AVIATION LESSON 18
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson you will make oral and wrj-tten responses to oral
and written questions as follows:
1. What does it mean to bail out of an aircraft?
To bail ouE is to jump or,! or ro11 out of an aircraf t.
2. What is a D-ring?
A D-ring is a ripcord handle that looks like the letter D.
3. What is the egress system?
The egress system is the systen in an aircraft that ejects the pilot
out of the cockpit.
4. What does the term "to eject" mean?
"To eject" means to throw ouE.
5. What does it mean to jettison sonething?
To jettison is to throw off or remove something.
6. 0n a parachute, what is the candpy?
The canopy is the top part of the parachute, Ehe part that opens.
7. What is a parachute?
A parachute is a device that allows a crewmember to descend safely to
the earth after bailing out of or ejecting from an aircrafE.
8. What is a ripcord handle and what does it do?
A ripcord handle is a handle which, when pulled, releases the parachute
for opening.
9. What is a shoulder harness?
A shoulder harness is straps or bands that hold the pilot in the seat.
10. What is the zero-delay lanyard?
The zero-delay lanyard is a device that permits the opening of the
parachute without delay when attached to the ripcord handle.
11. What is a lap belt?
A lap belt is a safety belt that fastens across the lap.
L2. What are risers?
Risers are straps that are fastened to Ehe lines of the parachute canopy
and used to guide a parachute.
18-r
13. When tras a land-based airplane been ditched?
A land-based airplane has been ditched when it has been landed in the
water under emergency conditions.
L4. What is a life preserver?
A life preserver is any kind of device used to keep the body up to
prevent drowning.
15. What is a personnel locator beacon?
A personnel locator beacon is a survival radio that sends out a Eone,
indicating position to rescuing aircraft.
16. What does it mean to survive an accident?
To survive an accident is to continue to live after being involved in
the accident.
L7. What. is a survivor?
A survivor is a person who is not killed by the accident.
18, What does the term "to rescue" mean?
"To rescue" means to save a person from danger.
19. What happens when a pilot is picked up after ditching an aircraft?
Ihe pilot is raised out of the water, usually by a helicopter.
20. What is a downed pilot?
A downed pilot is a pilot who has crash-landed or parachuted into an
area.
L8-2
TERMINOLOGY AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
The pronunciation and stressed syllables (shown in capital letters) for the
objective terms in this lesson are:
I. bail out (BArL our) / hol a()
2. canopy (cAN o py)
3. D-ring (D RrNG) , '( ". g /
4. ditch (Drrcn) , /:l(,
5. downed pilot
(D0WNED PI lot)
6. egress system (E gress SYS tem)
7. eject
(e JEcr) - -/ *j/*',
8. jettison
(JET ti son)
9. lap belt
10. life preserver (LAPBELT) I -f hrlt,
(LIFE pt,e SERV er )
/I It a,t/rt, Dr azarV ar /I
11. parachute (PAR a chute)
18-3
L2. personnel locator beacon (per son NEL 1o CA tor BEA con)
13. pick uP r I ar. a^r I Inke4lar h: ' e ?
L4. rescue
(PrcK uP)
/1
(RES cue)
15. ripcord handle (RrP
16. risers (RIS ers)
L7. shoulder harness (SHOUL der llAR ness)
18. survive (sur VM)
19. survivor (sur VI vor)
20. zero-delaY lanYard (ZE ro de I,AY LAtl yard )
18-4
VISUALS F'OR LESSON 18 RIPCORD
CANOPY*r- HANDLE
(D.RtNG)
LINES+
ZERO.DELAY
RISERS 4 LANYARD
ZERO.DELAY
LANYARD
HOOK
THE PARACHUTE
JETTISONING CANOPY t--
18-5
VISUALS FOR LESSON 18 (cont fd)
ROLLING OUT FOSITION w
JUMPING OUT POSITION ffi
BAILING OUT OF AIRCRAFT ESCAPE EXITS
18-6
GLOSSARY
BAIL OUT: to jump out or ro11 out of an aircraft.
Ex: In an emergency, it is not uncommon to feel that it is safer to
stay with the aircraft Ehan to bail out.
CANOPY: (f) the cockpit cover of an aircraft; (2> the top part of a
parachute that op€os.
Ex: The canopy of the parachute fi1ls with air, allowing a slow descent
to the earEh.
