident wouldn’t have happened. (drive/ drove/ had driven) n. I would go to the beach if it….. warmer. (be /were/ had been) o. If I….. not read the newspaper, I wouldn’t know about the accident, (do / did/ had do) p. We….. to the beach if it had been warmer yesterday. (may go/ might go/ might have gone) q. If water is boiled, it….. into stem . (change/ changed/ changes) r. Had she gone early, she ….. the bus . (won’t miss/ wouldn’t have missed/ wouldn’t miss ) s. If I had joined the government service, I …. a topmost officer. (will be/ would be/ would have been) t. She’ll break the pot if you… her in the room . (leave/ left/ had left) 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. a. If you pass your examination, we…........… (have) a celebration. b. What …........… (happen) if I press the bottom? c. I should have voted for her if I …........… (have) a vote then. d. If you go to pairs, where you …........… (stay)? e. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you…..…( choose)? f. The flight may be cancelled if the fog…........… (get) thick. g. If the milkman…........… (come), tell him to leave two pints. h. Someone …........… (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there. i. You would play better bridge if you…........… (not like) so much. j. If you…........… (read) the instructions carefully, you wouldn’t have answered the wrong questions. k. I could repair the roof myself if I …........… (have) a long ladder. l. Unless they turn that radio off, I …........… (go) mad. m. If you went to Pokhara, what you…........… (do) ? n. We’ll have a long way to walk if we…........… (run) out of petrol here. o. If shake that bottle of coke, it…........… (not be) fit to drink.

96 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 6. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense. a. Dial 100 if you…(want ) police. b. You ...(not be ) any use to me unless you learn to type. c. If anyone attacked me, my dog............(jump) at his throat. d. If he were in he … ( answer) the phone. e. I shouldn’t have taken your umbrella if I … (know) that it was the only one you had. f. If I found a bag in the street, I …. (take) it to the police station. g. She won’t open the door unless she …. (know) who it is. h. I don’t really want to go to their party, but I probably will go. They’d be upset if I … (not go) i. If I had been rich, I … (buy) a car. j. If there was an election tomorrow, who … (vote) for ? k. I didn’t know you were in hospital if I’d known i…… (go) to see you. l. I’m not tired. if I … (be) tired, I’d go home now. m. If you … (take) more exercise, you’d feel better. n. I’m not tired if I want to bed now I, …. (not sleep). 7. Complete the first type conditional sentences with your own ideas. a. If the weather is nice next weekend, I …. b. If my teacher doesn’t give me any homework, I …..... c. If it rains tomorrow morning. I……… d. If I don’t save enough money, I …… e. If don’t start exercising, I …………. 8. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word/words from the brackets: a. If you buy a book, l............a pen. (buy, will buy, should buy) b. If you can’t answer my questions, ............well. (willread, read, would read) c. If..........l can always keep a car. (need be, needs be, needed be, will need be) d. Had I worked hard, 1...........the exam. (would pass, would have passed, will pass, pass) e. Had I had a lot of money, l...........the poor. (would help, will help, would have helped) f. If I win a lottery, l...........(will, would, could) arrange a party.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 97 g. If I had not been successful, !.............(would give up my studies, would have given up my studies, will give up my studies) h. Had they informed me about the meeting, l.............them.(will thank, would thank, would have thanked) i. I may leave if a call.............made to me. (is, was, has, has been) j. Will you give him a message if you.............(finding, find, found) him on the way? k. Had I been a doctor, !.............(would serve, would have served, would be served) the poor patients with due care. l. If l.............(be, was, were, am) you, I would buy a bike. m. She.............(will do, does, shall do, do) it better if her teacher guides her. n. If Rakesh tried, he.............the match. (would have won, will win, would win) o. Whether it rains or not, l.............at home. (will stay, would stay, would have stayed) 9. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word/words from the brackets: a. Had I known him well I .............trusted him. (wouldn’t have, didn’t have, could not, didn’t) b. If you............., you could have earned a lot of money. (worked, work, had worked) c. If it rained, we.............stay at home. (will would, would have) d. If I had not been a doctor, I.............(would study, would have studied, study) computer science in Canada. e. If I pass the S.L.C., I.............(would, will would have) arrange a party. f. Had he read well, he.............(would pass, will pass, would have passed, will have passed) the examination. g. If you don’t stop gossiping, I.............(would leave, will leave, would have left, will have left) the class. h. Had I had the time, I.............(would enjoy, will enjoy, would have enjoyed, will have enjoyed) the meeting. i. If you don’t stop laughing, !............. (would leave, will leave, would have left, will have left) the cultural function. j. If it.............(rained, had rained, rains), I would have gone by bus. k. If she walked down the road, she.............(meets, was meeting, would meet) her friend.

98 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 l. If she put the book on the table, it.............(will be, will have been, would be) only there. m. If you.............(want, would want, would have wanted) to pass in the first division, study minutely and seriously. n. They would have invited me if they.............(had known, knew, know) we were interested in music. o. If you are looking for a room, .............(contact, you would contact, you would have contacted) the agent. 10. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word/words from the brackets: a. If you had taught well, the students.............(wouldn’t have passed, would pass, would have passed, will pass) the exam. b. Would you have come to meet me if I.............(hadn’t send, wouldn’t have sent, hadn’t sent, sent) my brother? c. If she cut her finger, blood.............(would come, comes, will come) out. d. They wouldn’t have caught the bus if they.............(leave, wouldn’t have left, hadn’t left, didn’t leave) early. e. We would stop the football match if it.............(rains, had rained, rained, would rain) heavily. f. If Sarita doesn’t invite us, we.............(wouldn’t go, won’t go, wouldn’t have gone) to celebrate her birthday. g. If l.............(was, had been, were) a teacher, I would teach well. h. If we were not late, we.............(will go, would have gone, would go) to the wedding party. i. Whether it.............(will rain, rains, rained) or not, I shall go to school. j. If l.............(have, had, would have) lots of work, I’d work in the field. k. She.............(does, will do, would do) her homework if it is not very difficult. l. If she.............(was, had been, were, is) rich, I’d marry her. m. I’ll go to see them off if l.............(were not, am not, hadn’t been) sick. n. She.............(writes, wrote, would write) to me, I’d write to her. o. They’d do it if they.............(know, knew, had known)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 99 11. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word/words from the brackets. a. If anyone had been there, he.............(would save, would be saved, could have been saved, might be saved) b. If Mira...........the exam, she will not come to school. (fail, fails, failed, has failed) c. They could have done it if they.............(tried, try, would try, had tried) d. If you want to pass the exam, .............(work well, worked well, not to work well, works well) e. If she phoned me, I ........... to her house. (will go, will have gone, would go) f. If Amita and Radha.............the exam, they will not come to school. (fail, fails, failed) g. If you had broken the glass, you.............(would be punished, would have been punished, will punish) h. If Kali.............she would have caught the bus. (runs, ran, had run) i. Had he not laboured hard, he.............the exam. (will fail, would have failed, would fail) j. If you.............hard, you would have passed in the first division. (study, studied, had studied) k. If it rains, I.............(shall stay, should have stayed, should stayed) at home. l. What would you do if you.............the headmaster? (are, were, was) m. If I knew him, I.............help him. (will, would, can) n. What would you do if you.............the mayor of Kathmandu? (had been, were, are) o. If you phone me, l.............come to you. (could, will, would have) p. If l...........you, I would never anger her. (was, were, am) q. If you study hard, you.......your goal. (could achieve, achieve, can achieve) r. If it.............I wouldn’t go there. (rained, will rain, had rained) s. Had we left two minutes earlier, we .............the train. (will catch, would have caught, would catch) t. If I were you, l.............hard. (will read, would read, would have read) u. If Sony.........her bag, she would not go to school. (lost, had lost, have lost)

