AVIATION LBSSON I5
COMPLETION EXERCISE
REVIEW
Complete the following sentences using the objective terms from Lessons 11,
L2, 13, and 14.
1. Yourll find a right next to the radio that
shows the frequency of the mosE-often-used radio channels.
2. The squawk number is received on the
to identify the aircraft.
3. The 1eg of a traffic pattern that parallels the crosswind leg and connects
the downwind leg with the final approach is the
4. To indicate that what you have heard is correctr you reply
5. In order to enter the pattern, you should enter Lhe
at a 45" angle.
6. The part on a radio that transmits and receives radio signals is
the
7. An abbreviated call sign probably shouldnrt be used for
because of possible misunderstanding.
8. In radio communications, if you want to find out if your transmission
is clear, say, " ?,,
I 5-r
9. A short way of saying is mike.
10. KELLY TOWER, BRUSK ONE FrVE,
ONE FOUR.
11. The square-like surface areas used for Lhe takeoff and landing of
helicopters are called
L2. The interrogator on the ground triggers the
in the aircraft.
13. No reply is expected if you hear the word
at the end of a transmission.
14. HerEz is a measurement of per second.
15. Since the aircraft was low on fuel, the pilot requesEed a
instead of doing a patt€rrl.
16. The aircraft went down with three persons
L7. When you need something checked and want to be told the correct
information, use the word
18, It looks like the pilot will undershoot the landing; clear that aircraft
for a
19. One hundred is equal to 100'000'000 hertz.
20. The pilot made an emergency transmission because he couldntt
the problem hinself.
L5-2
2L. On the command radio control panel, most of the frequencies are
so that the pilot doesnrt have to find
them each time.
22. Most fighter aircraft use the for landing.
23. means to proceed with the messaga.
24. After you are in the air, will inform
you of the point where you intercept the fllght route.
?.5. If you want to say "no" on the radio, use the word
26. There isntt as big a problem identifying aircraft now as there was
before the development of the systemo
27. The angle between the path of an ai-rcraft and the runway on the final
approach is called the
28. Since an aircraft is able to fly without one, the i.nterphone system
is considered to be
29. In radio communications, if a message ls "unreadable" or not clear, the
response is YOU ARE
30. Before you repeaL something on the radlor You should say
31. Which frequency should the pilot use to contact the destinatlonrs
15-3
32. A consi-sts of five straight sections
called legs, even though itrs a four-sided pattern.
33. Electrical discharges in the air cause
in the receiver.
34. Instructions to taxi to and from the active runway are issued by the
35. The pilot needs to crab the aircraft when flying on the
36. There is little chance of misunderstanding when transmissions are
made using the .
37. If you hear the word r you should let
the person transmitting the message know that it was recei.ved and
understood.
38. A changes sound to radio signals.
39. The wheels first touch the ground in the part of the landing called
40. Instead of "yesr" use the word 1na
radio transmission.
l5-4
quESTr0NS
Answer the questions in complete sentences using the objective terms from
Lessons 11, L2r 13, and L4. Write the answers in the space provided.
1. What is an overhead approach pattern?
2, What do you call the part on a radio that Lransmits and receives radio
s ignals ?
3. What is initial contact?
4. In radio communications, how do you say "no"?
5. tlhat is a 1eg?
6. What is the response to HOW DO YOU HEAR ME? if the transmission is
clear ?
15-5
7. What is a ground controller?
8. How does the tower tell the pllot to proceed with the mess age?
9. What is a cycle?
10. What is courtesy?
11. What ls the leg of a traffic pattern called during which an aircraft
flles with a tailwind?
L2. What is avionic equlpment?
13. What is a call sign?
15-6
L4. If you make an error in transmission and want to correct it, what word
do you begin with?
15. What is the radio control panel?
16. What is a straight-in approach?
L7. What is a line-of-sight transmission?
18. What does the International Phonetic Alphabet consist of?
19. What is a go-around?
20. What should you do if the pilot says STAND BY?
L5-7
2L. What is the part of a radio called that receives radio signals and
changes them to sound?
22. What do you call unwanted noise in a recej-ver that interferes with
reception?
23. What is a radarscope?
24. What do you say when you want a transmission to be repeated?
25. What are the radio frequencies called between 300 and 3r000 megahertz?
26. What is a low approach?
27. What does "on board" mean?
15-8
'28. If you hear OVER at the end of a transmission, what is expected?
29. What is the base leg?
30. What is a roundout?
31. ttow do you indicate that what you have heard is correct?
32. When you monitor something, what do you do?
33. What do you call a special training area used for practicing helicopter
landings and takeoffs?
34. What is a microphone?
r5-9
35. What is a channel?
36. What is the ATC facility called thac controls IFR flights arriving at
or into the area of an airfield?
37. When is the word VERIFY used in a radio transmission?
38. What is a channel frequency card?
39. What is Identification Friend or Foe (IFF)?
40. What is the pilot doing to the aircraft to cause it to fly forward and
sideward at the same time?
