พจนานุกรมศัพท์เกษตร agricultural_dictionary

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑‡å °…µ√

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√

°√¡«‘™“°“√‡°…µ√
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æ®π“πÿ°√¡»æ— ∑‡å °…µ√

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√

®°— √æß…å ‡®‘¡»√‘ ‘

√«∫√«¡·≈–‡√¬’ ∫‡√¬’ ß

æ¡‘ æ∑å Ë’
‚√ßæ‘¡æ™å ¡ÿ πÿ¡ À°√≥°å “√‡°…µ√·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ®”°¥—
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æ®π“πÿ°√¡»æ— ∑‡å °…µ√

§”ª√“√¿¢Õߺ⟇√’¬∫‡√¬’ ß

‡¡Ë◊Õ¢â“懮ⓠ”‡√Á®°“√»÷°…“®“°¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å·≈–‡√‘Ë¡µâπ∑”ß“π„À¡à Ê π—Èπ
¬—ß¡’π‘ ‘µ√ÿàππâÕßÀ≈“¬§π‰ª¡“À“ àŸÕ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õ ∫“ߧπ°Á·«–¡“‡¬’ˬ¡‡¬’¬π°—πµ“¡ª√°µ‘ ∫â“ß°ÁÀÕ∫
‡Õ“°“√∫â“π¡“„Àâ™à«¬∑” °“√∫â“π∑’Ë«à“π’È°Á§◊Õ°“√·ª≈·≈–‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‡Õ° “√«‘™“°“√®“°¿“…“µà“ß
ª√–‡∑»¡“‡ªìπ¿“…“‰∑¬ „π§√È—ß°√–πÈ—π¢â“懮Ⓣ¥âæ∫¥â«¬§«“¡Õ—»®√√¬å„®«à“§”∏√√¡¥“„π¿“…“
Õ—ß°ƒ…πȇ’ ¡ÕË◊ °≈“¬¡“‡ªπì »—æ∑å«™‘ “°“√·≈â« ≈“ß∑°’ Á„À⧫“¡À¡“¬·µ°µ“à ߉ª®“°‡¥¡‘ ™π‘¥∑Ëπ’ °÷ ‰¡∂à ÷ß
µ—«Õ¬“à ߇™à𠧔«à“ stand ‡¡Ë◊Õ‡ªìπ»—æ∑«å ™‘ “°“√®–À¡“¬∂ß÷ À¡Ÿà‰¡,â ª√¡‘ “≥·≈–ª√‘¡“µ√À¡àŸ‰¡â À√Õ◊
crown À¡“¬§«“¡∂ß÷ 1. ∞“π¢Õßµπâ ‰¡∑â √’Ë “°‚º≈Õà Õ°, ∫√‡‘ «≥‚§πµπâ µ√ß√Õ¬µÕà √–À«“à ßµπâ °∫— √“°
2. °Õ (‡™àπ °Õµ–‰§√)â , æ¡ÿà „∫, µ–‡°’¬ß ∫— ª–√¥, ®ÿ°∑Ë’‡°‘¥∫πº≈ ∫— ª–√¥ 3. ‡√Õ◊ π¬Õ¥ («π.)
¥ß— π‡’È ªπì µπâ ®“°‡Õ° “√«™‘ “°“√¥ß— °≈“à «ππ—È ‡Õß∑”„À¢â “â 懮“â µ√–Àπ°— ∂ß÷ §«“¡¬“°≈”∫“°„π°“√·ª≈
·≈–‡√¬’ ∫‡√¬’ ߇հ “√«‘™“°“√®“°¿“…“ÀπßË÷ ‡ªπì Õ°’ ¿“…“ÀπßË÷ ·≈–‡ÀπÁ §«“¡®”‡ªπì ∑®’Ë –µÕâ ß√«∫√«¡
»æ— ∑«å ‘™“°“√‰«‡â ªìπÀ¡«¥À¡à‡Ÿ æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√∑”ß“π µ—ßÈ ·µπà —Èπ¡“ ®ß÷ ‰¥æâ ¬“¬“¡√«∫√«¡§”»æ— ∑µå “à ß Ê
∑Ë’„™â„π “¢“‡°…µ√»“ µ√剫‡â ∑à“∑Ë’‡«≈“·≈–‚Õ°“ ®–Õ”π«¬

„π™«à ß√–¬–‡«≈“∑°’Ë ≈“à «¢“â ßµπâ ππÈ— §”»æ— ∑«å ™‘ “°“√„π “¢“‡°…µ√»“ µ√∑å ¡’Ë º’ ®âŸ ¥— ∑”‰«‡â ÀπÁ
¡’Õ¬àŸ°Á·µà¢ÕßÀ≈«ß ÿ«√√≥«“®°° ‘°‘® ·≈–»—æ∑åªÉ“‰¡â∑’Ë°√¡ªÉ“‰¡â‰¥â∫—≠≠—µ‘»—æ∑剫â´Ë÷ß¡’§”»—æ∑åÕ¬àŸ
‰¡à¡“° °“≈‡«≈“ºà“π‰ª Àπâ“∑’Ë°“√ß“π∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ∑”„Àâ¢â“懮⓵âÕß«“ß¡◊Õ®“°°“√∑”ß“ππÈ’‰ª
√–¬–Àπ÷Ëß ®π°√–∑—Ë߇¡◊ËÕ¢â“懮Ⓞ°≈â®–Õ”≈“™’«‘µ√“™°“√®÷߉¥âπ÷°∂÷ßß“π∑Ë’∑”§â“߉«â™È‘ππ’È·≈–
À¬‘∫¢È÷π¡“ – “ßÕ’°§√È—ßÀπ÷Ë߇æ◊ËÕ®—¥∑”‡ªìπ¢Õß∑Ë’√–≈÷°·°àºŸâ∑’ˇ§“√æπ—∫∂◊Õ ‚¥¬¬÷¥À≈—°‡°≥±å°“√
∫—≠≠—µ‘»—æ∑å¢Õß√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π‰«â‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π „π™à«ß‡«≈“∑Ë’¢â“懮⓫“ß¡◊Õ
®“°°“√∑”ß“ππÈ’∂÷ß·¡â«à“®–¡’ºâŸ§‘¥§âπ∫—≠≠—µ‘»—æ∑å«‘™“°“√¢÷Èπ¡“¡“°¡“¬°Áµ“¡ ·µà¢â“懮⓰Á‡™◊ËÕ«à“
æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√ ∑Ë’¢â“懮â“√«∫√«¡‰«âπÈ’§ß®–‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πå·°àºâŸÕà“πµ“¡ ¡§«√ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°
°“√®—¥∑”§√È—ßπÈ’‰¥â∑”¢÷Èπ¿“¬„π‡«≈“®”°—¥®÷ßÕ“®¡’¢âÕ∫°æ√àÕ߇°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â ¢â“懮⓵âÕߢÕÕ¿—¬·°à∑à“π
ºŸâ„™Àâ π—ß ◊ÕπÈ’‰«≈â à«ßÀπ“â ≥ ∑Ë’π’È ·≈–À«—ß«“à §ß®–‰¥√â —∫°“√‡ πÕ·π–®“°∑“à πº√Ÿâ â∑Ÿ Èß— À≈“¬‡æÕ◊Ë ·°â‰¢
„À∂â °Ÿ µÕâ ß ¡∫√Ÿ ≥å¬ßË‘ ¢÷Èπ„π‚Õ°“ µÕà ‰ª

ºŸ‡â √’¬∫‡√’¬ß

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

i

À≈°— ‡°≥±å°“√®—¥∑”

1. ∑Ë’¡“¢Õß»—æ∑å

1.1 Àπ—ß ◊Õ Glossary of Soil Science Term ¢Õß Soil Science of America

©∫∫— æ¡‘ æåªï §.». 1987

1.2 »—æ∑åæ◊Èπ∞“π∑“ß “¢“‡°…µ√»“ µ√å »—æ∑åªÉ“‰¡â »—æ∑å™≈ª√–∑“π ·≈–®“°

ª√– ∫°“√≥å¢ÕߺŸâ√«∫√«¡

2. À≈—°‡°≥±°å “√∫—≠≠—µ‘»æ— ∑å „™«â ∏‘ ∫’ —≠≠µ— ‘»æ— ∑¢å Õß√“™∫—≥±µ‘ ¬ ∂“π ¥ß— πÈ’

2.1 «‘∏’§‘¥§”¢È÷π„À¡à §◊Õ ∂â“»—æ∑å„¥ “¡“√∂ºŸ°§”¢È÷π„À¡à‰¥â°Á欓¬“¡„™â§”‰∑¬°àÕπ

µàÕ‡¡◊ËÕÀ“§”‰∑¬∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡·≈–µ√ß°—∫§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß»—æ∑å‰¡à‰¥â·≈â« ®–À“§”®“°¿“…“∫“≈’·≈–

 π—  °ƒµ∑¡Ë’ ’„™Õâ ¬·Ÿà ≈«â „π¿“…“‰∑¬¡“º°Ÿ ‡ªπì »æ— ∑¢å πÈ÷ ‚¥¬„À¡â ®’ ”π«π§”πÕâ ¬∑ Ë’ ¥ÿ ‡∑“à ∑®’Ë –∑”‰¥â ‡æÕË◊

¡‘„À»â æ— ∑∑å ∫’Ë ≠— ≠µ— ¢‘ π÷È ¡≈’ °— …≥–‡ªπì °“√𬑠“¡»æ— ∑·å ≈–∂“⠬ߗ À“§”∑‡Ë’ À¡“– ¡‰¡à‰¥Õâ °’ ®ß÷ „™«â ∏‘ ∑’ ∫— »æ— ∑å

°“√„™â∫ÿæ∫∑ ∂Ⓣ¡à®”‡ªπì ®–‰¡à„™â ‡™àπ

aggregation °“√√«¡¡«≈ transmutation °“√·ª√æπ— ∏ÿå

·µ®à –„™‡â ¡◊ËÕ∑”„À⧫“¡À¡“¬¢Õß»—æ∑∫å ≠— ≠µ— ‘‡°‘¥§«“¡°”°«¡ À√Õ◊ ∑”„À§â «“¡À¡“¬º‘¥‰ª ‡™πà

biolysis °“√ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’««∏‘ ’ cytolysis °“√ ≈“¬¢Õ߇´≈≈å

2.2 »—æ∑å∫—≠≠—µ‘∑Ë’ºŸ°¢÷Èπ®“°§”∫“≈’·≈– —π °ƒµ ∂â“»—æ∑åπÈ—π¡’§”¢¬“¬ª√–°Õ∫Àπâ“

§”π“¡ °“√º°Ÿ §”»—æ∑åÕ“®„™Àâ ≈°— °“√ ¡“ µ“¡‰«¬“°√≥¢å Õß¿“…“∫“≈’ ‡™πà

biological ™’« “√ phytogeography 惰…¿¡Ÿ ‘»“ µ√å

À√Õ◊ Õ“®„™âÀ≈—°°“√¢¬“¬§”µ“¡‰«¬“°√≥å¢Õß¿“…“‰∑¬°Á‰¥â ‡™àπ

adulterant  “√ª≈Õ¡ªπ disinfectant  “√∑”≈“¬‡™Õ◊È

∑ßÈ— πÈ¢’ π÷È Õ¬°Ÿà —∫§«“¡∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ“¡§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß»æ— ∑å §«“¡ ≈– ≈«¬ ·≈–§«“¡°–∑—¥√—¥¢Õß»æ— ∑å

∑º’Ë Ÿ°¢È÷ππ—πÈ

2.3 «‘∏’∑—∫»—æ∑å §◊Õ °“√‡¢’¬π§”»—æ∑å„π¿“…“ÀπË÷ß¡“‡ªìπ¿“…“‰∑¬ ¥â«¬µ—«Õ—°…√·≈–

µ“¡Õ—°¢√«‘∏’¢Õß¿“…“‰∑¬

3. °“√𬑠“¡»æ— ∑·å ≈–°“√®—¥√Ÿª·∫∫»—æ∑å∫—≠≠—µ‘

3.1 °“√𑬓¡»—æ∑å®–®—¥∑”‰«â∫â“߇ªìπ∫“ߧ” ‚¥¬¡ÿàß∂÷ߧ«“¡‡¢â“„®§«“¡À¡“¬À≈—°¢Õß

»—æ∑凪ìπ‡°≥±å »—æ∑å∫“ߧ”Õ“®¡’§”Õ∏‘∫“¬‡æ’¬ß È—πÊ ·µà∫“ߧ”Õ“®¡’§”Õ∏‘∫“¬¬“«‡æË◊Õ„Àâ

§√Õ∫§≈¡ÿ §«“¡À¡“¬„π “√—µ∂–∑Ë ’ ”§—≠

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√ ii

3.2 »—æ∑å∫“ߧ”∑Ë’√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π‰¥â®—¥∑”·≈–æ‘¡æ出¬·æ√à·≈â« „πÀπ—ß ◊Õ

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑å¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å »—æ∑å«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å »—æ∑åªÉ“‰¡â ·≈–»—æ∑å∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ®–„™âµ“¡∑Ë’
√“™∫—≥±µ‘ ¬ ∂“π‰¥®â ¥— ∑”¢πÈ÷ »æ— ∑ªå √–‡¿∑π®È’ –¡’‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬ * °”°∫— ‰«â∑’»Ë —æ∑å¿“…“‰∑¬  ”À√∫—
»æ— ∑å∑Ë’¡’‡§√ËÕ◊ ßÀ¡“¬ i À¡“¬∂÷ß»—æ∑å™≈ª√–∑“π

3.3 §”„π«ß‡≈Á∫∑Ë’√–∫ÿ™Ë◊Õ«‘™“·≈–°”°—∫‰«â∑⓬»—æ∑å∫—≠≠—µ‘ À¡“¬§«“¡«à“»—æ∑å∫—≠≠—µ‘

πÈπ— ∫≠— ≠—µ‘¢πÈ÷ „™‡â ©æ“–„π “¢“«™‘ “πÈ—π Ê »—æ∑∑å ’Ë‰¡à‰¥°â ”°—∫™Ë◊Õ«™‘ “‰«â‡ªπì »—æ∑∑å Ë’„™â√«¡„π “¢“µà“ß Ê

‰¥â ‡™πà

dominant 1. ‡¥àπ (™«’ .)