D-RING: a ripcord handle that looks like the letter D.
Ex: The ripcord handle, sometimes called a D-rlnE', can be pulled if the
parachute doesntt open automatically.
DITCH: to land a land-based aircraft in the water under emergency conditions.
Ex: If an aircraft is ditched, a life raft is launched irnnediately.
DOWNED PILOT: a piloE that has crash-landed or parachuted into an 8re8.
Ex: The main concern of a downed pilot i-s to be rescued.
EGRESS SYSTEI'{: the system in an aircraft Ehat ejects a pilot out of the
cockpit; ejectlon slsten.
Ex: The egress sysEems of jets have devices used for reqoving the seat.
EJECT: to throw out.
Ex: A piloE often has to eject, during a flight emergency.
JETTISON: Eo throw of f ; r€rDoV€ .
Ex: The canopy is jettisoned before the ejection seaE can be ejected
from the cockpiE.
LAP BELT: a safety belt that fastens across the lap.
Ex: The lap belt helps keep the pilot or navigator in the seat during
certain movements of the aircraft.
LIFE PRESERVER: any kind of device used to keep the body up to prevent
drowning.
Ex:Liferaftsand1ifejacketsaretwokindsof@.
18-7
pAMCHUTE: a device that allows a crewmember to descend saf ely to the earth
after bailing out or ejecting from an aircraft.
Ex: The style of parachute used is determined by the emergency escape
route, the seat configuration, and the operational mission of the
aircraft.
PERSONNEL LOCATOR BEACON: a survival radio that sends out a tone, indicating
position to rescuing ai-rcraf t.
Ex: One type of personnel locator beacon transmits both tone and voice.
PICK UP: to raise.
Ex: Downed pilots are usually picked up by helicopter.
RESCUE: to save a person from danger . a downed pilot uses various
In order to be found and rescued,
Ex:
methods to insure being s€err.
RIPCORD HANDLE: a handle which, when pulled, releases the parachute for
opening.
Ex:Th.@i"normal1ypu11edmanua11ywhenopeningthe
parachute after bailout.
RISERS: straps that are fastened to the lines of the parachute canopy and
to guide a Parachute.
used the rlsers to guide his parachute altay
The navlgators can grab
Ex:
from obstacles.
SHOULDER HARNESS: srraps or bands that hold the pilot ln the seat.
Ehaxr:nAes1soens gtowist'thaEyhine1tahpebire1set,athtsednuarvlniggaintovrearnteddp1fll1gohttu. se9@
SURVM: to contlnue to live after an accident.
Ex: I'lost people who have to survive in a strange environment have a
cert,ain amount of fear.
SURVIVOR: a person who ls not ksiullrevdlvobryrsthllefeacdceidpeenntd's on knowing survival
Ex: In dangerous areas, a
techniqu€s.
3ZERO-DELAY LANYARD a device that pernits the opening of the parachute
without delay when attached to the ripeord handle.
Ex: The zero-delay lanyard is used prinarily at low altl-tudes.
18-8
COMPLETION EXERCISE
Write in the missing terms that correctly complete the sent€oc€s.
l. Any device that can be used to keep the body up to prevent drownlng
is called a .
2. The downed pilot wasn t t until the third
day after the accident.
3. The of the cockpit has to be jettisoned
before the pllot can eject safely.
4. The navigator was wearing a shoulder harness and a
to stay in the seat.
5. are used to guide the parachute during
descent.
6. The should only be attached to the
ripcord handle when flying at 1ow altitudes.
7. A large plane went down yesterday with 243 people on board; there were
no
8. The plane was on its way down so the crewmembers had to
over the water.
9. Get the life raft! Werve got to Ehe
plane.
10. The ejection system can also be called the
18-9
11. The pilot sard a plane and sent up a flare hoping to be
L2. The ripcord handle or should be pulled
only if the parachute doesntt open automatically.
13. The on this aircraft sends out a tone
only; you cannot transmit by voice.
L4. Several factors, including the operational mission of the aircraft, are
used to determine the type of used.
15. Along with the lap belE, a helps keep
crewmembers in their seats.
16. A11 aircraft in the vicinity should be alerted when a plane has been
ditched that there is a
L7. The pilot jettisoned the canopy and prepared to
18. When pulled, the releases the parachute
for openi-ng.