100 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Subject –Verb Agreement 9 Unit Concord is the agreement of subject and verb. It means the subject and the verbs are to be well matched in a sentence. Some Rules: 1. Singular nouns and pronouns that denote one always agree with singular verbs ( is, was has, does V5) Liza types 50 words in a minute. He has not done anything wrong. His friend looks funny to me. Mina was watching TV. The earth moves round the sun. Plural nouns that denote more than one always agree with plural verbs (are, were, have, do, v1). Liza and mona type 50 words a minute. They have not done anything wrong. His friends look funny to me. Mina and Tina were watching TV. The following indefinite pronouns agree with singular verbs. Either, anybody, somebody, everybody, nobody, each, neither, anybody, someone everyone, no one, one other, anything, everything, nothing. Either party has the right to sign the contract. Somebody has broken that bench. Nobody knows what's going on. One tries ones best. However, the following indefinite pronouns always take plural verbs. Both, few, many, several, others Both men were charged of murder. Few people live 100 years. Many students have passed the best. Several candidates were called for a second interview.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 101 2. Two nouns or pronouns joined by 'and' often require a plural verbs; Father and son have dug the well. Dog and cat are pet animals. He and I were playing chess. Milk and juice are available in this shop. The writer and the editor are in the park. But when the nouns joined by 'and' suggest only one idea then the subject agrees with singular verb. Slow and steady wins the race. Law and order is the government's main concern. Truth and honesty is good virtue. Honor and glory is his reward. The horse and carriage is at the door. Time and tide waits for no man. Bread and butter is his only food. But, if the subject begins with. The number of, the verbs is singular. Example: The number of benches in the class is ten. 3. If each/ every/ either/ either of/ neither of /one /one of/ each of, every function as subjects, singular verb is used. Neither of them was strong. Every letter was carefully checked. Each boys and girls is studying in India. Either of the boys is capable of doing the job. But 'many a' takes singular verbs. Many a man has done so. 4. Either…..or….' and 'neither,…..nor…. whether….or take verb according this rule. Singular + singular = singular verb Plural + singular = plural verb Plural + plural = plural verb Singular + plural = plural verb For pronoun case according to the second subject. Either he or I am going to take leave. Either I or he is going to take leave. Neither cows nor a buffalo are grazing in the field.

102 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Neither a cow nor a buffalo is grazing in the field. Either a cow or buffalo are grazing in the field. 5. Collective nouns agree with singular verbs if it gives the sense of collection and plural verbs if it gives the sense of separation scattered form; The committee disagree about everything. The committee consists of five members The family comes from Kathmandu. The crew was large. The crew were taken prisoners. The government have different opinions on this matter. The government has decided it. But, collective noun like, a crowd of, a band of , a group of, a herd of , a flock of, a gang of , a regiment of , a set of, a team of, a pack of, a pride of, a flock of, + plural nouns take singular verb. A flock of sheep is grazing. A group of boys is playing game. A pile of book is seen. A herd of deer is jumping . A pack of owls is hooting. 6. A number of a couple of+ plural nouns, takes plural verbs, A number of students have joined the course. A number of paragraphs are written. 7. Plural expression of quantity, distance, amount, money, time often take a singular verb. One hundred meters is a long distance. Six months is a long duration. Forty litters is sufficient for us. Two trucks of sand is enough for this house. Twenty thousand rupees is the admission fee for this house. 8. Plural noun which is a proper noun for some single object or some collative unit, must be followed by a singular verbs. All /same /most of /a lot of /rest of /two third/ a quarter of/ a good deal of /some of/ none of/ ten percent of / + uncountable noun / singular noun = singular verb All of the food is gone off. Two third of book is torn. Lots of money is spent.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 103 A good deal of time was given. Fifty percent of the work is finished. But, the above phrases+ plural noun = plural verbs All children are excellent Two third of books are thought. Fifty percent of the worker is working. Some of the birds are missing. 9. When nouns are joined by 'not only…. but also' and 'apostrophe' the verbs agrees to the nearest noun / pronoun. Not only Ram but also her sister knows the answer. Rita's brothers are honest. The boy's school is nice. 10. The relative pronouns 'who, that, which', take singular or plural verbs according to the noun they indicate. Ravi is a teacher who writes on the board. He is one of the men who are laborious. 11. In the case of 'No' subject, singular verb is used if it is followed by singular or uncountable nouns, whereas plural verb is used if it is followed by plural nouns. No book is needed to correct it. No student is brilliant. No books are needed to correct it. No student is brilliant. 12. There/here/the following+ plural nouns take a plural verb where a there/ here/ the following + singular nouns take a singular verbs. There is a boy in the room There are boys in the room. Here comes a cat. Here are some cats. The following is the news reports. The following are the winners. 13. When two nouns are joined by 'and' and refer to the same person, the subject agrees with singular verbs. Hence, only one article is used for both nouns. My friend and brother has come. The novelist and poet is speaking. The writer and editor is sitting on the sofa.

104 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 The poet and singer is coming to our school as a chief guest. But, if the nouns refer to different persons, the verb is plural. Hence the article comes to individual nouns. The novelist and the poet are my close friend. The writer and the editor have been invited to dinner. My friend and my brother are coming to see me today. 14. Two or more subjects joined by ' besides', as well as' , 'with', together with', 'along with', accompanied by', including', in addition to', and preposition like of , on, in, take verbs according to the first subjects. The principal, along with the chairman, is present today. The chairs, together with a table, are new. The actress, as well as her friends, is going to a party tonight. The condition of these villagers is problematic. The workers in the company are hard-working. 15. Some nouns like news, wages, mathematics, physics, linguistics, statistics, economics, ethics, measles, gymnastics, take singular verbs though they look like plural. Mathematics is my major subject. The news is true. Politics is a dirty game. The wages of sin is death. Measles is a communication disease. 16. Some nouns like public, cattle, gentry, people vermin, poultry, police, swine, clergy are always plural and take plural verb. Public are warned not to go out during the war. The cattle are being fed. Similarly pants, shorts, trousers, scissors, tongs, forceps, intestines, goods clothes, spectacles, pyjamas are also always plural. His shorts are ruined. Her spectacles are too heavy. But, a sheep/ a deer /a fish /policeman/ clergyman take singular verb where as sheep, deer, salmon, fish take plural verb. The police have made several arrest A deer is coming to the village. Deer are grazing in the meadow. A policeman is questioning a woman.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 105 17. Subject with 'each, every, either, neither, neither of, one, one of, are always singular and agree with singular verbs. Each of the girls sings well. Either of the boys comes here today. Each and every man has equal rights. Every boy and every girls was given a packet of biscuits. Each and every girl learns sewing here. Every book and notebook has been torn by the child. Every man, women and a child was lost. Exercise A. Choose the correct words. 1. My brother …. (have) never been to Europe until he went there last year. a) has b) had c) hadn't 2. Dipti …. ( feel) very sick, but she decided to go out anyway. a) was feeling b) has been feeling c) has felt 3. I …. (want) to go swimming, but the water was too cold. a) has wanted b) wanted c) am 4. He …… (call) her all night. a) has called b) was called c) was calling 5. I …. (be) able to sleep well for a week now. a) didn't was b) was not c) haven't been 6. When I first saw her, she …… (stand) on the balcony. a) was standing b) has stood c) has been standing 7. Every time I looked at her, she…. a) has smiled b) smiled c) smiles 8. I ….. (stop) smoking a long time ago. a) has stopped b) has been stopping c) stopped 9. Really? you moved to anew apartment ? how long …..(live) there ? a) have you been living b) did you live c) did you living 10. I …. Her that I like her. (a) told b) have told c) was telling 11. I ……. to Dhulikhel until Shreya and I want there last summer. a) have never b) had never been c) was never being

