Van De Graaffs Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

Van De Graaff's Photographic Atlas

for the

Biology Laboratory

EIGHTH EDITION

Byron J Adams

Hrf.1,!/J;1,n ¼1u1t(! Umverrity

John L. Crawley

fj

MORTON

PUJ!LISH I NG

925 W. Kenyon Avenue, Unit 12
E nglewood, CO 801 1()

wv1.-, v.111orton..pub.co111

Tbtvh<>o11sr hreaarce/1lml'i,thco11llseaag11111c1s1,J/triaiel1f1odvs,eaJin,rd srudcms
/iioloJy.

A young cheetah. Adnm,yx jubatus, 1n the morning light
oo ,he Maasai Mar:.l iu Ko:nya.Africa.

CopyTi~ht © 2018, 2013, 20(/9, 2(Hl5, 2(Hl2, 1998, I995, I99.'I by Mo rton Publisbmg C:omp:any
All rights reserved. No part ofmi..;; pltb1ication may be reproduced.. stored io a retriev.11syntm,
or trJrl.$:nutte-d, u) :my fo rm or by :m>r means,dectro111c, 111ech1njcaJ, photorop}ri.ng,n:>cording,

ur otherwise, without the prior writtt'n pennis.;;ion r_lfthe publi\her.
Printt."d m the United St:&tt's oi America

!09871,5432
ISBN- to: 1-6 1731-765-9
lSBN- 13: 978- 1-6 1731- 765- 1
Library of Congress Control Number: 20 17942732
COiter: 1-lorn~d putlin. r:mrhtultr Mm iwlattJ

Preface

Biology u :m exciting. dpumic, :uu:l challenging science. h i$ the !tudy of lite?'. Stude.nrs are fo rtunate to be li\~ng :H a time when
i,uighu :ind discoveries in :1lmolit all a.~pect." c'>f biology ~ue occurnng at a ver>r r1p1<l pace. Much of the knowledge' le.1rned m :1
b1c,log>•coune has ;1pplit:iuo11 m unprt>\rinf[ hum ;inity :uut t.he quality oflifo.An un<lerstanduii;: ofb ioloi,w i, essenttal m esmblish1ng
:1 secure found:mon for more :idv:in<:ed coun.es m tht' biologlc:iJ S<:ii::nce." o r health :,.c1tnces.

Biology 1s :i visu:tll}' oriemed $cie11ce. Van De Ctu.ifft Plwto,:~mpliit AIIM.fi>r the 13;.,J~t?)' L,/Jor<1wrr is intended to provide:: you ""ith
q uality phot~r:iphs of :1ni1·u:ib smubr to thme you may h,we the o pportumt}' to observe m :1 biolOj.,")' laboratory. It i:, designed to
:iccon1pany ;iny b1ology tC'xt o r bbo r:tt01·y numu:.J you m:iy be ullm~ in the das~mom. In certai n c::ourses Viiu Dr Gru,~ff} J>hot~czmplrit
At"1sfi>r 1/,e Bji>l~ey L.,/x,r.rtory could $<:rve :t! the fobor.11o ry m:u,ual.

An o1:>_jet;twe of this :ltlas is to provide y<m with a bal:111ced visual rtp~sentat1on of the m~or kin~•dom ~of b1o log1cal o~nutnu .
Gre:1t care h:lS been L':'ikt!n tel construct completdy bbeled. informanve figures th:it are depicted d e:irly and .itcur.1te1y. -r he
micff*raphs a.re repre:semative of what stude-nts w ill .,ctuall>r be lookin)t ;1t m the1r b hs, not ::un::izlng one-of-a-kind photo come-st
wmnerll. T he terms used in th111 atl:lS :tre in :igrN.·ment with those :1ppe:1ring- m the more commonl}' used collc:>f,.~ biology tex~ .

Numerous d1S$.l"C::t10n.~ o f pbnc.s and mvcrtebr.ue and vertebr.ite :i.nin1:1ls were completed and phot0grlphed m the prep1r:ition of
this :lcl:ts.Thciie ima~s are included for tlu-,se studenL~ w ho ht1\'t' the opportumty to <lo similar dissect1<m-. :tS p:irt of thc:>1r l:tbc)r:ttt)ry
reqmremer1t.

Chapter 9 of th1s at.bs is devoted to the b1ology of tht' lmm.;111 o r.,.r:l1ll">m. which is emph:t.S1zc:-d 111 many biology textbook.~ and
courses. In tl1L~ chapter, you art' provided with :i. complete set ofpho1og-r.1ph! for e:-ich o{ the hu1nan body t.ys-tenu. Hum:111 c:-idaven
have ht!t'n C:tn'fully d1s.~ cced and photogr:iphed co dearly depict each of che principal o~u1.~ from each o f the body !>)'Stems. Sclected
radiogr..1phs (X- r:l.)'$) , CT scans, ::ind MK. imagt!S depict $truCh1res from Jivmg per.«:ms ::ind thus provide an .ipplled dimeos1or'I co thi\
poruon of tht" :ltlas.

Preface to Eighth Edition

The succe,:;s of the p rev1(ms editions of Vim De Gm,if/'.< Plwtcwmpliir Atltt.tji'Jr tht JJialcwy L,bamtory provided opportumt ies to mak<-"

ch.ang,£>~ m enh~nee the- v:\lue of this new edluou in !Udin!t srudeuts in Jean1i11g :,hour living Ori-,,:ini~n,~. Tht' rt'vu;io11 of this :itbs

pr~ented in its eighth edition rtqmn"d pl:u111i.ng. organu::adon. an d s1g:11ific:-.nt work. As. authors ·we hav·e the opportunity :ind
obli~tion N> listc-n to the cntiquei and su~~stions ln'm, ~tuc.leut.~ .and faculL)' who have u3ed thi~ :u-fa.t .Thi.s co11u ructive input is
appreci:ited and h:t.S resulted in a ~n::itly i,nprovec.l :itlas.

One objecuve m preparing this edition of the ad.as was to create :m uwiting :ind upd::it.ed pedl~~y. T he p;igt byout w:is
m1proved by c:.'treful selt'ttion of updated, 11ew, and repbeeme11t photo~raphs. C ladogr:mu wrre updated, n1:,k1ng: the connectioni.
between taxonomy, morphology, and evolutton:uy histo ry n1ore i11L'uitw-e. hnages in t-his atlas were carefu lly evaluated fo r their
qu:ility, etltctiveness, and act.ur:·,cy. Enl:,rged imagt"s, in certam chapters, :md :1ddit1or'lal phorogr::iphs o f represe-ntt1tive orgams.nu
,vere added. M.icrographs were chosen that would do~ely :lpproximate wh;1r stu<le1ns wt,)uld set: m thc- lab.

iii



About the Authors

Byron J. Adams John L. Crawley

Dyron i;rcw up on a small farm in rural nonbc-,utcrn California. John sp-cnr lus carl>r ycar1 growmg up in Sourh1.~rn Califomia.

when- his parents :md schoolteachers n urtu.n.•d h is Jovc- of tht" w hi:n- he took t'Vt'fY opportunity to cxpJon: nll-urc and the-

natural world. Ht' oomp1ett.~d his undt'tgraduace degt\'e m Zoolof:,')' outdonr.,. He c:11rremly re..,;uic,; m Prov(), Urah. w here he enjoys
th,: proximfry ro the mou,ma.in!-,dcs,-n. aud local riwrs a.nd Ltkl.'S.
in 1993 fro m l:h igh am Yo ung Un.i\'t'rsity w ith :in c mph.,si'> in
H e received his degree in 7.oology from Bn g h:on Young
nurinc hm1ogy an d his Ph.O. in Oiologic.11Science$ fmm rht' Un..iv('rsiry iu 1988. Wbilc- ,\1:>rk1og ..s a 1-es..-atdt<.·r for (he Nacil)lla)
Uoivcnil}' ofNebr~ ka i1l 1998. Followrng a shott 11im a,). a Fon:st Sc-T\•i,:c- and Urah Division of\Vikllife Reso urces in th e early
pondoctoral fellow llt rhc Univcnrit)' ofCalifornfa•Oavb, Byron 1990s,John was lnvncd to work on his 6nt p roject for Mottoo
look his fir~l fu t'uhy position at lite U11ivct.s.i1y ofF)orida prior 10
Publishing. A J>twr1wm1,hicAdasfar tllt' Andtmuy and PJ,y.;f,110,1?)'
rcturmng to Bri~h,m1Yo ung Uni\~f$.ity. 1.Abof.:flclr)'· Afo:r com pletion of cha( ntl~1J o hn ha:. continued fO
Oyron's appro:i.ch m \Uldcrs.tanding biology involve'$ in(crrrng \\Urk with MorlOu l'u blbhing:,and, lo datt", ht< lLb <·.<Hnplcted

c vnluoonary processes from p;1ttcms in 1umrc. H is n:1,c;m: h e ight tides w1rh rbcm.

p<ograms in biodivctsil)'. <.-volurion. and ecology have had the Jo hn has spt:nl m uch of' hi._ life obsen·ing: n:iJure- an d uking

contiJJuous supporl o Ct..11~ N ation al Scit-nct'.' Foundl tiou lS wdJ pic,:rure,,;. Hi~ photogr;tphy ha,; provided the nppo r runity for
.,s other agencies, including the United Stare s n ep,,rrme nt (')f
Ag r-ic uln1n- and the NationaJ Mum;m Gt'nomc R ese-:m:h Institute. hint m O"J.\'d wide1)1. :illov.'Jug buu to observ~ and learn aboUL

Mi.<; mn$t rc~nt proj<""rt$ involve fieldwork iu Ant;11"(tir::i, where othc-r o t.ltutci and bnd... l-fo p hotos have .appeared in national
he an.J h is collotag:u,·-. arc snu:l)1i11g the relauooihip h lWCt.'11
ads, magazines, aud uuultrous publkatim:is. H<.· has wotkt<l for
biodiversity. ecosystem fu nctio ning, :md d im atc chan~e. When groups such a.,; De!t.a Airlin es., N,uhmQf Gct1grdpl1ir, llun:au of L1nd
hi:'s uo l fret-zing llli b ull off in du:• ~1cMurdo D11· Vallotys or Management. U.S. Forest Scrv1cc, and many o thers, l-1.Js proJCCts
southern Trans:murctic Mount:lins. he makes his h ome in with Morlou Publishi.u~ luw bet>n a gR·at fit fo r Ills passion for
photogrJ1lhy aud the bioJogical sc1cnccs.
Woodland HiU,. Uul1.

