Oasis Applied Grammar 10

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 43 • 'Whose' is also used for a person as the possessive case. (for Ram's, Sita's, his, her, their, etc.) ⇒ Nikita is a very helpful fellow. I have borrowed her car for many times. ⇒ Nikita whose car I have borrowed for many times is a very helpful fellow. • 'Which' is used for a thing or an animal as the subjective and objective cases. (for book books, pen, pots, television, cow, dog, it, they, them, etc.) 'Which'can also be used as the relative pronoun for a place when the place is used as the subject or object in the sentence. Yesterday I bought a book. The book is useful for my kids. ⇒ Yesterday I bought a book which is useful for my kids. That white puppy looks very cute. The puppy belongs to Marie. ⇒ That white puppy which belongs to Marie looks very cute. • 'Where' is used as the relative pronoun for a place as a place adverb. (like: in Kathmandu, in Nepal in a village, at Baneshwor, here, there, etc.) Never forget the village. You were born in the village. ⇒ Never forget the village where you were born. Bhadgaun is an ancient town. Mostly Newars live here. ⇒ Bhadgaun where mostly Newars live is an ancient town. • 'What' is used for the things/sayings as the subjective or objective cases. You should not forget the things. Teachers told you the things. ⇒ You should not forget what teachers told you. Read and learn the following structures: (a) Person + who +verb ................. This is the man who saved Kanhaiya. (b) Person+ whom/who+ subject ................. The students who/m we taught passed with distinction. (c) Person+ whose+ noun................. I don't like Monika whose mind is always negative. (d) Place+ where+................. This is the school where I teach. (e) Things/ Animals+ which+................. The pen which you gifted me writes swiftly. (f) (No person/place/things/animals) but generally a verb/an adjective+ what+ ...... He said what was fake. Be contented with what you have.

44 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 • Reason connectives join a statement and a reason. • 'Because/as/since/for/because of' are placed before reson but 'therefore and so' are placed after reason. • 'Because of' needs a noun phrase. • Write V1 after to/in order to. • Write either V4 of purpose or the noun phrase after for: • 'In spite of/Despite' needs a noun phrase. • 'After/when/while/as long as/as soon as' are placed before the first action. • 'before/until/till' are placed after the second action. Things to Remember Exercise 1. Put the correct word in the blank choosing from the given alternatives. a. This is the house….. I was born. ( which/when/who/where) b. She worked hard …..she could win the race. (to /because/so that) c. Seema could not attend her school…… her illness. (because/because of/ therefore) d. I went to the doctor……some medicines. (because/ for/ to) e. Rita was stupid, …….she failed the exam. (however/despite/therefore) f. …he is poor, he helps the orphans. (Although/ Because/ However) g. We postponed the football tournament ….. the bad weather. ( so that/ because of/ inspire of) h. I cannot eat this food…. I never eat meat. (since/ although/ but) i. Rama was not only your daughter…my close friend. (but also/a well as \ although) j. This is the boy …… (where/when/whom/which) everybody loved. k. I don't know….Rara lake is located. (which/ when/ where) l. We go to the bank…. we can cash the cheque. (to /for /so that) m. Saturday was the day…. it rained heavenly. ( which/ where/when) n. …his negligence, he passed the exam. (in spite of / because of/ because) o. He has not returned the call…. I have telephoned twice. (whether/ so that/ although) p. You will be punished for….. you have done. (what/ when/ while) q. The school was closed…. strike. (because /so that/ because of) r. She couldn't solve it…. her weakness. (because of/ as/ in spite of/ although) s. Rejendra…. every one like, works in school .(which/ whose/ whom/ where) t. …her illness, she didn't give up working. (in spite of /because of/ because/ although)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 45 2. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct word or word from the brackets. a. You will be punished for… you have done. (what/ when/while) b. We postponed the football tournament… the bad weather. (so that/ because of/ instead of) c. We learn English…. Spanish. (as long as/ as well as/ before) d. We go to the bank …we can cash the cheque. (to /for/ so that) e. This is the village…. I was born. ( where/ which/ when) f. This is the house…. I was born. ( which/ when/ who/ where) g. This is the boy …. ( where/ whom/ when/ which) I like. h. This is the book…. I wanted. ( when / whom/ that) i. They did not go out….. bad weather. (because of / in spite of/ so that) j. They did not climb up the mountain….. snowing. ( because of / in spite/ so that) k. The time …. (when/ which/ whose) the match was started was exactly 3 o'clock. l. The time… (what/ which/when) I usually get up is 6:30 am m. The shop … they sell mobile set is on school road. ( where/ which/ whom) n. The school was closed …. strike. (because of/ because / therefore/ in spite of) o. …his higher qualifications, he was a failure as a teacher. ( because / in spite of/ even though) p. …. (when/ what/ whom) I want to know is your personality. q. ….snowing , we did not climb the mountain. ( in spite of, because/ because of) r. ….. Sarika is intelligent, she never gets any position in her class. ( even though/ because/ however) s. …he was late, he missed the first bus, ( before/ as / unit) t. ….. join the civil service, Laxmi left school. ( in order to/ so that/ although) u. …..he is poor, he helps the orphans. (although/ because/ however) v. …. His negligence, he passed the exam. ( in spite of / because of/ because) 3. Join the sentences using the connectivities in the brackets. a. He tried to find a car park. He wanted to park his car. (in order to) b. Mrs. Basnet hid the ball. She didn't want Bibek to play football. (so that) c. Pragya is wearing glasses. She wants to see better. (so that) d. Luna usually wears a thick coat. She doesn't want to catch a cold. ( in order no to) e. Mr. Shrestha used a long ladder. He wanted to reach the high ceiling ( so that) f. Anup's friend visited him. They wanted to congratulated him on his graduation . ( on order to)

46 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 g. I'm learning English. I want to get a better job. ( to) h. The driver stopped. Then the children could cross the road. (so that) i. Sagar put the cream in the fridge. That would keep it cool (to) j. We often switch off the heating. It saves money. (in order to) 4. Fill in the blanks below with connectors of reason and condition like if/ whether, unless, provided, in case, as, because, because of, since, for, so that and in order to. a. My friend is taking computer lesson… be computer literate. b. The boys go for a morning walk…. they could be healthy. c. ….. I do not come, you should inform the authority. d. You can't be successful….. you put in effort. e. The girl could not sing…… sore throat. f. The boys were nervous….. their teacher stood in front of them. g. … you invite me, I'll come. h. The girl didn't come…. she was sick. i. The accountant shut down the computer…. he had no more records to enter. 5. Fill in the blanks with appropriated sub- ordinating conjunctions. a. ….. the girl was lean and thin, she won the race. b. We can win the trophy… we start practising in time. c. …. The efforts put in, we lost the match. d. The minister lost the election… the fact that he was popular. e. The farmer led a happy family…. he was not very rich. f. ……we have been well trained, we can easily win. g. We went to the market…. buy some vegetables. h. She couldn't win the case…. she was wrong from the very beginning. i. The leader didn't learn a lesson from his defeat… he blamed his aids for it. j. We worked hard throughout the year….., we scored good marks. 6. Put the correct word from the given alternatives. a. The school was closed..........strike. (because/so that/because of) b. She couldn't solve it.......her weakness. (because of/as/ in spite of/although) c. Rajendra......every one likes, works in a school. (which/ whose/whom/ where) d. .................her illness, she didn't give up working. (In spite of/ Because of/ Because/ Although) e. This is the house................. was born. (which/ when/ who/ where) f. She worked hard.................she could win the race. (to/ because/so that) g. Seema could not attend her school.................her illness. (because/ because of/ therefore)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 47 h. I went to the doctor.................some medicines. (because/ for/ to) i. Rita was stupid,......she failed the exam. (however/despite/therefore) j. .................he is poor, he helps the orphans. (Although/ Because/ However) k. We postponed the football tournament.................the bad weather. (so that/ because of/ instead of) l. I cannot eat this food.................never eat meat. (since/ although/ but) m. Rama was not only your daughter.................my close friend. (but also/as well as/ along with) n. This is the boy.................(where/ whom/ when/ which) I like. o. Sumit studied hard.................he could get success. (as/because/ so that) p. This is the village................. I was born. (where/which/when) q. .................his higher qualifications, he was a failure as a teacher. (Because/ In spite of/ Even though) r. She went to school.................her illness. (although/ because of/ in spite of) s. The school was closed.................strike. (because/ therefore/ because of/in spite of) 7. Put the correct word from brackets. a. They did not climb up the mountain...............snow fall. (because of/ in spite of/ so that) b. I didn't go to his wedding.............he did not invite me. (since/ although/ so that) c. We learn English.................Spanish. (as long as/ as well as/ before) d. ................he was late, he missed the first bus. (Before/ As/ Until) e. Aesop was punished.......his innocence. (however/ therefore/ in spite of) f. ..............Sarita is intelligent, she never gets any position in her class. (Even though/ Because/ However) g. He always wants to chew nuts............ he has no teeth at all. (because/ although/ so) h. Aeroplanes are comfortable and quick, ...............they are noisy and expensive. (so/ therefore/ however) i. I disguised myself ..............people would think I was very poor. (because/ so that/ although) j. Ravi often goes to the river................swim. (so that/ in order to/ because) k. Hari never studied hard, .................he secured good marks in the examination. (however/ therefore/ because) l. She'll come.................you ring the bell. (so/if/until) m. I won't marry you.................you don't love me. (therefore/however/ because) n. I went to the tea-shop.................have a cup of tea. (so that/in order to)

