ALC Technical English Vocabulary

QUESTIONS

Answer the questions with complete sentences. Write the answers in the space
provided.
l. What is the radio control panel?
2. What is a sequence of events Ehat repeats itself called?

3. What ls static?
4. What is frequency?

5. What are radio signals called that only travel in a straight line?
6. Which part of a radio changes sound Eo radio signals?
7. What do you eall equipment that is extra or additional?

IL-L2

8, What is !i.ertz?
9. Wtrich part on a radio transmits and receives radio signals?
10. What is "mike" a short name for?
11. What are radio frequencies between 300 and 3r000 megahertz called?
L2. What is a microphone?
13. If the frequency had been preset, whaE had happened to it?
L4. What is a guard channel used for?
15. What is the frequency assigned to a radio station called?

11-13

16. What is very high frequency?
L7. I^Ihat is a shorter name for aviation electronic equipment?
18. What is another way of saying one million lnertz?
19. What is a channel frequency card?

20- when you depress the nike button, what do you do to it?

2L. What does a receiver do?

11-14

}'IATCHING EXERCISE

I"latch the Eerms in Column B with Ehe phrases in Column A. Write the letters
in the blanks.

Column A Column B

l. a frequency assigned to a :ro ultra high frequency
radio station b. static
cr frequency
2. one million hertz d. receiver
€. very high frequency
3. unwanted noise f. hertz
g. antenna
4. radio frequency between h. channel
30 and 300 neg aherEz i. avionic equipment
j. line-of-sight
5. set in advance
6. changes radio signals to sound transmission
7. radio signals that Eravel in k. preset
1. auxiliary equi-pment
a straight line lr. transmitter
8. transrnits and receives radio o. megahertz
o. microphone
s ignals
9. number of hertz
10. cycles per second

ll. changes sound waves into
electrical signals

12. aviation electronic equiPment

1t-15

QUIZ EXERCISE

Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by narking
the best answerr 8r b, or cr

l. The part of a radio that changes radio signals to sound waves is
th"

Br receiver
b. -t.ransmitter
c r antenna

2. The hertz or cycles per second is called the o

8. static
b. frequency
c. megahertz

3. What is static?

8. auxi-liary equipment
b. very high frequency
c. unwanted noise

4. The radio signals only travel in a straight line. This is called

8. an ultra high frequency
b. a line-of-sight transmission
co a channel frequency card

5. A guard channel is used for .

8. emergency messages
b. electrical signals
c o unwanted noise

6, What do you call additional equipment in an aircraft?

E. avionic equipment
b. radio equipnent
c. auxiliary equipment

7. Where can you find the frequency of the most often used radio channels?

8. the channel frequency card
b. the auxiliary equipment
c r the guard channel

I 1-16

AVIATION LESSON 12

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson you w111 make oral and written responses to oral
and written questions as follows:

1. What is a rectangular trafflc pattern?
A rectangular trafflc pattern ls an alrcraft trafflc pattern durlng
which an aircraft follows a four-sided pattern.

2. What is an overhead approach pattern?
An overhead approach pattern ls a traffic pattern that consLsts of
a 45" entry 1"g, the lnitial approach, a 180" turn, a downwind leg,
a 180o turn, and the final approach.

3. What is a straight-in approach?
A stralght-ln approach ls to approach the runway on the same
heading as the ruilday ltself, without doing a pattern.

4. What is a leg?
A leg is a straight section of a trafflc pattern.

5. What ls the 45" entry leg?
The 45" entry leg ls a leg flown at a 45" angle to the trafflc
pattern ln order to enter the pattern.

6. What is the downwind leg?
The downwind leg is the leg of a traffic pattern durlng whlch an
aircraft flies with a tallwind.

7. What is the base leg?
The base leg is the leg of a traffic pattern that parallels
the crosswind leg and connects the downwLnd leg with the flnal

approach.

8. What is the final approach leg?.
The final approach leg is the last leg of a traffic pattern.

9. What is the crosswind leg?
The crosswind leg is the leg you turn on after the takeoff leg,
during whieh there is a crosswlnd.

10. What ls the lnitial approach leg?
The initial approach leg is the first leg of the overhead approach.

11. What is a flare?
A flare ls the change of an aircraftrs attitude from a descent
to a landing attitude.

L2. What is a go-around?
A go-around is continuing in a traffic pattern wlthout landing.

L2-L

13. What is a low approach?
A low approach is the go-around maneuver following an approach
where the pilot intentLonally does not make contact wlth the

runway.

L4. What is a roundout?
A roundout ls the change of an aircraftrs attitude from a descent
to a landing attltude.

15. What is touchdown?
Touchdown is the part of a landing when the wheels flrst touch
the ground.

16. What does "to crab" mean?
"To crab" means to turn an aircraft partly lnto the wlnd to correct
for drift, to fly forward and sideward at t,he same time.

L7. What is a glide angle?
A glide angle is the angle between the path of an aLrcraft and the
runway on the final approach.

18. What is a stagefleld?
A stagefield 1s a speclal tralnlng area used for practLclng hellcopter

landings and takeoffs.

19. lJhat is a panel?
A pbnel is a square-llke surface area used for the takeoff and landing
of helicopters.

20. What is a lane?
A lane is a pathway consisting of panels or pads at a stagefleLd used
for practicing helLcopter landings and takeoffs.

