GLOSSARY
AIRSPEED INDICATOR: an instrument that shows the speed of an aircraft
through the air.
Ex: The airspeed indicator is similar to an automobile speedometer.
ALTIMETER: a flight instrument that indicates altitude or height above a
given reference levelr ds above the sea or ground.
Ex: The altimeter is a type of barometer.
ALTIMETER SETTING: an atmospheric pressure number adjusted for a given
atmospheric pressure.
Ex: The altimeter setting is an atmospheric pressure number.
AMMETER: an instrument that measures the strength of an electric current
in amperes.
Ex: The pilot finds out if the electrical system is functloning properly
by checking the anmeter.
ATTITUDE INDICATOR: a flight instrument that shows the attitude of the
aircraft in relation to the horizon.
Ex: The attitude indicator is used to determine the position of the
aircraf c hori zer:.
BAROMETRIC SCALE i a scale located on the altimeter where the atmospheric
pressure is set or dialed in.
Ex: The pilot sets or dials the altimeter setting on the barometric
scale.
COMPASS: an instrument that is used Eo determine direction.
Ex: The compass indicates the direction the aircraft is flying.
COURSE INDICATOR: an instrument that shows the position of the aircraft in
relation to a selected course to or from a voR station.
Ex: The course indicator is a radio navigation instrument.
FUBL GAGE: a cockpit instrument that indicates the amount of fuel in the
fuel tanks.
Ex: By checking the fuel gage, a pilot can determine how long the
aircraft will fly without needing fuel.
HEADING INDICATOR: a gyro-operated magnetic compass that indicates the
heading of the aircraft.
Ex: The heading, indicator reacts instantly to any change in heading.
6-8
INDICATED AIRSPEED: the speed of an aircraft through the air as shown on
the airspeed indicator.
Ex: The speed shown on the airspeed indicator is th" itdi".t"d "ittPu.d'
l'lACH I : the speed equal to that of sound.
Ex: If an ai-rcraft is moving at the speed of sound, it is flying
at lvlach 1.
MACH INDICATOR: a special airspeed indj-cator displaying mach numbers.
Ex: l"lach indicators, also referred to as machmetersr are constructed
much ffipeed indicators.
OIL PRESSURE GAGE: an instrument in the cockpit that indicates the pressure
of the engine oil.
Ex: The pifot looks at the oil pressure gage to see if the oil pressure
is at the proper oPerating level.
oIL TEI"IPEI{ATURE GAGE: an instrument in the cockpit that shows the temperature
of the engine oil.
Ex: The pilot. can check the oil temperature gage and see whether or not
the oil tenperature j-s at the proper operating level.
RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR: a compass-like device which displays the aircraft
heading and the bearing to a VOR station when it is activated by a VOR
signal from that station.
Ex: The three main features of the radio magnetic indicator are the
rotating compass card, the top index, and the bearing pointer.
TACHOMETER: a cockpit instrument that indicates engine RPM. or not the
Ex: By checking the tachometer, the pilot can see whether
engine is at Ehe ProPer RPI'{.
TRUE AIRSPEED: the actual speed of an aircraft in relation to the air
through which it flies.
Eaixrs: peTeoddfeoter rminisnterfmtrueent.aeirrsrpoer,eda,lttihtuedpei,lotancdotrhreecttesmtpheeraintudriecaotfedthe air'
6-9
TURN AND SLIP INDICATOR: a flight instrument that shows the direction and
rate of turn, and whether or not the aircraft is in a skid or slip.
Ex: The turn and slip indicator will 1et you know if the aircraft is
in a slip or skid.
VERTICAL VELOCITY INDICATOR: an instrument that indicates how many feet
per ninute the aircraft is climbing or descending.
Ex: The vertical velocity indicator is sometimes called the rate of
climb indicator.
6-1 0
COI'{PLETION EXERCISE
l,lrite in the missing terms that correcEly complete the senterc€s.
1. An instrument that measures the strength of an electric current in
amperes is an a
2. The is located on the altimeter; it is
where the atmospheric pressure is set or dialed in.
3. The instrument Ehat indicates how many feeE per minute the aircraft is
climbing or descending is called the '
4. The displays the aircraft heading and the
bearing to a VOR station.
5. When an aircraft is Eraveling at a speed equal to the speed of sound
it is traveling aE
6. is the speed of an aircraft as shown on
the airspeed indicator.
7. The i-nstrument that shows the position of the aircraft in relation to
the horizon is the .
8. The temperature of the engine oil is shown on the
g. The amount of fuel in the fuel tanks is indicated on the
10. The indicates engine RPI'{.
6-1 I
ll. When pilots need to determine direction, they look at a
L2. The is a gyro-operated magnetic compass.