48 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 o. My mother went to the market.................buy some fruits. (so that/ in order to/ because) 8. Choose and fill in the blanks. a. He is the man.................sells meat which is always fresh. (who/ whom/ whose) b. The man.................came here was honest. (who/ whom/ whose) c. The girl.................you see at the door is my sister. (who/ whom/ whose) d. She is the girl.................deceived me. (who/ whom/ whose) e. The girl.................helped us was beautiful. (who/ whom/ whose) f. Kalu.................goats were eaten by the tiger learnt a good lesson. (who/ whom/ whose) g. The boy.................pen you broke is angry with you. (who/ whom/ whose) h. I met a man.................spoke in the bus to my uncle. (who/ whom/ whose) i. The man.................you spoke to in the bus is my uncle. (who/ whom/ whose) j. The doctor.................we visited last year was Ram's father. (who/ whom/ whose) k. The pencil ................. is on the table is mine. (who/ which/ where) l. The fish.................I ate yesterday was very delicious. (that/ when/ where) m. Mr. Bhandari was lecturing on a topic.................was very boring indeed. (whom/ when/ which) n. I was working in my field.................the crime took place. (which/ where/ what) o. I know the house.................my father was born. (which/ who/ where) 9. Put suitable conjunctions from brackets. a. She studies day and night .................she can pass the exam in the first division. (although, so that, because) b. .................his poverty, he helps the poor. (However, In spite of (Although) c. Seema could not attend her school.................her illness. (because, because of, therefore) d. .................his negligence, he passed the exam. (In spite of, Because of, Because) e. He has not returned the call.................I have telephoned him twice. (so that, although, because) f. This is the house................. was born. (which, who, where) g. She was with us; .................I did not talk to her. (therefore, although, however) h. He brought a camera with him.................taking photographs of the events. (to, for, because)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 49 i. He is the boy.................father is a doctor. (who, whom, whose) j. You will be punished for.................you have done. (what, when, while) k. This is the boy.................I like. (where, whom, which) l. Gautarn Buddha was born in Lumbini.................is a holy place. (which, where, who) m. Students go to school.................read and write. (so that, to, for) n. This is the book.................I wanted. (when, whom, that) o. I don't like the stories ................. have unhappy endings. (who, which, where) 10. Choose the correct connective from the brackets. a. .................everyone played well, we lost the game. (Yet, Though, Because) b. Wash your hands.................you take your meal. (before, when, where) c. This is the house.................belongs to me. (what, which, when, whose) d. We didn't go out.................it was raining. (because, although, for) e. The man.................is standing there can do every kind of work. (whose, whom, who) f. We go to the bank.................we can cash the cheque. (to, for, so that) g. This is the place.................he visited last year. (which, where, when, who) h. That is the man.................came to my home yesterday. (who, whose, whom, when) i. She is.................pretty that everyone tries to influence her. (so, because, so that) j. The man.................is doing bad work is mad. (who, whose, whom) k. I waited.................they were all fast asleep. (until, so that, because) l. We listen to radios.................know the news. (in order to, so that, because) m. They didn't postpone the match.................the rain. (despite, however, because of) n. We stopped doing homework.................the light went out. (to, although, because) o. This summer we're going to a place.................there aren't any tourists. (where, which, who) 11. Choose the correct connective from the brackets: a. People..........believe in God, worship and pray daily. (where, who, whom) b. Radhika is the girl..........brother had died of cancer. (whom, who, whose) c. Rajendra, .................... everyone likes, works in a school. (which, whose, whom, where) d. Ram bought a book.................was written by Devkota. (that, whose, who) e. She couldn't solve it.......her weakness.(because of, as, in spite of, although) f. Ram was playing............we were eating. (while, however, in order that)

50 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 g. Ranjana is the girl.................sings so well. (whose, who, which) h. Saturday was the day.................it rained heavily. (which, where, when) i. Seema could not attend her school.................her illness. (because, because of, therefore) j. Shakespeare, .................works were highly admired, died in 1616. (who, whose, whom) k. I met Jentin at the guest house.........she was sleeping. (where, whom, who) l. She climbs the stairs fast..........her leg is broken. (though, however, since) m. I felt he was wrong.......! didn't say so at the time. (although, but, because) n. She went to school.................her illness. (though, because of, in spite of) o. This is the boy.................I like. (where, whom, which) p. I have bought the book..............contains religious story. (which, that, who) q. She didn't eat anything, ......she was very hungry. (because of, in spite of, although) 12. Fill the suitable connective words. a. I don't know..................Rara lake is located. (which, when, where) b. We go to the bank..................we can cash the cheque. (to, for, so that) c. Saturday was the day..................it rained heavily. (which, where, when) d. ..................his negligence, he passed the exam. (in spite of, because of, because) e. He has not returned the call..................I have telephoned twice. (whether, so that, although, because) f. You will be punished for..................you have done. (what, when, while) g. The school was closed..................strike. (because, so that, because of) h. Rajendra..................(which, whose, whom, where) everyone likes, works in a school. i. .................. he is poor, he helps the orphans. (Although, Because, However) j. I know..................you are thinking about. (whom, what, which) k. ..................she is rich, she does not spend money. (Because, Because of, Although) l. We could not go for trek..................the snow-fall. (because, despite, because of) m. We have been victim..................his cruelty. (because, because of, so) n. This is the village..................I lived. (where, which, when) o. ..................his higher qualification, he could not teach well. (Because, In spite of, Even though) p. This is the book..................I bought yesterday. (when, whom, that)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 51 Question Tags 5 Unit Read the conversation below. A : You’re pretty brown. B : Yes, I am, aren't I ? I spent most of the time on the beach. A : But Australians don't get brown, do they? B : No, they all wear hats and T- shirts, don't they? A : Yes, everybody's worried about skin cancer, aren't they? B : Yes, it seems so. You didn't see any sharks, did they? A : No, no sharks, but I saw plenty of snakes. B : There are quite a lot snakes, aren't they? A : Yes, they've got poisonous spacers, too, haven't they? B : Yes, but I didn't see any. Australian wine is quite good, isn't it ? A : Yes, very good. And the beer. You've tried Australian beer, haven't you ? B : Oh, yes. I've drunk some of that. A : Our plane should be leaving soon, shouldn't it ? B : Yes, let's ask what time it's going. A : You go I'll stay here . B : Look after my bag, will you? A : Yes, of course. The underlined parts in the conversation above are tag questions. Tag questions are added to the end of a statement to ask for confirmation of the truth of the statement. If the statement is positive, the tag question is negative, and vice versa. We always use the personal pronoun instead of the subject, and the tag question is always the contracted form. Study the following. 1. We should do it, sholdn't we ? 2. He will come here, won't he? 3. I shall help you, ahan't I ? 4. Raj works there, doesn't he ? 5. I am working, aren't I ? 6. I am not joking, am i? 7. Binaya went out, didn' t he? 8. You are happy, aren't you? 9. She has gone out, hasn\t she? 10. Bivek was sick, wasn't he ? 11. Sheela was sleeping, wasn't she? 12. He had a problem, didn't he? 13. He dare not do it, dare he ? 14. He does not dare to do it, does he? 15. I am used to teaching, aren't I ? 16. She cannot drive, can she? 17. He might come, mightn't he? 18. I may join the party, mayn't I ? 19. I love you don't I ? 20. She may be coming? mayn't she?

52 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 General Rules: i. There should be comma(,) at the end of statement. Oasis is a student, isn't she ? ii. A tag should be with small letter. She can't stand it, can she? iii. Always use the first auxiliary verb to form a tag. He has been singing here, hasn't he? iv. Affirmative statement has a negative tag and vice-versa. Sita eats rice, doesn't she ? They don't drink wine, do they ? v. Contracted form of not (not) should be used. is not = isn't most not = mostn't had not = hadn't shall not = shalln't will not = willn't vi. The subject will be changed into a pronoun. Asraya writes a poem, doesn't he ? vii. Negative sentences generally have negative words like; no/ not never/seldom/hardly/ rarely /barely/ scarcely nobody /no one /none/ neither of +-plural nouns or pronoun Note : in above case, tag must be affirmative. viii. If there is no axillary verb in sentences, we use: V1 = do + v1 V2 = did + v1 V5 = does + v1 Tina likes swimming, doesn't she? He lost his book, didn't he ? You play football, don't you ? Read and learn. 1. Is, am, are, was, were have the same tag whether they are used as auxiliaries or main verbs. Example: She is sick, isn't she? She is sleeping isn't she ?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 53 I was tired, wasn't I ? I was joking, wasn't I ? 2. We use do/does for the simple present and did for the simple past. Example: He works hard, doesn't she ? I know the answer, don't I ? She went out, didin't she ? 3. Has, have, had as auxiliaries and the main verbs should have different tags. As auxiliaries, She has phoned me, hasn't she ? She has not phoned me, has she ? I have had a golden chance, haven't I ? He has had his meal, hasn't he? I had had many problems, hadn't I ? As main verbs, Has, have , had as main verbs suggest action and possession (belonging) As action verbs they mean do, act undergo eat etc. I have (eat) lunch at 12, don't I ? He had a row with me, didn't he ? She has long hair (possession). hasn't she ? Remember: we use do/does/did for action verbs and has/have/had for possession. 4. For has to / have to / had to we use –doesn't /don't /didn't She has to come, doesn't she ? I have to help her, don't I ? You had to inform me, didn't you ? 5. Has, have, had as causative verbs take doesn't, don't and didn't as in the simple present and simple past tense. I have my house painted don't I ? He has his house painted, doesn't he ? She had her room redecorated, didn't she ? We have the gardener water the plant, don't we? She had her father iron her shirt, didn't she ? 6. We use it in place of this / that and they in place of these/those. This is my style. isn't it? That was you fault, wasn't it ? They are my good students, aren't they ?