19. Four of the eleven crewmembers were killed and the rest
20. The ejection seat can only be ejected from the cockpit after the
canopy has been
18-10
QUESTIONS
Answer the questions with complete sentences. Write the answers in the
space provided.
L What is the device called that allows a crewmember to descend safely
to the earth after bailing out of an aircraft?
2. What is a shoulder harness?
3. What can you say has happened to an ai.rplane when it has been landed in
the water under emergency condj-tions?
4. What happens when a crewmember is picked up after ditching an aircraft?
5. What is a survivor?
6. What is another name for the ejection system in an aircraft?
18-11
7. What is the survival radio called that sends out a tone, indicating
position to rescuing alrcraft?
8. What does it mean to bail out of an alrcraft?
9. What do you call the straps t,hat are fastened to the llnes of the
parachute canopy and used to guide the parachute?
10. !{hat is a lap belt?
11. What is the devlce called which is pulled to release the parachute
for opening?
L2. What does the t.erm "to eject" mean?
13. What do you call the Eop part of the parachute?
18-12
L4. What is a D-ring?
15. What is a zero-delay lanyard?
16. V'lhat do you call a pilot who has crash-landed or parachuted into an atea?
L7. If something has been thrown off or removed from something, what has
happened to iE?
18. What is a life preserver?
19. What does the term "to rescue" mean?
20. What does it mean to survive an accident?
18-13
MATCHING EXERCISE
Match the terms in Column B with the phrases in Column A. Write the letters
ln the blanks.
Column A Column B
1. a ripcord handle 8. zero-delay lanyard
2. to throw off; remove b. jet tison
3. a survival radio Ce downed pllot
4. raise d. canoPy
5. cont inue Eo live €. pick up
6. permits immediate opening f. eject
g. D-r lng
of parachute h. ball out
7. part of a parachute i. rescue
j. survlve
that opens k. shoulder harness
8. used to prevent drowning 1. personnel locator
9. to save from danger
10. to junp out of an aircraft beacon
III . risers
Il . parachute
Oo life preserver
11. used to guide a parachute
L2. holds the pilot in Ehe
seat
18-14
quIZ EXERCTSE
Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by marking
the best answer t dt b, or c.
l. Life jackets are a kind of .
ei. shoulder harness
b. survivor
co life preserver
2. What does the egress system do?
Bo ejects the pilot in an emergency
b. ditches a land-based aircraft
cr fills the parachute with air
3. The downed pilot was found by the helicopter pilot who followed the tone
from the o
&. zero-delay lanyard
b. personnel locator beam
c. D-ring
4. The ai-rcraft was out of fuel and had to be seven miles from shore.
2.. ditched
b. rescued
c o jettisoned
5. l'{ost pilots exhibit a f ear of of a crippled aircraf t.
d. bailing out
b. e jecting
c. surviving
6. Of the nine people on board, there was only one , the navigator.
B. downed pilot
b. survivor
cr parachute
7. When the zero-delay lanyard is attached, there is no need to use
the .
8. egress system
b. canopy
co ripcord handle
18-15
AV IAT I ON LESSON L9
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson you will make oral and written responses to oral
and written questions as follows:
l. What is a uillibar?
A nillibar is a unit of atmospheric pressur€.
2. What is an isobar?
An isobar is a line connecting places reporting equal atmospheric
pressure.
3. What is a high-pressure area?
A high-pressure area is an area where the atmospheric Pressure is
greater Ehan it is in the surrounding €lr€a.
4. What is a low-pressure area?
A low-pressure area ls an area where the atmospheric pressure is
less than it is in the surrounding Er€a.
5, If the wind moves clockwise, how is it moving?
The wind is moving like the hands of a clock.
6. If the wind moves counterclockwise, how is it moving?
It is rotating opposite to the hands of a clock.
7. Which front requires three aj.r masses?
The occluded f ront requi-res three air tn;tsses.
8. What front has a cold air mass replacing a warm air mass?
A cold f ront has a cold air mass replaclng a ldarm air mass.
9. What fronE has a \{arm air mass replacing a cold air mass?
A warm f ront has a rdarm air mass replacing a cold ai-r mass.
10. What are cumulus clouds?
Cumulus clouds are gray clouds with vertical developmentr which are
usually associated with fast-moving cold fronts.