Dyron. on t.ht' pla.ue, making ]us w:iy back from the Traos..~uarcck John 1norkding widl grocn sea curries in the GjJ:\pagos.
Mountlin~ and heading for McMurdo Station.

Prelude

Scientists work to determine :iccttraq· in undcrst:mding th e re huionship o f o rganlsn1$ eo.·cn when u requires ch:mgmg cst;ibllshed
con cep~. D N A sequences, dcvelopmennll p:ith\,,·:i.ys, an d morphoJogK:.11 srntcturcs, nlong w1th the tOSSil reco rd .ind geolo~icaJ
cbting. :we used co n-cmtr d1e· evo lucionary history o f Jifc (phylogcl'l}') .,nd rcpm.ent this in a h1er.i.rchical d:.lS.\ific.ition {taxo no my).
Ne\v methods for gc-ner:umg :md :inalp:ing e ,,-,lu rio nary hypotheses continue to tmprm,t o ur understandin g o f phylogC'neric
rebtions.l-ups.13c."c,, use cb .f.o$ifi cario n schemes th:it reflec t p hylo~enetic rdati011$h ip.,; have so m uch mo re exp l:1.n.,tory pO\ver than simple for::.
o f o rg:mism.,;, scte ntists :tn= co1ut:mdy updacing their d :i..~,;ification schemes to rctlc-ct these ad van ces m knowledge.

In 1758. C:lrolus Linn.lcu~, :l Sv.-edish n:tmr:tfot, .,ss1gncd aJJ known kmds o f or~ msms into two kmgdom\--i,l:mts :lnd ;munals. For
over t\VO centu ries, rhis d1chotomy ofp l:tnts and :tninuls scr\'ed b iologists weU bm h:ls been replaced by the hypo thesis o ( sh:ired common
:UlC'<"Sf?)' by three m:tJor evolutionary Iinc-1. ies (sec E.x lu b.it I). Th is hypothcs1s is b:tsed primarily o n DNA k qucnce dau but cormborntes
n umerous o ther lines ofe vid e nce as wcU.

Exhibit I Domains. Kin doms. and Re rescntative Exam lcs

Eukarya D111otli1.!:,.'(;lfacn

Ll1!d pl:tntS

C.rc..-n .Jg:a~ Red

:ilg;-ic

<:cllular slime molds Tr wau osomes The Three Domains of life
l \ ni1 nJJ1,
Fungi (M im<:ho11dnon) flu~ phylogcn'!"ric rn:c-
swnmarizes the d ai.sific:uion
Bacteria th:il dt'Jn<:ts all oilitb divided
into dm.•c do 1n:ains- B.1cteri:t,
Ar('h:.te3. ;111d Eukarya . Note
th:: d iwrSity of the.• non3n imal

lin<.::ag~ 1x:l.itivc to rhl': orhcr
o rgan.isms. th1..•ir rdativdy rect:nt

t'JOer~ncc. ami 1hc bacterial
o rigin ofmimchondri:a ~m d
ch lnt<!p l., ~ ,;;

.\ fol1m11)/.1..1rt,·ri11m Common onc:edot ~ - - - ( :y,ln.:ibat!lCl'i:l
of all lffe
(PL'lSt1d:::,
iududing
chk 11u rl.\Sts)

Domain Bacteria - Cyanoll'.lcrcn a. Domain Arc hoea - Mc1h:mogens . Domain Eukaryoto - E.uk.:arymc:s,
g r.m•- t~~tiV\.' a.u J g r:i.m -positive· bact,:ri:a h;llo ph1lc~. a11d rhermt)ph dc!> ~tnglc-..cclled ,.rn<l Jlu1ln,::(':lled o ,gan1,;,m~:
fung ~"protists," pl:utts, and ,mim:als:

Oscill11t,JTfo sp ., ., cy:mQb.lcterium th.lt ·111iothrix sp., :t tli..."Tmopltile- that oxiilizc:s

1-12S for ;m energy ~our,;-c
r - - - - - - - r ========;:=:==:==::::!....Jrtproducr.s through fragrncntation.
.. . .

ll!p1·1xi'll11s 11p. is .i mold that reproduoe;s I i,/u;\.\· sp. i! a motilC' g:rem aJg;i th.u MuJ<J sp., 1he ban:uu. is high in Cf111m,,rlro rulyptr.Jfl(l, the \-Cilcd
nunitfona.J v.1luo:. ch:1111L'l,.:on. t-i kn01.v11 for its :tb iJity to
ascxu:tlly and sonwrun<.-s sc-.xuaJI)•. f(.'Pl'Odu;;('S .uc.xuall>· orsexu:all)•. c h:1111,.'t:' colou ;1(.'rord ing to it~ m<JoJ

vi

Basic Characteristics of Domains Common Classification System of

Domain Domain Domain Some Groups of Living Eukaryotes
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Characteristics Unikonta

Arnoebotoa

Nudear erwelope No No Yes Phvlu1n J\fnoclx,zoJ

eqdo.ses genetic Yes (usually) Yes No Ph}·tum MyxomycotJ
material (DNA) No No Yes
Circular dromosomes Yes Yes Opisthokonta
Membrane-enclosed No (<ilia and
organelles No (although some No flagella are Kingdom Fungi
Rotary nagella cyanoba<:.teria covld undulatory)
be exceptions) No Yes (but Pl1ylu1n Chytridionwcor,l
Multicellular Yes there are al.so
..$pecies.,.,, No {ether unic.etlular Phylum 2¥i;o;:nycot3
Yes linkages) eukaryot<!s)
Cell walls (if preoent) No Phylum Glou1..·romycot:1
composed of No (5 subunits) Yes (13) Phvh1m A~·nhwcola
peptidog!ycan 1 1 (closely Yes
Plasma membrane. related to Ph;•luin B..,sid iOl,t}'COt;J
llplds made or N-formylmethionine Yes (14+)
unbranched @tty ( fMet) Polll) Kingdom Animalia
Methiorvne 3 (Pol I. II,
adds bonded to and Ill) Phylmn Porifor.1:
Phyh1m O .eu('lp hora
glycerol by ester Methionine
bonds Pl1ytum Cmda.ri:i.
RNA polymerase of
more. thM 10 subunits Procoston:ria

Number distinct types lophotrochozoa
Phvfum R ntifcra
of RNA polymerase
l)h~·lum Pla1vheln1wtl1e..~
Initiation of translat.ion
Pb)"him Ga~ltotrich:i

Phytmn Br:u:h iopodJ
Phvhun Ph(l1\')oid;i

Ph~·lu1n N<'n,ertea

PbYtwn Eutoprocta

Phyhun Bryozw

Phvh1m /\n,lcl;da

Ph)'lum t\'\Ollu!:Ca

Ecdysozoa

Phylum Kinorhptch:a

Phvhtm Nem au,cfa

Ph)'lu:n N t111at011k.'rpl.1..,

Phylum Arth1X>pod;a

Phyhun T..mtii mda

l)euterOUC)tni:t

Phvlum Henucho.n.1M:t
r1iYtum Edi.i11odermat:1

Phyhun Cho r<l:tta

Hikonm

Excav;)m

Pbyhun Eugktu)zOa

• Doe prtrnof"lly lo thi:1r procitlli(y tor horcwntal p,,:,;c trwi~k•. Bactem and lultM"ya. don·l Phyhun tvk-umon:uh
Kingdon, J>tanme
h,"PM ..p,-,:li!, m 1h~ s.:,1,,e !.ense 11,..1 rnnu E1.;k.11 r•' dt1 (lndtptndcr : ry ~-.olv,l"g .-..o!i1oon.:.l'y
Phylum Rhodopby~
111'1..,,g~~ w•1h ,u,trr-1- nhg_1:'l1 Md h1r<,l.