54 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Those were the golden days, weren't they ? 7. Here and there (usually regarded as adverbs but functioning like the subjects) remain the same. There is a car, isn't there? There are some boys, aren't there ? The usual negative of must is need not. Must not shows obligation. Need not: it is not necessary to do something. Must not: it is necessary not to do something. So, if must shows necessity we use needn't and if it shows obligation, we use mustn't . Example: You must help me. needn't you? There is a curfew outside, you must close the doors, mustn't you? I am a cancer patient. I must take medicine regularly, mustn't I ? 8. Hardly, hardlyever, rarely, barely, never, seldom, and scarcely are adverbs of frequency having a negative meaning. So the question tag in sentences containing such words should be in the affirmative. He hardly disturb us, does he? I have never discouraged you, have I? She rarely scolded her children, did she ? 9. Indefinite pronouns like someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, are singular subjects, but we treat them as plural in the question tag. Someone is calling you, aren't they ? Everyone knows the answer, don't they? Everybody has been invited, haven't they ? Somebody was hiding, weren't they ? Remember: no one and nobody mean the negative, so the question tag should be affirmative. Nobody helps me, do they? No one has arrived yet, have they ? Words like something, everything, nothing anything are used to denote the indefinite pronoun for things uncountable, so we should replace such word with in the question tag. Something is wrong, isn't it? Someone is wrong, aren't they ? Everything is all right, isn't it ?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 55 Everyone is all right, aren't they ? All is well (thing), isn't it ? All is well ( people), aren't they? 10. Dare and need in positive statements act like the main verbs, so they should be treated with do,does, did in their tags. He needs to complete the assignment, doesn't he ? I need to work hard, didn't I ? He dares to challenge me, doesn't he ? I dare to challenge you, don't I ? She dared jump from the window, didn't she ? The negative of dare and need can both be daren't and don't, needn't and don't need and the question tag should be as per the auxiliaries. She needs to work hard, doesn't she ? She doesn't need to work hard, does she ? She need not work hard, need she? He dares to challenge you, doesn't he? He doesn't dare to challenge you, does he ? He dare not challenge you, dare he ? 11. 'Used to' shows past habit and the question tag can be : She used to dance, didn't she? 12. Imperative sentences take 'will you '? in the question tag both in negative and affirmative sentences. Go there, will you ? Don't scold her, will you ? Please forgive me , will you? Raj, call the doctor, will you ? Dr. Shasank, don't go there, will you ? 13. Though let's is the contracted form of let us, it is understood differently in spoken English, Let us dance, will you? (seeking permission / speaker excluded) Let's dance, shall we? ( decided among the speakers/ listener included) He'd better go now, hadn't he? I'd rather stay indoor, wouldn't I / She'd rather remain alone, wouldn't I ? You'd better keep quit, hadn't you ?

56 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 14. The pronoun in tag is made as follows: Subject Pronoun This /That it These/ Those they Something, Anything, Nothing/Everything it Somebody, Someone, Nobody, No one they Anybody, Anyone, Some, None they Everybody, Everyone, People they Plural nouns, as books, cats they Amar, Ravi, Jack, he Mary, Lalita, Sita she A tiger, A mule it All + singular verb it All +plural verb they I and you(s) He and I we He she and you you He and she they There there One one 15. Some contracted forms of auxiliary verbs have the tags as follows: 'd + v1= would 'd + v3 = had 'd + rather = would 'd + better = had You'd better tell your friend, hadn't you ? You'd rather watch it, wouldn't you ? She'd not write to me, would you ? They'd climbed Annapurna, hadn't they ? 's + v4 /v3 (passive) = is 's + v3 (active) = has She's writing a boom, isn't it ? He's not finished it yet, has it ?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 57 A poem's written by Bimala, isn't it ? 's + v3 = hasn't The teacher's told me a story, hasn't he ? 're + v4 = aren't (present) They're reading now, aren't they ? 're+ v4 = weren't (past) They're reading yesterday, weren't they ? 16. If 'have, has and had' are used as main verb, they will be changed in tag as follows. Rasmi has a headache, doesn't she ? The farmers have a lot of food grains, don't they ? Our teacher had a car last year, didn't he ? Note: If has, have, and had are used as an auxiliary verb, the tag will be as follows. Arson has written an essay, hasn't he ? The farmers had grown a lot of food grains, didn't they ? We had won the match, hadn't we ? 17. Let's = shall we Let us / let him = will you Let's play football, shall we ? Let's not waste time, shall we ? Let us sing a song, will you ? Let me write a letter, will you ? 18. Imperative sentences = will you Have another cup of coffee, will you ? Don't miss the opportunity, will you ? Please have a seat, will you ? Note : Imperative sentences that beings with let's have always an affirmative tag. 19. If a sentence has two clauses, tag will be made from the first clause. Ram Lal said that he was a teacher, didn't he ? It seems that she is in agony, doesn't it ? Exercise 1. Tick the correct question tag to complete each sentence. a. She's an accountant, ………………….? a) aren't she b) isn't she c) she isn't d) doesn't she

58 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 b. I'm here,……….? a) aren't we b) aren't I c) an I not d) doesn't I c. You and I are very busy right now, ….. ? a) aren't you b) isn't she c) she isn't d) doesn't it ? d. It isn't very windy today, ……? a) hasn't it b) isn't it c) doesn't it ? e. You didn't break the mirror, ….? a) did you b) didn't you c)would you d) wouldn't you f. You wanted that, ….? a) would you b) didn't you c) would n\t you d) do you ? g. He saw that……? a) is he b) won't he c) didn't he d) doesn't he h. You know that's right……? a) would you b) wouldn't you c) don't you d) didn't you i. He will be coming….. ? a) is he b) did he c) doesn't he ? d) won't he j. After working so hard he didn't deserve to fail the exam … ? a) doesn't he b) did he c) won't he d) is he k. You wouldn't report me, …? a) don't you b) would you c) wouldn't you d) do you 2. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct question tag from the brackets; a. You are very foolish, …..? ( don't you /weren't you /aren't you ) b. They rarely have their lunch at home, ….?(have they /do they/ don't they) c. Shrijana, bring me your pen, …..?(will you/ don't she/ won't she ) d. She seldom does homework, ….? ( doesn't she/ does she/ doesn't she) e. Raj Kumar hit the tiger…? ( don't he /doesn't he/ didn't he) f. Now I must escape form this town at once, ….? ( must not I/ mustn't I / must I not) g. None helped me last week,….? ( didn't he /didn't they/ did they) h. No one solved the problems….? ( did they /didn't they/ did he? i. Niru never gets angry…? ( doesn't she /does she /didn't she) j. Let's do our homework,…? ( will you /shall you /shall we)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 59 k. Let me open the door,……? ( shall you/ will you /won't you) l. Kamala and you may come here,….? (mayn't you/ mayn't we, /mayn't you) m. I'm tired and hungry,….? ( isn't it / aren't I /am I ) n. I'm all right,…? ( aren't I/ hasn't I /am I ) o. I'm a nurse, ….? ( am n't I /aren't I/ don't I ) p. He is singing a song,….? (hasn't he/ wasn't he/ isn't he) q. Gopal and Krishna will finish the work, …..? ( won't he/, won't they,/ willn't they ) r. Everything is perishable,….? ( isn't it, /wasn't it/ aren't they ) s. Everyone will be satisfied with it, …..? ( won't he/, won't one /won't they) t. Cows give us milk, ….? (do they/ don't they/ do not they) 3. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct question tag from the brackets. a. He is singing a song,…… ? ( hasn't he, /wasn't he,/ isn't he) b. Sheela, bring me your pen, …. ? ( will you/ will she don't she) c. Kamala and you may come here,….? ( mayn't you,/ mayn't we,/ mayn't you) d. She seldom does homework, ….? ( doesn't she /does she/ doesn't she) e. Cows give us milk, ….? (do they /don't they /do not they) f. Raj Kumar hit the tiger…? ( don't he/ doesn't he/ didn't he) g. None helped me last week,….? ( didn't he/ didn't they/ did they) h. Let me open the door,……? ( shall you /will you/ won't you) i. Everyone will be satisfied with it, …..? ( won't he/, won't one /won't they) j. No one solved the problems….? ( did they /didn't they /did he? k. You are very foolish, …? ( don't you /weren't you /aren't you) l. Niru never gets angry…? ( doesn't she/ does she/ didn't she) m. Gopal and Krishna will finish the work, …..? ( won't he,/ won't they, / willn't they ) n. I'm all right,…? ( aren't I /hasn't I / am I ) o. I'm tired and hungry,….? ( isn't it ,/ aren't I /am I ) p. Everyone has to eat to survive,…? ( isn't it ,/ do they,/ don't they) q. You'd better improve your spoken English,…? ( hadn't you/ had you / wouldn't you) r. They rarely have their lunch at 12, …? (haven't they/ have they /do they /