106 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 B. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct option from the bracket . 1. The milk in this bottle ….. not fresh. ( is /am /are) 2. Maria as well as I …. kind to the poor. ( is /am /are) 3. Neither you nor I ….. present in the meeting yesterday. (was /were/ are) 4. The number of students in this school ….. very week. ( is /am /are) 5. Some of the politicians ….. corrupt these days. ( is /am /are) 6. Twenty kilometers….. enough for running. ( is /am /are) 7. The pilot with all hie crew members …. found to be dead in the plane crash. (was were are) 8. Each and every person of this village …… the rebels (help/ helps/ helping) 9. The poet and the philosopher ….. dead. (is /am /are) 10. The principal and accountant ….on leave yesterday. ( are /was/ were) 11. Pen and ink …. required for students. (is /am /are) 12. Five litres of milk …. enough for rice pudding. (is /am /are) 13. He is one of the pets who….. destined to be immortal. (is /am /are) 14. The cost of all these articles ….. risen. (has have are) 15. Dal, Bhat and Achar, ….. our common food. (is /am /are) 16. A saw, in addition to a hammer and nails,...….. essential for the task. ( is / am /are) 17. Bipasa, clean the room …........ . (yourself /herself/ yourselves) 18. Many a school …......... scholarship to the poor and intelligent students. ( provide/provides/ providing) 19. Aesop's fables….. an interesting book. (is /am /are) 20. No news… good news. ( is /am /are) C. Tick the correct verbs given in the brackets. 1. A number of nurses (have/has) turned up for the meeting. 2. The members of the team. (has/ have) won the game. 3. Polities (are/ is) a shared game. 4. Each of us (has/ have) our own assignments. 5. The club (was/were) established in 1999. 6. A quarter of the girls (has /have) passed the exam. 7. Neither Sita nor her brothers (was/were) there. 8. The clergy (are/is) asking for a raise in the salary.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 107 9. The jury (have / has) made its verdict. 10. Measles (is /are) a contagious disease. 11. The data (is/are) correct. 12. The syllabi for these subjects (is/ are) complete. 13. Time and tide ( wait/ waits) for no man. 14. The furniture in the workshop (are/is) expensive. 15. The scenery of the Himalayas (are/is) beautiful. 16. The committee (want/wants) changes in the office. 17. The forceps (need/ needs) sharping. 18. All of them (was/ were) present. 19. Munps (are/is) a contagious diseases. 20. The effects of the earthquake (were/ was) great. D. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: 1. He and I …. well. (is /am/are) 2. Nirmal, keep warm….. (himself /yourself /themselves) 3. Geeta ! clean the room….. (herself /ourselves /yourself/ themselves) 4. Five liters of milk….. sufficient for today. ((is /am/are) 5. Fifty kilo of rice …. enough for our family. (is /am/are) 6. Every book and note book …… been torn by the little child. (have/ has /is) 7. Fifty rupees… too much for the article. (is/ has/ were) 8. Either Sarad or Sunita …. taken my purse. ( has/ have/ was) 9. Either Binod or Gam Bahadur…..taken my purse. (Has /have/ has have) 10. Either Abdul or Amir …. stolen the watch. (has/ have/ was) 11. Economics…. a branch of study. ( is/ are /were) 12. Each of the suspected men….arrested yesterday. ( are/ was /were) 13. Each of the girl…..here on time yesterday. ( was/ is/ were) 14. Each of the boys …… here in time yesterday. (was/ is /were) 15. Each of the books ….. of great importance. ( is/ has /are) 16. Each day and each hour….. its duty. ( bring /brings/ bringing) 17. Dipa as well as I …. very kind to the poor. (is /am/are) 18. Bipana must….. exam. (passes/ passed/ pass) 19. All that glitters ….not gold. (is/ are /have) 20. A number of fools ….. present here. ((is /am/are)

108 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 21. A herd of kangaroos…. Jumping . ( is /are /were) 22. A group of boys … taking lunch now. ( is/ are /were) 23. A good man and useful citizen ….. passed away. ( was/ were /are) E. Fill in the gaps with one of the two verbs given in brackets. 1. Lots of meat ….. there on the table. (was /were) 2. A lot of work …. yet to be done. ( is are) 3. Plenty of opportunities…. there for us . (is / are) 4. Much of the land ….. under water. ( was /were) 5. Most of the visitors …… known to me. (is / are) 6. Neither coffee nor tea….. good for him. ( was/ were) 7. A large number of students….. failed. ( has/ have) 8. The measles …. a dangerous diseases. (is / are) 9. The majority of them …… Chhetris. ( was/ were) 10. All his luggage…. arrived. (has /have) 11. Good advice …. difficult to follow. (is / are) 12. There ….. a hundred boys in the class. (is / are) 13. The number of girls here…. sixty. (is / are) 14. Half of the players …. of the field. ( was/ were) 15. Each of the boys …… rewarded. (is / are) 16. Many a man …. after wealth. (runs /run) 17. A few boys …. running outside. (is / are) 18. How many days….. there in a week. (is / are) F. Fill in the blanks with one of the two verbs given brackets. 1. Each boy and each girl…. Punished . (was/ were) 2. Here are two books either …. Good. ((is / are) 3. Statistics ……a difficult subject. (is / are) 4. A great number of people….. come here. ( has /have) 5. There …. plenty of time before the bus comes. (is / are) 6. Several of my friends……been to America. (has have) 7. Not only Mr. Shrestha but also Mr. Basnet ….there. (is / are) 8. The weight of books….. heavy. (is / are) 9. The safety of the people… on many things. ( depends/ depend) 10. The colour of her eyes…. black. (is / are) 11. The leader of the gang…. a criminal. (is / are)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 109 12. One of the girls who have come….. a dancer. (is / are) 13. The caption of the players….not come yet. (has /have) 14. The greatest problem of our country …yet to be solved. (is / are) 15. A pair of shoes…… in that room. (was/ were) 16. A group of students ….. standing there. (is / are) 17. Most of the candidates…. passed. (has/ have) 18. Much of what he says…..true. (is / are) G. Fill in the blanks with one of the two verbs given in brackets. 1. Saving in the bank…. a great profit. (is / are) 2. Neither of us …. going to Singapore. (is / are) 3. Bread and butter…. may breakfast. (is / are) 4. Each of you ……guilty. (is / are) 5. All this …..troublesome. (is / are) 6. The poor…..generally honest. (is / are) 7. A team of speakers…. reached here. ( has/ have) 8. 'Gulliver's Travels'….. an interesting book. (is / are) 9. He as well as I …. going. (is / are) 10. All that glitters….not gold. (is / are) 11. Sweet… the uses of adversity. (is / are) 12. The scholar and the poet …. dead. (is / are) 13. Truth and honesty …. the best policy. (is / are) 14. Neither apples nor oranges….expensive. (is / are) 15. A parcel of books….. been received. (has /have) 16. Neither of the candidates ….competent. (is / are) 17. Fifty rupees … too much of this article. (is / are) 18. The jury ….. divided in their opinions. (was / were) 19. Rice and carry ….. his favourite food. (is / are) 20. The house with all its belonging …. sold. (was /were) H. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct words from the brackets. 1. Thirteen kilometers…. not a long distance. ( is /has are) 2. Five liters of milk …. enough for today. (is /am/ are) 3. Most of the students…… weak in English. (is /am/ are) 4. Dipu as well as I …… very kind to the poor. (is /am/ are)

110 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 5. The businessman, with all his family members, …. Killed. (was /were/ be) 5. The poet and the philosopher …..dead. (is /am/ are) 6. Either the dog or the cat ….. killed . ( are/ has been/ have been) 7. The south African cricket team ….all under thirty years of age. (is /am/ are) 8. Robert, as well as his sister,…. an outstanding musician, (is /am/ are) 9. Every boy and girl at the party…. given a balloon. (are/ is/ was) 10. Bipana must…. the exam. ( passes/ passed/ pass) 11. Ten kilos of rice…. bought yesterday. ( is /were/ was) 12. He does not …. hard. ( studies/ study /has studied) 13. A number of fools ….. (is /am/ are/ have ) present here. 14. Today's news….. interesting, ( is has /are) 15. Each of the boys….. here on time yesterday. ( is/ was/ are/ were) 16. The cost of these articles….. risen at present. (has /have had/ had had) 17. Look, the deer…. ( is// are /were) grazing. 18. Neither Mohan not they …… ( has/ have/ had ) understood my question till now. 19. Slow and steady…. (will win,/ won /wins/ win ) the race. I. Complete the sentences with suitable forms of the verbs in brackets. 1. The sun (rise) in the east. 2. Most buses (not run) on time. 3. She ( come) here yesterday. 4. Pradhan (buy) a new pen next week. 5. The earth (move) round the sun. 6. Hard work (being) success. 7. The meeting (just begain). 8. Kathmandu (stand) in the bank of the Bagmati. 9. Most Nepalese( speak) English. 10. My brother (be) ten next year. 11. Shakespeare (live) from 1564 to 1616. 12. Mukul (leave) school last month. 13. I (red) a newspaper now. 14. Oil (float) on water. 15. Death (come) to every man. 16. They (live) here since may.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 111 17 We (have) a letter last week. 18. They (not go) to school tomorrow. 19. When you last (see) your brother? 20. Water (freeze) at 0 degree centigrade. J. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets. 1. Neither you nor l..............a student. (is, am, are) 2. There..............been a number of telephone calls today. (has, have, was) 3. Writing many letters..............her happy. (make, makes, are making) 4. Rice and curry..............(is, are, has) everything for him. 5. The leader and orator..............arrived. (has, have, are) 6. Bread and butter..............my daily breakfast. (is, am, are) 7. Each and every boy .............. books. (have, has, is) 8. The value of these books..............not measurable. (is, are, do) 9. Dhruba, as well as his friends, .............. (is, was, were) painting this picture five days ago. 10. Each of these chairs..............broken. (is, are, were) 11. Neither his mother nor his father..............alive. (is, are, were) 12. Fifteen litres of milk..............sufficient for today. (are, is, was) 13. My wife and !..............together at school (was, were, has, had) 14. Jack, along with his colleagues, ...........planning a trip. (are, is, have, has) 15. The editor and the writer..............come. (has, have, are, were) 16. Each of them..............some problems. (has, have, are) 17. Ramesh, do it.............. (himself, yourself, yourselves). 18. The principal and teacher.............. (has, have, are) arrived. 19. She, not me,........(is, are, has, have)goingto see the movie 'The Spiderman'. 20. The captain, with his players, ..............(were, has, was, had) sent for. 21. You, who..............(is, am, are, was) tall, can reach the top. 22. The leader, with his helpers, ..............(were, is, was, had) present there yesterday. 23. My sister and l..............the household work together. (do, does, done) 24. One of the players..............not so good. (was, were, are) 25. The police..............strict about rules and regulations. (is, are, have) 26. Economics..............my favourite subject. (is, are, have) 27. The girls in the library..............studying quietly. (are, is, was)