2. ≈°— …≥–‡¥àπ

Õ°— …√¬àÕ«™‘ “∑Ë’„™â„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈¡à π’È ¡¥’ —ßπ’È

(°….) = ‡°…µ√»“ µ√å (°Ø’ .) = °’Ø«‘∑¬“
™’««∑‘ ¬“
(§.) = §≥µ‘ »“ µ√å (™«’ .) =

(∏.) = ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ (π«.) = π‡‘ «»«∑‘ ¬“
(ª∞.) = ª∞æ«’ ∑‘ ¬“ (ª¡.) = ª√–¡ß
(æ∏.) = æπ— ∏ÿ»“ µ√å (æƒ.) = 惰…»“ µ√å

(ø.î ) = øî ‘° å («π.) = «πº≈‘µ¿≥— ±å

(«».) = ‡°…µ√«»‘ «°√√¡ ( .) =  ∂µ‘ ‘

( «.) =  µ— ««‘∑¬“ (Õµ.) = Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡°…µ√

3.4 §”„π«ß‡≈Á∫∑’Ë¡‘„™à™◊ËÕ«™‘ “·≈–°”°—∫Õ¬àÀŸ π“â À√◊Õ∑⓬»—æ∑å∫≠— ≠—µ∫‘ “ߧ”π—ÈπÀ¡“¬∂ß÷

(1) ‡¡Ë◊Õπ”»—æ∑å∫—≠≠—µ‘π—Èπ‰ª„™â „Àâ∂Õ¥‡§√Ë◊ÕßÀ¡“¬«ß‡≈Á∫ÕÕ° À√◊Õ®–„™â§”ÕË◊π

∑‡’Ë À¡“– ¡°∫— ‡√◊ËÕßππÈ— Ê ¡“·∑π§”∑’«Ë ߇≈∫Á ‰«°â Á‰¥â ‡™àπ

input ( ‘Ëß) ‡¢â“ output ( Ë‘ß)ÕÕ°

(2) ‡æÕË◊ ¢¬“¬»—æ∑å∫≠— ≠µ— ‘πÈ—π„Àâ™—¥‡®π¬ßË‘ ¢÷Èπ ·≈–‡æÕË◊ °“√𔉪„™â‰¥∂â °Ÿ µâÕß ‡¡ËÕ◊

π”»æ— ∑剪„™â„Àâµ—¥§”„π«ß‡≈∫Á ÕÕ° ‡™àπ
albedo ‡ª≈◊Õ°™È—π°≈“ß (¢Õߺ≈‰¡®â ”æ«° ¡â ) (™’«.)
aestivation °“√®”»’≈ (ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ) hibernation °“√®”»≈’ (ƒ¥ÀŸ π“«)

prey ‡À¬Ë◊Õ(‡ªìπ) primordium (Õ«¬— «–)·√°‡°¥‘

3.5 »—æ∑å∑Ë≈’ ß∑“â ¬¥â«¬§”«“à çlogyé „™«â à“ ç«∑‘ ¬“é ¡«’ ‘∏’„™¥â ß— π’È
(1) „™µâ Õà ∑“â ¬‡¡ËÕ◊ ‡¢â“ ¡“ °∫— §”∫“≈·’ ≈– π—  °ƒµ‡∑“à ππ—È ‡™àπ

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√

iii

ornithology ª°í …‘π«∑‘ ¬“ petrology »≈‘ “«‘∑¬“

(2) „™â ç«‘∑¬“é ‰«¢â “â ßÀπ“â §”‰∑¬À√Õ◊ §”∑∫— »—æ∑å ‡™àπ

lithology «‘∑¬“À‘π pomology «∑‘ ¬“‰¡âº≈

3.6 »—æ∑å∫—≠≠—µ‘∑Ë’‡ªì𧔧ÿ≥»—æ∑å∫“ߧ”‡¡Ë◊Õ𔉪ª√–°Õ∫‡¢â“°—∫§”π“¡ Õ“®µâÕ߇µ‘¡

§”ª√–°Õ∫Àπâ“ ‡™πà 燙ߑ é, ç·∫∫é, ç∑“ßé,ç´ßË÷ é, ç¡é’ œ≈œ ‡æËÕ◊ „À≥⧫“¡™—¥‡®π∂Ÿ°µÕâ ߬ˑߢÈ÷π

·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‰ªª√–°Õ∫§”π“¡·≈⫉¡à∑”„À⧫“¡À¡“¬°”°«¡À√◊Õº‘¥‰ª°Á‰¡à®”‡ªìπµâÕß„ à‰«â ‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡

°–∑¥— √—¥ §”§≥ÿ »æ— ∑ªå √–‡¿∑πÈ®’ –¡‡’ §√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬¬—µ¿‘ —ߧå (-) °”°∫— ∑ËÀ’ π“â »æ— ∑å∫≠— ≠µ— ‰‘ «â¥â«¬ ‡™πà

aerial -Õ“°“» aerial root √“°Õ“°“»

tensile -µß÷ tensile strength §«“¡∑π·√ßµß÷

vital -™’«µ‘ vitalis theory ∑ƒ…Æ™’ «’ ∏√

3.7 §”∑¡Ë’ »’ æ— ∑∫å ≠— ≠µ— ‡‘ À¡Õ◊ π°π— ·µà‰¡¡à «’ ߇≈∫Á ∑“â ¬»æ— ∑Õå “â ßÕß‘ ´ßË÷ °π— ·≈–°π— À¡“¬§«“¡

«à“ §”ππ—È Ê ‰¡à„™§à ”‰«æ®πå (synonym) ·µà§”πÈπ— Ê ¡’«‘∏’„™·â µ°µà“ß°—𠇙πà

refining °“√∑”„Àâ∫√ ‘ ∑ÿ ∏‘Ï purification °“√∑”„Àâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï

3.8 §”∑’Ë¡’»—æ∑∫å ≠— ≠µ— ‘¡“°°«à“ 1 »æ— ∑å ¡À’ ≈—°¥ß— π’È

»—æ∑∫å ≠— ≠µ— ∑‘ Ë’¡’‡≈¢°”°∫— Àπ“â »—æ∑å À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ »æ— ∑å∫—≠≠µ— ‘·µ≈à –§”¡’§«“¡À¡“¬µà“ß

°π— À√Õ◊ ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’ˇªπì ‰¥∑â Èß— §”§≥ÿ »—æ∑å·≈–§”π“¡ ‡™àπ

acute 1. ·À≈¡

2. ‡©¬’ ∫æ≈—π

defect 1. µ”Àπ‘, ∫°æ√Õà ß

2.  «à πæ√àÕß

3.9 ‡§√◊ÕË ßÀ¡“¬∑Ë’„™â°—∫»—æ∑å

(1) ‡§√Ë◊ÕßÀ¡“¬®ÿ≈¿“§ (,) „™â§Ë—𧔪√– ¡„π»—æ∑å¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…∑’Ë𔧔¢¬“¬¡“

‰«â¢â“ßÀ≈—ߧ”À≈—° ‡™àπ

chute, bucking √“ß∑Õπ´ÿß

„π¿“…“‰∑¬„™§â —Ëπ»æ— ∑å∫≠— ≠µ— ∑‘ ¡Ë’ §’ «“¡À¡“¬‡À¡Õ◊ π°—πÀ√◊Õ„°≈⇧’¬ß°π— ¡“° ‡™πà

curl figure ≈“¬‰¡‚â §πßà“¡, ≈“¬À“ߪ≈“

(2) »—æ∑∫å —≠≠µ— ‘∑’Ë„™‡â §√Õ◊Ë ßÀ¡“¬®≈ÿ ¿“§ (,) Õ—≤¿“§ (;) À√Õ◊ ¡Àæ— ¿“§ (:) §—πË

·µà≈–»—æ∑å À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ »—æ∑å∫≠— ≠—µ‘π—πÈ ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬§≈⓬§≈÷ß°—π ºŸâ„™â “¡“√∂‡≈◊Õ°„™â‰¥âµ“¡

§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡ ‡™àπ

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√ iv

cycle «Ø— ®—°√, √Õ∫, «ß

defibration °“√∑”‡¬ËÕ◊ , °“√·¬°‡ πâ „¬

dike : dyke æπ—ß, §—π, ‡¢◊ËÕπ,  “¬Àπ‘

3.10 °“√‡√’¬ß≈”¥—∫»æ— ∑å ‡√¬’ ß≈”¥—∫µ“¡Õ—°…√¿“…“Õß— °ƒ… »—æ∑å∑’¡Ë §’ ”ª√–°Õ∫À≈“¬

§”®–®—¥‡√’¬ßµ“¡≈”¥—∫Õ—°…√¢Õߧ”ÀπⓇªìπÀ≈—°°àÕπ ·≈â«®÷߇√’¬ßµ“¡≈”¥—∫Õ—°…√¢Õߧ”∑Ë’µ“¡¡“

‚¥¬„À§â ”∑’¡Ë ‡’ §√ËÕ◊ ßÀ¡“¬®≈ÿ ¿“§ (,) §—πË √–À«“à ߧ”À≈—°°∫— §”¢¬“¬¢Èπ÷ °àÕπ µ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ

cell ‡´≈≈å cell, companion ‡´≈≈å√«à ¡

cell, tile ‡´≈≈å°√–‡∫◊ÕÈ ß cellwall ºπß— ‡´≈≈å

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

SHAPE

f i jk l
r
a
q
b
c s
e

o p
dg h mn

x

v yz

tu

w

ae

aa
ac

ab ad af

a, subdulate; b, needle; c, acicular; d, eliptic; e, filiform; f, filiform segments; g, linear; h,
forate; i, oblong; j, ovate; k, obovate; I, deltoid; m, ensiform; n, oblanceolate; o, spatulate;
p, sagittiform; q, pandurate; r, lanceolate; s, rhomboidal; t, auriculiform; u, falciform; v,
cordiform; w, hastiform; x, oval; y, ligulate; z, lyrate; aa, orbital; ab, panduriform; ac,
peltiform; ad, reniform; ae, cuneate; af, runcinate.

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

LEAF APICES

BASES AND ATTACHMENTS

LEAF APICES : a, cirrhose; b, aristate; c, caudate; d, acuminate; e, acute; f, cuspidate; g,
mucronate; h, mucronulate; i, apiculate; j, obtuse; k, retuse; I, pungent; m, clef; n,
praemorse; o, round; p, emarginate; q, spinose; r, obcordate: s, truncate.
BASES AND ATTACHMENTS : a, attenuate; b, cuneate; c, oblique; d, obtuse; e,
truncate; f, cordate; g, auriculate; h, sagitate; i, hastate; j, peltate; k, reniform; I, connate
perfoliate; m, amplexicaule; n, perfoliate; o, sessile; p, petiolate; q, ocreate; r, decurrent;
s, ligulate; t, sheathing.

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√

MARGINS

aculeate ciliate cleft crenate crenulate

crispate dentate denticulate divided double-serrate

entire erase incised lacerate laciniate

lobed palmatifid parted pectinate pinnatifid

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

MARGINS (cont.)

angulate bidentate biserrate firnbriate pedate

palmate-trifoliate palmately compound peltate-palmate bipinnate palmately lobed

pedately lobed repand revolute serrate serrulafe

sinuate spinose spinose-lacerate spinose-serrate undulate

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑‡å °…µ√

ARRANGEMENT

midrib cauline
vein leaves
blade

internode petlole alternate opposite whorled radical leaves
node axillary bud

decussate clustered disticous scattered

rosette rosulate imbricate fascicled equitant

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

LEAF-LIKE ORGANS

TRANSVERSE POSTURE
LONGITUDINAL POSTURE

LEAF-LIKE ORGANS : a, leafy petiole; b, phylloclades; c, phyllode.
TRANSVERSE POSTURE : a, cernuous; b, curved; c, deflexed; d, flexuous; e, reflexed;
f, geniculate; g, incurved; h, recurved; i, squarrose; j, undulate.
LONGITUDINAL POSTURE : a, conduplicate; b, geniculate; c, induplicate; d, involute;
e, plicate; f, revolute; g, rolled; h, sinuate; i, straight; j, tortuous; k, valvate.

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

VENATION

Aa, tertiary veins; Ab, secondary veins; Ac, midrib; b, anastomosing; c, camptodrome; d,
dichotomous; e, palmate; f, palmately netted; g, pinnately netted; h, penni-parallel; i,
reticulate; j, parallel; k, tessellate; l, ribbed; m, conspicuous; n, prominent; o, furrowed.

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

SURFACE

TRICHOME TYPES

SURFACE : a, glabrous: b, lutrous; c, punctate; d, pustulate; e, squarrose; f, papillate; g,
muricate; h, rugose; i, bullate; j, squamose; k, echinate; I, farinaceous; m, glandular; n,
muricate: o, pulverulent: p, ramentaceous; q, resinous; r, scabrous; s, spiculate; t, tuber-
culate.
TRICHOME TYPES : a, prickles; b, echinate; c, clavellate; d, glochidiate, glochids and
an areole; e, spines, not a true trichome; f, moniliform; g, glandular; h, retrosely barbed;
i, uncinate.

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

VESTITURE

a, aculeate; b, arachnoid; c, barbed; d, bearded; e, bristly; f, canescent; g, ciliate; h,
comose; i, floccose; j, glochidiate; k, glandular; I, hirsute; m, hispid; n, lepidote; o,
pannose; p, papillose; q, pilose: r, puberulent; s, sericeous; t, setose; u, stellate; v, stri-
gose; w, tomentose; x, urent; y, velutinous; z, villous.

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√

VESTITURE (cont.)

a b cd

e fg h

l
i jk

m no
a, muricate; b, farinose; c, verrucose; d, peltate hairs; e, pubescent; f, lanate; g, vesiculose;
h, paleaceous/chaffy; i, scabrous; j, bifid hairs; k, bifid T-shaped; I, stinging hairs: m,
dendritic hairs; n, stellate hairs; o, woolly.