60 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 don't they) s. Everything is perishable,….? ( isn't it, /wasn't it /aren't they ) t. Raju hit the tiger, …? ( don't he /doesn't he /didn't he) u. Now I must escape from this town at once, ….? ( must not I /mustn't I / must I not) 4. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct question tag from the brackets. a. Kamala and you may come here,….? ( mayn't they,/ mayn't we,/ mayn't you /mayn't she) b. She seldom does homework, ….? ( doesn't she /does she /doesn't she) c. Cows give us milk, ….? (do they /don't they/ do not they) d. They rarely have their lunch at 12, …? (haven't they/ have they /do they/ don't they) e. Everything is perishable,….? ( isn't it,/ wasn't it /aren't they ) f. I'm tired and hungry,….? ( isn't it ,/ aren't I /am I ) g. I'm all right,…? ( aren't I /hasn't I /am I ) h. Let's do our homework,…? ( will you/ shall you/ shall we) i. Gopal and Krishna will finish the work, …..? ( won't he/, won't they, / willn't they ) j. Niru never gets angry…? ( doesn't she/ does she /didn't she) k. No one solved the problems….? ( did they/ didn't they /did he? l. I'm a nurse, ….? ( amn't I/ aren't I/ don't I ) m. You are very foolish, …? ( don't you /weren't you /aren't you) n. Everyone will be satisfied with it, …..? ( won't he,/ won't one/ won't they) o. Let me open the door,……? ( shall you/ will you/ won't you) p. Now I must escape from this town at once, ….? ( must not I/ mustn't I / must I not) q. Raju hit the tiger, …? ( don't he /doesn't he /didn't he) r. Sheela, bring me your pen, …. ? ( will you /will she /don't she) s. He is singing a song,…… ? ( hasn't he/ wasn't he/ isn't he) 5. Add suitable tag in the following. a. One should redeem one's promise, …....................................? b. There used to be a big castle, …....................................? c. Let's see what happens next, …....................................? d. These are the main ideas, …....................................?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 61 e. You and I seldom go to that place, …....................................? f. She looks so pretty, …....................................? g. We hardly see each other, …....................................? h. Neither of them is happy, …....................................? i. You daren't do this, …....................................? j. She has to help me, …....................................? k. They've been playing there, …....................................? l. I am right, …....................................? m Tom and David are classmates, …....................................? n. The girl fed the cow, …....................................? o. Don't be rude and crude, …....................................? p. Nothing was in order in that house, …....................................? q. Let us do that, …....................................? r. They had a wonderful dream, …....................................? s. She was barely to stand up, …....................................? t. Everybody is worried the nation now, …....................................? 6. Add suitable tags to the following; a. A boy is coming, …....................................? b. She has a book, …....................................? c. Somebody called me, …....................................? d. You liked me, …....................................? e. They are playing , …....................................? f. I'm a student, …....................................? g. She'd have enjoyed the party, …....................................? h. I needn't get up early tomorrow, …....................................? i. I am not well today, …....................................? j. Come and help me, …....................................? k. Everybody was present at school, …....................................? l. I shall met you tomorrow, …....................................? m. I had a dream last night, …....................................? n. There used to be a cinema hall, …....................................?

62 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 o. Let me go, …....................................? p. Let's go for a party, …....................................? q. Let us go for a party, …....................................? r. He never write a letter, …....................................? s. She hardly pass the exam, …....................................? t. A barking dog seldom bites, …....................................? u. Nothing is right, …....................................? v. One should obey the parents, …....................................? w. Nobody works hard, …....................................? 7. Add appropriate tag questions to the following statements. a. Only two students are late, namely Mitra and Chita,….? b. I remind her to buy some bread,…? c. She didn't wear a ribbon in her hair,…? d. There are riots in the streets after the football match,…? e. They punish him severely,…? f. She is severely injured in the accident,…? g. He hasn't sewn a button on his shirt yet,…? h. We sit in the shade of a big tree,…? i. I buy a bowl in the shape of a fish,…? j. He gives me a birthday card shaped like a cat,…? k. Tintu and Mintu have bought a heart- shaped box of chocolets,….? l. Nobody sits in the garden all afternoon,…? m. Chintu snaps the pencil in two,…? n. The farmer sows the field with corn,…..? o. There are 2000 spectators at the football match,…? 8. Add appropriate question tag to the following remarks. a. You'd like tea,…? b. You'd better not leave this place,…? c. You and I'll go there,…? d. We shall see you tomorrow,…? e. They'd not go on holiday,…? f. They'd not finished the examination at that time,…? g. They won't be here long,…?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 63 h. There is a cat in the garden…? i. The dog's sold in high price,…? j. The bus will stop,…? k. Someone loves finishing,…? l. Something is missing,…? m. She's finished reading the news paper,…? n. Oasis'd rather not cook that fish,…? o. She'd stop teasing,..? p. She had a baby,…? q. Ram's singing a song,….? r. Please, sit down,…? s. One should speak the truth,…? t. Nothing was worng,…|? u. None visited our place this year,…? v. No one is present,….? 9. Add a suitable tag for each of the following. a. They are watching TV in the living room,…? b. We've already seen that film,…? c. They saw him walking with his dog last Sunday,…? d. It is very cold outside. Don't open the window,…? e. The weather is nice. The sun is shining. Let's have a walk,…? f. Arya is my younger son. He is really tall,…? g. Nobody has read this article,…? h. The moon goes round the earth,…? i. This house belongs to my friends. It's beautiful,…? j. The train is due to arrive at 4 o'clock. There's a lot of time,….? k. My friends shouldn't spend too much money on clothes,…? l. Your sisteris a wonderful dancer. And what about you ? you can dance,…? m. You don't know why your brother is crying…? n. You don't put sugar in your coffee,…? o. She gave you back the money,…? p. Yesterday, I visited your family. Everybody looked to tired and pale,….? q. He's had too much to learn this week,…?

64 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 r. I would like to go to the beach. It's not raining,…? s. Go to the shop and buy two kilograms of tomatoes,…? t. I love spain, you're Spanish,…? 10. Add appropriate question tags to the following statements: a. You're an Australian, …....................................? b. You aren't an Englishman, …....................................? c. Manish smokes, …....................................? d. sharks don't like chicken, …....................................? e. Moles can't see, …....................................? f. You'll be there, …....................................? g. Ravi has got two cats, …....................................? h. You and I are going to the party, …....................................? i. Let's go out, …....................................? j. Dipesh won't come, …....................................? k. Shut up, …....................................? l. Meera failed, …....................................? m. Karun missed his flight, …....................................? n. We,ve already seen the movie, …....................................? o. Anu wouldn't say no, …....................................? p. We've already say no, …....................................? q. Mr. mcDonald is from Ireland, …....................................? r. The car isn't at the garage, …....................................? s. You are Janak, …....................................? t. She went to the library yesterday, …....................................? u. He didin't recognize me, …....................................? v. Cars pollute the environment, …....................................? w. Mr. paradhan has been to Singapore recently, …....................................? x. He won't tell her, …....................................? y. Harish had a red car, …....................................?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 65 Reported Speech 6 Unit Introduction We can express our speech in two ways. They are in direct and indirect ways. When a speaker speaks his saying in his/her own word, it is called a direct speech. When a speaker's saying is reported by other without changing its meaning it is called indirect speech. Some General Rules: We change following things while changing from direct to indirect speech. Remove the comma (,) and inverted commas(" ") Use connective that, if, whether, or Wh-word to join the reporting clause and the reported speech. In an assertive sentences, 'says to' is changed into 'tells' and 'said to' into told. Start the reported speech with a small letter except proper noun. Change of person, tense, numbers and other adverbial. 1. Change of Tense 2. Change of Personal Pronouns 3. Change of Adverbials 4. Other Changes 1. Change of Tense If the reporting verb is in present or future tense the tense of the reported speech is not changed Read the following sentences. When the reporting verb is in present tense: Direct: She says to me, "I was sick yesterday." Indirect: She tells me that she was sick yesterday. Direct: The servent has said to the master, " I will not come tomorrow." Indirect: The servent has told the master that he will not come tomorrow When the reporting speech is in future tense; Direct: The students will say, "we don't take his class."

66 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Indirect : The students will say that they don't take his class. Direct: Kamini will be saying , " Rajesh Hamal was a good actor." Indirect : Kamini will be saying that Rajesh Hamal was a good actor. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the reported speech is changed as follows: 1. Simple present changes into simple past." Direct : He said to me, "I am sick today." Indirect: He told me that he was sick that day. 2. Present continuous changes into past continuous : Direct speech : Jharna said to me, " I am doing my homework. Indirect speech : Jharna told me that she was doing her homework. 3. Present perfect changes into past perfect. Direct: Jharna said to me, " I have done my homework." Indirect: Jharna told me that she had done her homework. 4. Present perfect continuous change into past perfect continuous : Direct: She said to Ram, " I have been sleeping for two hours;" Indirect: She told Ram that she had been sleeping for two hours. 5. Simple past change into past perfect. Direct : I said to my teacher, " I posted the letter." Indirect : I told my teacher that I had posted the letter. 6. Past continuous changes into past perfect continuous: The teacher said to us, " we were helping them". The teacher told us that they had been helping them. 7. Past perfect is not changed. Hema said to us," I had been teaching students for five years." Hema told us that she had been teaching students for five years. 8. Change of Future Tense Will and shall change into would. Direct: Ramesh said to me," I will go to Kathmandu tomorrow." Indirect: Ramesh told me that he would go to Kathmandu the next day. Direct: The captain said to the players, " we shall win the match." Indirect: The captain told the players that they would win the match.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 67 2. Change of Personal Pronouns: First person: The pronouns of the first persons of the reported speech are changed according to the subject of the reporting verb. Direct: Ramesh said, I am busy." Indirect: Ramesh said that he was busy. Direct: They said to us, " we want to play in our leisure period." Indirect: They told us that they wanted to play in their leisure period. Direct: He said to me, " I am doing my class work." Indirect : He told me that he was doing his class work. Second person: The pronouns of the second person of the reported speech are changed according to the object of the reporting verb. Direct: she said to me, "you are a liar", Indirect: she told me that I was a liar. Here, 'you' has been changed according to the object' me'. Third person The pronouns of the third person of the reported speech are not changed. They remain as they are. Direct: I said to the principal, ' Ramesh will not study with me." Indirect: I told the principal that Ramesh would not study with me. Direct: She said to me, "he does not like me." Indirect : She told me that he did not like her. Direct: Mohan said to her, " he will not help you." Indirect : Mohan told her he would not help her. 3. Change of adverbials: Direct Indirect now then this that these those here there hence thence ago before just then