13. The actual speed of an aircraft in relation to the air through which
it flies is the
14. A special airspeed indicator displaying mach numbers is called
15. The instrument that shows the position of the aircraft in relation to
a selected course to or from a VOR staEi-on is a
16. The shows the speed of an aircraft through
the air.
L7. The shows the direcEion and rate of turn
of the aircraft.
18. The flight instrument that indicates the altitude of the aircraft
is called the
19. The is an instrument that indicates the
pressure of the engine oil.
20. The is an atmospheric pressure number.
6-r2
QUESTIONS
Answer Lhe questions with complete sent€DC€s. Write the ans\{ers in the
space provided.
l. Which flight instrument indicates the height of the aircraft above a
given reference?
oLt What is Mach L?
3. WhaL does the turn and slip indicator do?
4. Which instrument in the cockpit indicates the amount of fuel in the
fuel tanks?
5. What is an ammeter?
6. Which cockpit instrument indicates engine RPI"I?
6-1 3
7. What is indicated airspeed?
8. I,lhat shows the speed of an aircraft through the air?
9. ltrhat does the oil temperature gage indicate?
10. What is a compass?
ll. What do you call the actual speed of an aircraft in relation to the air
through which it flies?
L2. What does the vertical velocity indicator do?
13. What is the barometric scale?
6-14
14. What do you call the special airspeed indicator which displays mach
numbers ?
15. What is the altimeter setting?
16. Which instrument is a gyro-operated magnetic compass?
L7, What does the radio magnetic indicator do?
18. What is the attitude indicator?
19. Which gage indicates the pressure of the engine oil?
20. What is a course indicator?
,
6-15
MATCHING EXERCISE
Match the terms in Column B with the phrases in Column A. Write the letters
in the blanks.
Column A Column B
1. speed of the aircraft as shown 8. indicated airspeed
on the airspeed indicator b. fuel gage
co heading indicator
2. used to determine direction d. anmeter
€. turn and slip indicator
3. shows the temperature of the f. vertical velocitY
engine oi1
indicator
4. measures Ehe strength of an g. attitude indicator
electric current h. tachometer
i. oil Pressure gage
5. the actual speed of an aircraft j. compass
in relation to the air through
which it flies k. course indicator
1. altimeter
6. i-ndicates the amount of fuel
n. oil temperature gage
7. shows the position in relation rr. true airspeed
to the horizon o. mach indicator
8. indicates whether or not the
aircraft is in a skid or slip
9. indicates how fast the aircraft
is climbing or descending
10. i-ndi-cates height above a given
reference
11. indicates the pressure of the
engine oil
LZ. indicates engine RPI'{
6-L6
QUIZ EXERCISE
Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by marking
the best answerr dr b, or cr
1. An instrument that measures the strength of an electric current in
amperes is an
r
a'. ammeter
b. attitude indicator
c r altimeter
2. What does a tachometer do?
d. indicates the heading of the aircraft
b. shows the speed of the aircraft
cr indicates engine RPM
3. The shows the position of the aircraft in relation to the horizorl.
d. altimeter
b. attitude indicator
c o altimeter setting
4. Which of these instruments indicates how many feet per minute an aircraft
is ascending or descending?
d. mach indicator
b. vertical velocity indicator
co airspeed indicator
5, The speed equal to the speed of sound is called .
'et l"lach I
b. indicated airspeed
c. Erue airspeed
6. Atmospheric pressure is set or dialed in on the .
Eo mach indicator
b. compass
c. barometric scale
7. Which instrument is used to determine direction?
6,. altimeter
b. compass
c. ammeter
6-r7
AV IAT I ON LESSON 7
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson you will rnake oral and written responses to oral
and written quesEions as follows:
I . What are lneridi ans ?
Meridians are imaginary lines circling the earth, meeting at the
North and South Po1es.
2. What is the pr:ime meridian?
The meridian which passes through Greenwich, England, is the prime
meridian.
3. What are parallels?
Parallels are the imaginary lines parallel to the equator that circle
the earth.
4. What is longitude?
Longitude is a measurement of angular distance expressed in degrees east
and west from the prime meridian.
5, What is latitude?
Latitude is a measurement of angular distance expressed in degrees
north and south from the equator.
6. What is a chart?
A chart is a map representing a given surface of the earth.
7. What is a map?
A map is a representation of all or part of the earthts surface,
showing countries, bodies of water, €tc.
B. I^lhat is a coordinate?
A coordinate is any one of two or nore magnitudes that determine
pos it ion.