11. What are stratus clouds?
Stratus clouds are clouds resembling fog but not resting on the ground,
which have horizontal development and very little turbulence and are
associated with warm fronts.
L2. What is turbulence?
Turbulence is unsmooth air caused by up and down currents (updrafts
and downdrafts).
19-l
13. What is a wind shift?
A wind shift is a change in the direction from which the wind blows.
14. What is a squall line?
A squall line is a line of thunderstorms preceding a cold front.
15. What is a stationary front?
A stationary front is a front with little or no movern€rt.
16. What is an obscuration?
An obscuration is the sky condition in which Ehe sky is hidden by rain.
L7. What is a ceiling?
A ceiling is the base height of the lowest layer of clouds covering at
leasE si-x-tenths (.6) of the sky.
18. What is visibility?
Visibility is the distance we can recognize large objects, such as
houses or buildings.
19. What is a gust of wind?
A gust of wind is a sudden increase which lasts for only a short time.
20. What are cirrus clouds?
Cj-rrus clouds are wispy, white clouds usually of small, ice crystals,
formed at altitudes of 101000 to 401000 feet.
2L. What is fog?
Fog is a cloud-like concentration of water vapor, very near to or
touching the ground, that linits visibility on the surface of the
ground.
22. What is precipitation?
Precipitation is all forms of falling moisture.
L9-2
TERI"IINOLOGY AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
The pronuneiation and stressed syllables (shown in capital letters) for the
objective terms in this lesson are:
l. ceiling (CEIL itg)
2. cirrus clouds (CIR rus CLOUDS)
3. clockwise (CLOCK wise)
(coLD FRONT)
4. cold front
5. counterclockwise (c,oun'.t2er-nCLtOaCKrwl ise)l{,ku,a--u
6. cumulus clouds (CU mu lus cLouDS )
7. fog (FoG) ti /
8. gust
( cusr )
9. high-pressure area
(HIGH PRES sure AR a)
10. isobar
(I so bar)
19-3
ll. low-pressure area (LOW PRES sure AR e a )
L2. nillibar
13. obscuration /
14' occluded front (MIL li bar )
15. precipitation (ob scu RA tion)
16. squall line
(oc CLUD ed FRONT)
L7. stationary front
18. st,ratus clouds (pre CIP i ta tion)
19. turbulence
20. visibilltY (SQUALL LINE)
(STA tion ar Y FRONT)
(STRA tus CLOUDS)
/
>(ruR bu rence / * {" h/ a l- nt '
(visiBILitY)
L9-4
2L. warm front (wARr,I FRoNr) ,'-'/rvz., #"a-n*,
22. wind shift
(wrND SHrFT )
19-5
VISUALS FOR LESSON 19
Center Ci
HIGH-PRESSURE AREA
Cenrer City
LOW-PRESSURE AREA
19-6
VISUALS FOR LESS_oNj9 (conttd)
rtl B. DRIZZLE l,";;"id;fffislt
A. RAINDROPS -Diometer less thon l/50 inch- C. SLEET
(Liquid) (L i qui d) (5olid)
I6F,
D. HAIL E. SNOW
(Solid) (Sol id)
FORMS OF PRECIPITATION
Clockwise Counter- Clockwise Counter -
Parallel Flow Clockwise Spiral Flow Clockwise
Parallel Flow Outward Spiral Flow
lnward
@*A*@@,3.BARS@
L9-7
VISUALS FOR LESSON 19 (conttd)
CLOUD CEILING TOOO FT.
OBSCURATION CEILING 8OO FT.
YERTICAL \\\_
VISIBILITY
GOOD
600 FT.
OBSCURED SLANT RANGE VISIBILITY
ffirvrrn-1o'1!3
oooo
VIS^IIBRI.LTIOTY.GRBOLUOXCDK.ED
BY CLOUDS
r9-8
VISUALS FOR LESSON 19 (cont rd)
SOUALL LINE-STORM AREA IN ADVANCE OF A COLD FRONT
CIRRUS (CI} CLOUDS
r9-9
VISUALS FOR LESSON 19 (cont'd)
WARM
cooL
OCCULUDED FRONT
Slrotus
Worm W rm Air
WARM FRONT COLD FRONT
WARM
C(lLD
STATIONARY FRONT
19-r0
GLOSSARY
CEILING: the height above the ground of the base of the lowest layer of
clouds when over half of the sky is hidden.