68 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 thus so yesterday the previous day last night the previous night today that day tonight that night tomorrow the next day next day the following day * Change of Verbs from Direct to Indirect. The following change occurs when the reporting verb is in past tense. The reported speech should be changed into past tense as given below. Direct indirect is was am was was had been were had been has had have had has been had been have been had been shall would wil would may might can could has to + v1 had to + v2 have to + v1 had to + v1 had to + v1 had had to + v1 will have + v3 would have + v3 shall have + v3 would have + v3 does did did had done did not had not write wrote writes wrote is writing was writing has written had written has been writing had been writing wrote had written will write would write Can write could write

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 69 4. Other Changes: i. Assertive sentences: 'said to changes into told 'Said' remains the same '…..' ( inverted comma) is omitted and 'that' is used She said," I have been smoking too much." She said, that she had been smoking too much. She said to me, " I'll spend all the money next month." She told me that she would spend all the money following month. She said to me, "I can't come with you." She told me that she couldn't come with me. Daya said," I arrived yesterday." Daya said that he had arrived the day before. ii. Imperative sentences: Said to' changes into 'told' if it is order/ command and requested / asked ' if it is request. 'Said' changes into 'told' if it is order/ command and 'requested /asked' if it is request by adding your own object. "…. " is omitted and 'to' for affirmative and 'not to' for negative is used. Request words (kindly, please, will you, would you, ) will be omitted. Tense does not change in these cases. The teacher said to the students, "stand up". The teacher told/ ordered the students to stand up. He said to me, " please, wait for me." He asked / requested me to wait for him. He said to them, 'Don't make a noise." He told them not to make a noise. He forbade them to make a noise. 'Don't smoke cigarette." Said the teacher. The teacher forbade us to smoke cigarette. iii. Interrogative Sentences: 'Said to' changes into 'asked' 'Said' changes into 'asked' by adding your own object. '…..' is omitted and 'if / whether' for yes/ no question and 'wh-word' for

70 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 negative are used. Question form changes into statement form. Rama said to him, 'Are you tired ?' Rama asked him if / wheather he was tired. Mahesh said to me, Do you like sugar in your tea ? Mahesh asked me if I liked sugar in my tea. Man bahadur said, 'Where are you going for your holiday, ama ? Man Bahadur asked ama where she was going for her holiday. He said to me, 'when will you return from pokhara ? He asked me when I would return back from Pokhara. iv. Optative Sentences. 'Said to' changes into 'wished/blessed/ prayed/ cursed' 'said' changes into 'wished /blessed \ prayed /cursed' '…….' Is omitted and 'that ' is used. Full stop is used in place of exclamation mark. Mohan said to his friend, "may you be victorious!" ⇒ Mohan wished his friend that he might be victorious. He said, " may God save us ! ⇒ He prayed that God might save us. Father said to me, " may you pass the exam.!" ⇒ Father blessed me that I might pass the exam. He said to me." May you die!" ⇒ He cursed that I might die. v. Exclamatory Sentences 'said' changes into exclaimed with joy/ exclaimed with sorrow / exclaimed with surprise/exclaimed with contempt' '…..' is omitted and 'that' is used. full stop is used in place of exclamation mark. before adjective 'very' is used and before noun 'great' is used. He said, ' alas! My friend has died," ⇒ He exclaimed with sorrow that his friend had died. They said, "What a beautiful girl she is!" ⇒ He exclaimed with surprise that she was a very beautiful girl.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 71 Tom said, " what a fool I am !" ⇒ He exclaimed with surprise that he was a great fool. Note: Hurrah ! expresses, joy, alas! expresses sorrow and grief; What ! Oh! How ! express surprise. Some Specific Rules: a) If the reporting verb is in the present/ future tense, the verbs in the reported speech does not change. He says, " it's sunny day today. " ⇒ He says that it is sunny day today. She will say, "I will teach grammar tomorrow." ⇒ She will say that she will teach grammar tomorrow. Note : The adverbial also do not change when the reporting verb is in present or future tense. b) If the reported statement express habits, truth and scientific facts, the tense in reported speech doesn't change. She said, " The earth revolves around the sun". ⇒ She said that the earth revolves around the sun. He said, "water boils at 100 degrees Celsius." ⇒ He said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. c) Statement with 'Let' i. 'Let us' changes into "purpose/ suggested …that …. Should. He said, Let's go to watch a film. ⇒ He purposed that they should go to watch a film. ii. 'Let without us' changes into "ordered/ requested…. to let…" He said "Let me go". ⇒ He requested to let him go. iii. 'Let assumption' changes into " assumed… that….might be" The teacher said, " Let ABC be the angle 900. The teacher assumed that ABC might be an angle 900. d) To tag question, we have to follow the rule of interrogative sentence. He said to me, " you are a student, aren't you ?" ⇒ He asked me whether I was a student. I said to him, "she wrote this essay, didn't she?

72 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 ⇒ I wanted to know if she had written that essay. e) 'Sir/ madam' will be replaced with 'respectfully' and we have to change the sentences according to their types. Ram said to principal, " sir, can I get holiday for tomorrow?" ⇒ Ram asked the principal respectfully if he could get holiday the day after. f) For 'kindly' and emphatic 'do', we have to use the rule of imperative sentences as they are request word. She said to me." Do come to the party." ⇒ She requested me to come to the party". Exercise 1. Change the following commands and requests into indirect speech. Example: The teacher said to the students, 'Write your answers soon,. ⇒ The teacher told the students to write their answers soon. a. He said to me, 'Give me your pen'. b. 'Shoot the enemy, said the captain. c. He said to me, 'Do try your luck'. d. He said, Don't say a word.' e. I said, 'Go home'. f. He said, 'don’t move, boys.' g. 'Stop taking medicines, I said. h. He said. 'Never talk to me again.' i. He said, 'Get your book, Mahesh.' j. She said, Please say nothing about it.' k. 'Don't go near the fire, children, she said. l. He said to the boys, 'Don't make a noise.' m. He said to his servant, 'Leave my house at once.' n. 'Waiter, please bring me a cup of tea', said the man. o. The boy said to the teacher, ' Please mark me present. p. I said, 'Don't leave the place without my permission.' q. I said to the teacher, 'Please explain the question to me.' 2. Change the following sentences into indirect speech. Interrogative sentences : a. I said to my mother," where are you going?" b. He said to me, "Can you read a book?" c. The police said, "When did the stealing take place."

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 73 d. Priya said to me, 'Do you have a pen? e. She said, "Have you brought your book? f. My new teacher asked me, "What is your name?" g. He said to her, "What do you want?" h. She said to me, "How is your father?" i. "Are you coming home with me." My friend asked me. j. He said to us, "Why are you sitting about there doing nothing? k. "Have you anything to say on behalf of the prisoner? Said the judge finally. l. " Which is the proper way to answer this question, father,? " the boy said. m. She said to me , " What is it that makes you so much stronger and braver than any other man ? n. She said to him, "Why do you carry a dog on your back ?" o. My boss said to me, "How are you doing your work?" p. My principal said to me,"Is it possible for you to come tomorrow morning'. q. He said to me, "Where is the school?" r. Bishal said, " Who are present in the party?" s. Jyona said, " Are you ready to come with me ?" t. My teacher said, "Why is he absent today?" 3. Change the following sentences into direct speech. a. I told her that I had not seen her for month. b. I told them to be quiet. c. Soma asked Rama of she would change places with her. d. Sohan said that he wanted to be a soldier. e. Rahul said that he had seen that picture. f. The stranger asked Monika where she live. g. She told us that she had waited an hour. h. The tourist exclaimed with surprise that the house was very beautiful. i. She cursed him that he might fail in the exam. j. She said that two and two makes four. k. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. l. He wished me good morning. m. I asked him how often he visited his parents. n. Sohan said that he would come the next day. o. She told me to open my book. p. She wished that he might pass in the exam. q. He said that it was terrific. r. She forbade me to go. s. The captain commanded the soldiers to march quick. t. Shyam asked if I got the scholarship.