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

LEAF TYPES and LEAF STRUCTURAL TYPES

COMPOUND PALMATE and COMPOUND PINNATE

Palmate Bipalmate Tripalmate Palmate-pinnate

Pinnate Bipinnate Tripinnate Interrupted Paripinnate Imparipinnate

OTHER TYPES

Bifoliolate Bigeminate Tergeminate Ternatety compound

Biternate Triternate Trifoliate Unifoliolate

LEAF STRUCTURAL TYPES

Fly Trap Pitcher Spathe Sporophyll Storage Leaf Tendril Tentacular Leaf

lemma paiea

Chaff Cotyledon Glume Phyllary Spine

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√
INFLORESCENSE TYPES

Cincinnus Helicoid Scorpioid Compound Simple Compound Simple Compound
CYMES CORYMBS
DICHASIA

Determinate Indeterminate Determinate Indeterminate Compound
UMBELS
HEADS PANICLE RACEME SPIKE

CATKINS CUPULE (Part) EPICALYX (Part) GLOMERULE HYPANTHODIUM

PERIGYNIUM (Part) PHYLLARY (part) SCAPE (Part) SECUND (Arr.) Spathe SPIKELET
SPADIX

pedicel involucel
ray
involucre peduncle
bracts

THYRSE UMBELS (Daucus) VERTICILLASTER

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»—æ∑凰…µ√
INFLORESCENCE TYPES

a, scapose (flower solitary); b, spike; c, raceme; d, panicle; e, dichasium; f, thyrse; g,
corymb; h, umbel (Hoya); i, capitulum (Trifolium); j, verticel (Salvia); k, cymes (dicha-
sia); I, helicoid cyme (Cincinnus); m, capitulum, vertical section to show conical torus
(Helianthus); n, inflorescence of verticillate cymes (Salvia).

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√
FLOWER TYPES AND ARRANGEMENT

a, flower staminate (perianth uniseriate); b, flower pistillate (perianth uniseriate);
c, flower bisexual (perianth biseriate and corolla polypetalous); d, flowers unisexual
(plant monoecious); e, flower actinomorphic or regular; f, flower zygomorphic; g, flower
irregular; h, flower gamopetalous.

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√

PERIANTH FORMS

campanulate funnelform rotate salverform trumpet-shaped tubular urceolate

wing
standard

keel

labiate galeate saccate cruciform (4-parted) papilionaceous

style or crest standard dorsal sepal
beard corona petal

column
stigma
tepal fall tip lateral sepal

similar perianth segments dissimilar perianth segments Amaryllidaceae zygomorphic (orchidaceous)

(Lily)

BRACTS

scape with
spathe valves

bracteoles involucral bracts

arold spathe

waxy inflorescence bracts overlapping bracts leafy bracts

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√

FLOWER TYPES

FLORAL EVOLUTION of ANGIOSPERMS (TYPE CLASSES)
(Adapted from Leppik)

Amorphc Actinomorphic Haplomorphic Pleomorphic
Paleamorphic (Cretaceous-Tertiary
(Triassic : 230 million yrs.) (Cretaceous : 130-60 million yrs.) 130-60 million yrs.)

Stereomorphic Zygomorphic

Tertiary : 60 million yrs.

PERIANTH STRUCTURAL TYPES

Actinomorphic Bilabiate Calcarate Calceolate Campanulate

Carinate (Keeled) Carniculate and Cucullate Coronate Cruciform Galeate

(horn) (hood)

Gibbous Infundibular Ligulate (Ray) Papilionaceous Personate Rotate

Saccate or Calceolate Salverform Subglobase Tubular (claw) Urceolate
Unguiculate

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√

FLOWER PARTS

stamen sepal petal anther

GYMNOECIUM filament disc
stigma
style pedicel
HYPANTHIUM
ovary
corolla

pedicel ANDROECIUM
calyx

ANDROGYNOPHORE

PERIANTH and HYPANTHIUM PARTS

anterior ridges axis

posterior lobe ventral
(adaxial)

dorsal
(abaxial)

anterior lobe posterior Base Beard Bristle
Anterior and Posterior ridges hood horn

Dorsal and Ventral

Corina (keel) Claw Corana Fringe Hood and Horn Hypogynium

Ligule Limb Lip of Labellum Lodicule Palate Pappus

Pouch Scale Spur Standard Tepal Tube

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√ INFLORESCENCE SEX
FLOWER SEX

Pistillate Staminate Androgyne-
(gynous) (androus) candrous

Perfect Neuter Androgynous Gynecandrous Androgamous Agamandrous Gynagomous

(hermaphroditic) (ogamous)

Agomogynous Androher- Hermaphro- Gyneher- Hermephro- Agarmaher- Hermephro-
mophroditic dandrous maphroditic digynous maphroditic dagamous

FERNS fertile fertile sterile
fertile
sterile
primary pinna fertile
secondary pinna

pinnule sterile sterile
sterile

Frond Dimorphic Fronds Dimorphic Pinnae

LOWER VASCULAR PLANTS

Lycopodium Equisetum Isoetes Selaginella

micro- micro- REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES

sporophyll spores megasporo- annulus
veg. phyll

spor. megasporet
megaspor-

micro- angium

veg. sporangium ligule

lip true false
maked sorus cells

Sporophyll Sorus Sporangium Indusium

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

ANDROECIUM

STAMEN POSITION

Antipetalous

Antisepalous Cryptanterous Diplostemonous Epipetalous Phanerantherous
(exserted)
STAMEN ARRANGEMENT
ANDROECIAL TYPES

Didynamous Fascicled Tetradynamous Diadelphous Monadelphous Syngenesious

STAMEN STRUCTURAL TYPES THECAL ARRANGEMENT

vein

Appendicular Laminar Filantherous Divergent Transverse
Petaloid (Typical) Oblique Parallel of Explanate

ANTHER TYPES and ATTACHMENT

Valvular

Extrorse Introrse Poricidal Transverse Basifixed Dorsifixed

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√

GYNOECIUM

GYNOECIAL TYPES

Apocarpous Semicarpous Syncarpous Synovarious Synstylovarious Unicarpellous

chalaza CARPEL and OVULE

polar nuclei stigma funiculus raphe
outer antipodal locule caruncle

integument cell style placenta
inner stipe
nucellus
integument embryo sac
micropyle egg
synergid

funiculus

CARPEL TYPES

stigma stigma stigma stigma
style style
pedicel
Astylocarpellous stipe pedicel stipe
Stylocarpellous pedicel
basal pedicel Stylocarpepodic
body Astylocarpepodic
funiculus m
Amphitropous OVULE TYPES
n
m n
nucellus f
Orthotropous
Anatropous Campylotropous f

Hemianatropous
or Hemitropous

STIGMA TYPES

Capitate Clavate Crested Decurrent Diffuse

Discoid Fimbriate Lineate Lobed Plumose Terete

STYLE TYPES

Conduplicate Eccentric Fimbriate Flabellate Geniculate Gynobasic

tubercle style

stigma stigma
Heterostylous Homostylous Petaloid Stylopodic
Terete Tuberculate Umbraculate

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√

OVARY POSITION

A, ovary superior, perianth and stamens hypogenous; B, ovary superior, perianth seg-
ments and stamens perigynous; Ba, vertical section; Bb, detail of Ba to show composi-
tion of hypanthium; Bc, same, minus lines of adnation of perianth and androecium; C,
ovary superior, perianth and stamens perigynous, hypanthium of çRosaé type; Ca, verti-
cal section; Cb, detail to show relation of receptacular cup to hypanthium and composi-
tion of later; D, ovary half-inferior, stamens perigynous; E, ovary inferior, perianth and
stamens epigynous; Ea, vertical section of flower; Eb, detail of same to show adnation of
hypanthium to ovary; F, ovary inferior, hypanthium present, perianth and stamens epigy-
nous; Fa, vertical section of flower; Fb, detail to show components of hypanthium;
Fc, section of hypanthium; G, ovary inferior, stamens exserted, hypanthium present.
(h hypanthium, pe petal, r receptacle, se sepal, st stamen.)

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√

OVULE POSITION

Epitropus Epitropus Hypotropous Hypotropous Pleurotropous Pleurotropous
dorsal ventral dorsal ventral dorsal ventral

PLACENTAL POSITION

Axile Basal Free-central Laminate Marginal Parietal Pendulous

BRANCHING PATTERNS

Dichotomous Monopodial Sympodial

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√

FRUIT TYPES

DRY INDEHISCENT FRUIT TYPES

Achene Calybium Capsule Caryopsis Cypsela Nut Nutlet Samara Utricle

DRY DEHISCENT FRUIT TYPES

Capsule Diplotegium Follicle Legume Loment Silicle Silique

CAPSULE TYPES

Acrocidal Anomalicidal Basicidal Circumscissile Denticidal

Loculicidal Operculate Poricidal Septicidal Valvular

SCHIZOCARPIC FRUIT TYPES

Schiz. Berry Schiz. Mericarp Schiz. Fotticles Schiz. Nutlets Schiz. Samaras
endocarp
FLESHY FRUIT TYPES

Seed

Solanum Prunus Rubus Citrus Cucurbita Itex
Berry Drupe Drupelet Hesperdium Pepo Pyrene

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√

FRUIT TYPES, Contûd., SEED PARTS and EMBRYO TYPES

AGGREGATE FRUIT TYPES

Achenecetum Baccacetum Drupecetum Follicetum Samaracetum

ACCESSORY FRUIT TYPES

Bur Diclesium Glans Hip Pome

Pseudocarp Pseudodrupe Synconium Tryma Winged Nut

hypocotyl epicotyl SEED PARTS seed endosperm
radicle catyledon coats
micropyle fruit and coleoptile
seed coat seed coats plumule cotyledon
hilum endosperm
hypocotyl cotyledon coleoptile hypocotyl
plumule radicle
e. caleorhiza
c. radicle

Lima Bean Corn Castor Bean

EMBRYO TYPES

Rudimentory Broad Capitate Lateral Peripheral Linear
BASAL PERIPHERAL AXIAL

Spatulate Bent Folded Investing Dwarf Micro
FOLIATE MINIATURE

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√
ACHENE and SEED TYPES

STEM HABIT TYPES

ACHENE : a, beaked; b, plumose; c, winged and awned; d, capillary pappus: e, same,
detail of capillary trichome; f, with double pappus, of scales and plumose trichomes; g,
same, detail of plumose trichome; h, same, detail of outer pappus scales; i, with pappus
of scales.
SEED : j, with reticulate coat; k, with muricate surface; l, triquetrous smooth seed; m,
same, cross-section, embryo curved; n, winged; o, with rows of tubercles; p, with alveo-
late or honeycombed surface, pitted; q, winged seed with coma.
STEM HABIT TYPES : a, ascending; b, supine: c, branches decumbent; d, procumbent;
e, stoloniferous; f, repent; g, soboliferous.

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√
STEM STRUCTURAL TYPES

Bulb Bulbil Bulblet Cladode Corm

Cormel Rhizome Runner Spur Tendril

Thorn Tiller Tuber Underground Stolon

terminal s. bud BUD TYPES
bud a. bud

lateral sup. bud
bud
axillary
collateral bud
bud

Collateral Superposed Infrapetiolar Pseudo-terminal Stalked

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√
ROOT STRUCTURAL TYPES and STEM PARTS

Aerating or Knee Buttress Fascicled Fibrous

Moniliform Pneumatophorous Prop or Stilt Tap

TWIG SURFACE PARTS prickle
Rosa
stipulas scar lenticel fruit scar
internode
vascular
bundle
scar
leaf scar

Acer Liriodendron Aesculus Aesculus

THORNS PITH

Without buds, With buds, leaves Chambered Continuous Diaphragmed Hollow
leaves or scars and/or scars
WOOD

Diffuse Porous Non-porous Ring Porous

SYMMETRIC PLANE FIGURES æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√

(Adapted from Taxon, 1962)

Narrowly elliptic Elliptic Widely Circular Oblate Transversely elliptic Narrowly transversely
Narrowly oblong or elliptic elliptic
Linear ovate
Oblong Widely oblong Square Transversely Transversely Narrowly transversely Transversely
Ovate widely oblong oblong oblong linear
Obovate
Lanceolate Rhombic Very widely Widely Depressed
Trullate ovate depressed ovate
Obtrullate Widely ovate
ovate

Oblanceolate Widely Very widely Widely Depressed
Narrowly rhombic obovate obovate depressed obovate
Narrowly trullate obovate

Widely Very widely Widely Transversely Narrowly transversely
rhombic rhombic depressed rhombic rhombic
rhombic

Widely Very widely Widely Transversely depressed
trullate trullate depressed trullate
trullate

Narrowly obtrullate Widely Very widely Widely Transversely depressed
obtrullate obtrullate depressed obtrullate
obtrullate

Linear Narrowly Triangular Widely Deliate Shallowly Shallowly Very shallowly
triangular triangular deliate deliate triatugular triatugular

Linear Cuneate Obtriangular Widely Obdeltate Shallowly Shallowly Very shallowly
obtriangular obdeltate obdeltate obtriangular obtriangular