112 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 K. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word from the brackets: 1. Each of the books..............of great importance. (is, has, are) 2. Thirteen kilometres..............not a long distance. (is, has, are) 3. Most of the students..............weak in English. (is, was, are) 4. Dipu, as well as I, ..............very kind to the poor. (is, am, are) 5. The orator and statesman..............arrived. (has, have, having) 6. The businessman, with all his family members.........killed. (was, were, has) 7. The poet and the philosopher..............dead. (is, am, are) 8. Shanti, as well as her friends, ..............won the prizes. (has, have, having) 9. The principal and secretary..............on leave yesterday. (are, was, were) 10. The data..............incorrect. (is, are, was) 11. Tom, together with his friends, ..............drowned. (is, was, were) 12. Either the dog or the cat..............killed. (are, has been, have been) 13. The South African cricket team..............all under thirty years of age. (is, am, are) 14. A saw, in addition to a hammer and nails, ..............essential for this task. (are, am, is, have) 15. Robert, as well as his sisters, ............an outstanding musician. (is, am, are) 16. Every boy and girl at the party..............given a balloon. (are, is, was) 17. Five litres of milk..............enough for today. (is, are, were) 18. Rice and potato..............his favourite food. (are, is, has) 19. A packet of cigarettes..............not enough for him. (is, are, were) 20. Either you or your friend..............to finish it. (has, have, was) 21. Ten kilos of rice..............bought yesterday. (is, were, was) 22. Do not..............hard. (studies, study, had studies) 23. Fifty kilos of rice..............enough for our family. (is, has, are) 24. Today's news..............interesting. (is, has, are) 25. Each of the boys..............here on time yesterday. (is, was, are, were) 26. The cost of these articles..............risen at present. (has, have, had) 27. Neither Mohan nor they..............understood my question till noun. (has, have, had) 28. Renu and Bina.............. (is, am, are, be) the best teachers of our school. 29. Geetal clean the room.............. (herself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves). 30. One of my books................(is, am, are) missing.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 113 Interrogation and Negations 10 Unit 1. General Rules: A. Affirmative : subject + verb +…….. They wrote a letter. Tom goes to school We eat rice. B. Negative : subject + auxiliary verb + not….. They did not write a letter. Tom does not go to school We do not eat rice. C. Interrogative : i. positive interrogative : auxiliary verb + subject+ main verb+... Did they write a letter? Does Tom go to school ? Do we eat rice? ii. Negative interrogative: Auxiliary verb + subject+ not+- main verb +…..? Did they not write a letter? Or Didn't they write a letter ? Does Tom not go to school ? or Doesn't Tom go to school ? Do we not eat rice? Or Don't we eat rice ? Note: While changing negative and interrogative, the verb changes as follows. V1 takes do (v1 = do + v1 ) V2 takes did (v2 = did + v1 ) V5 takes does (v5 = does + v1 ) I play football. I do not play football. Do I play football ? He had his breakfast. I did not have breakfast. Did he have his breakfast? He drives a bus.

114 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 He doesn't drive a bus. Does he drive a bus? 2. Specific Rules: A. 'Some' change into 'any' in negative and interrogative: He ate something. (Affirmative) He did not eat anything. (Negative) Did he eat anything ? (Interrogative) They help somebody. (Affirmative) They do not help anybody. (Negative) B. 'Any of' changes into 'non of' in negative: Any of them can do this. (Affirmative) None of them can do this, (Negative) C. 'No' and 'any' changes into 'some' in affirmative: He wants nothing. He doesn't want anything. (Negative) He wants something. (Affirmative) D. 'Already' changes into 'yet' in negative and vice versa: He has already returned. (affirmative) Has he returned yet? (interrogative) He hasn't returned yet. (negative) E. 'Never' changes into 'always' in affirmative and ever' in interrogative. He never walks on foot. (negative) He always walks on foot. (affirmative) Does he ever walk on foot? (interrogative) F. 'A lot of' changes into 'any' for countable noun and 'much' in negative and interrogative. Rama bought a lot of mangoes. (affirmative) Rama did not buy any mangoes. (negative) Did Rama buy any mangoes ? (interrogative) He drinks a lot of water. (affirmative) He doesn't drink much water. (negative) Doesn't he drink much water? (interrogative) G. 'Too' changes into 'either' in negative and vice-versa. I like it, too. (affirmative) I don't like it, either. (negative)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 115 H. 'And so' changes into 'and neither' in negative and vice varsa. Rita was happy and so was Gita. (affirmative) Rita was not nappy and neither was Gita.( negative) I. 'Either…or' changes into 'neither..nor' in negative and vice varsa. Either Rekha or Shila will win the match. (affirmative) Neither Rekha nor Shila will win the match. (negative) J. 'As…as' change into 'not so..as' negative and vice versa. Your handwriting is as good as mine. (affirmative) Your handwriting is not so good as mine. (negative) K. 'Have to, has to, had to' change into negative by adding 'not' after them. They had to go (affirmative) He had not to go / he did not have to go (negative) L. 'Several' changes into 'any' in negative but remains 'several' in interrogative. He bought several books. (affirmative) He did not buy any books. (negative) Did he buy several books ? (interrogative) M. 'Sometime' changes into 'never' in negative and 'ever' in interrogative; He sometimes come here. (affirmative) He never comes here. (negative) Does he ever come here. (interrogative) N. For imperative; Let's play volleyball. (affirmative) Lets' not play volleyball. (Negative) Exercise 1. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets: a. Anil generally drives a van. (into who question) b. Neha comes to see me. (into whom question) c. Did she help you yesterday ? (into statement) d. Did she know the way to your house? ( into statement) e. Did you meet the principal yesterday? (into statement) f. Did you fry the chicken? (into statement) g. Didn't you feel love for nature ? (into statement) h. Does it have any sense ? (into statement)

116 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 i. Does shyam get up early in the morning? (into statement) j. Rupa does not speak English well. (into who question) k. Tej doesn't like to continue his study. (into affirmative) l. He doesn't play chess. (into affirmative) m. He went to Bhaktpur on foot. (into how question) n. I don't understand it. (into affirmative) o. I sometimes go to the cinema. (into negative) p. I've already seen that film. (into what question) 2. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. You work somewhere there. (into yes/no question) b. You saw someone there. (into interrogative) c. They don't have go to there. ( into yes/no question) d. Someone hit her on her head. (into yes/no question) e. I do it well. (into how question) f. People always walk slowly in village. (into where question) g. He teaches science. (into what question) h. He put some more sugar in his tea. (into what question) i. He eats something. (into yes/no question) j. There is nothing left. (into affirmative) k. He comes here everyday. (into when question) l. There wasn't any milk in the bottle. (into affirmative) m. There weren't any men in the room. (into affirmative) n. You need not him anything. (into affirmative) o. You need not go now. (into affirmative) p. She looks like smart. (into what question) q. Ram is netter than any other boy in the class. (into who question) r. I have tea at six in the morning. (into negative) s. I always remember to talk to him on telephone, (into negative ) t. His prize winning landscape was hung in the national art gallery. (into where question) 3. Change the following sentences into negative. a. Walk quickly. b. Tilak is fat and so am I. c. They wrote a story. d. They had some problems. e. The servent shut the door. f. My friends work at Lamatar. g. I sleep. h. I lost something yesterday.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 117 i. I know that he is well. j. I had it well. k. I did it myself. l. I am fine, too. m. He fell off my bicycle. n. He bought some guavas. o. You asked some IQ questions. p. He bought some oranges yesterday. q. The cock always crows in the morning. r. You will have to buy us some apples. s. He showed me a great respect. t. Cuckoo likes the spring season and so do I. 4. Change the following sentences into negative. a. Bob eats noodles in the canteen. b. They always eat fresh food. c. She has just finished her work. d. She can play football well. e. They've already towed the car. f. She does her homework on time. g. Ask her to type a letter now. h. Tell them to come tomorrow. i. I did some mistake. j. They had dinner late night. k. She has long black hair. l. She's gone to Europe. m. He dare visit us. n. He dare to visit us. o. He always goes to the gy. p. They dare to go there. q. She needs to take medicine. r. They needs to take medicine. s. They used to play in the mud. t. Somebody is shouting out side. u. Sabin does not paint the picture, too. v. Deepike got good marks in English. w. Some of the boys take part in the game. x. Nisha derw some pictures at home. y. Either of them can go and buy some sweet. 5. Change the following sentences into yes/no question. a. They should go. b. Aesop was a Greek story teller. c. Shyam can speak English. d. She plays tennis. e. He gave me a lot of rive. f. Somebody was there. g. Radha needs come here. h. He had to do the work. i. She has a biog shop. j. Ram and Shyam go to cinema. k. She has always helped me. l. I had a lot of money. m. I had a lot of picture. n. He cut some apples. o. He should go to school.