74 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 4. Change the following sentences as indicated in the bracket. a. She said, 'I was teaching earlier, (Into indirect speech) b. Ram said, 'I'm reading a story. (Into indirect speech ) c. He said, I 'm want to go there with you. (into indirect speech ) d. She said, I'm reading a story. (into indirect speech ) e. Rabina said, I have come from Jhapa two years ago. (into indirect speech ) f. He said to me, you may have to stay in bed for a week. (into indirect speech ) g. Ram said, I'm reading a story. (into indirect speech ) h. They will say, ' we are very late. (into indirect speech ) i. He said, 'Barking dogs seldom bite. (into indirect speech ) j. His grandfather said, I've played some peppers. (into indirect speech ) k. My sister said, I' will come as soon as I can. (into indirect speech ) l. People say, 'It will rain tomorrow. (into indirect speech ) m. Ramji said , She has finished now.' (into indirect speech ) n. Prashant said to me. 'I can speak French." (into indirect speech ) o. Rita said,. ' I am going to Butwal tomorrow.' (into indirect speech ) p. Rohan said,' They went away yesterday . (into indirect speech ) q. She said, 'Water freezes at zero degree Celsius. (into indirect speech ) r. They said, ' We will have developed new fuel by 2030. (into indirect speech ) s. The teacher said that we are mortal. (into direct speech ) t. She said that she was working then. (into direct speech ) u. Sabina said that she liked grapes better than berries. (into direct speech ) v. Monika tells her mother that is her fault. (into direct speech ) w. He said that she drank heavily. (into direct speech ) x. He has told me that he has been shopping all the morning. (into direct speech ) y. Diwash said to me that he had been to India once. (into direct speech ) 5. Change the following sentences as indicated in the bracket; a. The young lady said to the mother, 'Why has your daughter not eaten anything ? (into indirect speech ) b. The children said, Can we eat this?' (into indirect speech ) c. The applicant said, will you consider my application ? (into indirect speech ) d. Suman said to me, ' When will you pay the bill ? (into indirect speech ) e. Sibani asked, 'Did they announce cease fire? (into indirect speech ) f. She said, 'Which note book is mine? (into indirect speech ) g. Rajan asked me, 'Are you going with me to the theatre. (into indirect speech ) h. Mr. Shrestha said, 'How much will it cost? (into indirect speech ) i. Mr. Lama said, 'Will there be plenty of taxis at the airport? (into indirect speech ) j. Jack said to Rose, 'How long have you been a student at this school ? (into

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 75 indirect speech ) k. Jaya said to jyoti, 'Where are you going for your holidays. (into indirect speech ) l. Ganbir said,'Willtherebeplentyofrikshawsatthebuspark?(intoindirect speech) m. Binod said to Anita, Are you from England ? (into indirect speech) n. 'What do you want to do?' asked Laxmi. (into indirect speech) o. 'Aren't you satisfied with the decision? (into indirect speech) p. Bhumi asked me if I was going to school. (into direct speech) q. He asked me if I learnt from my mistakes. (into direct speech) 6. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. He said, Alas! She's died. (into indirect speech) b. Rohit blessed his grandma to live long. (into direct speech) c. Ruku looked at a boy and said, 'How cute !. (into indirect speech) d. Ramira wished me happy valentine. (into direct speech) e. Shashi congratulated me. (into indirect speech) f. The fox said, 'What fine ripe grapes they are !" (into indirect speech) g. Themother saidtothechild,MayyoubethePrimeMinister.(intoindirect speech) h. The women cursed him to die soon. (into indirect speech) i. The man said, 'What a beautiful flower. ! (into indirect speech) j. The wounded main said, Alas ! I am ruined.' (into indirect speech) k. 'When will you pay the money ?' (into indirect speech) l. The teacher said, 'Waterfreezes at zero degree Celsius'. (into indirect speech) m. The teacher said, 'The earth moves around the sun. (into indirect speech) n. The man told me not to spit in public place. (into indirect speech) o. The boy asked them, 'Could you stop singing here ? (into indirect speech) p. The astronomer said, Jupiter is the largest planet.' (into indirect speech) q. She said to me, 'What is your name ? (into indirect speech) r. She asked me why I broke a chair. (into indirect speech) s. She asked me whether I would follow her. (into indirect speech) t. She asked me what I needed. (into indirect speech) u. Satis asked me if I had called him. (into indirect speech) v. Sanjila said to her father, 'Will you help me tomorrow. (into indirect speech) w. Raman asked his brother why he hadn't worked well. (into indirect speech) x. Raju said, 'where is the auditorium ?' (into indirect speech) y. Pakbhadur said to her students. 'Be quiet.' (into indirect speech) 7. Change the following into indirect speech. Example: He said, " Good- bye my friend." ⇒ He bade good-bye to his friend.

76 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 a. He said, "Please let me go." b. The teacher says, 'Do not steal'. c. He said, 'May God pardon me.' d. He said, 'Who has stolen my book." e. He said to me, "You alone can save her." f. Parash said, " Mother, I am in a hurry.' g. The man said, Ah! The poor man is undone.' h. He said to his teacher, 'Sir, I am a poor boy.' i. 'Keep quiet, said the mother to the child. j. He said, 'will you listen to such a man ? k. She said, 'Let us have a picnic on Saturday.' l. He said, 'Sudhir was swimming in the pool. m. He said, 'Where can I get an application form' ? n. He said, 'How many brothers do you have.' o. The old man said, 'I could see my dear son!' p. "Hurrah ! we have overtaken them, " Said the boys. q. 'You have done it very badly; remarked the teacher. r. "Have you done your homework ? " the teacher asked. s. The teacher said to us, " the prizes will be presented tomorrow.' t. 'Where do you live and where are you going?' asked the fellow passenger. 8. Change the following exclamation and wishes into indirect speech. Example: He said, Alas ! I am ruined. ⇒ He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined. She said, 'what a fine picture it is !' ⇒ She exclaimed with joy that it was a very fine picture.' a. He said, Alas! 'I am in trouble!' b. She said, 'What a fine picture it is !' c. He said, Bravo! 'you have done well.' d. Seema said, ' How clever I am!' e. He said, Ah! He is dead.' f. She said, ' Good- bye my brother.' g. He said to her, 'May you succeed. h. She cried I wish I were dead ! i. He said to me, 'May God bless you.' j. We said, 'What a pity!' k. They said, 'How foolish of him! l. He said, What a fool Sangya is! m. I said, 'Enough! n. He said, ' Thank you! o. He said, 'Happy New Year!' p. The boy said, 'Wish you a happy Journey.!

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 77 Voice 7 Unit Study the following table of structures and examples. Structure Examples 1. Simple present Active: Sub + v1 / v5 + obj. Passive: Obj + is /am/are + v3 + by + sub. Active : Rita calls me. Passive: I am called by Rita. 2. Present continuous Active : Sub + is/ am/ are + ving + Obj. Passive: Obj + is/ am/ are +being + v3 + by + sub. Active : I’m calling you. Passive: You are being called by me. 3. Present Perfect: Active : Sub + has/have+ v3 + obj. Passive: Obj + has/have+ been + v3 + by + sub. Active : I have finished the task. Passive: The task has been finished. 4. Present perfect continuous: Active : : sub + has/have+ been + ving + obj. Passive: No passive Active : I have been working here for ten years. Passive: No passive. 5. Simple Past: Active : Sub + v2 + Obj. Passive: Obj + was/ were + v3 + by + sub. Active : Hari invited my parents. Passive: My parents were invited by Hari. 6. Past Continuous: Active : Sub+ was/ were/ ving + Obj. Passive: Obj+ was/ were+ being + v3 + by + sub. Active : He was chasing a man. Passive: A man was being chased. 7. Past Perfect: Active : Sub + had + v3 + Obj Passive: Obj + had + been + v3 + by + sub. Active : They had appreciated me. Passive: I had been appreciated. 8. Past perfect continuous: Active : Sub + had + been +v ing + Obj Passive: No passive. Active : She had been doing the work. Passive: No passive.

78 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 9. Simple future: Active : Sub + shall/ will +v1 + Obj. Passive: Obj + shall/ will + be + v3 + by+ sub. Active : She will call you. Passive: You will be called by her. 10. Future Continuous: Active : Sub + shall / will + be+ving + Obj. Passive: No passive Active : She will be calling you Passive: No passive. 11. Future perfect: Active : Sub + shall/ will + have + v3 +Obj Passive: Obj + shall /will +have+been + v3 +Sub. Active : I will have completed the task. Passive: The task will have been completed. 12. Future perfect continuous: Active : Sub + shall/ will + have+been+ ving +Obj. Passive: No passive. Active : I will have been doing the work. Passive: No passive. Read and learn: Transitive/ intransitive verbs in passive: Only transitive verbs ( having a direct or implied object) are changed into passive. Intransitive verbs (not having object) are not changed into passive. 1. He fell off the ladder.( No passive) 2. He died of caner. (No passive) 3. She went away. (No passive) 4. She is crying a lot. (No passive) Thus, verbs like fall, die, go, cry, etc. generally do not require object for the sentences to complete. These verbs are intransitive verbs. So, they are not changed into the passive. Rules for making passive: 1. Change in subject and object: As we have discussed earlier, the object of the active voice becomes the subject in the passive voice and the subject of the active voice becomes the object in the passive. Example: Dinesh has called me. (Active voice) I have been called by Dinesh. (Passive voice) 2. Change in the form of pronouns : As the subject of the active is changed into the object in the passive and the object

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 79 of the active into the subject in the passive, we need to change the form of the pronouns accordingly. Example: I'm calling her. She is begging called by me. ( The subjective pronoun of 'her' is 'she' and the objective pronoun of 'I' is 'me'.) 3. Uncertain and plural or vague agents (doers) are often left out in the passive: Some other rules of voice change: It is not always necessary to write" by + agent" in passive sentences. We do not use it in case of indefinite pronouns, unknown doers, too obvious subject and unimportant subject. So, subjects like somebody, someone, nobody, no one, anybody, everyday, everyone, they, people, we etc. are not used in the passive. Example: Active: They are calling me. Passive: I'm being called. Active: People speak English all over the world. Passive: English is spoken all over the world. Active: No one has called me. Passive: I have not been called. However, we must use by + agent' for proper noun while personal are optional. Example: i. Active: Hari has seen Rita. Passive : Rita has been seen by Hari. ii. Active: She has invited me. Passive: I have been invited (by her). (optional) 4. Change in the main verb. : Every main verb is changed into its past particle (v3 ) form while the auxiliary verb remains the same or is changed into the same tense according to the new subject. Example: I am writing a letter. A letter is being written (by me). (here, the main verb writing is changed into be + v3 –being written, and the auxiliary 'am' is changed into 'is ' according to the new subject 'A letter'. 5. If there are two objects in an active sentence, preference for the subject for the passive is given to the one that is directly affected by the main verb. Or, something we have two passive sentences.