4L. What do you say before you repeat a message?
15-10
42. What ls a lane?
43. What word means one million hertz?
44. What is an interrogator?
t
PITCIIOUT POINT
OVERHEAD PATTERN
15-11
QUIZ EXERCISE
Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by marking
the best ansrderr 8r br or cr
1. TWR: HOT ROD TWO ONE, HOLD YOUR POSITION' _-
ACFT : ROGER, TOWER, I I LL HOLD I'{Y P0SITION .
8. GO AHEAD
b. CORRECTION
OC ACKNOWLEDGE
2. What is the last 1eg of a traffic pattern?
Ec a low aPProach pattern?
b. a final aPProach leg
c o a touchdown
3. Which one of these legs is used Eo enter a traffic
a. 45" entry leg per second.
b. initial approach leg
ce final approach leg
4. One hertz is equal to one
8.. cycle -
b. frequency
c o channel
5. What is a megahettz?
8. one cycle per second . the message
b. a sequence of events
c. one million hertz
6. Even though abbreviations are authorized, you must
exactly as iE is received.
8. fesOlve
b. switch
co copy
7. What is initial contact?
Er the first radio call between an aircraft and the control tower
a coded signal identifying the aircraft as friend or foe
b. the cathode-ray tube or screen which displays a recelving signal
co
L5-L2
8. What is another word. for flare?
E. touchdown
b. go-around
c. roundout
9. Letrs use Lane One, One, for landing the helicopter.
ei. Panel
b. Roundout
co Flare
10. What is another term that means consi-deraEion for others or cooperation?
E. resOlve
b. courtesy
c. initial contact
11. The radio receiver and transmitter located on the ground is the
d.. radarscope
b. interrogator
co transponder
L2. The controller asked about the amount or of the fuel.
d. status a
b. resolve
C r SquaWk
13. If the answer to a question on the radio is "Nor" use the word
4. NEGATIVE
b. AFFIRMATIVE
rc ROGER
14. What do you say to indicate that a transmission has been received?
d. WILCO
b. ROGER
c o THAT IS CORRECT
15 . TWR: RAI{DO ONE FIVE, _ ALTITUDE.
ACFT: MNDO ONE FIVE, AT TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED.
8. READ BACK
b. STAND BY
C. VERIFY
16. Radio signals travel from the to the receiver.
3. transmitter
b. antenna
c. channel
l5-13
L7 . You w111 not have to dial anythi.ng. A11 the channels are .
8. static
b. preset
co depressed
18. What is very high frequency?
E. any frequency below 30 megahertz
b. any frequency between 300 and 31000 megahertz
c. any radio frequency between 30 and 300 megahertz
19. How does a pilot correct for drift?
8. by flaring
b. by gliding
c o by crabbing
20. The stagefield will not handle any more helicopters now; all the
are in us€.
d. flares
b. legs
cr lanes
2L. There are flve legs in a
8. stralght-in approach
b. rectangular traffic pattern
cr stagefield
22. ARTCC will have the i.nformatlon regarding the frequency to us€ to
contact your destinat,ionrs
.
€r. call slgn
b. approach control
co courtesy
23. What does the ground controller do?
f. issues instructions to taxi to and fron Lhe active runway
b. dlsplays a receiving signal from the aircraft
c. triggers the transponder to identlfy the aircraft
24. The transponder is _ by a signal from the interrogator.
8. resolved
b. switched
c. triggered
15-14
25. If the controller replies to your transmission by saying YOU ARE
GARBLED, what was r^rrong with your transmission?
B. It was not clear.
b. Nothing was wrong with it.
c. It was too fast.
26 . AIRCMFT CALLING REESE TOWER ' ,YOU ' RE UNREADABLE .
3. WILCO
b. SAY AGAIN
C. THAT IS CORRECT
27. If you want to acknowledge that a message was reeeived, understood, and
will be obeyed, which word will you use?
E. I^IILCO
b. ROGER
C. AFFIRMATIVE
28. The controller has asked you to STAND BY; what should you do?
er. Check the information for accuracy.
b. Repeat your mess€lg€.
c. Wait.
29. The squawk number identifying the aircraft as friend or foe is recei-ved
on th" _,
4. radarscope
b. interrogator
cr transponder
30. After you have made an emergency transmissionr you should still try
to the crisis yourself.
et. switch
b. resolve
c o trigger
31. An aircraft flies with a tailwind on the .
;t. crosswind leg
b. downwind leg
c. 45" entry leg
32. On this go-around, dontt actually land; you need some more practice on
the _.
ttr initial approach
b. straight-ln approach
cr low approach
r5-15
33. A radio is a widely used piece of in most aircraft.
8. ultra high frequency
b. channel frequency card
co avionic equipment
34. What is one cycle per second called?
8. a megahettz
b. a frequency
cr a hertz
35. Which part of the radio changes sound to radio signals?
8. the antenna
b. t.he receiver
co the transmitter
36. Where are radio switches found?
8.c on the antenna
b. in the microphone
cr on the radio control panel
37. Near the end of the final approach, t,he pilot starts a .
a. flare
b. 45" entry leg
c r go-around
38. Go for a low approach on this go-around and then a on the next
one so you can land.