L2-2

TERI"IINOLOGY AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

The pronunciation and stressed syllables (shown in capital letters) for
the objective terms in this lesson are:

1. base leg (BASE 1"g )

2. crab (cMB' / tr.'t-,/

3. crosswind leg (CROSS wind leg)

4. downwlnd leg (DOWN wind leg)
5. final approach leg (FI nal ap PROACH 1eg)

6. flare (FLARE) J Irr.,
7. 45-degree entry leg
(FOR ty five de GREE EN try leg)
8. glide angle
fl" *' t.a'v /^fr' tnfr', ,rr,
9. go-around
(GLIDE Al{ gle )
10. initial approach leg
(G0 a round)

(in I Lial ap PROACH lug)

L2-3

11. lane (LAI{E)

L2. leg (LEG)

13. low approach (Low ap PROACH)

14. overhead aPProach Pattern (O ver head aP PROACH PAT tern)

15. panel (PANel) , I /nel,

16. rect,angular trafflc Pattern (rec TAN gu lar TRAF fic PAT tern)

L7 . roundout (ROUND out)
18. stagefield
19. straight-in approach (srAGE f leld) / "+dj+ t' I /

2Q. touchdown ln(STRAIGHT aP PROACH)

ls*.!*/l rn aoro(-/

(TOUCH down)

12-4

VISUALS I'OR LESSON L2

-1tDRI FFTTT IN TEN DE D
FLIGHT PATH
tl

c Rossv{ lN D

TAKEOFF RUN IMMEDIATELY AFTER CLIMB
LEAVING GROUND

\ CRABBING

TAK EOFF POINT

L2-5

tI
I
L

VISUALS FOR LESSON 12 (contrd) DOWNWIND LEG t

ENTRY +l
LEG

\
\

\

*'lPIT HERE

I; BASE
LEG

*{=-gr-E-r-l -<. FINAL

STAGEFIELD

S

DOWT{WIND LEG

\ CROSSI'I'IND LEG B

\ A
s
CALL I
E:
IHERE
L

GE E

L

STAGEFIELD

L2-6

9)

11.3 {fftJ9l
I

til

fln{::".u'ift15 fruu,

VISUALS FOR LESSON 12 (conr'd)

DOWNWIND LEG 45o ENTRY LEG

sASE LEG

tMI-aF-EiET
-a

-\\ Thrro-Foerthr Mrir \ \\\ \\, \,\ \\, _\\

FINAL APPROACH

TRAFFIC PATTERN TAKEOFF LEG

-\

-----
-a/

DOWNWIXD LEG PITCHOUT

BEGIN l8tr TURN

III PITCHOUT POINT

\ OVERHEAD APPROACH PATTERN

4f ENTRY

--)

-tr

ROUNDOUT OR FLARE (FLAREOUT}

L2-7

GLOSSARY

BASE LEG: the leg of a traffic pattern that parallels the crosswind leg
and connects the downwind leg with the final approach.
Ex: The aircraf t will lose altitude on the Eggl-S-.

CRAB: to turn an aircraft partly into the wind to correct for drift; to fly
forward and sideward at the same time.
Ex: The pilot corrects for drift by crabbing.

CROSSWIND LEG: the leg you turn on after the takeoff leg during which there
is a crosswind.
Ex: Because of the crosswind, the pilot. needs to crab the aircraft when
flying on the crosswind leg.

DOWNWIND LEG: the leg of a traffic pattern during which an aircraft flies
with a tailwind.
Ex: The aircraft has a tailwind on the downgig5lleg and groundspeed is
increased.

FINAL APPROACH LEG: the last ldg of a traffic patterrl.
Ex: On the final approach leg, the aircraft loses more altitude and
lands.

FLARE: the change of an aircraftrs attitude from a descent to a landing
attitude; roundout.
Ex: The pilot starts the flare near the end of the final approach.

45" ENTRY LEG: a leg flown at a 45" angle to the traffic pattern in order
to enter the pattern.
Ex: By entering the 45" entry leg at a 45" angle the pilot can generally
see all the aircraft flying on that leg.

GLIDE ANGLE: the angle between the path of an aircraft and the runway on the
final approach.
Ex: On the final approach, the pilot establishes a E-li-@k-.

GO-AROUND: continuing in a traffic pattern without landing.
Ex: Pilots should make a go-around when they are going to overshoot or
undershoot a landing.

INITIAL APPROACH LEG: the first leg of the overhead approach.
Ex: When flying the initial approach leg, the pilot should be careful
that the ground track goes over the runway.

L2-8

LANEpErx:a:actLpicaaintnhegltTahwyeocldioconoespsistnetrintr gllaonoodkfinspgaasnfeea;lnsrdtoltlrakpneaedoesffdsa.at a stagefleld used for

go-around.

LEG: a straight sectlon of a trafflc pattern. of flve legs--takeoff,
Ex: A rectangular traffic pattern consists
crosswind, downwind, base, and final approach.

LOW AEinPxtPe:RnOTEAhioCaHnt :apltilhlyoetdgonoee-saenrdoosutnamdlaomkteanoceofunvptearracfctotwlilcoietwhointnhgethaernuiallorpawpyr.aopapcrhoawchhe.re the pilot

OVERHEAD APPROACH PATTERN: a traffic pattern that consists of a 45" entry
leg' the inltial approach, a 180o turn, a downwind leg, a 180o turn,
and the final approach.
Ex: The overhead approach pattern ls
and fighter aircraft. used by fast tral-ner-type aircraft

PANEL: a square-like surface area used for the takeoff and landing of

helicopters.

Ex: You've been cleared for larytlng on paner one.

RECTANGULAR TRAFFIC PATTERN: an aircraft traffic pattern durlng which an
aircraft follows a four-sided pattern.
Ex: A rectangular traffi conslsts of flve straight sections
called I"g".