80 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Example: I have written a letter to him. ⇒ A letter has been written to him. (by me) ⇒ He has been written a letter by me. She gave me a ball. ⇒ I was given a ball by her. ⇒ A ball was given to me by her. 6. Use of be verbs: Certain 'be verbs' are used in passive sentences according to the tense of the active voice. a) Is/am/are for simple present: If the active sentences is in the simple present tense, we use is/am/are as the be verb. Example : 1. We harvest the crop. The crop is harvested. 2. The girl sings beautiful songs. Beautiful songs are sung (by the girl). b) Was/were for the simple past: If the active sentences is in the simple past tense, we use was/were as the 'be verb' . Example : 1. The finance minster presented the budget. The budget was presented by the finance minister. 2. He read many novels in the last six months. Many novels were read by him in the last six months. c) 'Being' for present continuous and past continuous tense: If the active sentences is either in the present continuous tense or in the past continuous tense, we use 'being' as the be verb. Example : 1. I'm calling her. She is being called by me. 2. The teacher was calling the boys. The boys were being called by the teacher. d) 'Been' for perfect tense: If active sentence is in the present perfect tense, past perfect tense or in the future perfect tense, we use 'been' as the be verb. Example : 1. I have invited your parents to supper. Your parents have been invited to supper. 2. They had cancelled the programme. The programme had been cancelled. e) 'Be' for simple future and imperatives: We use 'be' as the be verb in the simple future tense and in imperative sentences.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 81 Example : 1. I will call my parents. My parents will be called. 2. Call the doctor. Let the doctor be called. f) The voice of the future continuous tense and all the perfect continuous tenses is not changed. It's mainly because of the presence of be verbs: be and been in them. Example : 1. It will be raining soon. (No change) 2. I will have been drawing pictures. (No change) 7. The imperatives in voice: a) Active: v1 + Obj. in command /order/ asking. Passive: Let + be +v3 or you are asked to / ordered to + v1 + obj. b. If the imperative sentence indicates a duty, its passive becomes : obj + should / most/ ought to / has to / have to + be + v3 Active: Respect the elders. Passive: The elders should be respected. c) If the imperative is a request, its passive structure becomes: you are requested to + v1 + obj. Example : Active : Shut the door, please. Passive: you are requested to shut the door. 8. Passive with prepositional phrase: If the verb comes with a preposition, the preposition should not be left out. Example : Active: He stared at me. I was stared at. 9. Passives of hearsay: Words of hearsay like believe, understand, assume, report, find, say, think, claim, agree, know, consider, estimate, etc. can be made passive in two different ways. a) It is + v3 of hear say word + that + the entire sentence. b) sub + verb + v3 of hearsay word + to (be) + the remaining part (obj + com) Example : i. Active: people say that Nepal is a developing country. Passive: a) It is said that Nepal is a developing country. b) Nepal is said to be a developing country. ii. Active:Theyestimate thattheglobaltemperaturewill continue toincrease. Passive: a)It is estimated that the global temperature will continue to increase. b) The global temperature is estimated to continue to increase.

82 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 10. Position of adverbs and other complements: In the passive sentence, the time adverbs and other complements are placed in between the be verb and the main verb. Example : Active: I called him immediately. Passive: He was immediately called (by me) 11. Substitution of the preposition 'by' with agent (object) : With certain verbs we use other prepositions like 'to', 'with' and 'at' instead of 'by' with the agent or object. Example: Active : Mike marries Miss Jane. Passive: Miss Jane is married to Mike. This applies to verbs like satisfy, please, disgust, kill, cut, cover, dissatisfy, displease crowded, line etc. Active: My wife pleases me. Passive: I am pleased with my wife. 'At' with verbs like surprise, astonishes, agitate, vex, annoy, and disappoint, alarm, shock, rejoice, amuse, etc. Active: The incident astonished me. Passive: I was astonished at the incident. 12. Passive of infinitives and gerunds: Infinitive structure: Active : sub + v1 (obj) to infinitive +….. Passive : sub + v1 + to be + v3 of infinitive +…. Example : i. Active: I want them to include me in the team. Passive : I want to be included in the team. ii. Active : I have got some people to meet today. Passive : Some people are to be met today. Gerund Structure: Active : sub + (agent) + gerund (verbal noun) + obj . (Complement) Passive: sub + being +v3 of gerund + complement…. Example : i. Active : She likes people meeting her in the park. Passive : She likes being met in the park. ii. Active: I don't enjoy people laughing at me. Passive: I don't enjoy being laughed at. 13. Causative passive: We can also construct the passive forms of causative verbs like 'get' and 'have'.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 83 1. Active: She had a man paint her house. Passive: She had her house painted. 2. Active: Anil has got a man to repair his bicycle. Passive: Anil has got his bicycle repaired. 14. Passive of interrogatives: Questions in the active voice are also changed into question forms in the passive. The rules that apply in other statements do apply to questions also. Look at he following examples for better understanding. 1. Do they invite you? (start your question with a helping verb in yes/No question.) 2. Who is knocking at the door? (start a wh-question with By+ the same wh word. ) Passive : By whom is the door being knocked at? So, the structures of yes/ no questions are: Active: Aux. verb +sub+ main verb + obj. + ? Passive: Aux. verb (be verb) + obj+ v3 + (by + sub) + ? 1. Have you called him? Passive : Has he been called ? 2. Did he see you ? Passive: were you seen (by him)? And, the structure of 'Wh'-question are: Active: Wh word + (aux) + sub + main verb+ obj + ? Passive: (By) Wh word + aux. verb + obj + be verb + v3 + ? 1. Active : Why did you call him? Passive Why was he called ? 2. Active : Who is beating them ? Passive : By whom are they being beaten ? 15. Passives of models: a. Active: Sub +modal + v1 + obj + Passive: obj +modal + be + v3 + by + sub a. Active: He might contact me. Passive: I might be contacted (by him). b. Active: Sub +modal + be +ving + 0bj Passive: No passive b. Active: They may be helping my father. Passive: No passive c. Active: Sub +modal +have + v3 + 0bj Passive: obj +modal +have +been + v3 + by + sub. c. Active: He might have completed the work. Passive: The work might have been completed . d. Active: Sub +modal +have + been + ving + 0bj Passive: No passive d. Active: She would have been working hard. Passive: No passive.

84 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Exercise 1. Choose the best alternative to complete the following sentences. a. The passive of 'I have sent you a letter 'is – A letter …… to you by me. i) has sent ii) has been sent iii) was sent b. The active voice of 'The trees are being cut down massively' is …… the trees massively. i) I am cutting down ii) people cut down iii) people are cutting down c. The active voice of 'were you called to the party ? is….. to the party ? i) Did they call you ii) Did you call them iii) Had you called d. The active voice of 'let the treatment not be done' is ….. . i) Do the treatment ii) Don't do the treatment iii) let the treatment no do e. The passive voice of ' Why haven't you done the work ? is Why …..? i) hasn't the work been done. ii) wasn't the work done. iii) haven't the work been done. f. The active voice of 'We have been cheated several times 'is…..several times.' i) We have cheated them. ii) They have cheated us. iii) They were cheated by us. g. The passive voice of ' The students had submitted the task' is 'The task …… by the students'. i) Has been submitted ii) had submitted iii) had been submitted. h. The passive voice of ' How could you have betrayed us? is 'How ….by you?' i) could we be betrayed ii) could you have betrayed iii) could we have been betrayed? i. The active voice of ' The child is being bullied' is…..the child. i) someone is bullying ii) they were bullying iii) he is bullying 2. Choose the best alternative to complete the following sentences. a. People are destroying the jungle. The jungle….(is destroying , is destroyed, is being destroyed.) b. Someone robbed my house. My house …. (is robbed, was robbed, was being robbed) c. They turned my offer down. My offer … ( had been turned down, was

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 85 turned down, had turned down) d. Someonehas stolenmy book.My book…(has stolen,has been stolen,is stolen) e. No one saw me. I … ( am not seen, haven't seen, wasn't seen) f. Food is being prepared by my sister. That is to say….(my sisteris preparing food, my sis has been preparing food, my sister prepares food ) 3. Change the following sentences into passive voice: Example : We expect good news. ⇒ Good news is expected. a. People speak English all over the world. b. They publish the newspaper daily. c. Files carry many diseases. d. Tigers eat small animals like deer and wild pigs. e. They promise us higher wages. f. National parks attract tourists. g. Everyone respects a virtuous soul. h. Woodcutters fell the trees for firewood and timber. i. One uses milk for making butter and cheese. j. She cleans the room every morning. k. Our village is constructing a school. l. Farmers are clearing the jungle. m. They are building a fine new theatre in our capital city right now. n. People are destroying the jungle for settlement. o. He is beating the boy. 4. Change the following sentences as instructed in the brackets: a. People worship the God. (Into passive) b. My room hasn't been swept well. (Into active) c. Let's finish it. (Into passive) d. She isn't punished. (Into active) e. They turned my offer down. (into passive) f. Someone has stolen my book. (into passive) g. People are destroying the jungle. (into passive) h. Someone robbed me last night. (into passive) i. I don't like being asked stupid question. (into active) j. The police were given the information. (into active) k. Most people like being given present. (into active)) l. I wasn't given the money. (into active) m. We had been told a humorous story by ourteacherthe previous day.(into active)