8. panel -
b. slide angle
c r touchdown
39. Keep the ground track over the ruilday when flying Ehe _.
f. initial approach leg
b. 45o entry leg
c. glide angle
40. The ground controller gives the pilot the frequency to use to
the Eower.
8. cOntact
b. switch
co trigger
15-16
4L. The aircraft identification problem has lessened since the development
of.
Eo Ehe International Phonetic Alphabet
b. the interrogator
co Identification Friend or Foe
42. The pilot frequencies three times before finally establishing
communi-eations .
Eo resolved
b. switched
cr copied
43. How can you tell the tower that you have ended your transmission and
expect no rePlY?
8. OUT
b. OVER
rc ROGER
.44 ACFT: KELLY TOWER, HOT DOG SEVEN SIX, HOW DO YOU HEAR ME?
TWR: HOT DOG SEVEN sIX, KELLY TOWER, YOU ARE
.
Bo OUT
b. NEGATIVE
oC READABLE
45. If the pilot needs to read all of Ehe message exactly as it was
recei-ved, the controller says
o3. READ BACK a
b. GO AITEAD
C. SAY AGAIN
46. If nobody answers you on that frequency, try another
4. cycle
b. channel
co hertz
47. Speak inLo the or your message will not transmit.
8r transmitter
b. mike
Co receiver
48. The instrument for changing sound waves to electri-cal signals
is a.
8' microphone
b. receiver
Cr transmitter
L5-L7
49. Any radio frequency between 300 and 31000 megahertz is _' the
Eo high frequency
b. ultra high frequency
cr very high frequency
50. The controller cantt hear your transmission unless you
nike button.
a. delay
b. depress
cr preset
r5-18
AV IATION LESSON I6
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson you will make oral and written responses to oral and
written questions as follows:
l. If a controller says that you are CLEARED FOR TAKEOI'F, what does that
mean?
The controller has given you permission to take off.
2. If you have been CLEARED TO TAXI, what can you do?
You can drive the aircraft on the ground.
3. The controller has asked you to CONFIRM your emergency. What are you
going to do?
Check out the emergency to verify and report the correct
information back to the controller.
4. If you are Eold to DISREGARD, what does that mean to you?
It means to ignore the previous transmlssion.
5. Yourve just asked HOW DO YOU HEAR ME? and the reply is FIVE BY FIVE.
What do you know abouE your transmission?
It was clear.
6. What is a FULL STOP?
A F'ULL STOP is a maneuver in which the aircraft will taxi off the
runhray, return to the ramp, and park after a landing.
7. What does HOLD YOUR POSITION mean in radio cornmunications?
HOLD YOUR POSITI0N means stop and maintain your present position.
8. What information does LOUD AND CLEAR give you?
LouD AND CLEAR says "r hear your transmission clearly."
9. If a transmission is CUTTING IN AND OUT, what is the problem?
The transmission is being received intermittently.
10. In radio communications, how is the term INTERMITTENTLY used?
INTERMITTENTLY is used as a response when only parts of a message are
being received.
11. l{hat is a LONG COUNT?
A LONG COUNT is a count from one Eo nine and from nine back to one again.
LZ . What is a SllORT C0UNT?
A SHORT COUNT is a count from one to five and from five back to one
again.
13. When does a pilot use the term MAYDAY?
MAYDAY is repeated rapidly three times for an extreme emergency.
16-1
L4. What does "to resume" mean?
" To resume " means to begin again r 4s in RESUME NoRtt'lAL TRAFFIC '
15. What is STOP AND GO? landing maneuver where the aircraft stops
sTOp AND GO is a practiced
on the ruil^ray before taking off again'
16. The message is TAKE IT AROUND. What does that mean? "
TAKE IT AROUND means "do not land but make a go around
'
L7 . If the controller says TAXI INTO POSITION AND HOLD, what is the
pilot suPPosed to do?
The pilot is supposed to move the aircraft to an assigned takeoff
posiLion and wait.
18. What is a TOUCH AND GO? in which the airplane touches down but does
TOUCH AND GO is a landing making another takeoff'