9. What. is an aeronautical chart?
An aeronautical charL is a chart used by piloEs and navigators.
10. What is a projection?
A projection is a chart of the earthts surface represented on a flat
rec"t angle .
11. What is a Lambert projection?
A Lambert projection is a conic projection which has less distortion
than a },lercator pro jection.
7-r
L2. WhaL is a Mercator projection?
A lvlercator projection is a cylindrical projection in which distortion
becomes grea[er toward the North and South Poles.
13. What is an azimuth?
An azimuth is the direclion in angular degrees from true north.
L4. What is a scale?
A scale is the raLio between tl-re distance on the chart and the actual
distance on the earth.
15. What is distortion?
Distortion is a change frorn the usual shape'
16. What is a rhunb line?
A rhumb line is a coutrse or route that keeps the same angle with each
meridian.
L7. What are great circLes?
Great circles are circles tLrat divide the earth into equal halves'
18. What is a great circle line?
A great circle line is a course or route that is the shortest distance
between two Points on the earth.
19. What are small cirr:les? the earth which are smaller than great
Srnall circles are circl-es
around
circles.
20. What is a degree?
A degree is Ll360 of the circumference of a circle.
'2L. What is a minute?
A minute is one-sixtieth of a degree'
7-2
TER},IINOLOGY AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
The pronunciation and stressed syllables (shown in capital letters) for the
objective terms in this lesson are:
l. aeronautical chart (aer o NAU ti cal chart)
2. azimuth
^l1 ". e" 4+-k ( ,A r+
(^zimurh> //- rnte/
3. chart (cHARr, ,'[/rt/
4. coordinate (co OR di nate)
5. degree (decREE, / d"3r/,
6. distortion
(dis TOR tion)
7. great circle line (great CIR cle line)
8. great circles (greatcrRcres> f S"r* s{rkatl
9. Lambert projection )'^".7- i ""* ../'r.]"$",.=
10. latitude (LAritude, ,'/-r*,,4
7-3
11. longitude , ,(LoN gi tude ,( nJ r* , l,
L2. map (MAP) 7 ry1 PP/ -
13. lulercator pro jection CA tor JEC tion)
14. meridi-ans e
15. minute (*e RrD i ans) / * ^r/ A;
^Yl-,
16. parallels
L7. prime meridian (I'IIN ute )
18. projection ,(PAR ar lers / f /. tl =/
"t
19. rhumb line
|.o-.^ *"1 l'"",')(PRIYIE me RID i an)
20. scale
,(pro rEc rion /f , tJ/k f r^r:
'2L. small circles
, /*(RHUMB line) | ^Lrf
(scA.LE\ /I sRI el,l..
(smarlcrRcles> , ntl S{r-kal=/
7-4
VISUATS FOR LESSON 7 NORTH POLE
AXrS OF ROTArldfN PRIME MERIDIAN
EQUATOR
PARALLELS
M ERI DI ANS
SOUTH POLE
SPHERICAL MAP OF THE WORLD
7-5
VISUALS FOR LESSON 7 (cont rd)
SIMPLE CONIC PROJECTION MERCATOR PROJECTION
Tnr
tr
rn
m=2I
rZ
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ON THE GLOBE
7-6
VISUALS FOR LESSON 7 (conr,d)
G REAT
CIRCLES
SMALL
CIRCLE
DISTORTION
7-7
VISUALS FOR LESSON 7 (cont'd)
I, E IfS r
\ l.
!
rJ
L
! 7: I
{
THE LIGHT CAUSES A PROJECTION ON
THE FLAT SURFACE
7-8
VISUALS FOR LESSON 7 (cont rd)
GREAT CIRCLE
LINE
RHUMB LINE
7-9
GLOSSARY
AERONAUTICAL CHART: a charL used by pilots and navigators.
Ex: The type of aeronautical chart selected will depend on the type
of aircraft and the length of flight.
AZIMUTH: Ehe direction in angular degrees from true norEh.
Ex: The azimuths of lines are only true at t,he center of a projection.
CfiART: a map representing a given surface of the earth.
Ex: When the English began to make charts, they chose the meridian
passing through Greenwich as the origin for counting longitude.
COORDINATE: any one of two or more magnitudes that determine position.
coordinates of a position show the point where a parallel
Ex: The
and a meridian (or any two circles) cross'
DEGREE: one degree of angle; L/360 of the circumference of a circle.
Ex: A degree along any meridian is equal to 60 nautical mi-les.
DISTORTION: a change from the usual shape. flat.
Ex: Distortion occurs when you look into a mirror that isntt
GREAT CIRCLE LINE I a course or route that is the shortesL distance between
two points on the earth.