86 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 n. They are clearing the jungle. (into passive) o. Sarala is preparing tea. (into passive) p. Let the corrupts be punished. (into active) q. The thief was arrested in an hour. (into active) r. Is this room being used ? (into active) s. His cheat was checked up by a specialist. (into active) t. Is meat being sold here? (into active) 5. Change the following sentences into passive voice. Example: No one is going to help her. ⇒ She is not going to be helped. a. People will forget this incident in a few year. b. He will win the prize. c. Somebody will steal that axe if you leave it there. d. People will warmly welcome the king. e. People will show the visitors the new building. f. She will look after her child well. g. Someone will read you another chapter next time. h. We shall discuss the matter tomorrow. i. National parks would preserve the tiger. j. We must go into this matter. k. Even a mouse may help a lion. l. One should keep one's promise. m. The government should open a national park. n. Formers have to grow more rice. o. We have to earn more money. p. You need not post this letter. q. Candidates may not use dictionaries. r. They are sure to help you. s. We have to control population growth. t. Spraying can now control malaria. u. You ought to help the poor. w. She can do everything. w. I can do nothing. x. He's going to sell that buffalo. y. They cannot carry it out in practice. z. We must look after our children.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 87 6. Change the following sentences into passive voice. a. Ramesh eats a mango. b. Sally is writing a letter. c. A boy killed a tiger. d. Columbus discovered America. e. A snake has bitten her. f. She must do this. g. I have to do this. h. Help the poor. i. Weight the solid in air. j. Zoos attract many students. k. We constructed a bridge. l. Everyone enjoyed the holiday. m. We publish the newspaper daily. n. He is going to buy a book. o. All know Devkota. p. What are you doing? q. Dilip pleased me. r. She must write to me. s. She will look after the girls well. t. She reminded to me read a book. u. Don't let people see you. v. How does the boy help you ? w. Can you carry the load? x. I am to read a book. y. Does she write a letter? z. She must look into the matter. 7. Change the following sentences into passive voice. a. Nobody heard a sound. b. Girls read books. c. She is beating the girl. d. Don't write a letter. e. Children eat sweet. f. She danced beautifully. g. Let me open the door. h. We selected him principal. i. They let us go. j. He made us work. k. He invited me to go. l. We keep the butter here. m. They ought to have told him. n. We are repairing the bridge. o. People say that he is a learned man. p. She gave an apple to her daughter. q. People speak English all over the world. r. One should keep one's promises. s. Did she give you enough food ? t. They threw away the old newspapers. u. He wants someone to take photograph. v. He urged the council to reduce the rates. w. Captain Morehouse sighted a ship on the horizon. 7. Change the voice of the following sentences. a. Please, wash my clothes. b. They felled the trees massively. c. The dog didn't chew the bones. d. Somebody had signaled us. e. Had they completed their work. f. My uncle has run a shop. g. The angles light the fire. h. They will harvest the crop. i. Nation politics worries me a lot. j. Snakes are killed in the Terai.

88 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 k. The trees are falled massively. l. Let the letters be delivered. m. How is the news prepared by her? n. Whydidn'tyouinvitehertotheparty? o. The boys were sent away by the police. p. A bad man is being chased by a mad dog. q. Hadn't you been accused of a murder ? r. The boys were being chased by a mad dog. s. The teacher has been called for an interview. t. The task will not have been completed by the girls. 8. Change the following sentences into passive voice. a. Who saved Ram Singh ? b. Does he always beat her ? c. Have they invited her ? d. Should we preserve the tiger ? e. Who broke this jug ? f. Why should we preserve the tiger ? g. Where has a bus run over a cow? h. Who ought to clean the room ? i. Who broke the glass? j. What could throw the box? k. Do you like tea? l. Has he stolen my pen ? m. Did they give you enough sugar? n. Are they reading the book ? o. Does he have to invite her ? p. What questions did the teacher ask you ? q. Didn't they tell you to be there by six o'clock? r. Did anyone ask any questions about me ? s. Why did no one inform me of the change of the plan? t. How far does the health of the people affect development ? 9. Change each of the sentences below into the passive voice. Example: i. Does the noise disturb you ? (active) Are you disturbed by the noise? (passive) ii. How did Sarita write it ? (active) How was it written by Sarita? (passive) a. Does this help us? b. How did they finish it? c. Do cats eat meat? d. Where do they make the toys? e. Did Hari buy the radio? f. Why do they ask this questions ? g. Where can you get good picture? h. When does she clean the room? i. How do they paint the picture? j. Who has insulted you? k. Did they give you enough sugar? l. Who wrote this poem? m. Did they give you enough sugar? n. WillMr.Maskeytellmethereal story? o. Why did they offer him a job? p. Who broke the news?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 89 q. Did they buy a bat? r. How do you record the song? s. Have you washed all the plates ? t. Has anyone ever asked you an embarrassing question ? 10. Change the following sentences into the passive voice. Example : It is time to take tea. (active) It is time for tea to be taken. (passive) a. They are doing the work. b. He defended the boys. c. Suman loves Sharmila. d. Who did this? e. Give the order. f. Will he do this work? g. The car hit the man. h. A car ran over the child. i. It is time to take coffee. j. I looked into the matter. k. They laughed at him. l. His conduct shocked me. m. He satisfied everybody. n. The news pleased me. o. Mohan has killed a snake. p. He did it. q. He has drawn a picture. r. The guard opened the gate. s. She eats an apple. t. Put out the light. 11. Change the sentences below into the passive voice. Example: i. Advertise the post. (active) Let the post be advertised. (passive) ii. Please forgive him. (active) You are requested to forgive him. (passive) iii. Let him do it. (active) Let it be done by him. (passive) a. Open the door. b. Please help him. c. Let him do it. d. Send the child to school. e. Help yourself, please. f. Implement the order. g. Please keep to the left. h. Come here, please. i. Kindly do it tomorrow. j. Shoot the robbers. k. Write the answer soon. l. Never cheat a friend. m. Post these letters today. n. Close the door at once. o. Please respect your parents. p. Give this pen to your teacher. q. Type this letter before 4 p.m. r. Send invitations to all the memories.

90 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Conditional Sentences 8 Unit Conditional 'or' 'If' sentence is also called if clause. There are two clauses in a conditional sentence. They are dependent clause and independent clause. The if clause is called the dependent clause and it cannot give a complete and clear meaning without the main clause. This clause normally begins with ‘If’. ‘If’ can be replaced with unless, provided that, whether...or/not. And without using If, the clause may also begin with ‘Auxiliary Verb’ and the sentence ends with a full stop. The main clause is called the independent clause. There are three types of conditional sentences. Study the following examples: If you put ice in the sun, it melts. If water boils, it changes into steam. I shall go for a swim if it is fine. If you call her, she will come. The plants will die if there is too much sunlight. He won’t come if it rains. Unless you complete your master’s degree, don’t be a teacher. If you see a snake, don’t tease it. If you are good at home, you can be good outside. If I were you, I would never accept the proposal. She wouldn’t learn much unless she worked harder. If she agreed I would marry her. I would have gone if I had known. They would do it if they could. My friend would have helped you if you had asked him. Had he been the head teacher of this school he would have run it properly. Provided that you were the Prime Minister, what would you do? 1. Rule No.1 If +simple present /simple present If water boils, it changes into vapour. We use this structure to talk about scientific facts. If you mix lemon in milk, it coagulates. If you put your sweater in hot water, it shrinks. If you leave mixed cement on a floor, it sets.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 91 If you keep an ice cube outside the fridge, it melts. If you keep your hand in a fire, it burns you. 2. Rule No. 2 1st type If + simple present/ simple future (sub/ may/can /must +v1 ….) We +use this structure to talk about a future possibility or advice. If you work hard, you may pass the exam, (possibility) If he helps me, I shall clean the room. (future possibility) If you want a white coat (become a doctor) burn the midnight oil. (advive) In this structure, of can be substituted by should. If she plays well, she will win the match. Should she play well, Shaily will win the match. The negative structure If he teaches well, we may accept him. If he does not teach well. Or, Unless he teaches well, We may not accept him. If you advise him, he will study well. If you do not advice him, he will not study well. Or Unless you advise him, he will not study well. In this structure, the simple present tense in the main clause can be substituted by the present continuous or present prefect as well. If you are writing, I shall wait for you . ( you may continue/ go on writing) If you have finished, you can submit your paper. (I shall collect your paper) We can even use the passive structure in conditionals . If you are informed, you must convey it to the concerned person. (more in the exercise) 3. Rule No. 3 2nd type If + sub + simple past + Sub + would /could /should /might + v1…. We use this structure to talk about unreal and hypothetical situation. If you studied, you would pass. (you never study, so you can’t pass) If she invited you, you could join the party. (she never invites) If I were a snake, I would bite all corrupt ministers overnight. (I can never be a snake) If I were to help her, I might help her generously. (She is well off)

92 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition - 10 Was or were? As this structure is used to show unreal situation, the use of was reduces the degree of unreal condition. So, it is recommended to use were irrespective of the number of the subject. If he was/ were the general manager of this hotel, he might look into the workers’ problems. However, if a clue is given, we can use was instead of were. If I were to catch a cold, I would consult a doctor. (I am OK.) If I was/ were to catch a cold, I would consult a doctor. [ In this sentence, I have a chance to catch a cold.] 4. Rule No. 4 3rd type If + sub+ past perfect + would /could/ should/ might/ must + have + v3….. We use this structure to talk about a situation that is not possible now. If she had invited me, I could have attended the party. (this time she did not invite ) If you had studied well, you would have passed the exam. ( you did not study well, there is a chance if you did next time) In this structure, if can be substituted by had. If you had informed me in time, I could have helped you. Had you informed me in time, I could have helped you. If they had been able to draft to constitution, they would not have dissolved the constituent Assembly. Had they been able to draft the constitution, they would not have dissolved the constituent Assembly. Note: In “if clause” among ‘was’ and ‘were’ every subject (singular/plural) takes ‘were’. If she were here, I could explain to her myself. For Remember: 0 type → Scientific fact 1st type → Cause and effect 2nd type → Unreal and hypothetical 3rd type → Hypothetical but impossible