118 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 6. Change the following sentences into yes/no questions. a. They got another of these calls yesterday. b. He did well in the exam. c. You will have to work hard to achieve your aim. d. I got another of these calls yesterday. e. Partik emailed me two days ago. f. Sohan's working in the field now. g. They've spent more money on education. h. She'd start new lesson and ask some question. i. She'd spoken to ordinary people. j. He's managed to escape away from the prison. 7. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. She didn't get anything. (affirmative) b. Rita work in supermarket, too. (negative) c. No one will come to disturb you here. (affirmative) d. They have not constructed the bridge yet. (affirmative) e. They had to go there to work at night. (negative) f. Either of the countries is ready to solve the problems. (negative) g. The government need to make a new law. (negative) h. Don't let them go home. (negative) i. Keep silent. (affirmative) j. Don't keep silent. (negative) k. You'd better drink water. (affirmative) l. You'd better not drink water. (negative) m. They'd rather go home. (negative) n. They'd rather not go home. (negative) o. Some of my friends are quite helpful. (affirmative) p. None of my friends are quite helpful. (negative) q. Ravi frequently visits Pokhara. (affirmative) r. Ravi rarely /hardly visit Pokhara. (negative) s. John usually makes noise in class. (affirmative) t. John seldom makes noise in class. (negative)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 119 Causative Verbs 11 Unit Introduction Causative means acting as the cause of something and causative verbs are have, get and make which express a cause of actions. When these three verbs are used as the causative verbs, they are not used with their original meanings; they are just used as the structural verbs. Read and learn. 1. Our teacher is very strict. He always makes us do the homework daily. 2. My mother got me to work in the kitchen. 3. The engineer got the workmen to build the bridge. 4. We made the gardener cut out the grass. 5. My father got me to do the homework. 6. I made my mother buy new clothes. 7. The teacher got Shyam to bring a glass of water. 8. She didn't want to sing a song. I asked her she had to. I made her sing a song. 9. Rita got her dress washed. 10. He got a servant to clean the room. Structure: 1. Get and have without an agent: Sub+ have +obj + past participle (v3) Sub+ get +obj + past participle (v3) I have my house painted. (I don't paint myself) He gets his shoes polished. ( He does not polish them himself) Do you have your house painted? Does he get his shoes polished ? I am getting my shoes polished. I have got my she polished. Did you get your shoes polish ? When did you get your shoes polished ? Why do you get your shoes polished.

120 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Get your shoes polished. I have my beard shaved, (I don't shave it myself) Do you have your beard shaved ? How often do you have your beard shaved ? Have you got your beard shaved? We can use causative verbs in any tense and in any type of sentence structure, and the structure of the causative remains the same. Who is an agent? The one who does the action for the subject is an agent. 2. Get and have with an agent: Sub + get + the agent + to v1 Sub + have + the agent + bare infinitive … (v1 without 'to') I get the cobbler to polish my shoes. I am getting the cobbler to polish my shoes. I got the cobbler to polish my shoes. I shall get the cobbler to polish my shoes. Do you get the cobbler to polish your shoes ?. Are you getting the cobbler to polish your shoes ? Get the cobbler to polish your shoes. Note: In the sentences above the cobbler is the agent working for the subject. I have the painter paint my room. I had the painter paint my room. I shall have the painter paint my room. Do you have the painter paint your room? 3. Make always takes an agent: Sub + make + the agent + bare infinitive She made me wait at the park for three hours. He often makes us stand in a queue. She made Raj complete his work. Do they make us wait for long hours? Why don't you make them complete the task? How does the writer make us enter into the plot ?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 121 Note: The causative with 'make' can be used in the passive and the agent is used as an object in the passive structure. Obj. (the agent) + aux.+ v3 + to + v1 She made us stand in the queue. We were made to stand in the queue. Does he make you revise the lesson ? Are you made to revise the lesson ? Why did you make me invite everyone ? Why was I made to invite everyone ? How will they make us present the paper? How will we be made to present the paper ? Exercise 1. Fill in each blank with the best possible response. a. I had my eyes…., and they told me that I had perfect vision. i) checked ii) check iii) to be checked b. I'm going to get him …. our pool again. i) cleaned ii) to clean iii) to be cleaned c. Did you do your homework? No, I got ….. for me. i) my sister did it ii) my sister to do it iii) my sister do it. d. The police tried to get him…. of the car. i) come out ii) came out iii) to come out e. We had the plumber …. the pipe in the bathroom. i) replace ii) to be replace iii) replaced. f. The company was not happy with his performance, so they had him….. . i) replace ii) to be replaced iii) replaced g. I went to the dentist to have my teeth ….. i) have him look ii) looked at iii) looked 2. Choose the correct option to complete the following sentences. a. The sunshine made me…. of our trip to Mustang. i) think ii) to think iii) thinking b. I had my hair… last night. i) trim ii) trimmed iii) trimming c. I'm going to …… after the concert.

122 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 i) have me picked up ii) have him to pick me up iii) have him pick me up d. He is going to …. next week. a) have fixed his car ii) have his car fixed iii) have his car fix e. I had my wallet …. yesterday. i) stolen ii) stole iii) to steal f. I'm going to have Mukul …. my computer to see what is worng. i) Look at ii) to look at iii) looked at g. One of my wisdom teeth really hurt, so I went to the dentist….. i) to have it remove ii) to have it remove iii) to have it to be h. Jank is dead. The mafia boss…. i) Had killed ii) had him killed iii) had him to be killed i. I had the … when I was renovating my apartment. i) wall to be knocked ii) wall knocked down iii) wall knock down 3. Write the correct response, changing the sentences in the simple past into the passive causative form. Ex: Janak asked his brother to send the letter. Janak had the letter sent. a. My mother told the maid to change the curtain . My mother had the curtains……....... b. Meere took the car for washing. Meera had the car…...…………… c. SitaredesignedthewebsiteforMeera. Meerahadthewebsite……………….. d. Kurun asked Ritesh to take Mr. Basnet to the beach, Karun had Mr. Basnet….........…. e. I brought the cat to the vet for Janak. Janak had the cat……….to the vet. f. Juhi asked her sister to put the vase on the table. Juhi had the vase ….on the table. g. He drove Mr. Joshi to the airport for his boss. The boss had Mr. Joshi………. to the airport. h. They fed the dog upon our request. We had the dog……. i. People gave money to the homeless shelter when we made a plea. We had the money ………….. to the homeless shelter. j. The barber cut Raman's hair. Raman had his hair…………….. 4. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct words from the