Ex: If you fly a great circle liner you have chosen the shortesE distance
between two Points.
GREAT CIRCLES: circles that divide the earth into equal halves.
Ex: A11 great circles divide the earth into equal halves.
LAMBERT PROJECTION: a conic projection which has less distortion than a
l4ercator pro jection.
Ex: A Lu*b"tt proj""t_i* ir a conformal chart because the parallels and
meridiffiingles.
LATITUDE: a measurement of angular diStance expressed in degrees north and
south from the equator.
Ex: The distance north and south from the equator is called latitude.
7-1 0
LONGITUDE: a measurement of angular distance expressed in degrees east
and west from the prime meridian.
Ex: The distance east or west from the prime meridian is called
Jongitude.
MAP: a representation of all or part of the earthrs surface, showing
countries, bodies of waterl etc.
Ex: The scale on thaE map indicates that one inch equals 300 miles.
I'IERCATOR PROJECTION i, a cylindrical projection in which distortion becomes
greater Eoward the North and South Poles.
Ex: In a Mercator projection, distortion becomes greater toward the
North and South Poles.
|'IERIDIANS: imaginary lines circling the earth, meeting at Ehe North and
South Poles.
Ex: The imaginary lines going north-south on the earth are called
meridians.
I'IINUTE: one-sixtieth of a degree.
Ex: A minute equals one nautical mile along a meridian.
PAMLLELS: imaginary lines parallel to the equator that circle the earth.
Ex: The imaginary lines going east-west are called p€fJsf g.
PRIME I"IERIDIAN: the meridian which passes through Greenwich, England.
Ex: The prime meridian is also referred to as the zero degree (0" )
meridian.
PROJECTION: a chart of the earthrs surface represented on a flat rectangle.
Ex: A projection represents the earthts surfaces on a flat rectangle.
RHUMB LINE: a course or route that keeps the same angle with each meridian.
Ex: A rhumb line is easier to navigate than a greaE circle line but it rs
a Ia onger route.
SCALE: the ratio between the distance on the chart and the actual distance
on the earth.
Ex: Th- e scale on the corner of a chart allows you to use the chart to
measure real distances on the earth.
SMALL CIRCLES: circles smaller than great circleso '
Ex: A11 parallels except the equator are small circles.
7-11
CO},IPLETION EXERCISE
Write in the missing terms that correctly complete the sentences.
l. A map representing a given surface of the earth can also be called
a.
2. A conformal chart on which the parallels and meridians cross at 90o
angles is I .
3. The inaginary lines ttrat circle the earth parallel to the equator
are called ,
4. The measurement of angular distance expressed in degrees north and
south from the equator is
5. The point where a parallel and a meridian cross is the
of the position.
6. A11 parallels except the equator are
7. A course or route that keeps the same angle with each meridian is
ao
8. One-sixtieth of a degree is a
9. The charts used by pilots and navigators are called
10. Any change f rom the usual shape of something is kriown as
7 -r2
ll. In a distortion becomes greater
toward the North and South Poles.
L'2. The meridian that passes through Greenwich, England, is the
13. A course or route that is Lhe shorteqt distance between two points on
the earth is a
L4. A is a representation of all or part of
the earthfs surface.
15. The direction in angular degrees from true norEh is the
16. When the circumference of a circle is divided into 360 parts, each
part is called a
L7. The circles that divide the earth into equal halves are called
18. The measurement of angular distance expressed in degrees east and west
from the prime meridian is
19. The imaginary lines circling the earth, meeting at the North and South
Poles, are
20. A chart. of the earthts surface represented on a flat rectangle is a
2L. The ratio between the distance on a chart and t.he actual distance on
the earth is a
7 -13
QUESTIONS
Answer the questions with complete sentences. Write the ansl^rers in the space
provided.
l. What are parallels?
2. What do you call Lhe magnitudes that determine position?
3. What is an azimuth?
4. What is a scale?
5. What do you call a chart of the earthfs surface represented on a flat
rectangle?
6, What is a Lambert ProjecLion?
7 -14
7. What is the measurement of angular distance called which is expressed
in degrees east and west from the prime meridian?
8. What do you call the meridian that passes through Greenwich, England?
9. What is an aeronautical chart?
10. What is a change from the usual shape called?
11. What are the imaginary lines called which circle the earth, meeting at
the North and South Poles?
L2. What is a great circle line?
13. What do you call a representation of all or part of the earthfs surface?
7 -r5
L4. What is the course or route called that keeps the same angle with
each neridian?
15. What are sma1l circles?
16. What is a chart?
L7. What is one-sixtieth of a degree?