not come to a stop before
19. Your flighC has been CLEARED AS FILED. What should you do?
Proceed with the flighr without any changes in the flight plan'
20. What is METRO? a meteorological or weather station'
I,IETRO is the abbreviation for
L6-2
TERMINOLOGY AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
The pronunciation and stressed syllables (shown in capital letters) for the
are:
objective terms in this lesson
1. cleared as filed (CLEARED as FILED)
2, cleared for takeoff (CLEARED for TAKE off)
3. cleared to taxi (CLEARED ro TAX i)
4. confirm (con FIRM)
5. cutting i-n and out (CUT ting IN and OUT)
6. disregard (dis re GARD)
7. five by five
(FrvEbyFrvE) h^- -^/,
8. full stop
/t-,(, S*(f/
9. hold your posi-tion
(FULLSToP' fr(t
,
(HOLD your po SI tion)
r6-3
10. intermittently (in ter I"IIT tent ly)
11. long count /:n* ^ " *.4* en*l ;/
L2. loud and clear
13. mayday r) , . tg(LoNG couNT) ka ^t/
14. metro
15. resume (LOUD and CLEAR)
16. short count
L7. stop and go ,' ('l!,(MAY DAY)
18. take it around
,(MET ro ) m-/*r o,
re( SUME
(sHoRT COUNT)
(sroP and co), .*a l - en S/,
(TAKE it a ROUND)
19. taxi into position and hold (TAX i in to po SI tion and HOLD)
, .'.;:n*tft-'/1:n pn h/1.1,
20. Eouch and go (roucn and co) /t!t ," 3/,
L6-4
VISUALS FOR LESSON 16
-5:!.-3.2.1
16-5
GLOSSARY
CLEARED AS FILED: a phrase meaning that flight should proceed without
any changes in the flight plan.
Ex: UNDERSTAND BART THREE FIVE IS CLEARED AS FILED, MAINTAIN
.-FLTGHT LEVEL TWO TWO ZERO, . o o
CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF: permission to take off.
Ex: TWR: BART THREE FIVE, WINDS ONE EIGHT ZERO AT ONE ZERO KNOTS,
swrTcH To DEPARTURE CONTROL FREQUENCY I,IONrTOR GUARD.
CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF.
ACFT:
LCO.
CLEARED TO TAXI: permission to drive the aircraft on the ground. TO TAXI?
Ex: ACFT: MNDOLPH TOWER, IAI"l CLEARED
RED FOX EIGHT EIGHT.
TWR: RED FOX EIGHT EIGHT' RANDOLPH TOWER. AfFIm
CLEARED TO TAXI TO RUNWAY TWO ONE.
CONFIRI,I: check and report the correct inf ormation; VERIFY.
Ex: During a landing the controller may ask you to CONFIRI'I your positi.on.
CUTTING IN AND OUT: the transmissi-on is being received intermi.ttently.
Ex: If a pilot hears every other number during a short count, the
response should be YOU ARE CUTTING IN AND OUT.
DISREGARD: ignore the previous transmission.
Ex: BIRD DOG THREE SEVEN, CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF' DISREGARD' HOLD YOUR
POSITION.
FIVE BY FIVE: indicates that a transmj-ssion is being received clearly;
LOUD AND CLEAR.
Ex: ACFT: KELLY TOWER, THIS IS AIR FORCE ONE FIVE SIX TWO NINER.
HOW DO YOU HEAR ME?
TWR: AIR FORCE ONE FIVE SIX TWO NINER, THIS IS KELLY TOWER.
FIVE BY FIVE. GO AHEAD.
FULL STOP: a maneuver in which the aircraft will taxi off the ruilday, return
to the ramp, and park after a landing.
Ex: ACFT: KELLY TOWER, AIR FORCE FOUR NINE. REQUEST FULL STOP.
TWR: AIR FORCE FOUR NINE, KELLY TOWER. CLEARED FULL STOP. STAI'ID
BY FOR LANDING INSTRUCTIONS.
HOLD YOUR POSITION: stop and maintain present positi.on.
Ex: RED EIGHT EIGHT, RANDOLPH TOWER. NEGATIVE. YOU AR'E CLEARED TO
TN(I TO RUNWAY TWO ONE AND HOLD YOUR POSITION.
L6-6
TNTERMITTENTLY: a term used when only parts of a message are being received.
Ex: The pilot asked for a LONG COUNT because the message
received INTERI"IITTENTLY . was being
LONG coUNT: a count from one to nine and from nine back to one again;
r-2-3-4-5-6-7 -8-9 / 9-8-7 _6_5_4_3_ 2_L . there are several things
if
Ex: A pilot only asks for a LONG COUNT
that need to
be checked out.
LOUD AND CLEAR: r hear your transmission clearly.
I HEAR YOU LOUD AND
Ex: CLEAR. cO AHEAD.
I"IAYDAY: an international term repeated rapidly three times for an extreme
energency.
Ex: After saying MAYDAY three times, the pilot transmits information
such as the aircraftrs call signr position, time, heading, airspeed,
altitude, the emergency, and planned procedures only if Ehere is time.
l"lETRO: the abbreviation for a meteorological or weather station.
ACFT: FT. WORTH CENTER, BART THREE FIVE, REQUEST CLEARANCE
EX:
oF FREQUENCY FOR METRO.
TWR: BART THREE FrvE, r@nucv CHANGE AppRovED. coNTAcr FT. woRTH
CENTER FREQUENCY TWO EIGHT ONE AT ZERO FIVE.
ACFT: BART THREE FIVE , WILCO.
RESUME: to begin again.