Ex: Pilots and weather personnel are always talking about the ceili ng
because itrs so important in flying.
CIRRUS CLOUDS: wispy, white clouds, usually of small, ice crystals,
formed at altitudes of 101000 to 40,000 feet.
Ex: The edges of cirrus clouds often look like theyfve been pulled
to long lines by the wind.
CLOCKWISE: like the hands of a clock.
Ex: The winds move clockwise in a high-Pressure 8r€8.
COLD h'RONT: a boundary between two different air masses which has a cold air
mass replacing a rrrarm air mass; the leading edge of a body of cold air.
Ex: tsehind a cold front there is usually rapid clearing, gusty and
turbulent winds, and colder temperaLures.
COUNTERCLOCKWISE: opposite to the hands of a clock.
Ex: The wind moves counterclockwise in a low-pressure etr€a.
CUI{ULUS CLOUDS: clouds with vertical development, the mean lower leve1 of
which is f600 feet, and a gray color.
Ex: Cumulus clouds are associated with fast-moving cold fronts.
FOG: a cloud formed at the surface of the earth by the condensation of
atmospheric water vapor into a multitude of minute water droplets
interfering to varying degrees with the horizontal visibility at the
surface.
Ecaxl:ledWhsemnoLgo. g i" mixed with smoke, usually around large cities, it is
GUST: a sudden brief increase in the wind. so dangerous for pilots
Ex: One of the reasons that a thunderstorm is
is its strong gusts of wind.
HIGH-PRESSURE AREA: an area where the atmospheric pressure is greater than
it is in the surrounding area.
rc'Ex: The atmospheric pressure increases toward the center of a higF-
19-1r
ISOBAR: a line connecting places reporting equal atmospheric pressure.
Ex: The gradient wind parallels the isobars.
LOW-PRESSURE AREA: an area where the atmospheric pressure is less than it
is in the surrounding €lr€as.
Ex: In a low-pressure--area, the atmospheric pressure decreases toward
the center.
MILLIBAR: a unit of atmospheric pressur€.
Ex: If the millibars are decreasing toward the center, you have a
low-pre" t'.tt"-JE'.-
OBSCURATION: tending Lo make hazy or not distinct.
Easx:byApn rotbTslcTurfafit.ion can be caused by fog, smoker or haze as well
OCCLUDED FRONT: the front forned by a cold front overtaking a warm front
and lifting the warm air above the earthts surface.
Ex: The occluded fronE requires three air masses and has the most
hazardo,rs@orls.
PRECIPITATION: all forms of falling moisture, including rain, snohl, hail,
s1eet, and their nodifications.
Ex: Visibility is reduced by all forms of precipitation including
sleet and snolt.
SQUALL LINE: any non-frontal line or narror^r band of active thunderstormst
frequenrly found parallel to and 50 to 150 niles ahead of inactive
cold fronts.
Ex: In the warm season, a g-gg!!-!!g may develop far in advance of
the actual cold front.
STATIONARY FRONT: the edge of an air mass that is not moving relative to
the earthts surface.
Ex: The weather stays pretty much the same as long as there is a
stationary front.
STRATUS CLOUDS: clouds resembling fog but not resting on the ground,
associated with hlarm f ronts.
Ex: Stratus clouds have horizontal development and very little
t.trbut
L9-L2
TURBULENCE: irregular atnospheric motion especially when characEerized by
up and down currents.
Ex: Passengers are usually asked to fasten their seat belts when
turbulence is expected.
VISIBILITY: Ehe greatest distance from which a predetermined object or
flight can be seen and identified.
Ex: After the briefing officers discuss the condition of the sky,
their next subject is usually fisibility.
WARM FRONT: the boundary between two different air nasses which has a
warm air mass replacing a cold air mass.
Ex: There is less wind shift in a warm front than in a cold front.
WIND SHIFT: a change i-n the direction f rom which the wind is blowing.
Ex: The landing was affected by a sudden, unexpected wind shift.
19-13
COMPLETION EXERCISE
Write in the missing terms that correcLly complete the sentences.
1. The leading edge of a body of cold air is called a
2. The wind is blowing 10 to 15 miles per hour with
up to 20 mph.
3. The weather forecaster says the weather wontt change much because of
Ehe
4. Therefs a cloud of 200 feet today and
poor visibilityr so most aircraft will be grounded.