ROUNDOUT: the change of an aircraftrs attitude from a descent to a landing
attitude; flare.
Ex: If the roundout is not made properly, the aircraft
float. may bounce or

STAGEFIELD: a special tralning area used for practicing helicopter landings
and takeoffs.
Ex: What time are you departing home base for the stagefield?

STMIGHT-IN APPROACH: to approach the ruilray on the same heading as the
runway itself, without doing a pattern.
Ex: The straight-in approach saves time and fuel.

TOUCHDOWN: the part of a landing when the wheels flrst touch the ground.
Ex: In order to make safe touchdowns, a pllot needs to practice

consistently.

L2-9

COMPLETION EXERCISE

Write |n the missing terms Ehat correctly complete the sentences'
l. In order to enter the patternr You should enter the

at a 45" angle.

2. The pilot needs to crab the aircraft when flylng on the

3. Werll be going to the later this afternoon

Eo practice takeoffs and landings'

4. I had planned to use Two, Panel One,

but If11 need a go-around Slnce itrs not safe for landing'

5. I"tost fighter aircraft use the for

landing.

6. The angle between the Path of an aircraft and the runway on the final
approach is called the

7 . The change of an aircraft fs attitude from a descent to a landing

attltude ls a flare or '

8. A consists of flve straight sections

called legs, even though itts a four-slded pattern'

9. The leg of a traffic pattern that parallels the crosswlnd leg and
connecrs the downwLnd leg with the final approach ls the

t 2-10

10. A rectangular trafflc pattern consists of flve sections or

11. The wheels first touch the ground in the part of the landlng

called

L2. The pilot has to the aircraft to correct
for drift.

13. The last leg of the traffic pattern during which the aircraft loses

altitude and lands ls the

14. The square-llke surface areas used for the takeoff and landing of
helicopters are called

15. The aircraft has a tallwind on the and

groundspeed is increased.

16. Another term for roundout is

L7. Slnce the alrcraft was low on fuel, the pilot requested a
instead of doing a Pattern.

18. A pathway for practicLng helicopter takeoffs and landings ls a

19. The pilot does not make contact wlth the runway ln a

20. It looks like the pilot w111 undershoot the landingl clear that
aircraft for a

12-LT

QUESTTONS

Answer the questions with complete sentences. Write the answers ln the space

provided.

I. Wtrich approach ls the pllot using when the aircraft approaches the
runway on the same heading as the runway itself?

2, What is the crosswlnd leg?

3. What do you call the flrst leg of the overhead approach?

4. What ls tt called when the aLrcraft continues ln a trafflc pattern
without landing?

5. Which pattern ls four-sided and conslsts of flve legs?
6, What is a straight section of a traffic pattern called?

L2-L2

7. What does an overhead approach pattern consist of?
8. On which leg of the traffic pattern does an aircraft fly with a

tailwind?
9. Which leg is used to enter the traffic pattern?
10. What is touchdown?
ll. What is another term for flare?
L2. Which leg of a traffic pattern connects the downwind leg with the

final approach?

13. What is a flare?

L2_13

14. What is the special training area called that is used for practicing
helicopter takeoffs and landings?

15, What happens when the pilot crabs the aircraft?

16. What is the last leg of a traffic pattern called?

L7 . What is a low approach?
18. What is a glide angle?

19. What ls Ehe surface area called that is used for hellcopter takeoffs

and landings?

20. What is a lane?

Lz-I4

MATCHING EXERCISE

t"latch the terms in Column B with the phrases ln Colunn A. Wri.te the letters
in the blanks.

Column A Column B

l. last leg of a traffic pattern d. panel

2. leg flown to enter the b. downwind
traffic pattern cr crab

3. pathway to practlce d. rectangular traffic
helicopter takeof f s/landings pattern

€. lnitial approach leg

4. continui.ng in a traf f ic pattern f . leg

5. four-sided traffic pattern g. crosswind leg
h. final approach leg

6. leg in which aircraft has i, stagefield
a tailwlnd and groundspeed j. lane
is increased

7. change in attitude from k. touchdown
descent to landing attitude 1. overhead approach

pattern

8. leg in which pilot needs to crab n. 45" entry leg

9. fly forward and sideward at the or flare

same time o. go-around

10. a straight section

ll. special training area

L2. wheels first touch the ground

{

L2-L5

QUIZ EIERCISE

Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by marking
the best answerr 8r b, or cr

l. The downwind 1eg is connected with the final approach by the o

8. 45o entry leg
b. base leg
c r initial approach leg

2. Continuing in a traffic pattern without landing is I _.

zt. lane
b. go-around
c. glide angle

3, The helicopters have left home base for the r

8. stagefield
b. lane
cr panel

4. Which of these is used to save time and fuel?

E.o overhead approach
b. final approach leg
cr straight-in approach

5. What is a straight section of a traffic pattern called?

3.c a leg
b. a panel
Cr a lane

6. On the final approach, the pilot establishes a o

3.o go-around
b. 45" entry leg
co glide angle

7. Which of these patterns is used by fast trainer-type and fighter aircraft?

8. straight-in approach
b. overhead approach
co initial approach

T2-L6

AVIATION LESSoN 13

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson you will make oral and written responses to oral and
written questions as follows:

1. What is a call sign?
A call sign is an identifying code used on the radio.

2. What is courtesy?
Courtesy is consideration for others or cooperation.

3. What does the term "contact" mean?
"Contact" means tO Call a tower Or anOther airCraft.

4. What is initial contact?
Initial contact is the first radio call between an aircraft and the
control tower.

5. What does copy mean?
Copy means to write a message exactly as it is received.

6. What is a ground controller?
A ground controller is a controller ln a VFR or IFR tower that issues
instructions to taxi to and from the active runway.