I8. What is a cylindrical projection in which distortion becomes greater
toward the North and South Poles?
19. What is latitude?
ZO. What are t.he circles called tilat divide the earth into equal halves?
2L. What is a degree?
7 -t6
MATCHING EXERCISE
l"latch the terms in Column B with the phrases in Column A. Write the letters
in the blanks.
Column A Column B '
l. magnitudes that determine position d. longitude
b. great circle line
2. L/360 of the circumference of a c. smal1 circles
ci rcle
3. angular distance expressed in d. prime meridian
degrees east and west €o degree
f. Lambert projection
4. chart of the earthfs surface g. rhumb line
represenEed on a flat rectangle
h. minute
5. divide the earth into equal halves
i. latitude
6. a conic projection j. azlmuth
7. angular distance expressed in k. coordinates
degrees north and south 1. chart
8. one-sixtieth of a degree m. great circles
n. projection
9. route that is the shorLest oo l"lercator projection
distance between two points
10. direction in angular degrees
from true north
11. passes through Greenwich, England
L2. all parallels except the equator
7 -L7
QUIZ EXERCISE
Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by marking
the best answerr 3r b, or c.
l. tlhat are projections?
8. ratios beEween Ehe distance on the chart and the actual distances
on the earth
b. measuremenEs of angular distances
c. charts of the earthfs surface represented on a flat rectangle
2. Any one of two or more magnitudes that determine position is a .
et. scale
b. coordinate
c. degree
3. The direction in angular degrees from true north is the .
d. azimuth
b. rhumb line
c. distortion
4. A is L/360 of the circumference of a circle.
d. scale
b. degree
c. minute
5. A11 of Ehe parallels except the equator Er€ .
B. small circles
b. great circle lines
c. great circles
6. One-sixtieth of a degree is d _.
8.. rhumb line
b. minute
c. coordinate
7. What is latitude?
d. a cylindrical projecti-on measured in angular degrees
b. the meridian which passes through Greenwich, England
c. a measurement of angular distance norEh and south
7- 18
AVIATION LESSON 8
OtsJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson you w111 make oral and written responses to oral
and written questions as follows:
l. What is magneti,c north?
Magnetic north is the direction lndicated by the north-pointing unit
of a magnetic compass.
2. What is a magnetic heading?
A magnetic heading is a compass heading corrected for deviation.
3. What is a true heading?
A true heading is a magnetic heading corrected for variation.
4. What is variation?
Variatlon is the difference ln degrees between true north and magnetic
north.
5. What is true north?
True norEh is the point at the North Pole where all meridians meet.
6. What is a checkpoint?
A checkpoint is a known or designated point such as a mountain or city
used as a reference in alr navigation.
7. What are contour lines?
Contour lines are lines on a map or chart connecting land point.s of
equal elevation.
8. What is a landmark?
A landmark is anything on the surface of the earth, natural or man-made,
that can be identified from the air.
9. What does "Eo plot" mean?
"To ploE" means to determlne points, distances, and directions on a chart.
10. What is plotting?
Plotting is the process of locating points on a chart, drawing li-nes,
and determlning distances and directlonS.
11. What is a plotter?
A plotter is an instrumenE used to measure angles and distances and to
draw straight lines on a chart.
L2. What is a palr of dividers?
A pair of dividers is an instrument used to compare the distance of the
true course line with the scble on a charE.
8-1
13. What is a course line?
A course line is a line
an aircraft. on a charE representLng the planned route of
L4. What is drift?
Drift is the movement of an aircraft away from its intended path
because of a crosswind.
15. What is drift correction?
Drift correction is a change in the heading of an aircraft
for drift. to allow
16, What is dead reckoning?
Dead reckoni-ng is the method of estimatlng an alrcraftrs position in the
air at any time by a calculation of track, groundspeed, wind direction,
windspeed, true heading, and true airspeed.
L7. What is bearing?
Bearing is the llne of sight to an object.
18. I{hat is relatlve bearing?
Relative bearing is the angle between true headlng and the line of slght
to an object.
19. What is true bearing?
True bearing is the bearing expressed by the angle made by the
true north line and the line of sight line.
20. What is a fix?
A fix is a known positlon on the earthrs suEfsce.
2L. What ls groundspeed?
Groundspeed is the actual speed of the alrcraft over t,he surface
of the earth.
22. What is a track?
A track is the actual path of the aircraft over the earth.