5. In a low-pressure area the decrease
toward the center.
6. Therets a cold front about 150 miles aheadr so youtd better start
looking out for the
7. The passengers were asked to remain in their seats for most of Lhe
flight because of the severe in the 3r€8.
8. are usually associated with rirarm f ronts.
9. The smog and haze around the city caused an
10. When the is down to 11000 feet, not
many pilots will attempt to fly.
19-14
ll. There is less in a wann front than in
a cold front.
L2. Lines connecLing places reporLing equal atmospheric pressure are
called
13. The clouds which are almost always small, ice crystals are
L4. In a low-pressure area the wind moves
15. A11 Ehe planes have been grounded because the
is so thick and heavy.
16. Three air masses are required Eo form an
L7. The wind shift is greater in a cold front than in a
18. The winds move in a high-pressure ar€zt.
19. An area where the atmospheric pressure is greater than it is in the
surrounding areas is a
20. Hail, sleet, snow, and rai-n are all forms of
2L. Fast-moving cold fronts have associated
with them.
22. The atmospheric pressure decreases toward the center in a
19-r5
QUESTIONS
Answer the questions with complete sentences. Write Ehe answers in the
space provided.
l. I^Ihat is an area called where the atmospheric pressure is less than
it is in the surrounding area?
2. What kind of clouds are associated with fast-moving cold fronts?
3. What is f.og?
4. What do you call the line which connects places reporting equal
atmospheric pressure?
5. Wtrich front requires three air masses?
6. What is a nillibar?
r9-16
7. What is turbulence?
8. What kind of clouds resemble fog and are associated with warm fronts?
9. What do you call a sudden increase in the wind which lasts for only a
short time?
10. What is a ceiling?
ll. What word can be used for all forms of moisture?
L2. What is the condition called in which the sky is hidden by rain?
13. What are cirrus clouds?
L9-L7
L4. What is a high-pressure area?
15. If the wind moves opposite to the hands of a clock, how is it moving?
16, What front has a warm air mass replacing a cold air mass?
L7. What is a squall line?
18. If the wind moves clockwise, how is it moving?
19. What is a cold front?
20. What do you call the distance at which large objects can be recognized?
19-18
2L. Which front has little or no movement?
22. What do you call a change in the direction from which the wind blows?
<.-- vlstBtltTY EXCELLENT
-/
/ /cLouD
CEILING
t000 FT.
a_100 Fr,._lt )-
19-19
MATCHING EXERCISE
l{atch Ehe terms in Column B with the phrases in Column A. Write the lett'ers
in the blanks.
€
Column A Column B
I. like the hands of a clock er. counterclockwise
b. millibar
2. a unit of atmospheric Pressure c. warn front
3. non-frontal line of active d. gust
€. wind shift
thunderstorms
4. change in directlon of the wind f. stratus clouds
5. tending t,o make hazY or not g. ceiling
dist,i-nct h ' turbulence
6. over half the sky is hidden 1. clockwise
j. isobar
7. opposite to the hands of k. ci-rrus clouds
a clock
1. obscuration
8. connects places with rno f og
equal atmospheric Pressure o. squall line
9. a sudden brlef increase oo precipitation
in the wind
10. ..tl forms of falling molsture
11. warm air mass rePlaces cold
air mass
L2. usually consists of ice
crystals
19-20
QUIZ EXERCISE
Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by
narking the best answerr 8r b, or co
i
1. Which front consists of three air masses?
8. cold front
b. occluded front
c. stationary front
2. When the wind moves like the hands of a clock, it is moving .
E. clockwise
b. counterclockwise
co in gusts
3. Which of these clouds are usually associated with warm fronts?
E. cirrus clouds
b. cumulus clouds
co straEus clouds
4. l"lost pilots dislike taking off when is poor.
E. fog
b. turbulence
c. visibility
5. Youfll be entering a where the atmospheric pressure is decreasing
toward the center.
8. low-pressure area
b. stat.ionary f ront
co nillibar
6. The lowest layer of clouds covering at least six-tenths of the sky is
the .
8. ceiling
b. obscuration
co visibility
7. Which of these limits visibility on the surface of the ground/
Er isobars
b. fog
co stratus clouds
L9-2L
AVIATION LESSON 20
COMPLETION EXERCISE REVIEW
Conplete the following sentences using the objective terms from Lessons 16,
L7, 18, and 19.