7 . What does the International Phonetic Alphabet conslst of.?
The International Phonetic Alphabet consists of the authorized code words
for each letter of the alPhabet.

8. What does resolve mean?
Resolve means to solve a problem or take care of a situation.

9. What does "on board" mean?
"On board" means on or in an airplane, a shlp, a trainr oE a bus.

10. What is status?
Status is the condition or situation of something.

11. What is a radarscoPe?
Adisrapdlaayrsscoapereicseitvhinegcsaltghondael -lrnadylctuabtiengorastctlrteuedneo, fpaosraltdioanr ,s€ettcw.,hlcohf' an
aircraft.

L2. What does the term "squawk" mean?
"Squawk" is to send out a coded slgnal to ground radar identifying your
aircraft as friend or foe.

13, What does "to swi-tch" mean?
"To switch" means to change.

13-1

L4. What ls a transponder?
A transponder is an electronic device that recelves a challenging slgnal
and automatically transmits a r€spors€.

15. t^lhat does trigger mean?
Trigger is to starL.

16. What is Identlfication Friend or Foe (IFF)?
Identification Friend or Foe is a small airborne transponder which
transmits coded signals when triggered by a ground-based search radar.

L7. What is an interrogator?
An interrogator is a radar transmitter which triggers the transponder in
the aircraft to identify the ai.rcraft as frlend or foe.

18. When you monitor something, what do you do? or listen to lt very
,cWahreenfuyollYu .m. onitor something, you watch it, check it,

19. What ls the approach control?
The approach control is an ATC faclllty for controlling IFR fllghts
arrlving at or lnto the area of an airfield.

20. What is the departure control?
The departure control is an ATC facility provlding service for departing
IFR aircraft and, on occasion, VFR aircraft.

L3-2

TERMINOLOGY AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

The pronunciation and stressed syllables (shown in capital letters) for the
objective terms in this lesson are:

1. approach control (ap PROACH con trol)

,'npn/o.,I /t4- cnf|rol| I

/,/

2. call sign (CALL SIGN)

3. contact (CON tact )
4. copy
). courtesy (coPy) , !li,
6. departure control
(couR te sy) , I (r+fS;r:

(de PAR ture con trol)

7. ground controller (GROUND con trol ler)

, gra /'n J- f 'antnn l^? '

8. Identiflcation Friend or Foe (i den ti fi CA tion FRIEND or FOE)

/ a- ,l , n* +Q, k( .u "n f ,rnl t, 14

f. initial contact (in I rial CON tact)

13-3

10. InternatLonal Phonetlc Alphabet

(ln ter NA tigr al pho NET ic AL pha bet)

hnl:.n- len^l # anr*k Jt'$abs!

I1. Lnterrogator (ln TER ro ga tor)

L2. monltor (MON i tor ) - ,l -Ino*^., -
13. on board
14. radarscope , n 6arlf(0N BOARD)
15. resolve
1.6. squawk (RA dar scope)
L7. stalus
18. swltch (re solvE) ,L"-, ( b',

19. transponder /(sQUAwK> st<"'(v

20. trlgger (srA rus) /s+4^7 , l{*rs,

(swrrcn)

(tran SPON der)

(TRIG ger)

13-4

VISUALS FOR LESSON 13

A Alfa (a1-fah) N November (no-vem-ber)

B Bravo ( brah-voh ) o Oscar ( oss-cah )

C Charlie ( char-1ee ) P Papa ( pah-p ah )
D Delta (de1l-tah )
E Echo ( ech-oh) a Quebec (keh-beck )
(row-me-oh)
R Romeo

F FoxtroE (foks-trot ) S Sierra ( see-air-rah )

G Golf (go1f ) T Tango ( tang-go )
U Uni f orm (you-nee-forn)
H Hotel (hoh-t el )
I India ( in-dee-ah ) * Vi ctor ( vik-t ah )
Juliet ( jew-lee-et t ) V Whi skey (wiss-key)
J
i,.I

K Kilo (key-1oh) X Xray (ecks-ray)

L Lima (1ee-mah) Y Yankee (yang-kee)

M I"like (mike ) Z Zulu ( zoo-1oo )

INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET

jaJllt,D fiiltrtrs OROlJ}ID c0ll T R0 L ttRs

IIITERROGITTS

GROUND-TO.AIR RADAR SYSTEM

13-5

VISUALS FOR LESSON 13 (cont'd)

APPROACH CONTROL

1. MODE 4 CODE SWITCH (inoperative)

2. MODE 4 REPLY LIGHT (inoperative)

3. TEST LIGHT

4. MASTER CONTROL SWITCH

5. MODE C SELECT SW]TCH

6. RAD TEST-MON SWITCH

7. MODE 3/A SELECT SWITCH

8. IDENTIFICATION SWITCH

.I9O. . MODE 3/A CODE SELECT SWITCHES
MODE 1 CODE SELECT SWITCHES

11. MODE 2 SELECT SWITCH

12. MODE 1 SELECT SWITCH

13. MODE 4 ON-OUT SWITCH {inoperative}

14. MODE 4 AUDIO-LIGHT SWITCH {inoperative}

13-6

GLOSSARY

APPROACH CONTROL: an ATC facility for controlling IFR flights arriving at or
into the area of an airfield.
Ex: Contact ARTCC to find out what frequency to use to contact the desti-
nationrs@'

CALL SIGN: an identifying code used on the radi.o.
Ex: Shortly after you arrive at your flying school you will be given a

Erf-ii€a'

CONTACT: to call the tower or another aircrafE.
Ex: The ground controller gives Ehe pilot, the frequency to use to
contact the tower when ready for departure.