Green Algae

Phylogenetic Relationships among Phyhun Chlorophyta
the Major Groups of Eukaryotes
L'lttd Plants
, - - - - - - - - Bacteria
Phylum H q,:i101i hyra

rbylum 13ryophyt.l

Phyhun Authott·rophyta

Vuc ul:u fllanu

Phylum Lycophy1.l

, - . - - - - - - Archaea rhylum Prilotop byu

Phyhun Pli:ri<lovhyt:1
Phylum fui11i$l~co1,h)•t.i

Amoebozoa Seed Plants

Gj'mnosperms

Opistokonta Phyhan Gin k~oph)13
Phyh1m <;yc~ito1\h}'Q

Phylum Pir1opltyra

Pl1ylum Guetophvra

, - . - - - - Excavata Angiospenus ·

Phylum M:tgnoJ10\,hyu

, . . . . - - Plantae (= i\mbop l)'ta)

Rhizaria

Phyhmt For.un init(°ra

. - - - Rhizaria Phylum Cercoioo

A lveolata

Phylum Ciliopl1<.1r.a

Alvealata Stramcnopila

Phyh1m H("'tcro kon1<11,hrc;)

Stramenopila Phvhuu O 0 10\'C0la

r 1aYtum Ph:il'Ophyta

vii

Acknowledgments

.\•t m y profe.s.sion.:ils h ,wc ~tq isted in the prepmuion o f J{m /)c Cmqtfs Plwk,,zmplifr A tliis. fiw the Bi,1/'tf!y L,l,.u.rle>r)', E.ighth Ed ition, a nd h:we
sha~d o u r e nthusiasm abom its value for student$ o f biolog)·. \Ve :ire espec.;,-.Uy .:tppreciam-c of D:mid l lub<"r from Umvenity of'Thmp:l,
Judy N esmith from Uni\.-crsity o f M ich ig.,n-De.lrborn. Teresa A l)oner fro m S.,lem CoJlcge. Chrissy Simmons from Southern lUinoi$
U niversity Edw,ud.wille, I lcidi Richter from Umvcrsiry of the FraserV.tlley, I leather Bn c-nt-Johnson from Inver l lllls Community College.
P.,m Dobbins fro m Shdton $t:lte Community CoUege, and M:mhew McClure fio m L.lmar $rate C'..olJege for tJ1eir det.1ilcd rc.-view of chis
:uLu. Ors. R,Qnald A. M eyers.Jo hn f MulJ,.md Samuel I. Zcvd offof d1e Dep.1rtmcnt ofZoology ,lt WC"ber St.1rc University and Or. S.,n md
R . R ushforth a nd D r. R o bert R. Robbins .lt Ut.1h V.1Ucy Univcr~ity we.re espcc1ally help ful a nd supportive ofthis project. T he racbograph..\,
CT sc:u1s.•md MR 1m:igcs ha\'e been m.ide possi ble rhrou~h the gcncmmy ofC~uy M . \½tts, M.D. • .ind the D c:pu tmem of R adiology at
Uuh V.tlley R c~ion.1. 1 /lvlcdical Cc-mer.

\Ve tlt.mk Jake Chri.man.\en,Jam cs 8.irrett, .lnd Austen Sbde for th eir spccuncn di.\!.t'.'CtlOJl.$. O thers who a1dcd in specimen d i.s.~<'cuons
were Nathan A. J:u:obson, D.O ., R . R.id1.u d R.1.smussen. M .D.• :md S.mdr:t E . Sephto n , Ph .D. \1/c arc- indebted to Dougl:t.\ M o non :md
the personnel at Morton Publish m~ Com pany for the opportunity, encouragcn1ent, ,md support to p tl.'p:.ue this ,ulas.

Photo Credits

i\1.my oftht'.' photo~'T.lphs o f living plan ts :ind animal\ wen- nude po ssible becms.c of the cooper:ttion and generosity of the S:i.11 U ic.-gu Z-oo,
S.tu O iego W ild Animal Park, Sea \Vo rld (San Uicgo, CA), Hogle Zoo (Salt Lakr City, UT). :md Aquatica (On-m, U11. \Ve- :ire cspeciall)'
:ippn-ci:1tive tu dw professional b io logists :it th::se lint' insti w tions.

\Ve :trt- appr«btivc ofU r. \Vilford ~ - H :::s.l ~md L>r.William ll. \\/inborn for their hdp in olx:i..ining photographs :md pholl)microgr:1plu.
The: el«tm11 1uicmgr~lphs :ln- rourt<:Sy o( Scott C. Nliller a nd James V. . \lien.
Figun-s 1.13, 4 .22, 4 .24, 4.26, 4.27, 4.2S, 4.29, an d 4 .3 5 from ..-1. l '>fwt()J?nrp/1i<A1fosj.,, t}ic i\..lim.1biol<:gy .L.1f,011tl<•--Y• 3rd Edition. by .\1ic h:id

J. Le-boffc: and Uunon E. Pierce:.© 2001 Mo n on l"ubJishing.

Figun- 1.2 l c--ica Microsystems
Figun-s 5.138, 5.139, 5.161, :md 5.292 Champio n J>apt'r Co.
Figure 6 .2 Porn-st M ich:id !:$rem
Figure 6.3 Centc-rs for U iselse Coutrol and Pn-vention
Figun-s 7. 12 and 7.101 NOAA (NatlonaJ Oceanic :md Atmosp heric Administr.ttion)
Figure 7.199 Ari l';i.nj
Figure 7.201 NOAA Oke:mos Explo re--r Pm~'T.un, INUEX-SATAL 2 Vto
Fignrc 7.222 (f) Linda Snook, NOAA
Figure 7.247 (a) loLti\ l'<,rn:-

Figun-s 7.214, 7 .217, 7 .219, 7.220, 7. 221, 8.4, 8.11, and 8 . 12 &om C<1t11ptm1tivc.- A,wtomr. Mrmua! 4Vc.-rMm1t1• Diss«timr, 2nd Edilion, 6>'
IJ:Jc W. Fi.shbe1.;k :md Aurora Seb:i.-.tiani. Ci 2008 Mortl)n Publishing.

Figun-s 8 . 110, 8 . 11 1, 8.112, 8 . 113 , 8.114, 8 . 115, 8 . 116, 8.117, 8.118, 8.119, :md 8.120 &om Mw1111Mlitt11 Am1tomy:'l1u· C.11, 2 nd EdiLion,

by Aurora Scb~tiaJJi au d IJ:Llt• W. Fishbeck . Ci 2(t05 Mortlm J>ubli~hi.ng.

Book Team

Presid ent .md CEO: D.wid M . Ferguson

Senior Acquisitions Editor: Martl R . l'c.-ntec0$t
1}pogr.aphy and Text Design:Jo hn L. C r:iwley
Oevdo1»11enraJ Ed1tor: Sar:th D.'"n,o mas
Ecbtorial Project Mana~crs: R.:iyna S. ll:uJey an d Trm.a L~1mbc.rt
Uluscrations: Imaginccring Media Sc-rv1ccs. Inc.
Cover Design:\\fill Kelley

Vlii

Contents

a CHAPTER 1 Ce lls and Tissues 1
17
l1 Plant Cells and Tissues 3 27
Animal Cells and Tissues 7 3S
a
CltAPTEtl 2 P~rpe uallon ol life: Mll,:,sls. Maicsrs and De,utuument 67
a
CHAPTloR 3 Bacteria and Archaea 135
a
CHAPTER 4 Select Slngle-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla ("Protlsts")
a
Phylum Heterokontophyta - diatoms and golden algae 37
Phylum rnnoflagellata - dinoflagellates 40
Phylum Amoebozoa - amoebas 41
Phylum Aplcomplexa - Plasmodium 42
Phylum Me tamonada and P~um Euglenozoa - flagellated protozoans 42
Phylum Ciliophora - ciliates and paramecia 43
Phylum Chlorophyta - green algae 44
Phylum Phaeophyta - brown algae and giant kelp 55
Phylum Rhodophyta - red algae 60
Phylum Myxon~ota - plasmoctlal slime molds 6-3
Phylum Oomycot.a - water molds, white rusts. and downy mildews 65

CHAPTER 5 Plantae

Phylum Marchantiophyta (= Hepatoph)1a) - liverworts 69
Phylum Anthocerophyta - hornworts 73
Phylum Bcyopl~ - mosses 74
Phylum Lycophyta (= Lycopodiophyta) - club mosse s. quilfwons. and spike mosses 78
Phylum Pterldophyta, subphytum Psilophyta (= Psllopslda) - >misk fems 82
Phylum Pteridophyta, subphytum Equisetophyta - horsetails 85
Phylum Pteridophyta. subphytum Potypadiophyta - ferns 88
Phylum C)<:adophyta - cycads 92
Phylum Gi nkgophyta - Ginkgo 97
Phylum Pinophyta (= Coni ferophyta) - conifers 99
Phylum Magnollophyta (= Anthoph)ta) - angiosperms: monocots and d.icots 106