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑‡å °…µ√ A
B
1 C
D
A E
F
a- ‰¡¡à ,’ ª√“»®“° abruptly-acuminate „∫∑Ë’¡’≈—°…≥–·ºà°«â“ß G
abatement  à«π Ÿ≠‡ ’¬*,  à«π‡ ’¬‡π◊ÈÕ‰¡â ·≈–¡¬’ Õ¥·À≈¡µ√ߪ≈“¬ ¥ÿ H
I
„π°“√·ª√√Ÿª abruptly-pinnate „∫√«¡∑Ë’¡’„∫¬àÕ¬·µ° J
abaxial À—π‡ÀÕÕ°®“°·π«·°π, º‘«¥â“π≈à“ß ÕÕ°®“°°â“π„∫§≈⓬¢ππ° ·≈–∑’˪≈“¬ K
 ¥ÿ ‰¡¡à ’„∫¬Õà ¬‡¥¬Ë’ « L
¢Õß„∫¥“â π∑À’Ë —πÕÕ°®“°·°π°≈“ß M
ABC soil 1. ¥‘π∑’Ë¡’™È—π∫π, ™—Èπ√Õß, ·≈– abscess Ωï, ·º≈∫«¡¡’ÀπÕß N
abscise ·¬°ÕÕ°, À≈¥ÿ ÕÕ° O
™È—π≈“à ߧ√∫ 2. ¥‘π∑Ë’¡’√Ÿª¢“â ß·∫ßà ‡ªπì ™πÈ— Ê abscisic acid  “√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ P
‡ÀÁπ‰¥â™¥— ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬™È—π A ™π—È B ·≈– Q
™πÈ— C ¢Õßæ™◊ R
abdomen ∑âÕß,  «à π∑âÕß abscission °“√·¬°ÕÕ°®“°µπâ ¢Õß «à πµ“à ßÊ S
aberrant º¥‘ ‰ª®“°ª√°µ‘, ‡≈Õ◊ π≈“ß T
aberration °“√º‘¥ª√°µ‘„π —≥∞“π À√◊Õ ¢Õßæ™◊ U
®”π«π¢Õß‚§√‚¡‚´¡ abscission layer ™—πÈ ¢Õ߇´≈≈åµ√ß‚§π°â“π V
abiogenesis °”‡π‘¥™«’ ‘µ®“° ß‘Ë ‰√™â ’«‘µ W
abiology °“√»°÷ …“‡°Ë’¬«°—∫ ßË‘ ∑’ˉ¡¡à ’™«’ µ‘ „∫, °â“π¥Õ°, À√◊Õ¢«—È º≈ ‡«≈“¡Õ’ “¬ÿ¡“° X
abiotic  Ëß‘ ∑’ˉ¡à¡™’ «’ ‘µ À√◊Õ¢“¥ªí®®—¬∫“ßÕ¬à“ß®–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ cork Y
abomasum °√–‡æ“–·∑â, °√–‡æ“– «à π∑’Ë ’Ë cell ∑”„Àâ„∫, ¥Õ°, À√◊Õº≈ À≈ÿ¥ÕÕ° Z
¢Õß —µ«å‡§¬È’ «‡ÕÈÕ◊ ß ®“°µâπµ√ß°≈ÿࡇ´≈≈åπ’È ∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’¡’‡´≈≈å
aborescent §≈⓬‰¡â¬◊πµâπ ‡À≈à“πÕÈ’ ¬àŸ ‡√’¬°«“à absicssion zone
abortion °“√·∑ßâ , ΩÕÉ , °“√‡®√≠‘ ¢Õß «à π„¥Ê absolute humidity ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”∑’Ë¡’Õ¬àŸ„π
¢Õßæ◊™À√◊Õ —µ«å∑Ë’‰¡à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å À√◊Õ‰¡à 1 Àπ૬ª√‘¡“µ√¢ÕßÕ“°“», §«“¡™◊Èπ
‡®√‘≠‡≈¬ (‡™àπ ‰¢à∑Ë’∂Ÿ°º ¡·µà‰¡à‡®√‘≠  ¡— ∫Ÿ√≥*å
µÕà ‰ª), °“√∑Ë ’ ‘ßË ¡’™«’ µ‘ À¬¥ÿ æ—≤π“°“√ absorbance ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß· ß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π
abortive ·∑âß, ´ßË÷ ‡®√≠‘ ¢π÷È Õ¬“à ߉¡ à ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ‚¥¬ “√µ—«Õ¬à“ß„π‡§√Ë◊Õß ‡ª§‚µ√‚ø‚µ
abrasion §«“¡ ÷°À√Õ, °“√ ÷°°√àÕπ, æÈ◊π ¡‘‡µÕ√å
º‘«∑Ë’ ÷°°√àÕπ absorbent  “√¥¥Ÿ °≈π◊ ,  “√¥¥Ÿ ´¡÷ ,  “¡“√∂
abrasive  “°¡◊Õ, §√Ÿ¥‰∂, ‡ ’¬¥ ’, ´÷Ëß ¥Ÿ¥°≈π◊ ,  “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´¡÷
‡°≈Ȭ’ ߇°≈“¢πÈ÷ , ∑”„À‡â °‘¥°“√ °÷ °√Õà π absorbing power Õ”π“®¥¥Ÿ ´÷¡
abrupt ‡«“â À√◊ÕÀ°— æß— ≈ß‚¥¬∑π— ∑’ ∑”„À⇰‘¥ absorption °“√¥¥Ÿ ´÷¡*, °“√ºà“π¢ÕßÊ ‡À≈«
√Õ¬§≈“â ¬√Õ¬µ—¥ ‡¢â“‰ª„π‡´≈≈æå ™◊
absorption, gross °“√¥¥Ÿ ´¡÷ ∑È—ßÀ¡¥*
absorption, initial °“√¥Ÿ¥´¡÷ ‡∫ÕÈ◊ ßµâπ*

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√ 2

A absorption, net °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ ∑ÿ ∏*‘ accessory Õÿª°√≥å à«π§«∫
accessory bud µ“∑’‡Ë °¥‘ ∫π„∫À√Õ◊ √Õ∫Ê µ“
B abstriction °√–∫«π°“√∑’Ë ªÕ√å (conidia)
∑’ˇ°‘¥µ“¡ª√°µ‘ Õ“®Õ¬àŸ‡√’¬ß°—πÀ√◊Õ´âÕπ
C À≈ÿ¥ÕÕ°®“°°“â π™Ÿ ªÕ√å °π—
D accessory cell ¥Ÿ subsidiary cell
E abyssal æπ◊È ∑–‡≈≈°÷ accessory chromosome ‚§√‚¡‚´¡‡æ»
accessory component Õߧªå √–°Õ∫‡ √¡‘
F acanaceous ¡’Àπ“¡ accessory fruit º≈∑’ªË √–°Õ∫¥â«¬‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬Õ◊Ë
 «à πÕπ◊Ë Ê πÕ°‡ÀπÕ◊ ®“°‡πÕ◊È ‡¬ÕË◊ ¢Õß√ß— ‰¢à
G acantha Àπ“¡ ‡™πà Õ“®¡‡’ πÕÈ◊ ‡¬Ë◊Õ¢Õß°≈∫’ ¥Õ° °≈∫’ √Õß
°“â π‡° √ºŸâ À√Õ◊ ∞“π¥Õ°
H acanthocarpus ¡º’ ≈∑˪’ °§≈¡ÿ ‰ª¥«â ¬Àπ“¡ accessory mineral ·√ªà √–°Õ∫
accessory species ‰¡™â π‘¥√Õß («π.)
I ·¢Áß accessory system √–∫∫√Õß («π.)
accessory tissue ‡πÈ◊Õ‡¬◊ËÕ∑Ë’¡‘‰¥â¡“®“°√—߉¢à
J acaricide  “√ªÑÕß°—π°”®—¥‰√ ·µà®–‡°¥‘ √«¡°—∫‡π◊ÕÈ ‡¬Ë◊Õ¢Õß√ß— ‰¢à
K acarology «‘∑¬“‡ÀÁ∫‰√ accessory transfusion tissue ‡πÕ◊È ‡¬Õ◊Ë ∑æ’Ë ∫
ML acaulescent ‰¡¡à ≈’ ”µâπ∑Ë’·∑®â √ß‘ , ¡≈’ ”µπâ  —Èπ „π mesophyll ¢Õß„∫æ◊™æ«° gymno-
N ¡“°Õ¬Ÿà„µ¥â ‘π sperm ∫“ß™π‘¥
acclimation °“√Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà¢Õß Ë‘ß∑’Ë¡™’ «’ µ‘ Õ¬à“ß
O acauline ‰¡¡à ’≈”µπâ ‡™àπ ‡À¥Á , √“ Àπ÷Ëß „π¥‘πøÑ“Õ“°“»À√◊Õ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡
∑Ë’·µ°µà“ß°π—
P accelerate ‡√ßà , ‡√àß„À‡â √«Á ¢÷Èπ acclimatize ∑”„À§â πâÿ ‡§¬°—∫ ¿“æ·«¥≈Õâ ¡

Q accelerated erosion °“√°¥— °√àÕπ∑¡Ë’ ’µ—«‡√ßà ,

R °“√æ—ß∑≈“¬¢Õߥ‘π  ◊∫‡πË◊Õß¡“®“°°“√
S
T °√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å (Õ—µ√“‡√Á«¢Õß°“√æ—ß-

U ∑≈“¬·∫∫πÈ’ Ÿß°«à“∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Õß‚¥¬
V ∏√√¡™“µ‘)

W acceleration §«“¡‡√àß

X accelerator ‡§√Ë◊Õ߇√ßà , µ—«‡√àß

Y accelerometer ¡“µ√§«“¡‡√ßà

Z accephalous √ß— ‰¢∑à ’Ë‰¡à¡¬’ Õ¥‡° √‡¡¬’ ¥“â π∫π

acceptor µ—«√—∫, «—µ∂ÿÀ√◊Õ “√´÷Ëß√—∫·≈–√«¡ acclimatization °“√§âÿπµàÕÕ“°“», °“√

°∫—  “√Õπ◊Ë Ê (‡™πà „π°√–∫«π°“√‡æË‘¡-≈¥ ∑”„À§â πÿâ µÕà Õ“°“»·≈â«

ÕÕ°´‘‡®π  “√∑’Ë√—∫ÕÕ°´‘‡®π§◊Õµ—«∑Ë’∂Ÿ° accrescent ´Ëß÷ ‡®√‘≠„À≠¢à πÈ÷ À≈ß— ®“°ÕÕ°¥Õ°

ÕÕ°´‘‰¥ å  à«π “√∑Ë’√—∫‰Œ‚¥√‡®π®–∂Ÿ° ·≈«â

√¥’ «‘  )å accumbent §æ— ¿–∑¡Ë’ ’¢Õ∫¢Õß„∫‡≈’Ȭߡ«â π

accessibility 1. §«“¡ –¥«°„π°“√‡¢â“∑”‰¡â ·µ–°∫— hypocotyl

(«π.) 2. §«“¡ –¥«°„π°“√·∑√°´÷¡ accumulator Õÿª°√≥å – ¡æ≈ß— ß“π™—Ë«§√“«

3. °“√‡¢“â ∂ß÷ ‰¥â

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑‡å °…µ√

3

accumlators æ◊™∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ acid, rosin °√¥™π—  π A
B
∫“ßÕ¬à“ß„π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬Õ◊Ë  ßŸ acid fruit º≈‰¡∑⠇˒ ¡ÕË◊ ·°·à ≈«â ¡’°√¥¿“¬„πº≈ C
D
acentric ‚§√‚¡‚´¡∑Ë’‰¡à¡’®ÿ¥´÷Ë߉¡àµ‘¥ ’ ¡“° E
F
(centromere), °“√¢“¥®ÿ¥´Ë÷߉¡àµ‘¥ ’ acidity  ¿“槫“¡‡ªπì °√¥ G
H
(centromere) ∫π‚§√‚¡‚´¡ acidity, active §«“¡‡ªπì °√¥®√ß‘ ( à«π¢Õß I
acerb ∑—ßÈ ‡ª√È’¬«∑È—ßΩ“¥ H+ ∑Ë’∂Ÿ°ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬®“°Õπÿ¿“§¥‘π¡“Õ¬Ÿà J
K
aceration °“√‡°“–ßÕ°‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷πÈ „π “√≈–≈“¬¥‘π ¥‘π®–¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ°√¥ L
M
aceriform ‡À¡◊Õπ„∫ maple √ÿπ·√߇撬߄¥ ¢÷ÈπÕ¬àŸ°—∫ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡ N
O
acerose „∫∑’Ë¡ª’ ≈“¬·À≈¡ ‡™πà „∫ π ‡ªìπ°√¥®√‘ß¡“°πâÕ¬ °— ·§à‰Àπ) P
Q
acescence ¡’ labellum ∑’ˉ¡àæ≤— π“ acidity, potential §«“¡‡ªπì °√¥·Ωß ( «à π R
S
acetonemia  ¿“«–∑ Ë’ µ— « å √“â ß “√æ«° ketone ¢Õß H+ ∑’Ë¥Ÿ¥¬÷¥Õ¬Ÿà°—∫º‘«¥‘𠥑𮖠T
U
bodies ¡“°‡°π‘ ‰ª®π≈¡À“¬„®¡°’ ≈πË‘  µ— «å ‡ªìπ°√¥‰¥âπ“π‡æ’¬ß„¥ ¢÷ÈπÕ¬àŸ°∫— ª√‘¡“≥ V
W
®–‡∫ÕË◊ Õ“À“√ π”È Àπ°— ≈¥ ‡æ≈’¬ πÈ”π¡≈¥ §«“¡‡ªπì °√¥·Ωß∑Ë’¡Õ’ ¬)Ÿà X
Y
‡¥‘π°–‚º≈°°–‡º≈° acidity, soil §«“¡‡ªìπ°√¥¢Õߥ‘π [§«“¡ Z

achene º≈‰¡ªâ √–‡¿∑ÀπßË÷ ¡¢’ 𓥇≈°Á ·¢ßÁ ·≈– ‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß H+ ∑È—ßÀ¡¥„π¥‘π ·∫àßÕÕ°

·Àßâ ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬‡¡≈¥Á ‡æ¬’ ß 1 ‡¡≈¥Á ·≈– ‰¥â‡ªπì 2 Õ¬à“ß §Õ◊ 1. active acidity

‡°‘¥µ‘¥°—∫ºπ—ß√—߉¢à‡æ’¬ß®ÿ¥‡¥’¬«‡∑à“πÈ—π °“√«—¥ pH ¢Õߥ‘π∑Ë’∑”°—πÕ¬àŸ∑Ë—«‰ªπ—Èπ
‡ª≈◊Õ°πÕ°¡—°ªî¥ π‘∑Õ¬àŸ‡ ¡Õ·¡â®–·°à ‡ªπì °“√«—¥§«“¡‡¢¡â ¢πâ ¢Õß H+ „π «à π∑Ë’

‡µÁ¡∑’Ë·≈â« ‡ª≈◊Õ°Àâÿ¡‡¡≈Á¥·≈–‡¬Ë◊Õ√—߉¢à ‡ªìπ “√≈–≈“¬¢Õߥ‘π (soil solution)