COPY: to write a message gKactly as it is recej-ved.
Ex: Pilots can use abbreviations Eo g93a the exact words of the message.

COURTESY: consideration for others; cooperation; politen€ss.
Ex: In order to s6mmunicate successfully there are a few proeedures of
radi-o courtesy you should know.

DEPARTURE CONTROL: an ATC facility providing service for departing IFR
aircraft and, on occasion, VFR aircraft.
Ex: Once you are in the air, departure control will inform you where to
intercept the planned flight route.

GROUND CONTROLLER: a controller in a VFR or IFR tower that i.ssues instruc-
tions to taxi to and from the active rurldaj.
Ex: If it is assumed that the ground controller does not know the posi-
tion of your aircraft, stat.e the location.

IDENTIFICATION FRIEND OR FOE (IFF): a snall airborne transponder (radio)
which transmits coded signals when triggered by a ground-based search

radar. Friend or Foe system did nuch
Ex; The developnent of the Identification
Eo solve the aircraft identification problem.

INITIAL CONTACT: the first radio call between an aircraft and the control

tower.

Ex: After initial contjrctr 8o abbreviated call sign may be used if there
will be no misunderstanding regarding identificatlon.

13-7

INTERNATIONAL P1IONETIC ALPHABET: thc AUthOTiZCd code words for each letter of

the alphabet. is used to avoid misunderstanding
Ex: The Internati-onal Phonetic Alphabet
in transmitting lett€rs.

INTERROGATOR: a radar transmitter which triggers the transponder in Ehe
aircraft to identify the aircraft as friend or foe.
Ex: The interrogator is a radio receiver and transmitter located on the
ground and used bY the controller.

IvIONITOR: to watch, checkr or listen to. monitor your actual deParture on
Ex: The departure controller will also

radar.

ON BOARD: on or in an airplane, ship, trainr of bus. two persons on board
Ex: The pilot notified the controller that he had

and no fuel left.

RADAErRexSc:CeOivApiEnc:gotdhseeidgncsaiagtlhnioandldekic-nraoatwyinntguabsaetlhtoiterudssqecur,eaewpnkoonsufimtiaobnerra, diseatrcres',ceetiovwfehdaincohandirtichsrpealafrtay. sdaar-
scope to identify the aircraft as a friend or foe.
\

RESOLVE: to solve a problem or take care of a situation' the controller to
Ex: The pilot resolved the hirnself and told
emergency

ignore the emergency transmj-ssion'

sQuAwK: to send out a coded signal to ground radar identifying your aircraft
as friend or foe.
Ex: An IFR clearance contains a number to sggk'

STATUS: the condition or situati-on of something. will use' the number of
controller asks which runway the pilot the
Ex: The aircraft.
persons on board, and the amount or status of the fuel in

SWITCH: Lo change. pcarennvoioEubseAReTsCtaCbclioshnetrdollaefrterfoiswinifscthriuncgtiofrnesqueonrcfieosr,
Ex: If communications
you should contact' the

another frequencY.

TRANSPONDER: an electronic device that receives a challenging signal and
a resPonse.
automaticallY transmits a radio receiver and transmitter in the aircraft.
Ex: The transPonder is

TRIGGER: to STATT.
Ex: The signal from the i-nterrogator rriggers the transponder which
replies with a coded signal.

13-8

COMPLETION EXERCISE

WriEe in the mlssing terms that correctly complete the sentences.

L. After you are in the air, will Lnform you

of the polnt where you intercept the flight foute.

2. Will the controller your actual departure?

3. An abbrevi.ated call sign probably shouldnrt be used for
because of possible misunderstandings.

4. The pllot tried frequencles but stlll

couldnrt make contact.

5. Whlch frequeney should the pilot useJo conEact the destlnationts

6. You cannot use the radio until youtve been given a

7. There isnft quite as big a problem identifying alrcraft non as there rdas

before the development of the system.

8. One of the thlngs the controller will ask you is the

of the fuel.

9. The squawk number ls recelved on the to
identify the aircraft.

10. The pilot has to the tower before
departure.

13-9

11. The pllot made an emergency transmLssion because he coul-dntt
the problem himself.

L2. That pilot has not yet learned the procedures of radlo

13. There is little chance of mlsunderstandlng when transmlsslons are made

uslng the

L4. The interrogator on the ground trlggers the
in the al-rcraf t.

15. Instructions to taxi to and from the aetlve rufftay are lssued by the

16. The radio recelver and transmltter used by the controller for IFF is

called the

L7 . When you send out a coded slgnal to ground radar to ldentlfy your

ai-rcraf t, you

c

18. The aircraft went down wlth three persons

19. Since there isnrt much space, most pilots use abbreviat,Lons to

Itr€SS8$€S.

20. A signal from the ground will the
transponder which w111 transmit a coded slgnal.

13-10

QUESTTONS

Answer the quesELons with complete sentences. Write the answers in the space

provided.

1. What is courtesy?
2. When you send out a coded signal identifying your aircraft as friend or

foe, what do you do?
3. What does the term "on board" mean?
4. What is Identlfication Friend or Foe (IFF)?
5. What do you call the ATC facility providing service for departing IFR

aircraf t ?

6. What is a call slgn?

13-1 I

7. What do you call the first radlo call between an ai-rcraft and the control

tower?

8. What is the electronic device called that receives a challenging signal
and automatically transmits a response?

9. When youtve written a message exactly as it was received, what have you

done?

10. What is status?
Il. What is approach control?
L2. When you monitor something, what do you do?
13. What is an interrogator?