CHAPTER 6 Fungi

Phylum Chytridiomycota - chytrids 135 142
Phylum Zygomycota - conjugation fungi 136
Phylum Ascomycota - yeasts. molds. morels. and truffles 138
Phylum Basldiom><:ota - mushrooms, toadstools. rusts. and smuts
Lichens (symbiotic associations of fungi and algae) 147

a CHAPTER 7 Anlmalia 149

•) Phylum Porifera - sponges 151 223
Phylum Ctenophora - comb jellies 153
a Phylum Cnldarla - hydra, Jellyfish, and coral s 154 267
Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms 160 297
•• Phylum Mollusca - mollusks, chitons. snails. clams. and squids 166 305
Phylum Brachiopoda - lamp shells 172
Phylum Nemertea- proboscis worms 173
Phylum Annelida - segmented worms 173
Phylum Nematoda - roundwo,ms and nematodes 176
Phylum Rotifera - rotifers 178
Phylum Arth ropoda - arachnids, crustaceans, and Insects 180
Phylum Tardigrada - water bears 193
Phylum Echinode imata - sea stars, sea urchins. and sea cucumbers 194
Phylum Hemichordata - acorn worms 199
Phylum Chordata - amphioxus. fishes, amphibians. reptiles, birds, and mammals 200

CHAPTER 8 Vertebrate Dissections

Class Chondrichthyes 223
Superclass Osteichthies - Class Actlnopte,ygli 229
Class Amphibia 231
Class Sau ropslda (= Reptilia) 239
Class Reptilia - Archosauria - Clade Aves 244
Class Mammalia 246

Rat dissection 246
R3tal pig dissection 250
cat dissection 255
Mammalian heart and brain dissection 263

CHAPTER 9 Human Biology

Skeletal System 2 70
Muscular System 2 75
Nervous System and Sensory Organs 281
cardiovascular System 286
Respiratory System 288
Digestive S)'Stem 290
Urogenital System and Development 293

Glossary

Index

X

Cells and Tissues

All o rg.inhmfi .ire compo!;cd of on<· or more cclk Crlls arc r.ht! 5. c:dlul:ir m arkc~ (;mtigcm), which ldemify the
ba,ic i;r.nH·tu r.11 :md fonction;1 l units (.l ( (.l rg.;m i.,;m,. A cell is ;i
mino~c. mt~rnbr;me-endosed. protophm1k mass cc.msi~ting of blood and tis.,;ue, type.
chmmosomt·s surrounded by cytopl:J",lll, Specific organc:lks. :ire
c<mt:'lincd in ch(! cytopl:i:o:..m that function indcpcndcm1y hue in The c:irb<>hydrat~ molecl1les:
coordin.irion with one .inothcr. Pmk,uy(lt:ic cell~(Fig:. I. I) ;ind
t~\1 b ry(u;ic .-c..:11~ (Fi~. 1.:1 .ind 1. 18) :ire the t·wo b,,si(: types. I. repel negative obj<.·ct.s due to thdr m.·gativc charge:
2. l CL' a.s rc:ceprnn. fo r hormone~ an d <>lher n.·gufato ry
Prok,irycri, rtlfr lack .i mcmhr:mc-bound nuclc-m., inm,;::ui
molerul<:$;
conr:-iining a ,;ingl(• -.i:r,m<l of 11ud1·ir atid.T h~e n.:11._ cont:lin fo·w 3. form specific cdJ markeN that. enablt- like cells to
OTE,'<'!nt;lles. A rigid or i;.emirigid a.:11 w:111 provides shape to tht~
:itttch and a~~gate mto ti\\ud; aud
cell out.,ic.lc- the «II {plamw) nwmlmmr. Fbctcria an.~ r-x:m,pk:s of 4. enter into immune n::icdons.
probryoric. ,;ingh:-t;d lcd orl§lni,;ms. Tissui:'; arc groups of similar cells that perform :specific
funcuons (se-~ Fig. I.l)).A flo wering pfam. for example,
Tiukaryoti( u,J/i comain :., rru(! uudrus with m ultiple
chmmnsom<.'.'.s, hav(! ~ ver:11 typ<..~:i of !ipt~c·ializ,~d <n g:md h:s, ,md is c:omposffl o f three: tissue systems:
h~vc ., rliffcrr nti:11ly pc•nneablc cell mt:mbr:lne . Org:rnismt 1. thc- .~rowul ti..sn,~.(ystcm, provu.lmg support,
consisting of et1k:aryork cdk indude protm:o:i, fim gi, alg~•i:.
pl;mts, and invertcbr.1te ;ind vcrtcbr:1t,c ;lnim;ils.. regeneration. respiration. photosyntht~sis, and
i wrage;
Pbnt cells d iffer in some· w:iys &om other c:ukaryotic 2. thc- 1.-astul11r tiss11C' system, providing: 0011duction
cells in th~t thdr ct·II \\';Ill!'. concain rl'ilulou for stifhless (Fig. p:1s'-:1g('\v:iys chrough che pbnt; :md
1.3). Plant ctlls ;llso cont;lin v::icuolcs fr)r ' "mer stor,1gc ::ind 3, the: d1,rm11I lt.tJUl' sym.,,,, p nwidi ng pmrccrion t f,1 the:
m emhr:mt--brnmrl rl,l()mpl,1rh \\;th ph<lt<>S)ntheric plgmen"' for plant.
The tu., ue-s ofthe body o f :1 mulucellul::ir :u1iin.:1.l :ul!
photosyntht~is.
The mulm.<is the l.nb'C, spht-:roid body w ithin the c:11.bryoric dlliificd int0 four principal rypcs (s(,c Fig. 1.36):

cell that n .mmins the gcni.:tic m ati:ri:11ofthe cell.The nude\1:; it I. eptlbelitll ri5,m. c covers body and organ surfaces. lines
t·ndoscd by ;i double mem br.m<· c, lled the 111,rhw mt>mbraire, or body cavmes aJ\d Jwuina 01olfow poru(,nt o f body
uur/,-,Jr fttVi•lnpr. The ,iurlr,•!m is ;i dense. nonmcmhr.rnous h(Hiy tubes.) . :met forms vari<>tts gl.,nds~
compn:se<l of protein ~met R...NA mnlc<;:ulcs. The chn.lm:1rin ;'ITC
fi bers ofpll.ltt:in :111d ONA molecules d 1;1t; m:ikc· up .i l'nkar)'C.wic 2. rottH«ti,.,.~,;.ss11e bind,;, support::;, .,n d pmtt:ctS body
chromosome. P rior to c;cllu l;ir divi,.itm , the f-;hromm:in ,;horccn$ parts;
, nd c<.lil§. into rod-~h:lpCd dJmm1Homr•,. Chronmsom c~ consist of
DNA :incl strncrur:11 protein:; <;alh,'. il lri.<!tllU'S, .3. nrusde sis.sue contracts to produce movcm~nti.; and
4. nrrvow tissm· initiates and cr.msmits nerve impulsc:s,
The ,~yldf'l1m11 ofrhe eubryotic cell i~the m(;cfium bt·twec:n
the nuclear m cmhr;mc ;111cl the cdl mc mbr.mt·. O rgam·l/r( ;'ITC 'c-. :.-- Nucle()fd
sm::-111 m emhr.m e-bmmrl lltnicn 1n;, w ithi n the cytophrn1. Thi.! '-'----=- - R..1bosomt·.s
cellu l:ir 6.mctitms (::irricd out by org:mdles ;ire rt•fen-c·d to
,,_, nwtt1[1t~lism. Th~; strucun·~ :tnd fiincrio n nf the nud c~1~ ;'Ind :;.._,_ Pcptidoglyc:Ja ,

princip;ll oll:}'lndle.s ;ire listed in T.1hlc: 1. 1. In nn:lcr for cdl;( Outer Cd! "-.ill
to remain ;11ivc. m ~~1boli,;e, and m:iim:~in homeosrasi,, they uicmbr.me
m uq have nccc~ tc·1 nmric·n~ :md r~ pir:1t<1ry g.,~~. be :thlc to .,..,.,_
d im in,'ltc w,1st($, :md be in a cnnst:im, protct.tivc r nvimnment.
Figure 1. 1 A g-enc-.t~liuti 1)mbl')'()fic ,~cu,
The rrll mnulirimr i, composrd of ph<,:.pholipid. prOtcin, ;and
c:1rhnhydr;1tc mo lt:cults.The c:c11 mi::mhr:1nc g ives form to ;i c;cll
,ind c<.lntnl k the pass:1ge ofni::ite rial into .ind om of a cell. More
s.pccitic~lly; the proteins in the <:d i meml,r:mc providt:;

l . s.tructural suppon;
2. :i Jr'le'Ch:mism of m ol~ule- transport .-.cross the

membrane :

3. enzyulatic control ofc henUcal reacuons:
-l. recc:prors for horn1one-s :ind o ther re'~ufat(>ry

molcn1lc,;.; and

1

a A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

Table 1. 1 Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Cellular Components

Component Structure Function

Cell (plasma) membra ne Composed o f protein and phospholipid Provides form to cell; controls passage
molecule s of materials into and out o f c~II

Cell wall Cellulose fibrils P=ldes structure and rigidity ,o plant cell

Cytoplosm Auld to jellylike substance Serves as suspending medium for
organelles and dissolved molecules

Endoplasmic reticulum Interconnecting membrane-lined Enable s cell transport and processing of
channds metabolic chemicals