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 123 brackes. a. They made me…. (to dance/ dance/danced) b. Barsha got new books…………. (buy/ to buy / bought) c. Shyam has Rama…………. happy. (be/was/ to be) d. Upendra got Mukesh….. his home. (watch/ watching/ to watch ) e. I …. Radha to dance at the picnic. (had/ got/ made) f. Her brother got the sweeper…. his room ( clean/ cleaning / to clean) g. She made me …… .. a letter for her. ( write/to write/ wrote) h. Ravi had a pen…. yesterday. (buy/ to buy / bought) i. Nita got Binita….. a song. (sing/ sung/ to sing) j. The bureau got the man….. for their survey. ( to work / work / works) k. Smita had Jacques ….. a pail of water. (to fetch/ fetch/ fetched) l. He…. me rewrite the notes. ( has make / gets) m. My teacher got me…. the blackboard. ( clean/ cleaned/ to clean) n. Last year, I had a boy…. my food. ( to pre[are/ prepare/ prepared) o. Yesterday Kiran made us…. a story. ( told /to tell \tell) p. My sister had the house…. (painted/ to paint/ paint) q. We made the gardener….. the grass. ( cut\ to cut/ cutting) r. Rita got her dress….. (wash /washed/ washing) s. He made us ….. a song yesterday. ( sing /to sing/ sings) t. Methew made the mechanic…..............his car. (to overhaul/overhaul/ overhauling ) 5. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct option from the brackets. a. The Education Minister made the Education Secretary … (to observe/ observe/ observed/ observe) the rules and regulation strictly. b. The engineer got the workmen ….(build / build/ to build ) the bridge. c. Yesterday, Kiran made us……a story. (told/ to tell / tell) d. The film was very humorous. The film made him….. (to laugh/laughing/ laugh) e. The government had a road….. (to build / built/ build) f. The pupil was made ……(Present/ to present/ presented) g. The teacher gets his students …. (write/ to write/ written/ written) a poem. h. The teacher got David ….. (bring /to bring/ bring/ brings) a glass of water. i. Himal makes me (laughed/ to laughed\ laugh) j. The teacher made me ….. (do/ to do/ to have done) the task.

124 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 k. The teacher made the students….. ( to do / does/ do) the exercise. l. They got me…. on the stage. (to dance/ dance/ danced) m. Upendra got Mukesh … ( watch/ watching/ to watch) his house. n. Vimal will have his sister…. (cook /to cook/ cooking/ cooks) his meal. o. He made me…. (doing / to do/ do ) the homework. p. We made the gardener….. ( to cut/ cut/ cutting) the grass. q. Ananda got me… (help / to help / helped) in his homework. r. He …. everything done in time. (get/ make/ has) s. I had my brother….. my project. (done/ to do / do) t. Our principal makes us…. our work in time. ( do /to do\ doing) 6. Complete the sentences by using the words in brackets. Use the structure 'have something done.' a. We ……….(the house/ paint) ….. at the moment Ans: We are having the house painted at the moment. b. I've lost my key. I'll have to ….. (another key/ make)….. c. Your hair is long. When was the last time you……. (your hair/ cut) ……. d. You look different. Have you……….( your hair/ cut)…………….? e. Do you……………… ( a newspaper/ deliver) …………… to your house or do you go the shop to buy one ? f. A: What are those workman doing in your garden ? B: Oh, we …. (a swimming pool / build)……………. g. A: Can I see photographs you took when you were on holiday? B: I'm afraid I….. ( not/ the film/ develop) ….. yet. h. This coat is dirty. I must ………. (it/ clean) ………….. 7. Rewrite the following sentences selecting correct words from the brackets: a. Madam made Albert.............(do, to do, to have done) all the work. b. The teacher made the boys.............on the bench. (standing up, stands up, stand up, stood up) c. I had my car.............(washed, wash, washes, washing) d. She.............a maid work in the kitchen. (has, make, gets) e. When did you get the dress.............by her? (wash, to wash, washed) f. The story made them.............(to weep, weep, weeping) g. The man will have his son.............(shave, to shave, shaved) his beard.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 125 h. Ramesh went to a tailor and made him.............(sew, sewed, sewn, to sew) a couple of shirts yesterday. i. I had my photo.............(take, takes, taken, to take) yesterday. j. The traffic police made him.............his car. (to stop, stopped, stop) k. The teacher told the students to read slowly. The teacher made the students.............slowly. (to read, reading, read) l. She made me.............a letter for her. (write, to write, wrote) m. Ram had a pen.............yesterday. (buy, to buy, bought) n. Her brother made her.............(smile, smiling, smiled, smiles) o. She got her clothes.............(to wash, washed, wash) p. The teacher made the students.............their homework. (to do, doing, do) q. The film was very humorous. The film made him.............(to laugh, laughing, laugh) r. His hair was too long. He had his hair.............(to cut, cut, cutting) s. Bimal will have his sister.............(cook, to cook, cooking, cooks) his meal. t. The Education Minister made the Education Secretary.............(to observe, observes, observed, observe) the rules and regulations strictly. 8. Rewrite the following sentences selecting correct words from the brackets: a. Mina.............Shambhu to carry her suitcase. (got, makes, made) b. The death of George Harrison made us.............sorry. (feel, to feel, felt) c. We made the servant............. the plants. (to water, water, watering) d. Rita got Ankit.............his clothes. (wear, to wear, wearing) e. Our teacher is strict. He always makes us.............(do, to do, does) the homework daily. f. My mother got me.............(work, to work, works) in the kitchen. g. They got me............. (to dance, dance, danced) h. Kumari.............her brother turn on the T.V. set. (gets, make, has) i. They made me.............(to dance, dance, danced) j. Barsha got a new book.............(buy, to buy, bought) k. My sister does not like to eat green vegetables. I ask her she has to. I make her.............green vegetables. (to eat, eat, eating) l. Upendra got Mukesh.............his house. (watch, watching, to watch) m. Our master was very kind. He never made us.............the heavy work.

126 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 (do, to do, doing, did) n. My mother has me.............her clothes. (washing, to wash, wash, washed) o. The buffoon made us.............(laugh, to laugh, laughed) p. My father always makes me.............hard. (study, studies, studied) q. They never have me.............their work. (to do, do, done) r. Sita got her clothes.............(to wash, wash, washed, washing). s. Hari made me.............(do, to do, done, did) his work t. My sister got me.............(work, to work, working, works) in the kitchen. 9. Rewrite the following sentences selecting correct words from the brackets: a. I got my brother.............his friends on his birthday. (to invite, invite, invited, inviting) b. The driver had his car.............in the workshop. (to paint, paint, painted, painting) c. Mohan got his goat.............(to kill, kills, killing, killed) d. It's time to have the car.............(to service, services, serviced) e. Ramesh got me.............his child. (look after, to look after, looking after) f. The engineer got the workmen.............the bridge. (built, build, to build) g. We made the gardener.............out the grass. (to cut, cut, cutting) h. My father got me.............the homework. (doing, to do, do) i. The teacher got Shyam.............a glass of water. (bring, to bring, brings, bringing) j. I made my mother.............new clothes. (buy, bought, to buy) k. He didn't want to sing a song. I asked him he had to. I made him.............a song. (to sings, sings, sing, sang) l. She is very cruel. She always makes her children.............hard work. (to do, do, does) m. My shoes are dirty. I will get the cobbler.............them. (to polish, to be polished, polished) n. Rita got her dress.............(washed, to wash, wash, washing) o. He made us.............a song yesterday. (sang, to sing, sing, singing)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 127 Modals (Verb) 12 Unit Verb A verb is a word that expresses action, occurrence or a state of being. Types of verbs 1. Auxiliary and main verb An auxiliary verb helps the main verb in a sentence. It determines the mood/ detunes of another verb in a phrase. Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs. Examples: Raju will accept my invitation. Kushal is teaching English Grammar. Kanchan can help us. Sangam will come soon. Bishal did not call me. Auxiliary verbs are categorized in two groups: Primary and modal auxiliary. a. Primary auxiliary Be : is, am, are, was, were Do : do, does, did Have : has, have, had b. Modal auxiliary will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, used to, need, dare, ought to Some examples of auxiliary verbs: Raju is helping the poor. She was living in the city. They have completed the task. He does not respond to me. I would support you to decoration. They may complain against my friends. Everyone must follow the rules.