1. The pilot and navigator inflated the life raft as soon as the plane
was .
2. The smog and haze around the city caused an
3. ARI'{Y SIX SIX THREE THREE FrVE, JoLLY TOWER, RoGER.
ONE-TWO-THREE-FOUR-F IVE . . . FIVE-FOUR-THREE-
TWO-ONE. HOW DO YOU HEAR ME?
4. If. you know your exact position at all tlmesr you can avoid
5. If you need a weather report, yourll need the frequency for
6. Oxygen in liquid form is highly flanmable which makes handling and
servicing a very dangerous.
7. are used to guide the parachute during
descent.
8. In a low-pressure area, the decrease
toward the center.
9. Any device that can be used to keep the body up to prevent drowning ls
called a .
20-t
10. If the crewmenbers are breathing rapidly and feel slightly dizzy and
unbalanced, they are suffering from
11. The leading edge of a body of cold air is called a
L2. BrRD DOG THREE SEVEN, CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF,
HOLD YOUR POSITION.
13. tsefore takeoff, an aircraft has to be
to the ruows].
14. The ejection system can also be called the
15, l"lost pilots see the for physical rather
than for mental ressons.
16. When the is down to 11000 feet, not
many pilots will attempt to take off.
L7. Permission to take off is given by using the phrase
18. Commercial airline pilots and passengers are not required to use
because the cabins are pressurized.
19. Along with the lap belt' a helps keep
crerdmembers in their seats.
20. The winds move in a high-pressure etr€a.
'2L. Feeling drowsy, sluggish, dizzy, and tired are all sympLoms of
a partial lack of oxygen.
20-2
22. After an emergency situation has been taken care of, the congroller
will advise all other aircraft ro RE-ENTER INITIAL AND
PATTERN.
23. The pilot jettisoned the canopy and prepared to
'24. A11 the planes have been grounded because the
is so thick and heavy.
25- The international term to indicate an extreme emergency is
26. The ejection seat can only be ejected from the cockpit after the
canopy has been o f
27. Some people wontt pay any atEention to the
of hypoxia until it fs too late.
28. Hail, sleet, snor{, and rain are all forms of
29. The pilot does not come to a complete stop but applies power as soon
as the landing gear touches the ground in order to acconplish a
30. The atmospheric pressure decreases toward the center in a
3I. The cardiovascular system is affected by the pull of gravity on the
body or .
20-3
32. Four of the eleven crewmembers were killed and the rest
33. The should only be attached to the
ripcord handle when flying at low altitudes.
34. When a crewmember suffers from there
is a feeling that the +ircraft is spinning.
35. There are no changes in the flight plan when the flight i.s
36. The forecaster says the weather wontt change much because of the
37 . The plane was on its way down so the cre\^rmembers had to
over the water.
38. If the tower hears "5-3-1" on a short count, the radio transmission
1S
39. The passengers r{ere asked to remain in their seats for most of the
flight because of the severe in the Et€d.
40. Absorbed oxygen is replaced with by
performing the valsalva rn€lrreuV€r.
unril rhe third
4L. The downed pilot wasntt
day after the accident.
42. Lines connecting places reporting equal atmospheric pressure are
ca1led
20-4
43. Several factors, including Ehe operational mission of the aircraft,
are used to determine the type of used.
44. TWR: BLACK JACK ONE SEVEN, REESE TO!ilER,
YOUR EMERGENCY.
ACFT: ROGER, TOWER, BLACK JACK ONE SEVEN, MY ALTERNATOR IS OUT.
45. After such a long flight, the crewmembers were bothered by both
physical and psyc{ological
46. A pilot will ask for a only if there
are a number of things to be ehecked out on Ehe radio.
47. The on this aircraft sends out a tone
only; you cannot transmit by voice.
48. The method in which the oxygen is contained in the aircraft is used to
classify the three types of
49. Three air masses are required to form an
50. If the controller wants an aircraft to stop and maintain a particular
position, the message is
20-5
QUESTION.S
Answer the questions in complete sentences using the objeetive terms from
Lessons 16, L7, 18, and 19. Write the answers in the space provided.
1. What do you call a military doctor who takes care of militarY flYing
personnel?