EX: CONTROLLER: ATTENTION ALL AIRCMFT IN THE MARTIN AREA, RESUME
NORMAL TMFFIC.
SHORT COUNT: a count from one to five and five back to one againl L-Z-3-4-5/
5-4-3-2-L.
Ex: Before taking off, the pilot usually
the radio is working properly. asks for a SH0RT couNT to make
sure
STOP AND Go: a practiced landing maneuver where the aircrafE stops on the
runway before taking off again.
Ex: STOP AND G0 is one of the most often used practic-e landings.
TAKE rr ARoUND: do not land bur make a GO ARouND.
EX: ACFT: KELLY TOWER, AIR FORCE SIX FOUR NINER ONE ZERO.
REQUEST GO AROUND.
TWR: AIR FORCE SIX FOUR NINER ONE ZERO. ROGER. TAKE IT AROUND.
L6-7
TN(I INTO P0SITION AND HOLD: to move the aircraft to an assigned Eakeoff
position and wait.
Ex : TWR: BART TTIREE FIVE ,
.
ACFT: BART THREE FIVE, POSITION AND HOLD.
T0UCH AND GO: a landing in which the airplane touches down but does not come
Eo a stop before making another takeoff.
Ex: To accomplish a TOUCH AllD GO, the pilot applies power as soon as the
landing gear touches @
16-8
COMPLETION EXERCISE
Write in the missing terms that correctly complete the sentences.
l. If the tower hears 5-3-1 on a short count, the radio transmission is
2. BIRD DOG THREE SEVEN, CLEARED FoR TAKEOFF,
HOLD YOUR POSITION.
3. FIVE BY FIVE is another way of saying "I hear you
4. If you need a weather report, youtll need the frequency for
5. When the controller wants you Eo move the aircraft to an assigned takeoff
position and wait for further instructions, the message is
6. There are no changes in the flight plan when the flight is
7. When the aircraft pilot plans to taxi off the runway, return to the
ramp, and park, the tranmission is REQUEST
8. ARMY SIX SIX THREE THREE FIVE, JOLLY TOWER, ROGER.
. 0NE-TI^IO-TIIREE-F0UR-FIVE. . .FIVE-FOUR-
THREE.TWO-ONE. HOW DO YOU HEAR ME?
r6-9
9. After an emergency situation has been taken care of, the controller will
advise all other aircraft to RE-ENTER INITIAL ANI)
PATTERN.
10. Before takeoff, an aircraft has to be to
the runway.
Il. If a transmission is cutting in and out, it is being received
L2. A pilot will ask for a only if Ehere are
a number of things to be checked out on the radio.
13. When a pilot stops on the runway before Eaking off again, the practice
landing is called a
L4. Permi-ssion to take off is given by using the phrase
15. TWR: BLACK JACK ONE SEVEN' REESE TOWER'
YOUR EMERGENCY.
ACFT: ROGER, TOWER, BLACK JACK ONE SEVEN, MY ALTERNATOR IS OUT.
16. If you are receiving a transmission LOUD AND CLEART You can also
respond
L7. If the controller wants an aircraft to stop and maintain a particular
position, the message is
18. The international term to indicate an extreme emergency is
16-10
19. If a pilot needs to go around instead of landing, the controller says
20- The pilot does not eome to a complete stop but applies por,rer as soon
as the landing gear Louches the ground in order to accomplish a
QUESTIONS
Answer the questions with complete sentences. Write the answers in the space
provided.
1. What does the controller say to indicate that you can drive the aircraft
on the ground?
2. What does it mean to you if you hear Ehe term DISREGARD in a radio
transmission?
3. What is a SHORT COUNT?
4, Besides LOUD AND CLEAR, how can you indicate that a transmission is being
received clearly?
l6-11
5. I{hat tern is repeated three times to indicate an extreme emergency?
6. How does the controller tell the pilot to begin doing something again?
7. If you are told to HOLD YOUR POSITION, what are you supposed to do?
8. When you hear the words TAKE IT AROUND, what are you going to do?
9. When the controller counts from one to nine and from nine back to one
again, what is that called?
10. t^lhat is a TOUCH AND GO landing?
11. If you CONFIRT'{ an emergencyr what do you do?
L6-L2
L2. How does the controller tell you to move your aircraft to an assigned
takeoff position and wait?
13. What is STOP AND GO?
L4. tlhat. abbreviation should you use to ask for a meteorological or
weather sLation?
15. Besides FIVE BY FIVE, how can you tell someone that a transrnission
is clear?
16. When is the term INTERI"IITTENTLY used on the radio?
L7. What is a FULL STOP?
1g. What phrase indicates that the flight should proceed without any changes
in the flight Plan?
16-r3
19. WOnhaat rsshworrotncgowuintht, youtre only hearing some of the numbers.
your radio?
20. How does the controller give the pilot permission to take off?
16-r4
MATCHING EXERCISE
I"latch the terms in Column B with Ehe phrases in Column A. Write the letters
in the blanks.