128 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Exercise 1. Find the auxiliary verb and underline them. a. They could perform the dance. b. Kalu will meet the heroine. c. We were staring at the beautiful girl. d. Shall we follow him? e. They have been living in that house for a long time. f. We used to take long vacation trips with the whole family. g. He was winning the election. h. Prajwal is going now. i. Ram had won the Mahabharat. j. I shall start it soon. k. Milan would support me. l. Prasant will give help to Balkrishna. m. He has come here. n. They might observe our culture. o. We watched Singham Returns in 2014, Aug. 15. 2. Use the correct auxiliary verbs in the following sentences. a. Mohan and Sohan ..................... playing the guitar yesterday. b. She ..................... playing football. c. ..................... I come in, Madam? d. Today he has some money, but yesterday he .................... no money. e. You ..................... come to school timely. f. Man and woman ..................... the two wheels of a cart. g. ..................... I get in, Sir?. h. ..................... you a doctor? i. We..................obey the rules of our country. j. The dog............... a tail. k. ..................... she go to cinema hall? l. The elephant ..................... helps us. m. Where ..................... they go on Saturday? n. I ..................... a student.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 129 3. Choose the correct verb and fill in the blanks. a. The thief will have run away before the police ..................... there. (reach, will reach, reached) b. Can I ..................... you? (helps, help, helped) c. The man had died before the doctor ..................... ? (come, came, comes) d. Are you ..................... to God? (pray, praying, prayed) e. Didn't it ..................... yesterday? (cry, cries, cried) f. Why will you.................. to India? (go, went, gone) g. Will they have...............flying in the sky? (been, be, being) h. Has she ..................... her work? (finish, finishing, finished) i. Can she ..................... this work? (did, do, does) j. Was it ..................... in the month of July? (rain, rained, raining) k. We have ..................... playing for one hour. (been, being, be) l. How ..................... you able to help them? (was, were) m. Where did they ....::.................. yesterday? (went, go, gone) n. Do you ..................... a letter? (write, writes) o. They don't ..................... us. (like, likes) p. She does not ..................... me. (love, loves, loved) 4. Write different forms of verbs as indicated in the following columns. V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 shake know awake bite drink peel shrink peel swear hide

130 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 5. Complete the sentences with appropriate auxiliary verbs. a. I ..................... going to the store to buy milk. (is, have, am) b. She ..................... had too many drinks. (can, has, did) c. The boys ..................... passed the final test. (have to, have, were) d. ..................... your friend prepare tea for you? (Has, Does, Is). e. He ..................... drive a car. (can, has, is) f. We ..................... going to the store to buy milk. (have, do, are) g. They ..................... lost their pen. (do, have, are) h. I ..................... give you a call at home tonight. (will, have, am) i. She ..................... peeling the orange. (is, has, does) j. Why ..................... you late for work yesterday? (had, were, did) k. He ..................... lost all his property. (has, was, does, did, shall) l. ..................... you go to the party? (have, did, are) m. I ..................... only carry two at a time. (has, can, was) n. How ..................... you doing today? (are, have, can) 6. Choose the appropriate forms of the verbs to fill in the blanks. a. The plane ..................... at 3:30. (arrives, will arrive) b. I will phone you when he ..................... back. (comes, will come) c. When I get home, my dog .................... at the gate waiting for me. (sits, will be sitting) d. I ..................... Jenish this evening. (visit, am visiting) e. Look at those clouds. It ..................... (will rain, is going to rain) f. The train .................... before we reached the station. (left, leave, had left) g. Unless we ..................... we can't be on time. (start, will start) h. I ..................... into town later on. Do you want a lift? (drive, will be driving) i. The next term ..................... no 16th November. (begins, is beginning) j. I'm sure she ..................... the exam. (passes, will pass) k. I ..................... home next Sunday. (go, am going) l. I ..................... you one of these days, I except. (see, will be seeing) m. Help! I ...................... (will fall, am going to fall)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 131 Relative Pronouns 13 Unit Use of who / whom and whose The relative pronoun 'who', 'whom' and whose are used for persons. 'Who refers to the person in the position of subject i.e. I, you, he, she, they. 'Whom' refers to the person in the position of object, i.e. me, you, him, her or them. Likewise, 'Whose' refers to the person when they are used in possessive case i.e. 'my', 'your', 'his', 'her' and 'their'. Consider the following table: Relative pronoun Signification who person (sub) whom person (obj) whose person (possessive) where place when time which/that/what things Pronouns such as who, whom, whose, which, that, what, when, where, why, etc. can be introduced as relative pronouns. For example : I saw a man who had long hair. In the same way, → Here 'who' refers to the 'man'. (a) This is the house where I was born (b) This is the house which I sold last year. (c) The man whom I talked to last week has died. (d) This is the girl whose nose is hooked. In the above sentences, where in the first sentence, which in the second, whom in the third, whose in the fourth, refer to 'house', 'house', 'man' and 'girl' respectively. Read these sentences.

132 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 For example: ⇒ I met a man who was a beggar. ⇒ She married a boy whom she loved very much. ⇒ They helped the boy whose parents died in an accident. Use of 'Where' The relative pronoun 'where' is mainly used to indicate a place. For example: ⇒ I went to Pokhara where his parents live. ⇒ This is the house where he was born. Use of Which/ That The relative pronouns 'which' or'that' are used to indicate non living things or animals. For example: ⇒ This is the film which/that I like most. ⇒ The water which/ that I bought yesterday was impure. Use of When 'When' is used to talk about time. For example: ⇒ It was Magh 16 when I was born. ⇒ He will arrive Nepal on coming Monday when I will meet him for the first time. Use of Why The relative pronoun 'why' is used to explain reason of any action. For example: ⇒ I don't know why my father always checks my bag. ⇒ Ramesh is very coward. This is why he always takes his brother with him to go to toilet at night. Use of 'How' The relative pronoun 'how' is used to explain manner of doing something. For example: ⇒ Can you tell me how to play the madal? ⇒ He knows how to respect seniors. Use of What The relative pronoun what is used to refer to the things in a relative clause.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 133 For example: ⇒ I remember what you told me yesterday. ⇒ I am ready to do what you say. Exercise 1. Choose the correct relative pronoun from the bracket and fill the gaps in the sentences given below. a. I don't know …… Phewa lake is located. (which, whom, where) b. Monday was the day …… my father wrote me a letter. (where, which , when) c. You will be punished for …… you have done. (what, when, where) d. Ranju, …… lives in Baneshwor, is my sister. (whose, who, which) e. This is the city …… my father died last year. (who, where, which) f. I know Nisha …… my father also knows. (whom, who, which) g. This is the book …… I like most. (which, who, where) h These are the girls …… I don't like. (who, whom, whose) i. Do you know …… he was absent yesterday. (who, why, when) j The judge …… decided the case was very clever. (whose, whom, who) 2. Choose the correct relative pronoun from the bracket and fill the gaps in the sentences given below. a. Saroj …… everybody hates is really greedy. (who, whose, whom) b. I made a cup of tea … was really tastier than any other. (which, what, who) c. This is the girl …… wanted to marry me. (whom, who, whose) d. The house …… is white in colour is my sister's. (which, which, why) e. She doesn't know …… he has left his job. (why, which, who) f My teacher explained …… that machine worked in a systematic way. (how, what, why) g. This is the temple …… I always visit. (where, when, who) h. This is the estate …… belongs to me. (that, when, whose) i. Do you know …… Prithivi Narayan Shah was born? (when, why, whom) j. The music …… touched my heart was composed by Shambhujeet Baskota. (who, which, how)

134 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 3. Choose the correct relative pronoun from the bracket and fill the gaps in the sentences given below. a. The girl …… hair is curly is coming. (who, whom, whose) b. Nobody can understand this word …… has a difficult meaning. (which, who, whose) c. I bought a cow …… ears are long (who, whose, whom) d. This town …… is very clean has been declared as a 'model city'. (who, which, when) e. He is the boy of 25 …… habits are very praiseworthy. (who, whom, whose) f. Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini …… is a holy place. (which, where, who) g. He is a student …… we can trust. (who, whom, whose) h. The man …… children are deaf died yesterday. (whom, whose, who) i. The student …… parents are highly educated became first in the exam. (whom, whose, who) j. I am poor. This is …… I don't have a lot of money to buy expensive clothes. (what, why, when) 4. Join the following pair of sentences using a suitable relative clause. a. Laxmi Prasad Devkota is a poet. He wrote Muna Madan. b. Kathmandu is a big city. My sister lives there. c. Dog is a domestic animal. It looks after our house. d. Mr. Sharma is a teacher. His son lives in London. e. This is my village. I was born here. f. Elephant is a wild animal. It has a large trunk. g. There are some TV sets. You can plug them into your car battery. h. The girl is my sister. She is wearing glasses. i. The Bagmati is a holy river. It is in Kathmandu. j Panda is small animal. It looks like a bear.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 135 Adjectives and Adverbs 14 Unit Make a pair and describe each other using the following adjectives. You describe your friend and your friend describes you. Adjectives You are a handsome boy. You look smart. You look happy. You are helpful too. You are beautiful girl. You look slim. You are sweet and pretty too. tall wise simple intelligent helpful bold slim smart happy smiling playful helpful glad good dangerous lucky busy noisy large easy sweet yellow quiet red blue active pretty long Adjective: Kinds and Degrees Read the following sentences. He is a tall boy. Rina is short girl. Kripa is fat. You are intelligent. Kamana is a thin girl. Which is your book? Subigya has a red dress. Mrs. Marry is an American lady. In the above sentences coloured words are adjectives. An adjective is used to add something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.