Ribosome Granules of nucleic acid (RNA) and protein Synt hesizes protein
M ilochondrion Double-membraned sac with cristae (chambers) Assembles ATP (cellular resp<ration)

Golgl complex Flattened membrane-lined chambers Synthesizes carbohydrates and packages
moleooles for secretion

Lysosome Membranwurrounded sac of enzymes Digests foreign molecules and worn cells

Centrosome Mass o f protein that may contain rodlike Organizes spindle fibers and assists
centrioles
mitosis and meiosis

Vacuole Membranous sac Stores and excretes substances withil the
cyto plasm: regulates cellular turgor
pressure

Microfibril and Protein strands and t ubes forms cytoskele ton, suppor ts cytoplasm,
microlubule and transports materials

Clllum and flagellum Cytoplasmic extensions from cell: containing Movements o f particles along cell

microtubules- surface, or cell mO\/ement

Nucleus Nudear en,,elo pe (membrane). nucleokls• .w,d Contains generic c:ode that directs cell

chromatin (DNA) 3c.civicy; forms ribosomes

Chloroplast Inner (grana) membrane withil outer membrane ln.'01,-ed in photoiynthesis

2

2 Figure 1.2 (a) A

3 ... :\ comp()111ld l!l<lll<U.'Ufar

4 ~ m icroscope. and ~,) a
..:0111pOl11td binocufar
5
m k roscopt'.
6
5 1. Eyepiece (ocuJ.u-)
7
8 2. 1-fc:.d

9 3. Arm

10 /, ... N()SCJ) ICC('
ll
7 5. ObjcctiV<.'
12 8
13 r,. Srng<' dip

s:~'":,(a) 7. C"..O:trit' l(' x:us
9 adjus,:mem k:noh
2
It) FL $t'J~-c
lJ. (..Xmd(",iscr

11 I0. Fim.· fon11'

12 :tdju.<.rmem Koob
11 . CoUe-nor lens. with ins

- - 13 12. IUunu n,uor (in.s.ide)
(b) 13 . Base

0Cells and Tissues

(_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P_la_n_t_c_e_n_s_a_n_d_T_ls_s_u_es_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __.)

7------'--- Figure 1 .3 A t}'pinl t·-uk3ryodc
8- -.\-V,.--=------'W
pl:uu cell.
9 -4~ "'"'1:'(i I . CcU,v.tll
2. C:d l ~'>1.:asm;:aJ mi-mht:1ne
3. Rough endoplasmic r('tl(u lum
..J. N udeu.s

5. N ucl,;:.-olus
ft, N 11de.11• •»e•nhrao<: (e,welope)
7. L>•Soro1ue
S. Smooth .:udopJ.u:mic rcriculum
9 , Mitorho ndr1<u1
to. V.:u."uole
l 1. Colgi c rnnpk x

12. Cltloropb.,;t

II

12

O,g•n (loot)
compri!t:d of

tisS Ul!'S

Leaf tissm.•s
compri~-.·d ofcdl.s

Figure 1.4 'lh .· ~1t111•n 1t'<'I levek ol llbm orl}rnt1.,:1u on.

3

a A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

,,

25 H
4

6

7

(a) oox

Figure 1.5 Live l;./(J1£.·<1 'Ip. le.1f cdl<i (a) ph<ltogr.irhed at fhc." ce111cr of the leaf :ind (h) at che t"dge ofI he leaf

J. Ce ll w·.all .3. Nlldcus 5. Spinc--sh.:lpo.".d ccUon 6. Nuclem S. Cell w;1U
2. Cldoroplasrs 4, Vaeuole t·xposcd ec~'rt ot" lea( 7. CIJoropbns

2 +-- - - 2
3 !1c----

Figure 1.6 (a) CcUs of:t pot:ito, S,'1,wum w/Jmisum, d1owu, g stal'ch gr;urn ,u a low magnific:ulon , m d (b) ,H .'I h igh m.3guifi c:nion. Food

~ sto red :as st.:1rch in pot:ito cells, w h.ic h is di•posit..-J in o rg:ancD~ called lnt}•lopbsts.

L. CcU " '.all 2. Cyt<.ipl~m 3. Stan:h gr.iins tJ. Nudcus

52

6
7

Figure 1.7 An eJN"rt·o,, inirn,grJr~h of:1 p<U' tio1l of :1 Figure 1.8 A f~cw1•cd h.uley ~uuc ~pore,

l>lJ g.ttC:UlC IC":1.fc:dl. I. CcU w:JJ 2. Cd! nu:mbram•

I Mitoc ho nd r100 6 . s,roma

2 (:ell membn11<" 7 T hybkoi<l memhr.ine

3. Ct·U wall 8. C hlotuplast c nw Jop-c-

4 N ud cu<. (outer m cml,r ::ane)

S Gr.loa

4

DCells and Tissues

ApiC'.AI _ _ _ _,,,,. T he 2pic.ll ntcri.~h:m
o f chc shoM producCl>
mt n~ten, linear growth :an<l
gives I i".-C to uc-w
(if tho()(
foh:igt. hr:'l11('hl':'-, ;111d
Ax-ill:.ry Leaf:
bu<l Vein,; Oowers

..,.. ..- M ,u grn M csophyll

Stem : L 1 0 111l1.

(hb dc)

M idrib

l ' ith

Root :

_;"}!~ - - - P'ruu~r y ro()t

St."cond:ar}• root

R.001 CilJ) E.prdenuis
..,_..::>,--Xylcm
R<H'>t .ll'W'X {or :ip1l"al nx•riccem of 1'()01) ,;,-----1-- phlot"m
- R.oo c c:i.p
Curte.x
Figure 1.9 A rli;igr.,.m 1ll11q 1•m, ng ,he :i 1l:iton1y :ind rhc p r mcip,11 Mg.ins :ind (i<.<11e~ o l ;i ty1}1ca.l <lit'ot
R oot

22
3

Rgure 1.10 A longitudinal s<.-ction through the l.·y}l.'n1 figure 1.11 Longi n.dina1 ~cction tbmu,;h the xylem of:i

ofa pine. /.'im,s.. sh(l,,, og fl"l<-'he1d cells ,vith pro1H11,cn.1 squash stem , C 11011bild m:Jxima.Thc vessel d .:-n11.•nts sh own he re

bordered plts. h..we .re,--traJ dJllbrem p:ittems or '"':Ill thidwmnip.

I. Bonltml pi~ J. C~ll wall 1. P,l rcn chym :i .) . Hcl1c2I Vl"":S\el c-lemcnl$

2. Tr.1ch t."id ci:ll 2. A tuiubr Vt'$$d dtnk'nts 4. Pitt{-d vcssd d .:1ue:nt.S

5

a A Photographic Atlas for the Biology laboratory

2
2

3

figure 1.12 A st--ctmn th rough a Jcafof rhe vcuus ll}'tup. Figure 1.13 An :istrosdcrcid in the pcriolc of:i pond lily•.Vuplt.1r.
Dion,te,1 1'm.t/i11ul<1, sh0\\.1i1-.g c.pidt"rmaJ <'d is with a digdtive glaud
l. Astrosderc-id 3. Crystals iu cdl w.tll
2. P.l!'~n(hym~ cell
The gl:md is composed o f secn'tof)' pa.n.·ncbyma cdli..

L. Epid<:rmi-~ 2. Gbud

Figure 1 .14 A tr.msvc-rs~ Sl~ctio u through the leaf o f ~ Figure 1.1 S A s<.x·tion tbrout,'TI tht· cndospcrm cissui: ofa
yucca. )'Ju.-a brn,[li>li,,.showmg a \~!leular bun(Ut (vein).
N<1Cc the pr,:umncm sdcri;nc:hym~ DSQl C fo rming c:ip~ pcr$,lmmon. Di1,st>YfM 1:i~iui,ma.Thc,;e , hick-w.tlle<l cells :ltl!'
0 11 bud, )idt·s oftbt· buudk .
acrually p-.ucnchrm:i cc.ll$. Cytophsmic counc.'ction.s> or

pfo<.:n,odt&n,n:i. 3ft." ev1d<:m lx:cweeu C('Us.

1. Lc-af p.1rcnchyma 3. Xylem 1. Pbs.mo,:ics.m.1t.l 2. Cd) 1Luw:·n (imcnor sp11c(.')
2, leaf~dcren.ch)'ll\:l •t l'hJoem
5. Bun.:Uc c.11•
(hundll· ca1\}

2

2

figure 1.16 A rr-uis,,er<-c i;crncui d11'()1,.1gh rhc stem of ihx. -Figure 1.17 A $e(rkm 1h r<:1ugh the qesn ()f 2 \'\'1IX 1)1.;uu , H,)u
U,mm . Note th~ thlck-,va)k·d tib,·rs ~ cotnpar<..-<l to thl' ('(mwsa.Thic.·k-w:dlt·d Stfort·ids (stoni: cdb) 3re cvidcut.