¡—°‰¡àµ‘¥°—∫º≈·πàπ π‘∑‡À¡◊Õπº≈‰¡â 2. reserve acidity À√◊Õ potential acidi
Õ¬“à ßÕ◊πË ∫“ߪ√–‡¿∑ ty §◊Õ§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß H+ ∑Ë’Õ“®·≈°

achenial ´Ëß÷ ‡°¬Ë’ «°∫— º≈·∫∫ achene ‡ª≈’¬Ë π°∫— ª√–®ÿ∫«°Õπ◊Ë Ê ‰¥â (exchange-

achlamydeous ‰¡¡à °’ ≈∫’ ¥Õ°À√◊Õ°≈’∫√Õß able hydrogen ion) „π à«π∑Ë’‡ªìπ

achromatin Õߧåª√–°Õ∫„π𑫇§≈’¬ ∑Ë’¬âÕ¡ ¢Õß·¢ßÁ ¢Õߥπ‘ (soil solid)]

‰¡µà ‘¥ ’ acid rock À‘π°√¥

achroous ‰¡à¡ ’ ’ acid soil ¥‘π°√¥, ¥π‘ ‡ª√¬’È «

achyranthes æ—πߟ¢“« («—™æ◊™„π °ÿ≈ acid sulfate soil ¥π‘ °√¥®¥— , ¥π‘ °√¥°”¡–∂π—

Achyranthes indica, [L.] Mill.) aciform √Ÿª‡¢¡Á

acicular ´Ë÷߇À¡◊Õπ‡¢Á¡‡¬Á∫ºâ“, ¡’ª≈“¬ acorn º≈¢Õßæ◊™æ«°‚Õä§

·À≈¡§¡ acoustics  «π»“ µ√å ( –«–π– “¥)

acicular crystal º≈÷°√Ÿª‡¢Á¡*

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√ 4

A acquired behaviour 惵°‘ √√¡∑Ë’‰¥¡â “ actual measure °“√«—¥À≈—ßµ∫·µßà *, ¢π“¥
À≈ß— µ∫·µàß* («π.)
B acquired character ≈—°…≥–¢Õß ‘Ëß∑’ˇ°‘¥
actual rate of planting : ARP ®”π«π
C ¢È÷π‡πË◊Õß®“°‰¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß ¿“æ µâπ∑Ë’ª≈Ÿ°„π‡π◊ÈÕ∑Ë’´÷ËßÀ—°À—«·ª≈ß (head
D land) ÕÕ°·≈â«
E ·«¥≈Õâ ¡
aculeate ¡’≈°— …≥–‡ªìπÀπ“¡·À≈¡§¡
F acquired characteristic (soil) ≈—°…≥–∑Ë’ aculeolate ¡’Àπ“¡πâÕ¬¡“°
acumen ª≈“¬∑˧’ àÕ¬Ê ‡√’¬«·À≈¡
G ‡°¥‘ ¢Èπ÷ „À¡à„π¥‘π acuminate ´÷ßË §àÕ¬Ê ‡√’¬«≈ß®π∂ß÷ ®¥ÿ ª≈“¬,

H acre ‡Õ‡§Õ√å (Àπ«à ¬ ”À√∫— «¥— æπ◊È ∑¥’Ë π‘ ), ‡πÕ◊È ∑Ë’ ‡√¬’ «·À≈¡
acute 1. ‡©’¬∫æ≈—π 2. ª≈“¬·À≈¡·µà‰¡à
I 2.52 ‰√à
‡√’¬«‡À¡◊Õπ acuminate
J acreage æ◊Èπ∑Ë’¥‘π«¥— ‡ªπì ‡Õ‡§Õ√å acute toxicity æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—π¢Õß«—µ∂ÿ¡’æ‘…

K acre-furrow slice πÈ”Àπ—°¥‘π„π‡πÈ◊Õ∑’Ë 1 µÕà  ß‘Ë ¡’™«’ ‘µ
L acute oral toxicity §«“¡‡ªìπæ…‘ ‡©’¬∫æ≈—π
M ‡Õ‡§Õ√å ≈°÷ 6-7 π‘È« Àπ—°ª√–¡“≥ 2-
∑“ߪ“°
N 2.5 ≈“â πªÕπ¥å acyclic ‡√’¬ß‡ªπì ‡°≈¬’ «, ‰¡‡à ªπì «ß
adatability °“√ª√—∫µ—«¢Õß —µ«å„À⇢⓰—∫ ‘Ëß
O acropetal 1. ‡®√‘≠¢÷πÈ ¢“â ß∫π, ‡®√≠‘ ‡¢â“ àŸ¬Õ¥
·«¥≈Õâ ¡„À¡à
P 2.  àŸª≈“¬ (™’«.) adaptation °“√ª√—∫µ«— (¢Õßæ◊™À√◊Õ µ— «å„Àâ

Q acrosarc º≈·∫∫‡∫Õ√Ë’∑’Ë¡’‡π◊ÈÕ‡°‘¥®“°°“√ ‡¢“â °∫—  ¿“æ·«¥≈Õâ ¡„π‡¢µ∑Ë’°”Àπ¥„Àâ)
adapter : adaptor «— ¥ÿª√—∫‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„Àâ
R √«¡µ«— ¢Õ߉¢à·≈–°≈∫’ √Õß
S Õªÿ °√≥ å Õß à«π„™â√à«¡°—π‰¥â
T across the grain ¢«“߇ ¬È’ π*

U AC soil ¥‘π∑Ë’¡’‡©æ“–™—Èπ∫π·≈–™—Èπ≈à“ß,
V ¥‘π∑’ˉ¡à¡™’ π—È B ¡’·µ™à —Èπ A ·≈–™π—È C

W actinomorphic flower ¥Õ°‰¡â∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–

X ¥Õ°‡¡Ë◊Õ¡Õß®“°¥â“π∫π®–‡ÀÁπ‡ªìπ√Ÿª

Y «ß°≈¡ (∂â“·∫ßà §√Ëß÷ º“à π‡ âπºà“»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ß

Z  à«π∑È—ß Õߢâ“ß®–‡∑à“°—πÀ√◊Õ§≈⓬°—π

§«“¡‡À¡◊ÕπÕ—ππ’ȇ√’¬°«à“ radial adaxial Àπ— ‡¢“â À“·°π°≈“ß, ¥“â π∫π¢Õß„∫‰¡â

symmetry) adaxial meristem meristem ¥â“π∫π¢Õß„∫

Actinomycetes ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å™π‘¥ÀπË÷ß´÷Ëß¡’ ‡¡◊ËÕ·∫àßµ—«®–‡æË‘¡§«“¡Àπ“¢Õß°â“π„∫

§≥ÿ  ¡∫µ— Õ‘ ¬°Ÿà ß÷Ë °≈“ß√–À«“à ß·∫§∑‡’ √¬’ °∫— ·≈–‡ πâ °≈“ß„∫

‡™È◊Õ√“ additive  “√‡ √¡‘ Õ“À“√,  “√‡µ¡‘ ·µßà , «µ— ∂ÿ

activation °“√°√–µÿâπ, °“√°àÕ°—¡¡—πµå, ‡®◊Õªπ, «—µ∂∑ÿ ‡’Ë µ‘¡„πÕ“À“√,  “√‡µ‘¡·µàß

°“√ª≈ÿ°ƒ∑∏Ï‘ ‡æË◊Õª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥¿“æ·≈–™à«¬„π°√–∫«π

active acidity §«“¡‡ªìπ°√¥®√‘ß °“√º≈‘µ

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√

5

additive effect 1. ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ, adsorb ¥Ÿ¥´∫— , ¥Ÿ¥·π∫ A
B
º≈°√–∑∫‡æ¡‘Ë ¢È÷π 2. ¬’π (genes) ∑’·Ë  ¥ß adsorbate µ«— ∂°Ÿ ¥Ÿ¥´—∫, µ—«∂Ÿ°¥¥Ÿ ·π∫ C
D
º≈°√–∑∫‰ª„π∑“ß∫«° ¡∑∫ (æ∏.) adsorbed cation Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈∫«°∑Ë∂’ Ÿ°¥¥Ÿ ´—∫ E
F
adelphous √«¡°—π‡ªπì °≈àÿ¡ (‡™àπ ‡° √µ«— ºâŸ adsorbent µ«— ¥¥Ÿ ´∫— , µ«— ¥Ÿ¥·π∫ G
H
∂Ⓡ°‘¥‡ªìπ°≈àÿ¡‡¥’¬«‡√’¬°«à“ monadel- adsorbing power Õ”π“®¥¥Ÿ ´∫— I
J
phous ∂Ⓡ°‘¥‡ªπì 2 °≈ÿà¡ ‡√’¬°«à“ dia- adsorption °“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫* (°“√∑’Ë “√™π‘¥ÀπË÷ß K
L
delphous) ∂Ÿ°¥¥Ÿ „À‡â °“–µ¥‘ °∫—  “√Õ’°™π¥‘ Àπ÷Ëß ‚¥¬ M
N
adherent  ¿“æ∑’Ë «à π´ß÷Ë ‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—π¢Õßæ◊™ ∑Ë—«‰ª ¡—°À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√¥Ÿ¥ “√∑’Ë¡’ª√–®ÿ O
P
¡“·µ–°π— ·µà‰¡à‡™Ë◊Õ¡µ¥‘ °π— µ√ß°π— ¢“â ¡ ‡™àπ Õπ¿ÿ “§¢Õß à«π∑’Ë«àÕ߉« Q
R
adhesion 1. °“√‡™ÕË◊ ¡µ¥‘ °—π¢Õß à«π¢Õßæ™◊ µàժؑ°‘√‘¬“·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßµà“ß Ê S
T
´ß÷Ë ‰¡‡à À¡Õ◊ π°π— ‡™πà °≈∫’ ¥Õ°°∫— °≈∫’ √Õß „π¥‘π ¡’ª√–®ÿ‡ªìπ≈∫ Õπÿ¿“§‡À≈à“π’È®– U
V
(æƒ.) 2. °“√‡°“–¬÷¥°—∫ “√ÕË◊π, °“√ ¥Ÿ¥∏“µÿ À√◊ÕÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈∑Ë’¡’ª√–®ÿ∫«°„À⇰“– W
X
‡°“–µ¥‘ °π— ¢ÕßÕπ¿ÿ “§ “√µ“à ß™π¥‘ °π— ‡™πà √Õ∫Ê) Y
Z
°“√‡°“–µ¥‘ °π— ¢ÕßÕπ¿ÿ “§¥π‘ °∫— Õ≥¢Ÿ Õßπ”È adsorption reaction ¢∫«π°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫Õ¬àŸ

‡ªπì µπâ (ª∞.) 3. °“√¬¥÷ ·ππà («π.) 4. °“√ µ“¡º‘«

ª√– “π 5. ‡™Õ◊È ª√– “π adult µ—«·°à, µ«— ‡µ¡Á «—¬ (°’Æ.)

adhesion, mechanical °“√¬÷¥µ¥‘ ∑“ß°≈* adult, callow µ—«‡√¡‘Ë ·°à

adhesion, specific °“√¬÷¥µ‘¥®”‡æ“–* adulterant  “√ª≈Õ¡ªπ

adhesive °“«*,  “√¬÷¥µ‘¥* adulterate ª≈Õ¡ªπ, ∑”„À≡∫à √ ‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï

adhesive solvent µ—«∑”≈–≈“¬°“«*, µ—«∑” adulteration °“√ª≈Õ¡ªπ, °“√∑”„À≡∫à √ ‘ ∑ÿ ∏‘Ï

≈–≈“¬ “√¬¥÷ * advance growth ‰¡â√àπÿ ∑Ë’‡°‘¥‡Õß

adiabatic ÕÕ°®“°√–∫∫, ‰¡à¡’°“√∂à“¬‡∑ advance rot °“√º≈ÿ “¡* (¥Ÿ rot)

§«“¡√âÕπ„Àâ advanced stage √–¬–≈“¡* (¥Ÿ decay)

ad infinitum ‡√ÕË◊ ¬‰ª‰¡à√⮟ ∫ [S.on and on] adventitious µ“à ߉ª®“°ª√°µ‘

adipose ‰¢¡—π, ‡¬Õ◊Ë ∑ˇ’ ªìπ‰¢¡—π adventitious bud µ“∑‡Ë’ °¥‘ ∫π «à π¢Õßæ™◊

adjunct ‡§√ËÕ◊ ߪ√–°Õ∫ πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°∫√‘‡«≥¬Õ¥·≈–¡¡ÿ √–À«à“ß

ad libitum : ad lib ‰¡®à ”°¥— , „ÀÕâ ¬“à ߇µ¡Á ∑’Ë, °“â π„∫°—∫°Ë‘ßÀ√Õ◊ ≈”µπâ

„Àâ°‘πµ“¡ ¡§— √„® adventitious root √“°∑Ë’‡°‘¥∫π à«π„¥ à«π

adnate ‡™Õ◊Ë ¡°π— ÀπË÷ߢÕßæ™◊ πÕ°‡ÀπÕ◊ ®“°√“°·°«â

ad nauseum ª«É ¬ adzing and boring °“√∫“°·≈–‡®“–*

adrenal ‡°’¬Ë «‡πÕË◊ ßÀ√◊Õ„°≈™â ‘¥°∫— ‰µ

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√ 6

A adzing machine ‡§√Õ◊Ë ß∫“°‰¡Àâ ¡Õπ*, ‡§√ÕË◊ ß aerial stem ≈”µâπ∑Ë’Õ¬Ÿà‡ÀπÕ◊ √–¥∫— æÈ◊π¥‘π
aerial survey °“√ ”√«®∑“ßÕ“°“»
B ∑”∫“à ‰¡âÀ¡Õπ aerobe ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑Ë’¥”√ß™’æÕ¬Ÿà‰¥â„π∑’ËÊ ¡’

C aeciospore  ªÕ√¢å Õß rust fungi ‡°¥‘ ®“° ÕÕ°´‘‡®π
D aerobic condition  ¿“æ∑¡Ë’ Õ’ Õ°´‡‘ ®π‡æ¬’ ßæÕ
E °“√√«¡µ—«¢Õ߇´≈≈å‡æ»·µà𑫇§≈’¬ ∑È—ß aerobic respiration °“√À“¬„®¢Õßæ™◊ ∑Ë’„™â