Column A Column B
l. permission to drive the do STOP AND GO
aircraft on the ground b, CONFIRI"I
2. check and report the C T CLEARED AS FILED
correct information d. MAYDAY
3. transmi-ssion is being € I FIVE BY FIVE
received clearly f. LONG COUNT
4. aircraft stops on the g. CUTTING IN AND OUT
runway before taking off again h. DISREGARD
5. to begin again i. SHORT COUNT
6. only parts of a message j. CLEARED T0 TAXr
are being received k. HOLD YOUR POSITION
7. count from one to nine and 1. TOUCH AND GO
from nine back to one rll. I"IETRO
D. RESUME
8. a meteorological or weather station
o. TN(I INTO POSITION
AND }IOLD
9. move the aircraft to an
assigned takeoff position and wait
10. ignore the previous
transmission
11. stop and maintain
present position
L2. international term for
extreme emergency
16-r5
QUIZ EXERCISE
Answer the following quesLions or complete the following sentences by narking
the best ans\{err dr b, or co
1. If you've been CLEARED T0 TAXI, what can you do?
d.. proceed without any changes in the flight plan
b. take off
c. drive the aircrafE on the ground
2. What do you call the maneuver in which the aircraft will taxi off
the ruilday, return to the ramp, and park after a landing?
8. FULL STOP
b. STOP AND GO
c o TOUCH AND GO
3. When the aircraft in a particular area are able to go back inEo their
landing patterns after an emergency has been cleared, the controller
says
NORMAL TRAFFIC.
O,. DISREGARD
b. RESUME
c r CONFIRI'I
4. If you pick up a radio transmission in which MAYDAY is repeated three
times, what are You hearing?
8. a radio check before takeoff
b. a report of an extreme emergency
c. the abbreviation for a weather station
5. If the controller wants you to proceed with your flight without any
changes to Ehe flight plan, the radio transmisslon is
o
8. CLEARED AS FILED
b. CLEARED TO TAXI
c r CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF
6. HOW DO YOU IIEAR T"IE? .
I o FULL STOP
b. FIVE BY FIVE
c o TOUCH Al'lD GO
7. How can the controller tell you that you need a GO AROUND?
E. HOLD YOUR POSITION
b. RESUME
C. TAKE IT AROUND
t6-16
AVIATION LESSON L7
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson you will make oral and written responses to oral
and written questions as follows:
1. What do you call all the thlngs that surround us?
A11 the things that surround us are called the envlronment.
2. What is the science called that deals with the functions of the body?
The science that deals with the functions of the body ls called
physiology.
3. What is fatigue?
Fatigue is a feellng one gets after dolng too rnuch work or exercise.
4. What is a flight surgeon?
A flight surgeon is a milltary doctor who takes care of nilitary
flying personnel such as pllots and navigatorse
5. What are symptoms?
Synptoms are signs that indicate that something ls wrong with a system
of the body.
6. What is another word for breathing?
Respiration is another word for breathing.
7. What do you call rapld breathlng whlch causes a decrease ln carbon
dioxide?
Rapid breathlng which causes a decrease in carbon dloxide ls called
hypervent i lat lon .
8. What is hypoxia?
Hypoxia ls the lack of ox|g€nr
9. What is the bends?
The bends is a form of decompression sickness in which you feel palns
around the joints and muscles.
10. What is decompressi.on sickness?
Decompression sickness is the chokes or the bends caused by the rate
of pressure change around a human body.
11. How is the valsalva maneuver accomplished?
The valsalva maneuver is accompllshed by holding the nose, closing the
nouth, and blowing with a snall amount of force.
L2. What is the illusion called ln whlch a stationary llght seems to be
moving ?
The illuston ln which a stationary light seems to be movlng Ls called
autokinesis
l7_1
13. What is spatial disorientation?
Spatial disorientation is not knowing where you are in
earthrs surface when flying. reference to the
L4. What is vertigo?
Vertigo is a dLzzy or rotating feeling.
15. What is the pull of graviry on a body called?
The pull of gravity on a body is called G-force.
16. What is an oxygen system?
An oxygen system is a system that provides oxygen to pilots and
crewmembers at high altitudes.
L7. What is an oxygen mask and what is it used for?
An oxygen mask is a cover that fits over the face that is used when
inhaling oxygen from the oxygen slstertr.
18. What does a liquid oxygen system consist of?
A liquid oxygen system consists of a combination filter va1ve, a
converter to change liquid oxygen into a gas, the oxygen regulator, and
liquid quantity indicators.
19. What is another name for outside air?
Ambient air is another name for outside air.
20. What is a pressure differential?
A pressure differential is a difference in pr€ssur€.