1h1n- w.1llcd p:irenchyma cells. l. Parcndlyma ccD 2. Sdcn:-id (stone a ll)
COt'ltaming sta.n·h g:r:tinll
I. Fib~rs 2. P:u-ettch)•ma cdl

6

0Cells and Tissues
__________________(.._ Animal Cells and Tissues
)

C y r o s kclcto n: Sccrecor)' Nudeus:
\'t':-::idt•
C hront:H 111
Lt Nude:Lr

'itlh)(l(b t·11v,·1<>p1.!

c11dopt:l.,1t11c Nuf l~,1lu<1

l'<'IH'!O l l HH Glyc<igeo gr.wuks

J>t- mxisou-w L'ytopb,m
M i to thoudri<>n {cyl'o~I plus
org:rncllcs c~<c-p<
Microtubulc- rhc- uudcus)

lt cwgh
e1llfopbs:irnc
r<,uc uJum

Golgi co1upk x

Figure 1.1 8 A sc-cnonal \'lCW
oia ty1nca.l auuna.1ceU.

2

Figure 1.1 9 An d<."cmrn nticrowa,ph ofa Figure 1.20 An eleccrou microg:r.iph o(' v:triou'> oiga.nelles.
1i,.-ctt-(r.'IC(urtd uucle-ar erwelope showmg th<:
nud ..•:tr pores. I. Nudcut 3. M 1ro.;h()1~!'-io 11

I. Nudc.'3r pores 2. Ccntrioh.-s -I. Colgi complex

7

a A Photographic Atlas for the Biology laboratory

2

2 Figure 1.22 An dl."ctrou ,nicrogr;iph of l~-sosomcs.

I , Nud e!JI. 2, t~osnou,':s.

Figure 1.21 An cl~"'°"' niitr<>;;f.,~h ofwmiolcs. Tht

ccntnok-s :ire.- positioned :n ng1u :mgh.-s to ouc :mothl.'t'.

I. C',eutriolc. (showu in tr.ans- 2. Centriolc (show11 iu

,-crs.: s,·cnon} longirudm.il S('(;tion)

Figure 1.24 An dc.i:oo n uUc~ph ofcifu (wrlS,ei:s...·

(f(.'fl<Wl) <.;hmvitlg rhc rh:t~'fcri<.;rk ..9 + 2'' arr,rng<,ttcnt of

2 nUUUtubub in dtl' tr.u:c.'\'1.'r~ .s-.x:tioll.'i.

I M1c:ro1ubuk< 0-2

3

Figure 1.23 Ao elccrmu mi,·rognph of ;l mil).')dh1ndrmn, 200-0X

I. O utt·r membratlt' 3. Crista Figure 1.25 An de<.·trun micrograph show1HJ,t tht•

2. Im 1ci: membr:mc J ifk~ncc bt·.twet•o .- ru1c·.Tovillus au(I ,1 t iliunL

I. Cilium 2. fVliL,'l:Wi1ht$

8

•Cells and Tissues

•

Figure 1.27 11,, eh 1rou : .. -I
uticto€,'l"Jph ofrough cudoplasnuc
.'· l
n:tin dum.
2 ~~~l
Figure 1.26 An electron micrograph I. Rihosom~ Figure 1.28 An dc.x'lruu 111icro~.:iplt
2. C istc-ru..1t•
of smooth cndoplrnuic n:tinJu111 fmm orroui,th endopl:1,;m!C retio tlum secreti11g

rhc fe,;fi-.. roUag:t'nous £il:m1cnts to d1C" outsick of'the eel

I Nudcm ,\ , Cnll.:igeJ1<m'-

2. Rougli CJ~lUl t'rll'i

cndop l:t,;m1c ..J. Cell mC"mhr,m e

n-ticulmn

Figure 1.29 Au epichdial cdl from a dH:ck Figure 1.30 A.u dectron mkr<>',;r.tph ofa hwnan t'?)'throcr~
scr.i.ping. (,.,,d blood ceU).

I. N udcau 9
2. Cyt(lJ'b~,n
3. Cell mt•mbr:mc-

a A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

"

4

Figure 1.31 1\-r,l"J. oflc-111:ory,es. N()fe ,h :it c::.di phl"lh) figure 1.32 An dc:(tmn m1c:rogr:ipb of:l c::a1Hl!:u·y conr.umng

contains sen.·r:i.1 ,:rp}m)cytt·s: tlH.~c (:<.'Us lack nude-i. JU cryll:1.ro-c·ytc-.

t. Nc-uttupluJ 4. Lymphocytl! I . t w,tesl ()( c:ip1ll:try 3. lfodo1helfal <'Ci'Jl
2. Nudcus oft."ndodtdi:tl cc.•U
2. n~soplul 5. M ono<yt<" +. Erydmx:ytt•

3. EosmophiJ 3

Figure 1.33 Au clecuun
micrograph ()f :l skckul

m uscle myofibril, showiui;
the s1ri:uion.s.

I. l\•litochon drb
2. Z line
4 3. A band
4. I b.11td
5. T--tuhnlc-
6. S:i.rcorlas1n1c retkollHt'I
7. l\•l line
8. San.'.Onu:n.~

2 _ _....__ __ 2

c-____;_ _ 3

•

•

J

400X

Figure 1.-34 An t•k't."trou mi(roi,.:rlph of':m ostcoc.yt.c Figure 1.35 A nl.'wo n smc.•.u.
I . N l1Clei o{ ~urtcnmd.mg ll<."Ut·e>ghal ceib
Ox,nc ceJJ) in oortic.ll hone m.ttrix. 2. N ucleus of ucuro:l
't N 1u;leni11~of nc11r<u1
I. Bom• matri.\'. 3. l.3cw,a 4. D(.•n<.lritc.s ofn euron

2 C:1n11icul1 4. O~teocytc:

10

Epithelial Tissue 0Cells and Tissues

Epithelial tissue covt'.'rs the o utside of Connective Tissue
t-h(' body a11d lines all orgam. Its pnn1.1ry
(uuctiou is lo providt' pmtt't.:tiou. Connccti,,c ri~ ne foncriom a$ a binding
aud 1up portiw tti-sue for al) otbt•r tiSSut'~
111 the organism.

Slmpl& squamous epttheUum

-..... _ / Nud~u'" Dense regular connective tiuue

_ / Cell ;:- 'I
-'-" - - - mcmbr:anc
~--< - ----N11d c.1L-.
-~ - - - - D.1scmt<11t
_ ,,,_' ~~ =---F.at tlroplct
mcmbr:inc
- - - - - - Cycopli1.-.1r1
Simple cuboidol eptthellum (lamina} Adipose tissue

Simple columnor epithelium Nervous Tissue

Muscle Tissue Nervou~ rissue fi.1n.ctions to n:-cdve

Muscle tissue i.s. a tissue ad:1·ptOO to co11rra<'t. stimuli and transmits sii n;ll.::, &om o nt!

M.uscles provide moven1cnc omd functionality 1>art of the org;mism co another.
co the organtlltn,
Sd1w.JJU1 cell
Striatio n
N udcus \{11t•urolc111111ocytc) '
~
Skeletal muscle-
Tc-rnmul
Jnten:;al.i.tc.:<l dbk bunon

Cordioc muscle Neu,on

Smooth muscle Neurologicol cell

Figure 1.36 Son1l• ('x.lntpb or :miu1aJ tiSSUti.

11

a A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

- ---- -~

- lOO

Figure 1.37 Simpk· sq u.unous tspichdium. Figure 1.38 S1111plc ..:uboid:11cpi1hchum.
I. :0,mg!e 13)'(;1 o f flant·nc:d cells v,-.irh ¢lb1,ncal m1ck-1
t. Sing.le l:.t)'C'r of cdls with row1d uud,.,i

figure 1.39 Simple <.:<>lum n:ir c:1, irh dium. figure 1.40 Sn:triik·d cqu.amou.. epuhcl1um.
I. Siu~k 1J)'t'f ofce-lls \\'ith oval n udci I. Mult~ple b)\rt (Jtn-Jl,; cliat :U\' lhttet)l'l.3 a1. d1i.- up-pl,.b)·t.-r

Figure 1.41 Str,mtied c<>lunrn:ir .:-pirhelu uu. 2
I . C t·lls w: b.:ul\)Ou-lik'-' at surfu('C'
•••, '
12
Figure 1.42 l)~u.t~tr:iuherl <:<th1nuur cpi1hd1un1.
I. Cilia
2. (;ohlet <.<"II
3. Pscutlostr.tti6ed columnar t-pithd iu m
--1 0.l.<;(•mem m c:mbr:mc

Figure 1.43 Adipose counecuve tim1c. •Cells and Tissues
I. f\d ip<>c.ytes (adipose cells)
2
--
flgure 1.44 Loose <'-Om1..:cri~" uss:uc siamOO 101· fibers.
I. Elasci< 6b<rs (block)
2. (.;(ll!.-gcn r1hc1'( (1>ink)

F(gure 1.4-5 Demc rei;,•uhr ..:onnN'tiV(' tissue. Figure 1.46 IJCllSC 1rrcguh r ,onuc;c:,iw: ossue.
I Nuclei of 6brobbsts a.-1-anged i.tl p:u~dlcl r0ws bt.>tW('('f'I
t. Epidermti
pmk-.stamt."'1 co lbgi•n 6tx-n. 2. Dcrne tl'rc:-gular connccciw t~ia.1c (n:tio.il:tr l:lyct ofdcr nti.<)

figure 1.47 An dt•ctron micr~r-.:iph ofdense im.·gular Figure 1.48 n.,c-11cul.u- co,rnccuw: rnsue.
C0Hll('Cti\ 1C tissue. I. R c ti,:ular 6bi:rs

I . C..olbgl·nous fib~rs

13

a A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory 2
3
2

Figure 1.49 Hy:llmc c:irtil.lge. Figure 1.50 £1.tStic carcil:igc. J. E1a1c libers
I, Cho1ldrocyte.s t Chondrocytt'S
2. bctrn.ae
2. Hy:ilin~ c:irtibgt>

figure 1.51 Fibroc:m:ih~<i:.·. Figure 1.52 A tr.m~\l\'rS1..· ~ctiou of two •~l~O n!
I ( :hor'ldmcyt~ ,lri':.l11ged in :i tnw
in comp.:.ct bou~ rissu.:.·.