8-2
TERMINOLOGY AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
The pronunclatlon and stressed syllables (shown 1n capital letters) for the
objective terms in thls lesson are3
l. bearlng (BEAR lng)
2. checkpoint >(cHEcK pornt / ( {kp"z"*,
3. contour lines (CON tour lines)
4. course llne (COURSE 1lne )
5. dead reckonlng
(dead RECK on lng)
6. dividers (dl VID ers)
7 . drtft (DRrFr) / / "*n*,
8. drift correctlon
(DRIFT cor REC tlon)
9. flx
(ril) /*!"7
10. groundspeed
-
11. landnark
> /-g.(cRouND speed ^ (, / t f: t,
(I"AND nark)
8-3
L2. magnetic heading (rag NET ic head iog)
13. magnetic north (mag NET ic north )
14. plot (PLOT) /Dt IA'T//+/
15. plotter
tILe?(PLOT ter)
16. plotting ,r
L7 . relati-ve bearing
J /*'g7(PLOT ring) f't
18. track
19. true bearing BEAR
20. true heading
(rMCK)
2L. true north
(true BEAR itg)
22. variation (true HEAD iog)
(TRUE north)
(var i A tion)
8-4
VISUALS FOR LESSON 8
NORTH True North
POLE
D^iru.1;-,r- t\eodtog
of Wind t'oe
;^""'\
REFERENCE LINE
DIRECTION OF
TRUE NORTH
TRUE HEADING AND TRUE COURSE MEASURED FROM TRUE NORTH
<- MERIDIAN
<F scALE
....;
\roor
aaaaaaa
120 "
MEASURING ANGLES WITH A PLOTTER
8-5
VISUALS FOR LESSON I (contfd)
CONTOUR LINE
CONTOUR LINES REPRESENT ELEVATION
TN ($
DRI FT TC DRIFT CO RRECTION TH
Tssg 60" loo = 50o
^i
DRIFT
8-6
VISIIALS FOR LESSON 8 (contrd) TN MN
MN TN
DETERMINING MAGNETIC HEADING
DEPARTU RE DESTINATION
PARTS OF THE DIVIDERS DISTANCE 15 DETERMINED
ARE PLACED ON THE
COURSE LINE. BY TRANSFERRING THE
DIVIDERS TO THE SCALE.
DEPARTURE DESTINATION
PARTS OF THE DIVIDERS SPECIFIC DISTANCE IS
ARE PLACED ON THE MEASURED ON THE
SPECI FlC DISTANCE OF COURSE LINE.
THE sCALE.
USING DIVIDERS TO MEASURE DISTANCES
8-7
VISUALS IOR LESSON 8 (contfd) *S
DEPRESSION
CHECKPOINT
LAKE sffieft_#
tf-rtrl tl WW
CANAL Tlt
v;t
LANDMARKS
B-8
VIS_UALS FOR LESS0N 8 (contrd) TRUE NCIRTH
MAGNETIC
NORTH
DIRECTION DIRECTION OF
,{AGN ETIC TO TRUE NORTH
NORTH
fP
G" \
cu" RTH
*CcLgX.qrr^-t ---C-f^.)il.*)-Jo
,,AIRSPEED 5OO MPH! GROUNDSPEED ZERO! IMPOSSIBLE''
8*9
GLOSSARY
BEARING: the line of sight to an object.
Ex: When you say that a house is north of a schoolr you are giving
" !g"ri-gg_.
CHECKPOINT: a known or designated point such as a mountain or city used as
a reference in air navigation.
Ex: Be sure that the checkpoints have distinctive features so we can
recognize them.
CONTOUR LINES: lines on a map or chart connecting land points of equal
elevation.
Ex: Elevations are indicated on some charts by contour lines.
COURSE LINE: a line on a chart representing the planned route of an aircraft.
Ex: Direction is determined by measuring the angle between the course
line and a meridian.
DEAD RECKONING: the method of esEimating an aircraftrs position in the air
at any time by a calculation of track, groundspeed, wind direction,
windspeed, true heading, and true airspeed.
Ex: If you are lost and the instruments do not work, dead reckoning
becomes a very important tool.
DIVIDERS: an instrument used to compare the distance of the true course
line with the scale on a chart.
Ex: There are two ways that dividers can neasure the distance of a
line plotted on a chart.
DRIFT: the movement of an aircrafc away from its intended path because of
a crosswind.
Ex: Drift is determined by measuring the angle made by true heading and
true course.
DRIFT CgRRECTION: a change in the heading of an aircraft to allow for drift.
Ex: In order to fly a true course, a drift correction nust be made.
FIX: a known position on the earthfs surface.
Ex: A fix serves as a new point of departure and provides information
concerning track, groundspeed, and wind.
8-10
GROUNDSPEED: the actual speed of the aircraft over the surface of the earth.