L7 -2
TERMINOLOGY AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
The pronunciation and stressed syllables (shown in capital letters) for the
objective terms in this lesson are:
1. ambient air (At"l bi ent air)
2. autokinesis (au to ki NE sis)
3. bends
/// trJ,/Tt oK?y1'tsTs/
(BENDS)
4. deeompression sickness (de com PRES sion SICK ness)
5. environmenE , "t amfr/!tn -f'*' n-sf-
6. fatigue
7. flight surgeon (en vr ron ment), nva( f ln n tn-l
8. G-force (ra rrcuE) / I ^i G, -
9. hyperventilation (FLIGHT sur geon)
/rt/#nlta/'.f' s^prIve- n/I
(cFoRcE, -/J( l.^rtr'
(HY per ven ti LA tion)
10. hypoxia i(hy POX a) ,l-h o- l{' .i ,r'
L7 -3
11. liquid oxygen system (LIQ uid 0X y gen SYS ten)
L2. oxygen mask (oX y gen MASK)
13. oxygen system
L4. physlology (OX y gen SYS tem)
15. pressure differential
, {k*d. r, .-,.+rr',, -
(physl0Logy) -
ln '/l^u,;
T U/
(PRES sure dif fer EN tial)
16. respi.ration (res pi RA t,ion)
L7. spatial dlsorlentation
18. synptoms /tPesOere/{San/I
19. valsalva maneuver (SPA tial dis o ri en TA tion)
20. vertigo 7'sl/.{al /--=..^r ;- n+e,{ Fnf
(sYltP roms) /t S/rrnOr-l-arnz-/I
(val SAL va ma NEU ver)
/t/t//t/l se/va rnentrYer /
(vER rl go)
L7-4
VISUALS FOR LESSON L7
vi/
"I THINK AN OXYGEN MASK WOULD BE BETTER."
2u
'l I
?t
G.FORCE
L7-5
VISUALS FOR LESSON 17 (co-nt rd)
f/,
,'YOU SAY YOU SEE LIGHTS MOVING? IT'S AUTOKINESIS."
L7 -6
GLOSSARY
AI"IBIENT AIR: outside air.
Ex: The valsalva maneuver replaces absorbed oxygen with ambi-ent air.
AUTOKINESIS: an illusion in which a stationary light seems to be moving.
Ex: The navigator did not experience autokinesis because he visually
scanned E.he area as he flew between thm
BENDS: a form of decompression sickness in which you feel pains around the
joints and muscles.
Ex: Bends can become very severe and even lead to collapse.
DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS: the chokes or bends caused by the rate of pressure
change around a human body.
Ex: One important advantage of the pressurized cabin is protection
against hypoxia and
.
ENVIRONI"IENT: all the things surrounding something.
Ex: You need to know how the different environments of the atmosphere
affect body functions.
FATIGUE I a feeling one gets after doing too much work or exercise.
Ex: The three Eypes of fat_igue are: (1) physical , (2) psychological,
(3) pathological.
FLIGHT SURGEON: a nilitary doctor who takes care of military flying personnel
such as pilots and navigators.
Ex: The flight surgeon is responsible for the mental and physical health
of all military flying personnel.
G-FORCE: the pull of gravity on a body.
Ex: Both positive and negative G-forces affect the cardiovascular system.
HYPERVENTILATION: rapid breathing which causes a decrease in carbon dioxide;
breathing fasEer than normal.
Ex: When hyperventilation occurs, you may feel slightly dizzy or
unbalanced.
IIYPOXIA: the lack of oxygen.
Ex: Stagnant hypoxia is a reduction of blood flow in all or part of
the body.
L7 -7
LIQUID OXYGEN SYSTEM (LOX) i a system consisting of a combination filter
valve, a converter to change liquid oxygen into a gssr the oxygen
regulator, and liquid quantity indicators.
Ex: One disadvantage of a liquid oxygen system (LOX) is the danger in
handling and servicing.
OXYGEN MASK: a cover that fits over the facel used when inhaling oxygen
from the oxygen system.
Ex: In combat aircraf t and jet t raining ai rcraf t , an gg€Sg nagE is
required.
OXYGEN SYSTEI"I: a system that provides oxygen to pilots and crewmembers at
high alti-tudes.
Ex:ThethreetyPeSof@arec1assifiedbythemethod
in which the oxygen is contained in the aircraft.
PHYSIOLOGY: a science that deals with the functions of the body.
Ex: The study of physiology is important in flying because pilots
and navigators enter zones in the atmosphere that are dangerous to
the human body.
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL: difference in pressure.
Ex: During descent from high altitude, a crewmember may develop a
pressul:e differential between the middle ear and the outside air.
RESPIRATION: breathing.
Ex: During respirationr we take in oxygen from the atmosphere and we
eliminate carbon dioxide from our bodies.
SPATIAL DISORIENTATION: not knowing where you are in reference to the
earthfs surface when flying.
Ex:""'beavoidedbyknowingyourexacEposition
aE all times.
SYI"IPTOMS: signs that indicate that something is wrong with a system of the
body.
Ex: In f light , gJg3lems such as f eeling drowsy or s luggish may indicate
that you are not gett.ing enough oxygen.
l7-8
VALSALVA MANEUVER: holding your nose, elosi.ng your mouth, and blowing with
a small amount of force.