I. L,cun~c cont:iimng asteocytcs 3. t:nud fac

2. Cl'11tral (l·lawrsiJu) ca1iab

5

Figure 1.53 An elc;c;i;mn nuc.1\'.>g.r:aph ofl)()ll t~ D~it• Figure 1.54 A,1cl(X"11'Qn min1.'"lg1'<lph nfhooe ti\Suc fmm.ariQ11,
l . Bone mim'.ral (calcium salts staiu blat·k)
I . lntCNun:il fanw ll:tc 4 . l,.1cmu.._~ 2. Collagcnou~fibm cm (di.Hmct banding p:mcrn)
3. ColJagcn-semcin h <>Stt'Obl:t~t~
2. L:unc:-lla~ S. Osteon {J-hv<:rstan

.3. Central canal ~ rem)

Olawn ian canal}

14

-I .,..._-_·._. , ·-;, • - •Cells and Tissues
•
•

l 2
3 3

.4 4

• ~. ,-_

,•._I ;

~7~
.-.,, "
Figure 1.55 Ostcobl:1.,;ts.
-,;
Figure 1.56 Ost:cncl:\SI.
L Oneoblasu 3. t >stcoid I Osteocytt~ 4, O<leodt1.$1. 01
2. Bone How.ship's bcuna
2. Bone -l. Oscc.·oc)-1'-"S
:\. H O\\'$hi1 )',; br'llll:l

2

Figure 1.57 A longuudiru.l S(."<:tiou ofskdct:d musd e tL-;suc. Figure 1.58 A lr:an:·.vcn -.· sccnon of skdctal mu.sdc tii.'iue.
I . Ske-1et:d mmde ct& ( ttvl c .itri1tion~) l . Pt'rimysium (s-u..rrot111Js bm1dlcs o('c..-Us)
2 . Skeletal m u.-.d c i:c-Us
2. ML1hiplc n.udd in p~riphcry ofcd ! 3. Nuclei i11 penphery o(<:d i
-1. E.ndom ys..ium {surrounds cdk)

2

Figure 1.59 Thf' :m:1drn~1n <>i<kc:Jml mu~ I<; II) 1cnrlno Figure 1.60 Smoo1h musde tu.sue.
1. Smooth muscle
I. Skdt>t:tl ruu«-lc
2 Dens.: l\'gular con1iec1ivc: ussuc (1endw1) 2. Blood vcssd

15

a A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

2
3

Figure 1.61 Canli:ic musdt" ti~u1.•. figure 1.62 A n·ansvcrst~ section oi :i nerve.
I Interc:llatt:d disks
2. Ltgh r-s:uining p\'"riuudc,.:ir s.:ircoplas11l I. Endoneuntnll 3, P..-n11eurn.110
3 N ucleus IU <;cnt~r ol'a-11
2. A."X(IU', 4, 8pit'IClll'it11H

Figure 1.63 A lo nr;iwdiool '-t('cfou of ::ixoos Figure 1.64 A m:urom uscular jmu,tiou.

I. :vtvdiu sht:.1th 1. Skdetal rnusc1e 2. Motor t'l('rv(•
2. Nt"mofibril nod~~ (uc.~es of Rauvit r)
3. Motor end pl:itc:s

Figure 1.65 MC>(M neomo-. ti'O:l, spin:tl 1'ord 2
I. Ncutu!,..•li:t cdls
2 Dc:ndrites 3
:\. N udc-u.s
Figure 1.66 Ptu:kiujc: ne u1U 11i from tbt' cerdxllum.
16
I. Mo lecular bver l'>( ccrcbdfar cortex
2. Granular b)'<'r o( cen.-bellar co11ex
3. Dcndrit(.'S of P\1rki,~c eel]

4, Putkinj c cell bo-dy

Perpetuation of Life: Mitosis, Meiosis, and Development

The tenu u/1 (yde reJe'rs ro how a m ulticdlul-a.r «.)rganism 3. b11di/i,1g-budi. dt.'Vdop t>tyanisms lik~ lhc pareul
develops, gmws~ and 1n."li1-u:iiu.,; and repai~ body ti<:sues. 111 the aud dlel'I detach themselves 01>rdru, yeast, cettau1
ceU cyd e, each Hew ceU receivt"s a coo1plete c:opy o f all genetic plants); aud
ioform:uion iu the parl"rit cell aod the cytopl:u1nic subst:uu.·es
and l)rgarh.~.lles to carry our hereditary u1struct1on.s. 4. jr,~rtmeutdtion-organisms break into tv.f\'.t
or more parts., and e:ich part Lil (apabJe of
rhe anim.:i.l cellcyde (see f ig. 2.3) isd1videdinto: I}interphase, becouung a complete- orgaru.'>n'l (algae, Qarwonni ,
wh,ch includesG•p I (G ·t), Synrhes,s (S).:md <,;ap 2 (G2) phases; echinoderms).
:m d 2) mitOS.1$, which includd. prt)phlSl", met:iphase, ,ma.phase,
:. nd tdophase. luttrpluH·t is th~ intenr.J hetw~t'n -'-UC:Ct"ssive cell St:rnal rtJ>r£id11ttim1 is p n.)pa~1tion o f uevJ nrg:inis.ms through
divisions du ring which tht cell is m t'l:1b<:>lizing :ind the the union of genetic m:1terial from two µ:,rems. St! xual
chromosome$ :u-e din:cting RNA J.yntlie!.L'\.The C 1 p l11Ht is the reproductio n usu:,l1y invo lve_,; the ilL;;lor1 of h:iploid g:,meces
first growth ph:L'\C, the S plurse is w ht:n DNA is rcplicatc:d, :md (rncb :1s sperm ;m d egg c:eUs) duri ng: fe.rciliz:itinn t o form
tht' G2 ,,lw.w is tht! ,;ccond gm,vth phaic:. ,\1/itosi.s (:also known J zygote.
as bryokinesis) is the d ivision of the nude.ir pans o f ;i cell to
fo rm t w o rfo ught-er nuclei wi th t he; same n u mbe r o f T he m:9or biologic::,I d ifference• betw een -.exu:'11 and
c hrom nsnmes ~,; the o riginal nudcus. .i,;c;,.:n :il rt.'.produninn is that :;p.·ua1 reprtuh1crion pmdnc<:s
genetic varfarion in che ntl;pring. T he c,,mhining of generic
U ke the :animal c,·ll cy<:le. the pfont cell cycle c:onsist'i m.iterial from t he game te,; p rnchu:c.s o tTspdng rhar ::ire
of growth, synthesis, mitosis. and cytokincsis. Growtl, i,; ,he d iffere nt fr<">m cithc;r p;lrem and c:Ontain new combinations
incn.~:\S<' in ccllul;ar mass as the result of mctabolismi .ty11slwsi.s
is th<.· pn.lduc:tion o f DNA and R NA to regufacc cc.~Uular of ch.-ira.ctcr~\tks. T hi.s 1n.1y increase rhc ability o f the spec:ics

activity; mitoih i5 ch, splimng of th, n11clc11s ;md tlw c,1ual to survive environmental changes or m reproduc.:c in new

scpar:u:ion o f che chromacids: and 9·tokincsis L\ the di\,ision of habimr,;. The only g,,n,,ric l"Jriation thar can arise in asexual
the c:ympl~ m dtat ac:compa.nics mitosis.
reproduction comes from nmtarions.
U nlike animal cells. plant cells have: a rigid cell \\::tU chat
does not deave dlu-ing cytokincsis. IJ1stl!'ad, a new ceU wall .. ~,,
is cons-cruc::cc-d bet\veen che daughter c::e]k Funh enuore-,
rnan y laud planes J o not have cenll'ioles for che- attachmt>m Figure 2.1 Sexual ri:production. A pair of M:iw'Jil:m stilu,
of spindles. The m icrotubules in ch ese plan ts for m H1'm111tu•1m< Hn•·xjr..tmt< t•1111,f r,•11i1 111 r,,ltly '-1»-rng.
a batrel-shap~d auastraJ splod1e at e-ach pole. Mitosis and
cytokiue,s:is iu pl-ants occur ill basicall}' thl!' same sl!'queoce as
these processes ln tulin,a.l ceUs.