L3-L2

L4. What does the Internatlonal Phonetic Alphabet consist of?

15. What is a radarscope?

16, What is another term for change?

,da

Ll . What does t,rigger mean?

18, When youtve contacted a tower or another aircraft, what have you done?
19. What is a ground controller?

20. If a problem has been resoLved, what has happened?

13-13

MATCHING EXERCISE

Match the terms in Column B with the phrases in Column A. Write the letters
in the blanks.

Column A Column B

1. to call the tower or another E. status

ai rcraf t b. International Phonetic

Alphabet

2. issues insEruetions to taxi to/from co ground controller

active runway

d. transponder

3. write a message exactlY as it is e. trigger
received

f. departure control

4. provides service for departlng IFR g. resolve
aircraft

\ h. initial contact
5. condition or situation i. eopy

6. solve a problen j. monit,or
7. start k. interrogator
1. contact

8. watch, checkr of listen to III. Identification Friend
or Foe

9. authorized code words for letters oo approach control

of the alphabet o. contact

10. recelves a challenge and transmits
a response

11. flrst radio call

L2. triggers the transPonder

13-14

QUIZ EXERCISE

Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by marking
the best answert &t b, or c.

1. IdhaE is a call sign?

a'. a controller in a Vl'R or IFR tower
b. an identifying code used on the radio
c. an electronic device that receives and transmits

2. The controller actual departures on radar.

3. monitors
b. triggers
cr copies

3. In order to avoid misunderstanding in transmitting letters, the is
s
used.

8. Identification Friend or Foe
b, interrogator
c. International Phonetic Alphabet

4' The interrogator malfunctioned and failed to trigger the .

8. approach control
b. radarscope
c. transponder

5. The IFR clearance isnrt complete without which of the following?

et. the cathode-ray Eube
b. a number to squawk
c. the transponder

6. Who will inform you where to intercept your planned flight route?

&. the radarscope
b. the approach control
co the departure control

7. In an emergency, the first things the tower will ask are the staEus of
your fuel and the number o

€r. on board
b. resolving
c. copied

13-15

AVIATION LESSON L4

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson you w111 make oral and wrltten responses to oral and
written questi.ons as follows:

1. When you end a message with ACKNOWLEDGE, what do you expect the person
receiving the message to do?
Let me know that the message was received and understood.

2. In radio communications, how do you say "yes"?
AFFIRMATIVE is the lray t,o say "yes. "

3. In radio communi.catLons, how do you say "no" ?
NEGATM Ls the way to say "no. "

4. If you make an error in transmlsslon and want to correct it, what word do

you begln with?

CORRECTION is the word you begln with if you want to correct a

transmission.

5. An aircraft transmits GO AHEAD TOWER. What ls the controller supposed to

do?

Proceed wlth the message.

6. In radio communications, how do you ask "Is ny transmission clear?"

HOW DO YOU HEAR ME?

7. What is the response to HOW DO YOU HEAR ME? lf the transmLsslon is

clear?

rf the transmissi.on ls clear, the respons b L" READABLE.
8. What is the response to HOW DO YOU HEAR I'{E? that indicates that the

transmissl-on is not clear?
If the transmission ls not clear, the response ls UNREADABLE.

9. What do you say when you want a transmission to be repeated?
SAY AGAIN indicates that a transmLsslon needs to be repeated.

10. If you hear 0VER at the end of a transmisslon, what ls expected?
A reply is expected.

11. what does our indicate at the end of a transmisslon?
OUT indicates that no reply is expected.

L2. If you want a clearance repeated exactly as it was received, how do you
end the clearance?
End the clearance with the words READ BACK.

14-1

13. What word is used to indicate that a radlo transmission has been

received? that a radio transmissl-on has been received'
ROGER i-ndicates

14. If a transmission is hard to understand because the pllot is speaklng too
fast, trwahnastmciasnsioYnouissaYh?ard
rf a to understand because the ptlot ls speaking too

fastr saY SPEAK SLOWER'

15. Whar should you do if the pilot says sTAl{D BY?
You should wait.

16. What word do you use when you want something checked and you want to be
Lold t,he correct information?
vERrl'y is the word you use when you want something checked and you want

to be told the correct information'

L7 . What word indicates that the message has been received and understood and
will be obeYed?
r^rrlco indicates that the message has been recelved and understood and

will be obeYed'

18. What do you say before you repeat a message?
I SAY AGAIN.

19. In radio communicatlons, how do you indicate that a message ls
"unreadable" or not clear?

YOU ARE GARBLED.

20. How do you indicate that what you have heard ls correct?
THAT IS CORRECT.

L4-2

TERMINOLOGY AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

The pronunciation and stressed syllables (shown in capital letters) for the
objective terms in this lesson are:

I. acknowledge (ac KNOWL edge> /"u"{ftil

2. affirmative (at Frnu a ri.ve > /a{ /, ^ ,*- r/
3. correcti.on
(cor REC tion)

4. garbled (cAR bled)

5. go ahead (Go a IIEAD)

6. Ilow do you hear me? (HOW do you HEAR me)

7. I say again (I sAY a GAIN)
8. negative
(NEG a t,ive)
9. out
10. over (OUT) t'f-lz-rTrl,
11. read back
L2. readable (O ver) t4 -v er t'

(READ BACK)

(READ able) /r(,

14-3

13. roger 4,{j,,,(RoG er)
14. say again
15. speak slower (SAY a GAIN)
16. stand bY
L7. That is correct. (SPEAK SLOW er)

18. unreadable (STAND BY) /t
19. verifY
ZO. wilco (THAT IS cor RECT)

(un READ a ble)

(vER I fy) t. /rr. /

(wIL co )

L4-4

VISUALS FOR LESSON L4

SAN ANTONIO
APPROACH CONTROL

IXTERNATIONAL cr.*^ttlNDALE ARilY AIR FIELD
AIRPORT

SAN ANTONIO

-,STINSON FIELD

-

THE AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SAN ANTONIO APPROACH CONTROL

t4-5

GLOSSARY

ACKNOWLEDGE: let me know that you have receivbd and understood this message.
Ex: TWR: HOT ROD SEVEN TWO, HOLD YOUR POSITION' ACKNOWLEDGE.
ACFT: ROGER, TOWER, IILL HOLD MY POSITION.