Ex: Grouldsp_e_ed is one of the quantities which must be known to estimate
the a@sition by dead reckoning.
LANDI'{ARK: anything on the surface of the earth, natural or man-made, that can
be identified from the air.
Ex: Any l_andmark can be used as a checkpoint.
I'IAGNETIC HEADING: a compass heading corrected for deviation.
Ex: Yagnetic heading must be corrected for variation to provide true
heading.
I'IAGNETIC NORTH: the direction indicated by the north-pointing unit of a
magnetic compass.
Ex: The area of rnagnetic attraction off true north is indicated as
qeglle,lE:Lc jrorth.
PLOT: to determi-ne points, distances, and directions on a chart.
Ex: You plot a course line on a chart.
PLOTTER: an instrument used to measure angles and distances and to draw
straight lines on a chart.
Ex: The pilot uses a plotter to measure the angle made by the course
line and a meridian.
PLOTTING: the process of locating points on a chart, drawing lines, and
determining distances and directions.
Ex: Determining points on a chart is called plg!jj.ng-.
RELATIVE BEARING: the angle between true heading and the line of sight
to an objecL.
Ex: Relative bearing is always read clockwise from true heading.
TRACK: the actual path of the aircraft over the earth.
Ex: Track is also called true cours€.
TRUE tsEARING: the bearing expressed by the angle made by the true north
line and the line of sight line.
Ex: True bearing equals relative bearing plus true heading.
TRUE HEADINGi a magneti-c heading corrected for variation.
Ex: Magnetic heading must be corrected for variation to provide true
heading.
8-1 I
TRUE NORTH: the point at the North Pole where all meridians meet.
Ex: A magnetic compass does not indicaLe true north.
VARIATION: the difference in degrees between true north and magnetic north.
Ex: The amount of variation between true north and magnetic north
depends on where yoffi-n1tte earth.
8-t2
. 9)
110 .' i5iJ n
q
fi0.3-1l.iU tnla rilJu,
CO}IPLETION EXERCISE
Write in the missing terms that correctly complete the senteDC€s.
1. A compass heading corrected for deviation is a
2, The difference in degrees between true north and magnetic north is
called .
3. A known or designated point such as a mountain or city used as a
reference in air navigation is known as a
4. An instrument used to measure angles and distances and to draw straight
lines on a chart is a .
5. An instrument used to compare the distance of the true course line with a
scale on a chart is .
6. The actual speed of the aircraft over the surface of the earth is
7. The angle between true heading and the line of sight to an object is
called .
8. The actual path of the aircraft over the earth is a
9. A change in the heading of an aircraft to allow for drift is
10. The process of locating points on a chart, drawing lihes, and determining
distances and directions is
8- 13
11. A line on a chart representing the planned route of an aLrcraft ls
L2. The directLon indicated by the north-polntlng unlt of a magnetic
compass ls
13. A magnetlc headlng corrected for variatlon ls a
L4. A known positlon on the earthfs surface is called a
15. To determine polnts, distances, and directlons on a chart ls to
16. The polnt at the North PoLe where all meridlans meet ls
L7. Anything on the surface of the earth, hatural or man-made, that can
be identifled from the alr ls a
18. The nethod of estimating an aLrcraftrs posltlon ln the air at any time
by a calculatlon lncludlng several varlables ls known as
19. The line of slght to an object ls the
ZO. Lines on a map or chart connectlng land polnts of equal elevatlon
are
8-14
2I. The bearing expressed by the angle made by the Erue north line and the
llne of slght line is the
22. The movement of an alrcraft away from lts intended path because of a
crosswLnd is called .
QUESTIONS
Answer the questions with complete sentences. Write the answers in the
space provided.
1. I{hat ls the difference in degrees between true north and magnetic north
called?
2. What ls a checkpolnt?
3 . I^Ihat are divlders ?
4. What do you call the process of locating points on a chart, drawing
lines, and determining distances and dlrectrons?
5. what ls a known posltion on the earthts surface called?
8-15
6. I^lhat is dead reckoning?
7. What is the angle between true heading and the line of sighE to an
object called?
8. What is a magnetic heading?
9. What is a landmark?
10. What is true north?
11. What are the lines called on a map or chart that connect land points of
equal elevation?
L2. What does "to Plot" mean?
8-16
13. What is the line of sight to an object called?
L4. What is true bearing?
15. What is the line on a chart called that represents the planned route of
an aircrafr?
16. What is drift?
L7. What is a change in the heading of an aircrafL called that allows for
drift ?