2. What does "to eject" mean?
3. The controller has asked you to CONFIRI"I your emergency. What are you
going to do?
4. What is a millibar?
5. What is the part of the parachute called that opens?
6. What is fatigue?
20-6
7. WhaI is a FULL STOP?
8. what front has a cold air mass replacing a warm air mass?
9. rf you are told to DrS&.EGARD, what does that mean to you?
10. What is another word for breathing?
11. What is a parachute?
L2. If the wind moves clockwise, how is it moving?
13. What information does LOUD AND CLEAR give you?
L4. What is a lap belt?
20-7
15. What are cumulus clouds?
16. What is the illusion called in which a sEationary light seems to be
moving ?
L7. When does a pilot use the term MAYDAY?
18. What is a life preserver?
L9. How is the valsalva maneuver aceomplished?
20. What do you call the line of thunderstorms Chat preeedes a cold front?
2L. When has a land-based airplane been ditched?
20-8
22 . What does the t erm INTERI'{ITTENTLY ref er to ?
23. What are stratus clouds?
24. What is vertigo?
25. The message is TAKE IT AROUND. What does that mean?
26. What is the system called that supplies oxygen at high altitudes?
27. What does it mean to survive an accident?
28. What is an obscuration?
29. What is fog?
20-9
30. What happens when a pilot is picked up after ditching an aircraf,t?
31. Your flight has been CLEARED AS FILED. What should you do?
32. What does a liquid oxygen system consist of?
33. What is TOUCH AND GO?
34. What is a gust of wind?
35. t^Ihat is the pull of gravicy on a body ealled?
36. What is a downed Pilot?
20-10
37 . Yourve just asked, HOW DO YOU HEAR ME? and the reply is, FIVE BY FM.
What do you know about your transmlssion?
38. What does lt mean to ball out of an aircraft?
39. l.lhat is the science called that deals wlth the functions of the body?
40. What is a high-pressure area?
4L. What is a SHORT COUNT?
42. What is a ripcord handle and what does it do?
43. What is the unsmooth alr called that is caused by updrafts and
downdrafts ?
20-1 I
44. What is spatial disorientation?
45. What is a personnel locator beam?
46. What front has little or no movement?
47. What is METRO?
48. What is an oxygen mask and what is it used for?
20-L2
qUIZ EIERCISE
Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by marking
the best answer; &s b, or c.
l. Handling and servicing a _ is extremely dangerous.
d. liquid oxygen system
b. spatial disorientation
c o valsalva maneuver
2. Which front has little or no movement relative to the earthts surface?
&. a warm front
b. an occluded front
co a stationary front
3. What is a SH0RT COUNT?
B. a count from one to three and back agaln
b. a count from one to five and back again
c o a count from one to nine and back again
4. That helicopter has three downed pilots from this area so far.
Eo picked up
b. survived
c o ditched
5. Pilots suffering from do not know where they are ln reference to
the earthts surfsc€.
3.o decompressi-on sickness
b. pressure differential
c o spatial disorientation
6. How is atmospheric pressure measured?
Eo in isobars
b. in millibars
c. in gusts
7 . In radio communications, what does ITOLD YOUR POSITION mean?
d. proceed without any changes to your flight plan
b. taxi to an assigned position and wait
co stop and maintain your present positlon
20-13
8. There are several hellcopters in the area now searching for the
even though no one knows if they are dead or alive.
d. personnel locator beacons
b. parachuEes
c. downed pilots
9. The pull of gravity on a body is called .
El. hypoxia
b. G-force
c. pressure differentlal
10. A11 forms of including snow, decrease visibility.
d. turbulence
b. obscuratio-,n
cr precipitation
1I. HOI^I DO YOU HEAR ME? .
A. FULL STOP
b. LOUD AND CLEAR
c o TOUCH Al.lD G0
L2. What is used besides the shoulder harness to keep the pilot and other
crewmembers in place during inverted flight?
E. the lap belt
b. the life preserver
c. the parachute
13. When the atmospheric pressure is lncreasing toward the center of an
area, it is called I _.
et. stationary front
b. high-pressure area
c. nillibar
14. A count from one to nine and from nine back to one again is a .
d. MAYDAY
b. LONG COUNT
c. SHORT COUNT
15. The ejection seat ejected automatically af ter t,he cockpit canopy had
been _.
et. rescued
b. picked up
co jettisoned
20-L4