F  Õ߉¡√à «¡°π— ®ß÷ ‡ªπì  ªÕ√∑å ¡Ë’ π’ «‘ ‡§≈¬’   2 ÕÕ°´‘‡®π®“°¿“¬πÕ°‡¢â“™«à ¬ π”È µ“≈®–
∂°Ÿ ÕÕ°´‰‘ ¥ å º≈∑Ë’‰¥â®–‡ªπì πÈ” §“√∫å Õπ
G Õπ— ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ·≈–æ≈ß— ß“π
aerosol 1. ≈–ÕÕߢÕßÊ ‡À≈«¢π“¥‡≈Á°Ê
H aecology π‡‘ «»«∑‘ ¬“ [S.ecology, oecology] ∑’Ë·¢«π≈Õ¬Õ¬àŸ„πÕ“°“», ≈–ÕÕß≈Õ¬
2. °√–ªÜÕß©’¥ “√¶à“·¡≈ß∑Ë’Õ—¥πÈ”¬“
I aeolian deposit  ‘Ëß∑—∫∂¡‚¥¬≈¡ ·≈–Õ“°“»‰«¢â â“ß„π 3. ´ß÷Ë æàπ‡ªìπ≈–ÕÕß
aestivation : estivation 1. √–¬–æ°— „πƒ¥Ÿ
J aeolian soils ¥‘π≈¡ÀÕ∫ √âÕπ (¢Õßæ◊™À√◊Õ·¡≈ß) 2. °“√‡√’¬ßµ«—
¢Õß à«πµà“ßÊ ¢Õߥհ„πµ“¥Õ°, °“√
K aeration °“√∂à“¬‡∑Õ“°“» ®—¥‡√’¬ß°≈’∫„π¥Õ°µŸ¡ (æƒ.)
L a.f.b. (allowance for bark : bark allow-
M aeration, soil °“√∂“à ¬‡∑Õ“°“»„π¥π‘ , ª√¡‘ “≥ ance) ‡ºËÕ◊ ‡ª≈◊Õ°*
afforest, to ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“,  √â“ߪɓ
N ·≈– ¥—  à«π¢Õß°“´µ“à ßÊ „π¥‘π afforestation °“√ √“â ß «πªÉ“„À¡à
aflatoxin  “√æ‘…∑’Ëæ∫„π‡¡≈Á¥∏—≠æ◊™·≈–∂Ë—«
O aeration pore ™Õà ß ”À√∫— ∂à“¬‡∑Õ“°“» ∑Ë’¢÷Èπ√“  “√π’È∑”„Àâ —µ«å‡ªìπ¡–‡√Áß·≈–

P aerenchyma parenchyma ∑¡Ë’ ™’ Õà ß«“à ß√–À«“à ß

Q ‡´≈≈å„À≠à

R aerial line  “¬À≈°— ≈Õ¬ø“Ñ * (¥Ÿ line)
S
T aerial mosaics √ªŸ ∂à“¬¿“溠¡ (¿.)

U aerial photograph ¿“æ∂à“¬∑“ßÕ“°“» (¿.)
V aerial photograph, oblique ¿“æ∂à“¬∑“ß

W Õ“°“»‡©¬’ ß (¿.)

X aerial photograph, ogligue high ¿“æ∂à“¬

Y ∑“ßÕ“°“»‡©¬’ ߠߟ (¿.)

Z aerial photograph, oblique low ¿“æ∂à“¬

∑“ßÕ“°“»‡©¬’ ßµ”Ë (¿.) µ“¬‰¥â

aerial photograph, vertical ¿“æ∂à“¬∑“ß A-Frame (shear-legs ; sheer-legs) ªíôπ®πË—

Õ“°“»„°≈â¥ß‘Ë (¿.)  Õߢ“, ªíπô ®—πË √Ÿª A*

aerial photo interpretation °“√µ’§«“¡ African marigold ¥“«‡√◊Õß (‰¡¥â Õ°„π °ÿ≈

¿“æ∂“à ¬∑“ßÕ“°“», °“√·ª≈¿“æ∂“à ¬∑“ß Tagetes erecta, L.)

Õ“°“» (¿.) African oil palm ª“≈å¡πÈ”¡π— (æ™◊ „π °ÿ≈

aerial root √“°Õ“°“», √“°∑Ë’‡°‘¥Õ¬àŸµ“¡ Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.)

 «à πµ“à ßÊ ¢Õßæ◊™´ßË÷ Õ¬‡àŸ ÀπÕ◊ √–¥∫— æπÈ◊ ¥π‘

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»æ— ∑‡å °…µ√

7

African tulip tree ·§· ¥, ·§·¥ß (æ™◊ „π aggregate ¡«≈√«¡, °≈¡àÿ °Õâ π, √«¡°≈¡àÿ °Õâ π, A
B
 °≈ÿ Spathodea campanulata, Beauv.) ®—∫µ—«‡ªπì °Õâ π C
D
afterbirth √°,  ßË‘ ∑’·Ë ¡¢à —∫ÕÕ°À≈—ߧ≈Õ¥ aggregate, soil °Õâ π‚§√ß √â“ߥπ‘ [°“√®—∫ E
F
aftermatch °“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õßæ◊™„π∑ÿàß µ—«¢ÕßÕπÿ¿“§µà“ßÊ ¢Õߥ‘π‡ªìπ°≈ÿࡇªìπ G
H
À≠“â √πÿà ∑Ë’ 2 (¡°— ¡√’ –¬–‡«≈“ πÈ— °«“à ª√°µ)‘ °âÕ𠇙àπ ∑√“¬ µ–°Õπ ·≈–¥π‘ ‡Àπ¬’ « I
J
„πƒ¥Ÿ‡¥’¬«°—π ·µàÀ≈—ß®“°∑’Ë√àÿπ·√°∂Ÿ° ∑Ë’¡’‡π◊ÈÕ≈–‡Õ’¬¥¡“° (clay) ‚¥¬¡’ “√ K
L
‡°∫Á ‡°¬Ë’ «‡Õ“‡¡≈Á¥À√◊Õø“߉ª·≈«â ®”æ«°´≈‘ ‘°â“ Õπ‘ ∑√’¬«µ— ∂ÿ À√◊Õ·§≈‡´¬’Ë ¡ M
N
after-ripening 1.  °ÿ ®—¥, ·°à®—¥ 2.  ¿“æ ‡™Õ◊Ë ¡„Àµâ ¥‘ ·πàπ] O
P
∑‡Ë’ ¡≈¥Á æ™◊ ∫“ß™π¥‘ ‰¡ßà Õ°∑π— ∑À’ ≈ß— ®“°‡Õ“ aggregate fruit º≈√«¡ ‡°‘¥®“°¥Õ°‡¥’¬Ë « Q
R
ÕÕ°¡“®“°º≈·≈â« ·µà¡À’ ≈“¬√ß— ‰¢à S
T
agamospermy °“√ √â“߇¡≈Á¥‚¥¬‰¡à‰¥â√—∫ aggregate ray √—»¡’√«¡* U
V
°“√º ¡æ—π∏åÿ aggregating ®∫— µ«— ‡ªìπ‡¡¥Á ‡≈Á°Ê W
X
agar wood ‰¡âÀÕ¡, °ƒ…≥“ (æ◊™„π °ÿ≈ aggregation °“√√«¡°≈à¡ÿ °Õâ π, °“√√«¡¡«≈, Y
Z
Aquilaria crassna, Pierre) °“√®∫— µ«— °—π‡ªìπ°âÕπ, °“√∑”„À(â ¥π‘ )‡ªìπ

age, crop or stand Õ“¬ÿ‰¡â„À≠à °Õâ π, °“√‡°¥‘ ‡¡¥Á ¥π‘

age, exploitation Õ“¬‰ÿ ¡µâ —¥øíπ aggregation ray √»— ¡√’ «¡

age class ™π—È Õ“¬ÿ aggressiveness √–¥∫— §«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß‚√§

age class distribution °“√°√–®“¬™πÈ— Õ“¬ÿ agitate §π„À‡â ¢â“°—π

age class period √–¬–™È—πÕ“¬ÿ agitation °“√§π, °“√°«π, °“√ªòíπ

age gradation ≈”¥—∫Õ“¬ÿ agitator Õÿª°√≥å ”À√—∫°«π„À‡â ¢â“°—π

age gradation, normal ≈”¥—∫Õ“¬ÿÕ—π¥—∫ agricultural control °“√ª√“∫·¡≈ß‚¥¬«∏‘ ’

ª√°µ‘ ‡¢µ°√√¡

ageing : aging °“√∫¡à *, °“√∑Èß‘ „Àµâ ‘¥·ππà , agricultural land æÈ◊π∑Ë’‡°…µ√°√√¡, ¥π‘ ∑’Ë

∑”„À≥Õâ “¬ÿ „™âª√–°Õ∫°“√° ‘°√√¡‰¥â

agent µ«— °√–∑” agriculture ‡°…µ√°√√¡ (√«¡∑—Èß°“√ª≈Ÿ°

ageotrophic (æ◊™)´ßË÷ ‡≈Õ◊È ¬¢π“π‰ªµ“¡º‘«¥π‘ æ™◊ ·≈–‡≈Ȭ’ ß —µ«å)

agglomerate ‡ªπì °≈¡àÿ °âÕπÀ√◊Õ™àÕ, √«¡°≈ÿà¡ agriculturist ‡°…µ√°√ (° °‘ √ºâ‡Ÿ æ“–ª≈Ÿ°)

agglomeration °“√√«¡°≈ÿà¡, °√–®ÿ°, agrobiology ™«’ ‡°…µ√«‘∑¬“ («‘™“°“√‡°…µ√

°“√®∫— °π— À√◊Õ√«¡°π— ‡ªìπ°âÕπ ·¢πßÀπ÷Ëß«à“¥â«¬§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß

agglutination °“√µ°µ–°Õπ (¢Õ߇≈◊Õ¥), º≈º≈‘µ¢Õßæ◊™·≈–®”π«πªÿܬ∑Ë’„ à≈߉ª

°“√®∫— µ«— °—π‡ªìπ‡¡¥Á Ê À√Õ◊ ‡ªπì °âÕπ À√Õ◊ ∑¡’Ë Õ’ ¬Ÿà·≈«â „π¥π‘ „π¢≥–π—πÈ )

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑‡å °…µ√ 8

A agroecology π‡‘ «»‡°…µ√«‘∑¬“ («‘™“∑«Ë’ à“¥«â ¬ air-drying °“√º÷ßË ·Àßâ *, °“√º÷Ëß‚¥¬Õ“°“»
air-dry moisture content ª√‘¡“≥
B §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ—µ≈—°…≥–¢Õßæ◊™
§«“¡™È◊πºß÷Ë ·Àâß (¥Ÿ moisture content)
C ∫“ß™π¥‘ ·≈–§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√ª√—∫µ«— air-dry soil ¥π‘ º÷ßË ·Àâß
D air gap ™àÕßÕ“°“»
E ‡¢“â °∫—  ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡) air-layering °“√µÕπ°‘ßË
airline ∑Õà ≈”‡≈¬’ ßÕ“°“»
F agrology  “¢“«‘™“ª√–¬ÿ°µå‡°’ˬ«°—∫ air plant µâ𵓬ª≈“¬‡ªìπ (æ™◊ „π °ÿ≈ Kal-

G ª∞æ’«‘∑¬“·≈–°“√¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“¥‘π (soil anchoe pinnata, Pers)
air seasoned ·Àß⠥⫬Փ°“»*
H management) air seasoning °“√∑”„À≡â·Àâߥ«â ¬Õ“°“»*,

I agronomist æ◊™°√ °“√∑”„À≡·â Àâߥ⫬°“√ºË÷ß*
air tight Õ“°“»‡¢“â ÕÕ°‰¡à‰¥â
J agronomy æ™◊ °√√¡ («™‘ “∑’°Ë ≈à“«∂ß÷ °“√º≈µ‘ air tight crankcase ÀâÕ߇æ≈“¢âÕ‡À«Ë’¬ß

K æ◊™‰√à·≈–°“√¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“¥‘π ¡“®“°§”„π ™π¥‘ Õ“°“»‡¢“â ÕÕ°‰¡à‰¥â
L ala ªï°, °≈’∫¥Õ°¥â“π¢â“ߢÕßæ◊™æ«°
M ¿“…“°√°’ §Õ◊ agros ‰√Àà √Õ◊ ∑ÿßà ·≈– no-
Papillion
N mos ®—¥°“√ ¥·Ÿ ≈√—°…“) alate ¡ª’ °ï
albedo 1. ‡ª≈◊Õ°™È—π°≈“ß (¢Õߺ≈‰¡â
O agrostology µƒ≥«∑‘ ¬“
®”æ«° ¡â , ¥Ÿ hesperidium) 2. Õµ— √“ «à π
P A horizon : horizon A ¥π‘ ™πÈ— ∫π À√Õ◊ Àπ“â ¥π‘  –∑âÕπ (ø.î )
albinism ≈°— …≥–‡ºÕ◊ °Õπ— ‡πÕ◊Ë ß¡“®“°°“√¢“¥
Q ·≈–™È—π√Õß∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬Õ‘π∑√’¬«—µ∂ÿ §≈Õ‚√øî≈≈å„πæ◊™ À√Õ◊ °“√¢“¥ pigment

R Õ¬¡àŸ “°∑ ’Ë ¥ÿ ( «à π„À≠¡à  ’ ‡’ ¢¡â ·≈–√«à π´¬ÿ
S
T ¡’ —≥∞“π§àÕπ¢â“ß°≈¡ ¡—°∂Ÿ°™–≈â“ߥ⫬

U πÈ”Ωπ·≈–π”È ™≈ª√–∑“πÕ¬‡àŸ  ¡Õ)
V air, saturated Õ“°“»Õ‘Ë¡µ«— *

W air borne ·æ√à‰ª‚¥¬≈¡ (‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§ ‡¡≈Á¥æ™◊ )

X air cell ™Õà ßÕ“°“»