Ex: You can avoid pressure pains in your ears by performing the
valsalva maneuver afLer landing.
VERTIGOT a dizzy or rotatlng feeling.
Ex: Verllg can be very dangerous during flight since the crewmember
may feel that the aircraft is also spinning'
L7 -9
COMPLETION EXERCISE
Write in the missing terms that eorrectly compleLe the sentences.
1. If the crewmembers are breathing rapidly and feel slightly dizzy and
unbalanced, they are suffering from
2. The bodyts taking in of oxygen from the atmosphere and elimination
of carbon dioxide is called
3. Absorbed oxygen is replaced with by
performing the valsalva maneuV€r '
4. The of the atmosphere affect bodY
functions.
5. Oxygen in liquid form is highly flamnable which makes handling and
servicing a very dangerous.
6. The valsalva maneuver will relieve the , there is
between the middle ear and the outside air'
7 . When a crewmember suffers from
a feeling that the aircraft is spinning.
8. The rate of pressure change during the descent caused the pilot to get
the
9. If you know your exact positlon at all timesr You can avoid
10. I"lost pilots see the for physical rather
than f or mental f€8sorls.
r7-10
11. The method in which the oxygen is contained in the aircraft is used to
classify the three types of
L2. After landing, it ts usually a good idea to perform the
to avoi.d pressure pains in the €Ers.
13. Feeling drowsy, sluggish, dizzy, and tired are all symptoms of
, a partial lack of oxygen.
L4. Chokes and bends are both examples of
15. Commercial airline pilots and passengers are not required to use
because the cabins are pressurized.
16. Functions of the human body are studied in
L7. After such a long flight, the crewuembers were bothered by both
physical and psychological
18. The cardi-ovascular system is affected by the pull of gravity on the
body or
19. Some people wontt pay any attenti_on to the
of hypoxia until itrs too late.
24. Visually scanning an area instead of sEaring will help prevent
17-ll
QUESTIONS
Answer the questions with complete sentences. Write the ansrders in the
space provided.
1. What are the signs called that indicate that something is wrong with
a system of the body?
2. What is fatlgue?
3. What is autokinesis?
4. What phrase is used to identify a difference in pressure?
5. What does the term "G-force" refer to?
6. What is respiration?
L7 -L2
7. What does a pilot or navigator study in physiology?
8. What is the doctor called who takes care of military flying personnel?
9. What is an oxygen system?
10. What is hyperventilation?
11. rn flight physiology, what is the outside air called?
L2. what does a liquid oxygen system (Lox) consist of?
13. Whar are you doing when you lessen the pressure in your ears by holding
your nose, closing your mouth, and blowing with a snall amount of force?
17-13
L4. t{hat do you call the f orm of decompression sickness in which the
crewmember feels pain around the joints and muscles?
15. What is vertigo?
16. What is caused by the rate of pressure change around a human body?
(It is known for its two typesi the chokes and the bends.)
L7. What is a partial lack of oxygen called?
18. Wtrat is an oxygen mask and what is it used for?
19. When you do not know where you are in reference to the earthrs surface,
what are you suffering from?
20. What is the environment?
L7 -L4
MATCHING EXERCISE
I"latch the terms in Column B with the phrases ln Column A. Write the letters
in the blanks.
Column A Column B
1. chokes or bends E. hypoxia
2. the lack of oxygen b. pressure differential
3. breathing c. flight surgeon
4. a dizzy or rotating d. oxygen system
€. vertigo
feeling f. fatigue
5. the outside ai-r g. autokinesis
6. rapid breathing h. ambient air
7. takes care of military i. physiology
j. decompression sickness
flying personnel k. G-force
8. provides oxygen at 1. environment
rrro hyperventilation
high altirudes n o symptoms
9. stationary lights seem o. respiration
to be moving
10. the pull of gravity
on a body
11. the difference in
pressure
L2. all the things
surrounding something
17-15
QUrZ EXERCTSE
Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by narking
the best answerr Er b, or c.
1. When statlonary light seems to be moving, the crewmember is suffering
from J
8. autoklnesls
b. bends
cr phYslologY
2. The pressurLzed cabln proLects against hypoxia and
B. respiration -'
b. G-force
co decomPression sickness
3. Holding your nose, closing your mouth, and blowlng with a small amount
of force accomPlishes '
8. an envlronment
b. pressure dlfferentlal
c o the valsalva maneuver
4. What ls the bends?
it. a form of decompresslon slckness seems to move
b. an illusion ln which st'ationary light
co a decrease ln carbon dioxlde
5. What provldes oxygen to Personnel at high altitudes?
8. an oxygen system
b. a Pressure dlfferential
cr a valsalva maneuver
6. Wlgh like those, youtd better go see the f light surgeon.
4. Oxygen systems or lack
b. sYmPtons
c. decomPression sickness
7 . The reduction of blood f low ln the body is a form of -----,
of oxygen.
B. hYPerventilatlon
b. hYPoxla
c. respiration
17-16