AFFIRMATM: yesr or permission granted.
Ex: ACFT: KELLY TOWER, AIR FORCE SIX ZERO ZBRO THREE ONE' WILL THIS

TAXIWAY TAKE ME TO THE PARKING RA},IP?

TWR: AIR FORCE SIx ZER0 ZERO THREE ONE, KELLY TowER' AII]EIAIS'
CONTTNUE TAXTTNG, OUT.

CORRECTION: I have made a mi-stake in my transmission. I will give you the
correct information.

Ex: ACFT: KELLY TOWER, BRUSK ONE FIVE CORRECTION ONE FOUR.

GARBLED: your transmission is not clear.
Ex: TWR: CHILL THREE THREE, RAI.IDOLPH TOWER, IIOW DO YOU ttEAR ME?

ACFT: RAI'IDOLPH TOWER, CHILL THREE TIIREE' YOU ARE GARBLED.

:GO AIIEAD proceed wi th your mes sage .
Ex: ACFT: KELLY TOWER' TOP HAT THREE SEVEN.

TWR: TOP HAT THREE SEVEN' KELLY TOWER, GO AHEAD.

HOW DO YOU HEAR t"IE?: how well are my transmitter and your recelver working?
Ex: ACFT: STINSON TOWER, BIRD DOG TWO ONE' HOW DO YOU HEAR ME?
TWR: BIRD DOG TWO ONE' STINSON TOWER, Y '

I SAY AGAIN: I will repeat what I said.
Ex: ACFT: KELLY TOWER, AIR FORCE FIVE FIVE ONE ONE SEVEN' SAY AGAIN

ALTIMETER SETTING.

TWR: AIR FORCE FM FIVE ONE ONE SEVEN, KELLY TOWER' ROGER. I SAY
a9alx, ALTTMETER TWO NrNER NrNER NTNER. oUT.

NEGATIVE: nor or permission not granted. NINER NINER TWO TWO' AI'{ I CLEARED
Ex: ACFT: KELLY TOWER, AIR FORCE FM

TO TAXI?

TWR:AIRF0RcEFIVENINERNINERTwoTI^I0'KELLYT0wER,Iry.

OUT.

OUT: my transmission is ended and no reply ls expected.
Ex: ACFT: KELLY, RAG TOP ONE SIX, DEPARTING YOUR FREQUENCY ' OUT.

L4-6

OVER: my transmission is ended and I expect a response from you.

Ex: TWR: RAG TOP ONE SrX, KELLY TOWER, YOUTRE CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF.

ACFT: -OEVEFR. top oNE srx, RocER.

READ BACK: read all of this message back Eo me exactly as you have received
it.
Ex: TWR: HOT DOG SEVEN SrX, KELLY TOWER, yOUfRE CLEARED TO TAXI TO
RUNWAY ONE FIVE. READ BACK.
ACFT: KELLY TowER, Hor mG:Sm srx, r'M cLEARED To rAXr ro RUNwAy
ONE FIVE.

READABLE: your transmission is clear.
Ex: ACFT: STINSON TOWER, HOT ROD THREE EIGHT, How DO yOU HEAR ME?

TWR: HOT ROD THREE EIGHT, STINSON TOWER, YOU ARE READABLE.

ROGER: I have received the transmission.
Ex: TWR: BLACK JACK ONE SEVEN, REESE TOI^IER, CONFIRM YOUR EMERGENCY.
ACFT: ROGER, TOWER, BLACK JACK ONE SEVEN, MY ALTERNATOR IS 0UT.

SAY AGAIN: repeat what you said.
Ex: ACFT: KELLY TOWER, AIR FORCE EIGHT SEVEN THREE THREE ZERO, REQUEST
TAXI INSTRUCTIONS .
TWR: . AIRCRAFT CALLING KELLY TO[^IER, YOU I RE UNREADABLE . SAY AGAIN.

SPEAK SLOWER: say your words more slowly.

Ex: TWR: AIRCMFT CALLING RANDOLPH, YOU WERE GARBLED. SPEAK SLOWER.

STAND BY: wait.
Ex: TWR: MAD DOG FIVE TI^IO, KELLY TOI^IER, TAXI TO RUNWAY ONE FIVE AND
ACFT: -SfTfiAoNwD EBYR. , I'{AD Doc FrvE Two, wrl,co.

THAT IS CORRECT: what you said is correcr.
Ex: ACFT: STINSON TOWER, IIOT DOG EIGHT SIX, DID YOU SAY RUNWAY TWO

SEVEN?

TWR: THAT IS CORRECT, HOT DOG EIGHT SIX.

UNPGADABLE: your transmission is not clear.
Ex: ACFT: MNDOLPH TOWER, BABY BOY ONE ONE, HoW DO you HEAR ME?

TWR: BABY BoY oNE 0NE, ITANDOLPH ToWER, YOU ARE UNREADABLE.