136 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Kinds of Adjectives 1. Adjective of Quality An adjective of quality describes a person or thing. For example: I bought a funny story. Narayan Gopal was a popular singer. The teacher asked a difficult question. An adjective of quality answers the question: what kind of? 2. Adjective of Number An adjective of number tells how many persons or things are meant. For example: Three passengers got into the bus. She made several mistakes. Many friends helped him. An adjective of number answers the question: how many? 3. Adjective of Quantity An adjective of quantity specifies the quantity of a thing. For example: We have enough food for a month. The car gave me much trouble. We need some water also. An adjective of quantity answers the question: how much? 4. Possessive Adjective A possessive adjective shows possession or belonging. For example: Your books are old. We went to his house. Our car needs repairing. A possessive adjective answers the question: whose? 5. Interrogative Adjective An adjective which, when used with a noun, asks a question is called interrogative adjective. For example:

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 137 Whose painting has won the prize? What question did the teacher ask? Which umbrella is yours? 6. Demonstrative Adjective An adjective which is used to point out some person or thing is called demonstrative adjective. For example: These birds are beautiful. Such students never succeed. We do not have many demonstrative adjectives. You will see this, these, that, those, such and certain used as demonstrative adjectives. Proper Adjectives Some adjectives are formed from proper nouns which are proper adjectives. A list of proper adjectives is given below. Name of a country and adjective Africa African America American Bhutan Bhutanese Brazil Brazilian China Chinese Nepal Nepalese Some adjectives of number denote an exact number as one boy, two boys, etc. There are three degrees of comparison. Example: • Raju is a tall boy. • Mohan is taller than Raju. • Kapil is the tallest among the three. Positive degree: Positive degree is normally used for describing a single person or thing. For example: Alisha is smart. Raju Mohan Raju

138 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 If the word ends in a consonant, '-er' or '-est' is added to make it comparative and superlative. • Positive adjective: It is evident that when we name the simple quality of a person or thing, we use the positive degree of the adjective. • Comparative adjective: When we compare two persons or things with different degree of quality, we use the comparative degree of adjective. • Superlative degree: When we compare more than two persons or things with different degree of qualities, we use superlative degree of the adjective. Remember that only adjectives of quality and quantity have comparative and superlative degrees. Anupama Alisha Comparative degree: Comparative degree is used for comparing two persons or things. For example: Anupama is fatter than Alisha. My house is bigger than yours. Superlative degree: Superlative degree is used to show different degrees of qualities among more than two persons or things. For example: Ramu is the fattest boy. Elephant is the biggest land animal. Formation of the degrees of adjective By adding 'er' and 'est' to the positive degree Positive (for one) Comparative (for two) Superlative (for more than two) strong stronger strongest fast faster fastest tall taller tallest cool cooler coolest few fewer fewest high higher highest rich richer richest deep deeper deepest young younger youngest dark darker darkest

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 139 By adding 'r' or 'st' to the positive degree Positive Comparative (+er) Superlative (+est) wise wiser wisest large larger largest able abler ablest brave braver bravest By doubling the last consonant if a vowel comes before it and adding 'er' and 'est' By changing last 'y' into 'i' if a constant comes before it and then adding 'er' and 'est' By changing the whole word Positive Comparative (+er) Superlative (+est) thin thinner thinnest hot hotter hottest sad sadder saddest fat fatter fattest big bigger biggest Positive Comparative (+ er) Superlative (est) heavy heavier heaviest dry drier driest lucky luckier luckiest busy busier busiest happy happier happiest easy easier easiest Positive Comparative Superlative bad worse worst dry drier driest lucky luckier luckiest little less least in inner innermost far farther/further farthest/furthest good/well better best late later I latter latest many/ much more most out outer outermost

140 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 By putting 'more' and 'most' before the positive degree Positive Comparative (more) Superlative (most) useful more useful most useful intelligent more intelligent most intelligent 1. Fill in the blanks with the proper adjectives. The proper nouns are given in brackets. a. Have you seen the ............................. coins? (Japan) b. Many ............................. countries are developed. (Europe) c. ............................. soldiers are brave. (Nepal) d. Alexander wore a ............................. dress. (Greece) e. Ram always wears the ............................. hat. (America) f. Raju likes ............................. food. (China) g. Hitler was a ............................. citizen. (Germany) h. Yen is ............................. currency. (Japan) 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective given in the brackets. a. Rajiv is a ........................... boy. (young/younger/youngest) b. Tom is the ........................... of men. (good/better/best) c. Prevention is ........................... than cure. (good/better/best) d. You are the ....................... student in the school. (lazy/lazier/laziest) e. Who is the ......................... living poet? (great/greater/greatest) f. That is the ......................... pen in this shop. (cheap/cheaper/cheapest) g. Honey is ............................. than milk. (sweet/sweeter/sweetest) h. English is ............................. than Nepali. (easy/easier/easiest) i. He is ............................. person of our village. (old/older/oldest) j. She is ................ than Rupa. (beautiful/more beautiful/most beautiful) k. Honesty is ............................. to him than life. (dear/dearer/dearest) l. She is ........................ than her brother. (friendly/friendlier/friendliest) m. Sapana is ............................. than Lalita. (healthy/healthier/healthiest) n. Sharmila is ............................. than Sakriya. (weak/weaker/weakest) o. Mt. Everest is the .................. peak in the world. (high/higher/highest) Exercise

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 141 3. Select the suitable adjective to complete the following: bad, beautiful, comfortable, small, interesting, clear, smart, blue a. My chair is .............................. . b. Mr. Jha is a ............................. young man. c. Can you see the ............................. outline of the valley? d. The result was not so ............................. after all. e. The sky looks ............................. in the winter. f. Our house is ............................. in size. g. A ............................. girl lost her way in the town. h. The child was pleased to hear her ............................. story. 4. Construct sentences like the ones given in example. E.g. Radha is fatter than Bina. Rita is more beautiful than Kamala. a. Sudheer old Mahesh b. The bee active the ant c. This street wide that street d. Gold expensive silver e. This place dirty that place f. Iron heavy wood g. Ritesh wise Santosh h. A bus fast a bicycle i. Kathmandu large Bhaktapur j. The Himalayas high The Mahabharat 5. Fill in the blanks with much, many, a little, a few, some: a. I brought ............................. apples. b. He has ............................. good friends. c. Ramesh has ............................. enemies. d. I have ............................. time left. e. How ........................ money do you have? 6. Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the adjective. a. Monika's age is 19. Mina is 15 years old. Monika is (old) ........... Mina. b. The Alps are very high. They are (high) ........... mountains in Europe.

142 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 c. India is (big) .................... than Nepal. d. Mutton is (expensive) .................... than buff. e. Brazil is the .................. (rich) country in water resources in the world. f. This exercise is not difficult. It's (easy) ....................than expected. g. The weather is not good today. I hope the weather will be (good).................. next week. h. People are not friendly in cities. They are (friendly) ............ in villages. i. Potato is .................... (good) than yarn. j. Students view that Science is (easy) ................. to learn than Nepali. 7. Fill up the blanks with the correct form of the adjective: a. This box is ............................. than that. (good, better, best) b. This table is ...................... than that. (useful, more useful, most useful) c. He is ............................. than his friend. (rich, richer, richest) d. She is the ............................. of all three sisters. (tall, taller, tallest) e. He is ...... than the other boy in this group. (weak, weaker, weakest) f. This question is ...................... than that. (easy, easier, easiest) g. Madhu is the ............................. of all the girls. (wise, wiser, wisest) h. Who is ......................, Subhash or Rajan? (clever, cleverer, cleverest) i. Of all the Indian poets, Tagore is the ......... (great, greater, greatest) j. Prevention is ................. than cure. (good, better, best) 8. Supply appropriate comparatives or superlatives to the following: a. Clouds are ............................. than air. (light) b. Suresh is the ............................. boy in the class. (tall) c. She sings ............................. than you. (good) d. I like this pen ............................. than that. (much) e. Iron is the ............................. metal. (useful) f. The pen is ............................. than the sword. (mighty) g. Experience is the ............................. teacher. (good) h. Which is the ............................. mountain in the world? (high) i. Who is the ............................. man in your town? (old) j. The Taj Mahal is one of the .......... monument in the world. (beautiful)