Y air-cooled storage °“√‡°Á∫º≈‰¡â„Àâ ¥‚¥¬

Z Õ“»¬— §«“¡‡¬πÁ ®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘Õ“®∑”‚√߇°∫Á

‰«∫â π¥π‘ À√Õ◊ „µ¥â π‘ (S. common storage) „π µ— «å

air-cooling °“√≈¥Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ º‘ ≈º≈µ‘ ¥«â ¬Õ“°“» albino ‡ºÕ◊ °, ‰¡à¡ ’ ,’ ≈—°…≥–°“√ √“â ߇¡¥Á  ’

aircraft sprayer ‡§√ÕË◊ ß∫‘πæπà ¬“ ∑Ë’º¥‘ ª√°µ‘

air-dry ºßË÷ ·Àâß*, (≈—°…≥–À√◊Õ‡π◊ÕÈ ‰¡)â ·Àßâ albumen 1. ‰¢¢à “« 2. ‚ª√µπ’ ∑¡’Ë ’Õ¬àŸ„πæ◊™

‚¥¬Õ“°“», ·Àßâ ‰¥ â «à π°∫— Õ“°“»* æ∫¡“°„π‡¡≈Á¥ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§“√å∫Õπ

air-dry density §«“¡·πàπ‡¡Ë◊Õ·Àâ߉¥â à«π ‰π‚µ√‡®π ÕÕ°´‘‡®π ·≈– °”¡–∂—π

°—∫Õ“°“»* (¥Ÿ density) albumen adhesive : albumen glue °“«

‡≈◊Õ¥* (¥Ÿ glue)

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√

9

albuminous seed ‡¡≈¥Á ∑¡Ë’ ’ endosperm À√Õ◊ alkalization ¢∫«π°“√‡æË‘¡‚´‡¥’¬¡∑’Ë “¡“√∂ A
B
perisperm ·≈°‡ª≈Ë’¬π‰¥â„Àâ·°¥à π‘ C
D
alburnum °√–æ’È* (¥Ÿ sapwood) alkaloid  “√ª√–°Õ∫Õπ‘ ∑√¬’ å∑Ë’‰¡à¡’‰π‚µ√‡®π E
F
ale ‡∫¬’ √å™π‘¥Àπ÷ßË ¡’ ’ÕàÕ𠇪ìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫ ‡™àπ ¡Õ√åøî𠧫‘π‘π G
H
aleurone 1. ‡ª≈◊Õ°πÕ°¢Õ߇´≈≈å∑Ë’Àâÿ¡ π‚‘ §µπ‘  µ√‘§π‘𠧓‡øÕ’π ‡ªìπµâπ I
J
endosperm ¢Õ߇¡≈Á¥æ◊™ ´÷Ëß¡—°®–¡’ ’ allamanda ∫“π∫ÿ√’¡à«ß (‰¡â¥Õ°„π °ÿ≈ K
L
µà“ßÊ ·≈â«·µà™π‘¥æ◊™ 2. ‡¡Á¥‚ª√µ’π∑Ë’ Allamanda violacea, Gardn.) M
N
æ◊™‡°Á∫ ”√Õ߉«â„π‡¡≈Á¥ æ∫¡“°„π allantois ∂ßÿ À¡ÿâ µ—«ÕàÕπ O
P
¢“â «‚æ¥ ¢â“« “≈’ allel : allele ¬’π (gene) ∑’˵à“ß°π— ·µàÕ¬àŸ∫π Q
R
Alexander palm À¡“° “¡‡À≈¬Ë’ ¡‡¢¬’ « (æ™◊ µ”·Àπßà ‡¥’¬«°—π¢Õß‚§√‚¡‚´¡ S
T
„π °≈ÿ Archontophoenix alexandrae allelomorph ¥Ÿ allel U
V
alga : algae  “À√à“¬, æ◊™∑Ë’‰¡à¡≈’ ”µπâ √“° all-heart ·°πà ≈â«π* W
X
„∫®√ß‘ ·µ¡à §’ ≈Õ‚√ø≈î ≈ å “¡“√∂ ß— ‡§√“–Àå alligator 1. µ–‡¶,à ‡√Õ◊ µ–‡¶à 2. ‡≈Õ◊Ë π‰¡ßâ “à ¡* Y
Z
· ß‰¥â (¥Ÿ crotch)

algicide  “√¶à“ “À√“à ¬ allogamy °“√º ¡¢â“¡æπ— ∏åÿ

alginate «ÿâπ “À√à“¬,  “√∑’Ë °—¥‰¥â®“° allomorphite ·√à™π‘¥ÀπËß÷

 “À√à“¬∑–‡≈∫“ß™π‘¥ ‡¡◊ËÕ≈–≈“¬πÈ”¡’ allophoid : allopolyploid  Ë‘ß¡’™’«‘µ´Ë÷ß

≈—°…≥–¢πâ „™‡â µ¡‘ Õ“À“√‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„À¢â âπ ®”π«π™¥ÿ ¢Õß‚§√‚¡‚´¡„π‡´≈≈√å “à ß¡¡’ “°

algology «‘∑¬“ “À√à“¬, °“√»÷°…“‡°’ˬ«°—∫ °«“à 2 ™¥ÿ ¢πÈ÷ ‰ª ·≈–™¥ÿ ¢Õß‚§√‚¡‚´¡∑Ë’

 “À√à“¬ (¥Ÿ phycology) ¡’լൟ âÕß¡“®“°æ◊™Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 2 ™π¥‘

algophage ‡™È◊Õ« ‘ “¢Õß “À√à“¬ allosyndesis ‚§√‚¡‚´¡∑Ë’Õ¬àŸµà“ß™ÿ¥°—π‡°‘¥

alignment °“√®¥— „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π·π«‡¥’¬«°—π °“√®∫— §Ÿ°à —π¢È÷π

alkali cellulose ‡´≈≈Ÿ‚≈ ¥“à ß allotetraploid æ◊™À√◊Õ —µ«å∑’Ë¡’®”π«π

alkali lignin ≈‘°π‘π¥“à ß ‚§√‚¡‚´¡‡ªìπ 4n ·µà®”π«π‚§√‚¡‚´¡

alkali soil ¥π‘ ¥“à ß [¥π‘ ∑¡’Ë §’ «“¡‡ªπì ¥“à ߠߟ (pH ¥—ß°≈“à «Õ¬Ÿàµ“à ß™¥ÿ °—π (¥Ÿ amphidiploid)

8.5 ¢È÷π‰ª) À√◊Õ¡‚’ ´‡¥’¬¡∑ ’Ë “¡“√∂·≈° allowable burn (fire) °“√‰À¡â∑’ˬա„À≥â

‡ª≈Ë’¬π‰¥â Ÿß°«à“ 15 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå ∑”„Àâ allowable defect µ”Àπ∑‘ ¬Ë’ Õ¡‰¥*â

æ™◊  «à π„À≠‡à ®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â‰¡à¥]’ allowable stress §«“¡‡§πâ ∑’¬Ë Õ¡‰¥*â

alkaline soil ¥‘π¥“à ß allowance for bark ‡ºË◊Õ‡ª≈◊Õ°*

alkalinity  ¿“懪ìπ¥“à ß, §«“¡‡ªπì ¥à“ß allowance for trim §«“¡¬“«‡º◊ÕË *

alluvial cone ‡π‘πµ–°Õπ√Ÿª°√«¬

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»æ— ∑‡å °…µ√ 10

A alluvial fan ‡π‘πµ–°Õπ√ªŸ 楗 alternating pressure process °√√¡«‘∏’
§«“¡¥π—  ≈—∫*
B alluvial flat ∑√’Ë “∫‡°¥‘ ®“°«—µ∂ÿπ”È æ“
alternation °“√ ≈∫—  ∫— ‡ª≈¬’Ë π‰ª¡“ (‡™πà ª≈°Ÿ
C alluvial plain ∑Ë√’ “∫≈à¡ÿ π”È æ™◊ √“°≈÷°·≈–√“°µÈπ◊  ≈∫— °π— §π≈–ƒ¥Ÿ)
D
E alluvial soil ¥‘ππÈ”‰À≈∑√“¬¡Ÿ≈ (¥‘π∑’ˇ°‘¥ alternation of generation °“√ ◊∫æ—π∏åÿ
‚ ¥ ¬ „ ™â   ª Õ √å   ≈— ∫ °— ∫ ° “ √ „ ™â ‡ ™È◊ Õ ‡ æ »
F ®“°«µ— ∂µÿ “à ßÊ´ß÷Ë πÈ”„π·¡πà È”≈”§≈Õß楗 æ“ (æ∫„πæ◊™∫“ß™π‘¥ ‡™πà ¬’ µå ‡ªìπµπâ )

G ¡“∑—∫∂¡°—π‰«â ™È—π¢Õߥ‘π¬—߉¡à alternator 1. ‡§√Õ◊Ë ßªπíò ‰ø„™â‡ª≈ˬ’ πæ≈ß— ß“π
°≈‡ªìπ‰øøÑ“ À√◊Õ¡Õ‡µÕ√凪≈Ë’¬π
H ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ªÕ¬“à ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å æ≈—ßß“π‰øøÑ“‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“π°≈ 2. Õªÿ °√≥å
‡ª≈’ˬπ°√–· ‰øµ√߇ªìπ°√–· ‰ø ≈—∫
I alluvial terrace µ–æ°— ≈ÿà¡π”È Õ¬Ÿà„π‡§√ÕË◊ ߪíòπ‰ø

J alluviam «—µ∂ÿπ”È æ“, µ–°Õπ≈”π”È («µ— ∂µÿ “à ßÊ alum  “√ ¡â
alveolate ¡√’ ÕŸ ¬à“ß√«ßºßÈ÷
K ∑Ë¡’ ’¢π“¥‡≈°Á ‡™πà ‚§≈π µ–°Õπ ´÷ËßπÈ” alveoli : alveolus 1. √ŸÀ√Õ◊ À≈ÿ¡∑Ë¡’ ’≈°— …≥–
L
M „π·¡πà ”È ≈”§≈Õß楗 æ“¡“∑∫— ∂¡°π— ‰«â«µ— ∂ÿ §≈⓬√Ÿ„π√«ßº÷Èß 2. ∂ÿß≈¡, ∂ÿ߇≈Á°,
°√–‡ª“– √â“ßπÈ”π¡ (¡—°Õ¬Ÿàµ‘¥°—π‡ªìπ
N æ«°πÈ’‡ªπì µπâ °”‡π¥‘ ¢Õß alluvial soil) æ«ß§≈⓬æ«ßÕßπÿà ) ( «.)
amaranthus ‡®â“‡ß“–∂Õ¥√ªŸ , ‡®“⠇ߓ–√®π“
O alluviam complex ¥‘π«µ— ∂ÿπ”È æ“ª–ªπ°π— (æ™◊ „π °ÿ≈ Amranthus tricolor)
Amazon lily ∫—««‘§µÕ‡√’¬ (æ◊™„π °ÿ≈
P all-veneer ‰¡∫â “ß≈â«π Victoria regia, Lindl.)
amherstia ‚»°√–¬â“ (æ◊™„π °ÿ≈ Amherstia
Q all-veneer construction °“√ª√–°Õ∫„™â‰¡â

R ∫“ß≈«â π*
S
T alocasia °√–¥“¥ (æ◊™„π °ÿ≈ Alocasia

U indica, Schott)
V along the grain : with the grain µ“¡‡ ¬’È π*

W alreurone ‡¬Õ◊Ë À¡ÿâ ‡´≈≈¢å Õß endosperm ‡¡≈¥Á

X æ◊™

Y alteration °“√¬∫ÿ µ«— ‡ªìπ “√„À¡à

Z alternate °“√‡√¬’ ßµ«— ¢Õß„∫·∫∫ ≈—∫ (°“√

∑’Ë„∫ÕÕ°µ“¡°‘ßË À√◊Õ≈”µâπµ√ßµ“ ≈∫— °—π nobilis, Wall.)

‰ª ·∑π∑®’Ë –ÕÕ°‡ªπì §Ÿà À√Õ◊ Õ¬µàŸ √ß°π— ¢“â ¡ ambient temperature Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡√‘ Õ∫Ê

≈—°…≥–‡™àππ‡È’ °¥‘ ·°¥à Õ°‰¥â‡™πà ‡¥’¬«°π— ) ambrosia beetle ¡Õ¥™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß (S. flag

alternate bearing °“√ÕÕ°¥Õ°‡«âπªï worm, pinhole borer, pinhole borer

alternate pitting °“√‡√¬’ ßµ«— À≈¡ÿ ºπß— ‡´≈≈å beetle, shothole borer, spot worm)

·∫∫ ≈—∫* amelioration °“√∑”„À¥â ¢’ ÷Èπ

alternate strip system √–∫∫·π« ≈—∫ («π.) amendment °“√·°â‰¢ª√—∫ª√ÿß, «— ¥ÿ∑Ë’„™â„π