18. What is the actual path of an aircraft over the earth called?
19. What is the direction called which is indicated by the north-pointing
unit of a nagnetic compass?
8-17
20. I^lhat is groundspeed?
2L. What is the instrument called that is used to measure angles and
distances and to draw straight lines on a chart?
22. What is a true heading?
8-18
MATCHING EXERCISE
Match the Eerms in Column B with the phrases in Column A. Write the letters
in the blanks.
Column A Column B
l. line of sight to an object zt. plot
2. movement away from intended b. true north
path because of crosswind co drift
3. connect landpoints of equal d. groundspeed
elevation €. relative bearing
4. a known position on the f. true bearing
earthts surface g. bearing
5. h. plotter
i. varlation
and directions
6. a change in the heading to j. drift correction
allow for drift k. eheckpoint
7. angle between true headlng 1. course line
and llne of sight
rD. contour llnes
8. actual path of an aircraft o. track
o. fix
9. expressed by the angle made by
the true north llne and the line
of sight line
10. difference in degrees between true
north and magnetlc north
11. represents Ehe planned route of
an aircraft
LZ. actual speed of an alrcraft
8-19
QUrZ EXERCTSE
Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by narking
the best anslder t &t b, or co
1. What is magnetic north?
8r the point at the North Pole where all meridians meet a magnetic
b. the direction indicated by the north-Pointing unit of
co compass a chart representing the planned route of an aircraft
a line on
2. The line of sight to an object is '
8. bearing
b. relative bearing
cr true bearing
3. Afixis o
do the actual Path of an aircraft
b. a line of sight to an object
co a known Position
4. The method of estimating an aircraftts position after considering several
factors is called '
8. course line'
b. true heading
c. dead reckoning
5. What is the difference in degrees between true north and magnetic
north called?
3.. variation
b. dead reckoning
co Plotting
6. What are dividers used for?
€lr mccooenmanspeuacrritinningggathlnaegnlddeissptaoaninndctsedisootffanethcqeeusatrlaueneldevdcaoratuiworsnineglisnteraiwghit'th lines
b. the scale
co
on a chart
7 . How do You get a true heading?
8r correct a magnetic heading for variation
b. use a checkPoint as a reference
co correct a compass heading for deviation
8-20
AVIATION LESSON 9
OBJECTIVES
At Ehe end of the lesson you will make oral and written responses to oral
and written questions as follows:
1. What is Air Traffic Control?
Air Traffic Control is an orgaaization that provides for a fast, safe,
and orderly flow of air traffic.
2. What is an airway?
An airway is an air route or path designated by proper authority as
suitable f or air traf f i-c.
3. What are Instrument Flight Rules?
Instrument Flight Rules are the rules followed when a flight is made
by using instruments, without visual reference to the ground.
4. What are Visual Flight Rules?
Visual Flight Rules are the rules followed when outside references are
used in determining position.
5. What is airspace?
Airspace is the air or space above a particular surface of the earth.
6. What does "to intercept" mean?
"To intercept" means to meet or interrupt the course of a moving aircraft.
7. What does "to penetrate" mean?
"To penetrate" means to enter or go into.
8. What is a prohibited area?
A prohibited area is an airspace over land or water through which an
aircraft will not be flown.
9. What is a restricted area?
A restricted area is an airspace over land or wat.er in which rules of
flight must be followed.
I0. What is a Flight Information Publication?
A Flight Information Publication is a publication containing flight
information necessary to plan and accomplish a flight.
ll. hhat, are Enroute High Altitude Charts?
Enroute High Altitude Charts are charts used to navigate by when flying
at and above 181000 feet mean sea level.
L2. What are Enroute Low Altitude Charts?
Enroute Low Altitude Charts are charts used to navigate by when flying
below 18r000 feet mean sea level.
9-1
13. What are flight levels? at and above 18'000 feet'
Flight levels are altitudes
14. What is a jet airwaY? at or above 18'000 feet.
A jet airway is an airway
15. What are Victor AirwaYs? gi-ven the phonetic designation of Victor
Victor Airways are ai-rways
for a VOR airwaY.
16. What is a legend? on a chart, where map symbols are explained'
A legend is an area
!7. What is a Standard Instrument Departure? coded Air Traffic
A Standard Instrument Departure is a preplanned,
Control IFR deParture routing'
18. What is Estimated Tine Enroute? time needed to travel from
Estimated Time Enroute is the appropriate
one Point to another.
19. What is Estimated Time of Arrival? time of arrival at a
Estimated Time of Arrival is the expected
destination.
20. What is Estimated Time of Departure? will leave
Estimated Time of Departure is the expected time the aircraft
an air base.
9-2