VERIFY: check and tell me whether this information is correcL or noE.
Ex: TWR: BIRD DOG FIVE SIX, STINSON TOWER, VERIFY YOUR FUEL.
ACFT: ROGER, STINSON, BrRD DOG FIVE SrXl-ffi-Unl IS TWO FOUR

GALLONS.

WILCO: your message was received and undersLood and I will obey insEructions.
Ex: TWR: MAD DOG FIVE TWO, KELLY TOWER, TAXI T0 RUNWAY ONE FIVE ANI)

STAND BY.

ACFT: KELLY TOWER, MAD DOG F'IVE TWO, WILCO.

L4-7

CO},IPLETION EXERCISE

I,Jrite in the missing terms that correcE.ly complete the sent€oc€s.

l. In radio communication, if you want to find out if your transmission is

clear, say a

2. If you want to tell the pilot to slow down a transmissionr saY

3. means Lo proceed with the messa$e '

4. To indicate that a message has been received and understood and will be

obeyed, the Pilot saYS '

5. If you want to Say "no" on the radior use the word

6. If you want a clearance repeated exactly as it was received, end the
clearance with the words

7. In radio semmunications, if a message is "unreadable" or not clear, the
response is YOU ARE

8. A reply is expected if You hear at the end
of a transmission.

9. i.ndicates that a reply has been received'

10. To indicate that what you have heard is correctr You reply

ll. When you need something checked and want to be told the correct
informationr use the word
r4-8

L2. Instead of "yes, " use the word ln a radio

transmiss lon.

13. If you hear the word r you should let the

person transmitting the message know that it was recelved and understood.

L4. In radlo communLcaElons you can indicate that a transmlsslon ls clear by

saying .

15. If the answer to HOW D0 YOU ITEAR ME? is that the transmission is nor
clear, answer

16. KELLY TOI^IER, BRUSK oNE FrVE ONE FOUR.

L7. Before you repeat something on the radior you should say

18. is another way to ask someone to wait.
19. No reply ls expected if you hear the word

at the end of a transml-ssion.

20. If a transmission needs to be repeated, the person receiving it w111 say

L4-9

QUESTT0NS

Answer the questions with complete sentences. Write the answers in the space

provided.

1. In radio communications, what does NEGATM mean?

2. If the transmission is clear, what is the response to HOW DO YoU HEAR ME?

3. How do you t.ell someone to proceed with a message on the radio?

4. How do you end a clearance if you ldant it repeated exactly as it was

received?

5. When is the word ACKNOVILEDGE used in a radio transmission?

6. In radio ssmmunications, how do you say "yes"?

14-10

7. What does OUT lndicate at the end of a transmission?

8. If a transmission is hard to understand because the pilot is speaking too
fast, what can you say?

9. How do you indicate that what you have heard is correct?

10. What do you say before you repeat a message?

11. In radio conrmunlcations, what does YOU ARE GARBLED indicate?
L2. What should you do lf the pilot says STAND BY?

13. If you hear OVER at the end of a transmission, what ls expected?

14-1 I

14. What word lndlcates that the message has been received and will be

obeyed?

15. What does the word ROGER lndicate?

16. When do you respond UNREADABLE to the question tlOW DO YOU HEAR t"lE?

L7 . If you make an error in transmlsslon and want to correct it, what word do

you begln with?

18. What does HOVi D0 YOU ttEAR t"lE? mean ln radio eommunlcatlons ?

19. If the person receiving the transmissLon says SAY AGAIN, what should you

do?

20. What word do you use when you nant something checked and you want to be
told the correct lnforuation?

L4-L2

A
r

r,
I

I

L. MATCHING EXERCISE

t,

l:rt

Match the terms in Column B hrith the phrases in Column A. Write the letters
in the blanks.

Column A Co1umn B

l. your transmission is not clear rt. GO AHEAD

2. proceed with your message b. WILCO
co OUT

3. read all of the message back to d. CORRECTION
me exactly as you have recel-ved it
€. SAY AGAIN

4. ny transmj-ssion is ended and no f . AFFIRI,,IATIVE

reply is expected g. READ BACK

q. I have received the transmission h. I SAY AGAIN

6. I understand and will obey i. ACKNOWLEDGE
j. STAND BY

7. repeat what you said K. UNREADABLE

8. l.et me know that you have recei-ved 1. GARBLED

and understood this message III. ISTHAT CORRECT

9. I have made a mistake; I will give D. NEGATIVE

you the correct information o. ROGER

I0. yes

ll. I will repeat what I said

L2. wait

14-r3

QUIZ EXERCISE

Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by narking
the best answerr 8r b, or c.

1. You have just transmltted a message to the tower. The reply is

UNREADABLE. What happened?

8. Your transmission was not received.
b. Your transnission was clear.
co Your transmission was not clear.
Z. How can you let the tower know that your transmission has ended, but you
expect a rePlY?

d. OUT
b. ovER
rc ROGER
3. If t,he ansriler to a question on the radio is "yesr" use the word

A. NEGATIVE
b. AFFIRMATIVE

c o ROGER

4. If the controller says GO AHEAD' what should you do?

8. Proceed with your messsge.
b. Read the message back to the controller.
Co Check the lnformation to make Sure ltrs correct.
5. ATRCRAFT CALLTNG RANDoLPH, YoU WERE GARBLED. .

8r ROGER KELLY ToWER.

b. I^lrl,co

rc SPEAK SLOI^IER

6. CHrLL THREE THREE, MNDoLPH TOWER

4. CORRECTION
b. VERIFY
oc ACKNOWLEDGE

7 . What kind of message will you hear after I SAY AGAIN?

8. a message that has been corrected
b. a repeated message
co a message for the first time

L4-L4