°“√ª√∫— ª√ßÿ

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»æ— ∑凰…µ√

11

ament ™Õà ¥Õ°·∫∫ÀπßË÷ ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬¥Õ°¬Õà ¬ ammonium fixation °“√µ√ß÷ ·Õ¡‚¡‡π¬’ (°“√ A
B
∑’ˉ¡à¡’°â“π¥Õ° ‡√’¬ßµ—« ≈—∫°—π∫π°â“π ∑’Ë¥‘πÀ√◊Õ·√à∏“µÿ¥Ÿ¥´—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬¡ C
D
™àÕ¥Õ° ‚¥¬Àπ—  à«πª≈“¬¢Õß™àÕ≈ß àŸ¥π‘ ∑”„Àâ·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬¡‰¡àÕ“®≈–≈“¬‰¥â„ππ”È E
F
¥Õ°µ—«ºâŸ·≈–¥Õ°µ—«‡¡’¬·¬°°—πÕ¬Ÿà ·≈–‰¡àÕ“®·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ°—∫ª√–®ÿÕ◊ËπÊ ‰¥â G
H
§π≈–™Õà ¥«â ¬) I
J
amentiferous ´Ëß÷ ‡°‘¥¥Õ°·∫∫ ament amnion : amnia ∂ßÿ π”È §√”Ë ( «.) K
L
American aloe  —∫ª–√¥‡∑» (æ◊™„π °ÿ≈ amniotic fluid π”È §√”Ë M
N
Agave sisalana, Perr. À√Õ◊ Agave amoeboid movement °“√‡§≈ÕË◊ π‰À«·∫∫ O
P
americana, L.) Õ–¡’∫“ Q
R
American oil plam ª“≈¡å π”È ¡—π (æ™◊ „π °≈ÿ amorphous Õ —≥∞“π (‰¡¡à ’√ªŸ ∑·Ë’ πàπÕπ) S
T
Elaeis melanococca) amorphous region  à«πÕ ≥— ∞“π* U
V
amino acid °√¥‚ª√µ’π [ “√ª√–°Õ∫∑Ë’¡’ amphibian  µ— «å –‡∑π‘ ∫° –‡∑‘ππÈ” W
X
amine (NH ) ·≈– carboxy (COOH)] amphicarpous ´ßË÷ º≈µ‘ º≈ 2 ™π¥‘ Y
2 Z

ammania ¡–‰øπ°§à¡ÿ («—™æ◊™‡¢µ√âÕπ °≈ÿ amphicribal vascular bundle ¡¥— ∑àÕπÈ”∑àÕ

Ammania baccifera, L.) Õ“À“√´÷ßË ¡’∑Õà Õ“À“√Õ¬≈àŸ âÕ¡√Õ∫∑àÕπ”È

amminization °√–∫«π°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π “√ amphidiploid º≈∑‡Ë’ °¥‘ ®“°°“√º ¡√–À«“à ßæ™◊

Õ‘π∑√’¬å‰ª‡ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡™‘ß´âÕπ°√¥ 2 ™π¥‘ (‚§√‚¡‚´¡„πæÕà ·¡Õà ¬µŸà “à ß™¥ÿ °π— )

‚ª√µ’π‚¥¬·∫§∑‡’ √¬’ æ«° heterotrophic æ◊™·µà≈–™π‘¥®–‡æË‘¡‚§√‚¡‚´¡¢Õßµ—«

ammoniation Õ“°“√¢“¥∏“µ∑ÿ Õß·¥ß¢Õßæ™◊ ‡Õ߇ªìπ 2 ‡∑“à ≈Ÿ°∑Ë’‡°‘¥®“°°“√º ¡π®’È –

(S. red rust, exanthema) ¡‚’ §√‚¡‚´¡ 4 ™¥ÿ

ammonification 1. °“√ √â“ß·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬ amphigean ‡ªπì ¢Õß¥ß—È ‡¥‘¡∑ß—È „π‚≈°‡°“à ·≈–

®“°°√¥‚ª√µ’π‚¥¬·∫§∑’‡√’¬æ«° ‚≈°„À¡à

heterotrophic 2. °“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π‡ªìπ amphimixis °“√‡°‘¥µâπæ◊™‚¥¬°“√º ¡æ—π∏åÿ

·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬ (¢∫«π°“√·ª√√Ÿª‰π‚µ√‡®π (A. apomixis)

„π “√ª√–°Õ∫Õ‘π∑√’¬å„À⇪ìπ·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬ amphitropous ovule ‰¢à∑Ë’¡’°â“π‰¢à‚§âß®π

‚¥¬®≈ÿ π‘ ∑√¬’ å„π¥π‘ ) 3. °“√‡°¥‘ ·Õ¡‚¡‡π¬’ ∑”„À¥â “â πÀπß÷Ë ¢Õ߉¢Õà ¬‡Ÿà °Õ◊ ∫µ¥‘ ∞“π°“â π‰¢à

À√◊Õ “√ª√–°Õ∫·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬„π¥π‘ amphivasal vascular bundle ¡—¥∑àÕπ”È

ammonifying bacteria ·∫§∑‡’ √¬’ ∑∑Ë’ ”„À‡â °¥‘ ∑Õà Õ“À“√∑¡’Ë ∑’ àÕπÈ”‡°¥‘ ≈Õâ ¡√Õ∫∑Õà Õ“À“√

ammonification amplexical ‡°“–µ‘¥°—∫≈”µπâ ‚¥¬ «à π∑¡Ë’ ’∞“π

·º°à «“â ß

ampliate ¢¬“¬„À≠àÕÕ°

æ®π“πÿ°√¡»—æ∑凰…µ√ 12

A ampula °√–‡ª“– (™«’ .), ≈°— …≥–§≈⓬∂ÿß anastomosis °“√‡™Ë◊Õ¡µÕà °π— ‡ªìπ√“à ß·À
anatomy °“¬«‘¿“§«‘∑¬“ (°“√»°÷ …“‡°¬’Ë «°∫—
B amylase πÈ”¬Õà ¬∑’¬Ë Õà ¬·ªÑß„À‡â ªìππÈ”µ“≈
‚§√ß √“â ß¿“¬„π¢Õßæ◊™À√Õ◊  —µ«)å
C maltose anatropous ovule ‰¢∑à ÀË’ π— ‡Õ“¥“â π micropyle
D
E amylograph °√“ø· ¥ß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ≈ß ∞àŸ “π¢Õß°“â π‰¢à
ancestor ∫√√æ∫ÿ√…ÿ
F §«“¡Àπ◊¥¢ÕßπÈ”·ªÑ߇¡◊ËÕ∑”„Àâ√âÕπ¢÷Èπ anchor ‚¬∑–°“ (µâπ‰¡â„π °ÿ≈ Randia

G ·≈–ª≈Õà ¬„À‡â ¬Áπ≈ß pauciflora, Ridl.)
anchorage °“√¬¥÷ „À·â ππà
H amyloid  “√∑Ë’¡≈’ —°…≥–§≈“â ¬·ªÑß androecium ‡° √µ—«ºâŸ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬Õ∫— ‡√≥Ÿ

I amyloplast æ≈“ µ‘°∑Ë’‰¡¡à  ’ ’ ·≈–°â“π‡√≥Ÿ
androgen ŒÕ√å‚¡π‡æ»ºŸâ
J amylum ·ªÑß∑Ë’‰¥â®“°æ™◊ androgynophore °“â πÕπ— ‡ªπì ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢Õ߇° √

K anabolism °√–∫«π°“√∑“߇§¡’„π°“√ √â“ß µ—«ºâ·Ÿ ≈–µ—«‡¡¬’
L androgynous ¡¥’ Õ°µ«— ºŸâ·≈–¥Õ°µ—«‡¡’¬„π
M  “√„π ‘ßË ∑’Ë¡™’ ’«‘µ
™àÕ¥Õ°‡¥’¬«°—π
N anaerobe ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑Ë’ “¡“√∂¥”√ß™’æÕ¬Ÿà‰¥â andromonoecious ¥Ÿ androgynous
androperianth tube ≈—°…≥–§≈“â ¬∂⫬À√◊Õ
O ‚¥¬‰¡àµÕâ ß„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π
À≈Õ¥ ‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡µ‘¥°—π¢Õß à«π
P anaerobic condition  ¿“æ∑’Ë¡Õ’ Õ°´‘‡®π‰¡à µà“ßÊ ¢Õߥհ
andropetalous ¡’‡° √µ—«ºŸ§â ≈“â ¬°≈’∫¥Õ°
Q ‡æ’¬ßæÕ androphore °â“π™‡Ÿ ° √µ«— ºâŸ
anemia ¿“«–‡≈Õ◊ ¥®“ß, ‚√§‚≈Àµ‘ ®“ß
R anaerobic respiration °“√À“¬„®‚¥¬‰¡à
S
T µÕâ ß„™Õâ Õ°´‡‘ ®π º≈∑Ë’‰¥√â ∫— §Õ◊ ·Õ≈°ÕŒÕ≈å

U anaesthetic ¬“ ≈∫, ¬“™“
V anaesthetize «“߬“ ≈∫

W analogous Àπâ“∑Ë’§≈⓬°—π, §≈⓬§≈÷ß°—π,

X ‡ª√¬’ ∫‡∑¬’ ∫, Õÿª¡“

Y analogue  Ë‘ß∑˧’ ≈⓬§≈ß÷ °—π, ‡™ß‘ Õªÿ ¡“π

Z analogy ¡’Àπâ“∑’ËÕ¬à“߇¥’¬«°—π ·µà¡’√Ÿª√à“ß

·≈–°“√‡®√‘≠‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—π anemochorus °√–®“¬‚¥¬≈¡

anaphase √–¬–Àπ÷ËߢÕß°“√·∫à߇´≈≈å·∫∫ anemograph ‡§√◊ËÕß«—¥≈¡Õµ— ‚π¡µ— ‘

mitosis ‚§√‚¡‚´¡®–·¬°µ—«®“°·π« anemometer ‡§√◊ËÕß«—¥≈¡

°Ë÷ß°≈“߇´≈≈å (equator) ‰ª¬—ß·µà≈–¢—È« anemophilous °“√º ¡‡° √∑Ë’„™≈â ¡‡ªπì æ“À–

(pole) anemophilous plant æ™◊ ∑Ë’Õ“»—¬≈¡º ¡æ—π∏ÿå

anaplast ¥Ÿ leucoplast anemovane ‡§√Õ◊Ë ß«¥— ·≈–™’∑È “ß≈¡

anastomosing ‡ªπì √à“ß·À

æ®π“π°ÿ √¡»—æ∑‡å °…µ√

13

aneuploid 1.  ‘ßË ¡™’ «’ ‘µ∑Ë’¡’®”π«π‚§√‚¡‚´¡ animal glue °“« —µ«å* A
B
‰ ¡à ‡ ªì π º ≈ §Ÿ ≥ ¢ Õ ß ®” π « π ™ÿ ¥ ¢ Õ ß animal hauling °“√™—°≈“°‚¥¬ µ— «å* C
D
‚§√‚¡‚´¡¢Õßæ™◊ ππ—È Ê 2. °“√‡æË¡‘ À√Õ◊ animal husbandman  µ— «∫“≈ E
F
≈¥¢Õß®”π«π‚§√‚¡‚´¡®“° ¿“«– animal husbandry  µ— «∫“≈,  µ— «°√√¡, °“√ G
H
diploid ¢Õß Ë‘ß∑Ë’¡’™’«‘µπ—Èπ ‰¡à‡ªìπ™ÿ¥ ‡≈È’¬ß —µ«å I
J
À√◊Õ‡ªìπ‡∑à“¢Õß basic number Õ“® animal kingdom Õ“≥“®°— √ µ— «å K
L
·µ°µ“à ß®“° ¿“æ diploid 1 À√◊Õ 2 ‡™àπ animal manure ªÿܬ§Õ° M
N
nullisomics (2n - 2), monosomic animal operated ∑”ß“π‚¥¬„™â·√ß —µ«å O
(2n - 1), trisomics (2n + 1), animal powered ∑”ß“π‚¥¬„™â —µ«å‡ªìπµâπ P
tetrasomics (2n + 2) Q
anfractuose ‡ªπì ‡°≈’¬«À√◊Õ§≈π◊Ë °”≈ß— R
angiosperm æ◊™¡¥’ Õ°, °≈ÿ¡à æ◊™∑¡’Ë ‡’ ¡≈¥Á ‡°¥‘ animal taxonomy : systematic zoology S
Õ¬àŸ„π√—߉¢à T
angle, tooth ¡¡ÿ §¡øíπ‡≈ËÕ◊ ¬  —µ«“π°ÿ √¡«‘∏“π U
angle, sharpness ¡ÿ¡§¡øíπ‡≈Õ◊Ë ¬, ¡¡ÿ §¡ anisocytic stoma ª“°„∫∑¡Ë’ ’ subsidiary cell V
„∫¡¥’ W
angled rag gourd ∫«∫‡À≈’ˬ¡ (æ◊™„π °≈ÿ ®”π«π 3 ‡´≈≈å ‚¥¬¡’‡´≈≈åÊ ÀπË÷ß¡’ X
Luffa acutangula, Roxb.) ¢π“¥‡≈°Á °«à“Õ’° 2 ‡´≈≈å Y
angle of attack ¡¡ÿ µ—¥* anisogamy ¥Ÿ heterogamy Z
ängström §«“¡¬“« 0.0001 ‰¡§√Õπ À√◊Õ anisomerous ¡’®”π«π à«π¢Õߥհ„π«ß‰¡à
0.0,000,001 ¡≈‘ ≈‡‘ ¡µ√ ‡∑“à °π—
angular °Õâ π‡À≈’ˬ¡ anisophylly °“√∑’Ëæ◊™¡’„∫¡“°°«“à 2 √Ÿª
angular blocky ·∫∫°âÕπ‡À≈’¬Ë ¡¡ÿ¡§¡ anisotropic ¡ ’ ¡∫µ— µ‘ “à ß°π— ∫π®¥ÿ ∑µË’ “à ß°π— ∫π
angular collenchyma ‡´≈≈å§Õ≈‡≈π‰§¡à“ ·°π
∑’Ë¡’¡¡ÿ Àπ“ annatto §”· ¥ (‰¡â¥Õ°„π °ÿ≈ Bixa
angustifoliate ¡’„∫·§∫ orellana, L.)
animal, draught  µ— «å∑’Ë„™·â √ßß“π„π°“√≈“° annotated map ·ºπ∑√’Ë ªŸ ∂“à ¬º ¡≈“¬‡ âπ
¥÷ß (‡™πà ™“â ß ¡“â «—« §«“¬) annual bearing ÕÕ°¥Õ°ÕÕ°º≈ªï≈–§√ß—È
animal breeding °“√∫”√ÿßæ—π∏å ÿ µ— «å annual layer ™—Èπ«ßª*ï
animal drawn ≈“°¥ß÷ ¥â«¬ —µ«å annual pastures ∑ÿàßÀ≠â“∑’˵âÕß∑”°“√À«à“π
animal drawn implement Õÿª°√≥å∑Ë’„™â ∑ÿ°Ê ªï ·∑π∑Ë’ permanent pastures
∑—ÈßÀ¡¥À√◊Շ撬ß∫“ß à«π πÕ°®“°À≠â“
·≈«â Õ“®¡∂’ «—Ë ‡À≈◊ÕßÕ¬Ÿà¥â«¬°Á‰¥â

 µ— «å≈“°¥÷ß