Ast'Xrtal rt'pr,,duawn ,s propag;it1on without sex: thar k, the
productioo of new indiv1dul1s by pn)cesse~ that do r)Ol involVc"
.~"metes (sex cells}. Asexu:tl reproduction occun ln l variety o(
microorgttni1n1.,, li111gi, pl:uns. and anm1jls, whe-rem :t 1mglc-
parent produc."t."S ompnng with eharacte rism:s idc."nt'ic,tl co
itSC".lf. Asexual rtproduction is 110 L depe-1,dc-nt on dte pr~ncc-
of other mdividu:1ls. No eg~ or spt'rm is req lw cd. J11 :.sexual
re producti('rn, all chc o A:Spring :u-e ~c."netlc:dly idencic:11(cxcc:-pt
fo r mutants). Types of asexu:i.l reproduction mdudt::

I. fis.<;ou-su bd ivision (lf :\ cdl (or c)rganism,
population , specie-..~. ccc.) imo i:cp:1r.1te parts.
Bin:,ry fi~ion pr<.Xl1,H;es t\-VO sep:m1tc p:irts~ multiplt:
fu-.io n pmd uccs mor,c th:m t\'.'fl. scp:ir;ite pans
(c:dh,, popul:ickms, specie.,;, etc.);

2. .spo111/oticm--m ultipk fus ion: ma.ny cells :lre
formed ;md join togc.:thcr in a cyst•likc strncm.rc
(protozoans and fung;Q:

17

Vegetative p,opagaHon

A pbm pmduc<.-s <.·xn.--rn:11 stt·nt.~. or
rmmcrs. Si1upl,: ,,q;etatiVl" p rop~g:ition
occurs. in a numbl"r of ll,4>,,'l.~rii,g 1'-l:ims.
<uch ;i~ i,tr.lwhernes,

Binary fission
A :siu¢e cell divllks. formin~ two separ:m.:- cd .ls. Fistion (K<.'uG
m b:ictcri:l, proro.uuns. :i.nd other smgl.c---cdJed o rg:t1usmc;.

Figure 2.2 [)•p"~ 1,( .'l~C.'<"u31 r(pr<>du<:rion: vcgc-t:iti\'e
p n">pag;\UOtl, brnary 1iss.-io1\, :u,d 1i·:.i.gn1cnt.'IQ011.

fragmentation

An muhicd1ubr Mg.mi;.m hu:ah i,uo N,'O o r mot,:-
pans, eadi c::ipabJt• ofbec:omiug a rnmplc-t~ o~:u1is1n.
Fr.1g.,11ent.1u<.m o-ccur~ in flat \\'Oru\S and .:chiuo::lernu.

Chrom .mn stnml ~

O n!.'! (duphc-.ltcd) C hro111arirt
chmtn().<une
composed ,,fcwo
tdcntic:i.l chmm.1nd<.

Figure 2.3 Thl' :iuitnJI cell cycle. Figure 2.4 Bach d up lic.ucd d1romosomc C()n.~tsts o f two idcnnc.11
chromatids att:ichi:ll 3t the ccntr.1U)• lo<.'at.:d and cousrrictcd C('Otr(Hutrc.
18

Eorty prophase - C1uumarin bc:~rins late prophose - l\.\1clc:.·u e nn-lopc is Eor1y metaphase - D uplic:ucd
to cond1.•us:c to (orm d uumosom1.~ i1uae1.. ;md dln>matin t"o11d f 1L(;(::~ u Ho chrofno.so111e~ are c..ich m:i<le up ofl\vo
chrn111:1tids. :tt eqn.lmri:.1phm:.
dtrotllOOOllll-S.

late metaphose - Duplic:Ul-d Earty ona phose - Si.<;tl:'r chrom:.1riJ~ late onophase - I >~ughtcr
diro,uo~,H~ are ea.cl, ,oade up <Jt..two chrm 110Soutc~ :i.n- m·:irlug polc."S.
.ue bcg:muiog to sc.1>mte into cbughtcr
dunm.1nd$, ::at equ:-1(()1•1.il pb ne.
( hr<'t1U~om e,l

Figure 2.5 The.· sugcs ofmim,;is i.n
t-ly..\Cu'llh. f ly,iri11tl11t.~. root tip. (all 4,WX)

Te lopho s.e - D:wghcer <hromosou~j lnterphose - Two daughlcr cells
resuk fron1 cytokmesis
are ,u pok-s. :md cdJ pbtc.· is forming.

I. C::cll pl:ire

19

2
1

Prophase 1- Ea<h chll)mos:01nc eon.ities Metaphase I - Chrornoscmie Anaphase I - No J.ivision a t th.:
(1.'llfln mc.res orcm'S :a,; the <:hro1nQ$CWUC.<.
of t\\O chrunurids joi11~d by .1 ,:;encmmeTl'. }".lirs ali~n :n the cqultor. separ:uc•.so one .:ntin- chrumosom<.· got.'!!
t1) each pole.
t. C hromatid,; I . Chrom oSOmt:' pab~ at t:qu:ttor
2. Spindle fibers I. Chromosom<.-s (two c hrom :icid,; l":teh)
2. Nud l·o1us

Telophase I - Chromoson\es Prophase ti - Chromosomt.-s condcusc :t.\ Metaphase II - Chto11)0S011\e,,; aligo
ltr1i,hcn 1nd beco11tt- lw dii-tinct. in propJwe I. 0 11 thl· .:q ultor, :md i;pinJ.te fib<.'rs attach
The ceOpbtc {in some plants) fo rms m ,he cemromc,c.,; r hi~ i.,; sund;;it 10
bl•twt'en forming cdls. I, C h,-omosonH•.t ntl·taph.,m: in mitosis.

I. Cc.II pt:ue (new cell w:.ll) I . ChrotnO!>ontcs

2. C lm.nuommc

figure 2..6 T he Mages of n1c1ons

in hly mi(-r0spo1t,cJtt•:- to fo rm

mjcmspores. I OOOX.

Anaphase II - Chrumatids Telophase II - CclJ di\'iSi011 1$
separate, and ,e:-ach i$ pulkd to an complc.·tc, and cell w·.1.Ui of four h:ip!oiJ
o pposit~ pol.:-. cell, <11re tnrintd,

1, C hroinaticb L C hmmaticls
2. New cdl w':lJls (n·ll pJatcs)
20

•

•

••

Prophase Mela phase Anophose
E ,ch chromosomt· co1tsi...,ls o f two
cb.mm~u"s j cfoed I>>• :t t'COtroine,x-. Spitld.JI" T bc cbromosonH."S :m: posicion<.'tl :it dw Tlu: Ct'UtrVm l•n.-i 11plit. an<l du: S.tiCt'r

fibers c.xc,: m l from <'.oh.·h ccnttioJc. cquat()t.T he ,<,1,i1\dlc f1ber50'01H t='d ' chrom :iods SCp-.lr.ltC' i,; each r. puUc.-d

A~ter :H( )u1Hi cenruole ccntrlolc .Huch to d11~ ct·u tro me r<.'). to 311 OPJH'Xiitt' pole.
2. Chnm 1o~mes
I. k t~r .iroun<l 3. Chr<,mOiome~ at l. Astl.'r .lrotmd 3. Se-pmtcing
ccn trioli.· d u omosum,:s
ceuc:riole eqo.'lt<u·

2 . Spindle filxrs 2. St"n<lle iibcr"'

•

Telophase Daughter cells Figure 2.7 Thn"'~" of
The chromoso1m:s lcn~tth t:n {dt·coudt•usc) T h e singlt: c.-hromosom :.•s. (fo mu·r
Chl'o nr:ihd ~ (ee ;uup l1.ise) co,11inue to :mint:11 cdl mitost$ followed
,rnd bec()inc k ss d i~u1cr.1'he t:<"ll nictnhr.lne b)• C)'IOku~ctis. Whjteli ~h
!Orms bcr,..-ccn th.c fotnu ng cfanghc-e r cells.. lengthen (dccondc-nse) :tS the nuc:le:.,- hbsruh . 5<•t>X.
m<.·mbrane reform>. O o·U <li\'ision is .::ompk•tt<,
I. New cdl m cmbr.ant•
2 Newl)~(ormiog ouckus :ind the 11cwly formed ccUs. grow and 111:1:1ut\".

t. JJaoghter nuclei

21

~~Oogomuoo M i t o si s

{diploid) Meiosis I
Sperlt'l~Kog<u t1um • . ·. · .
(uiploid) S(.x-oniliry ou(·yt<·
l' r imary oocyt<: ''n,a··,.. ' 01aploid)
Pr im:arr------1 (diploid)
.Sperm cc:i,111.,c~
$JH'f'UllltOC~•t c Fil"(t ~
mcmac l l.°COJH.hry 00(.)'t~
(d iploid ) d ,v,,;io,11 @
Meiosis O
'\t.'C01"1;11y Scc;oud I l'ol,,· f-crtilintion of
~J'lerm~t«:)CYh' bod)' Ccm:de ~Ul(.'1t" (ov.J)
(h'!'loid) lll ("t(lll(': \,iith mak· g:unt•H·
~''
Spcnn:uozo:m <:bnsiod
(h:i1~1<>h1) I

) ,,.

rI

I. -

J>\"11:u-
bodj ~

Oeg:<.·oet·.:i,.·

-1 M a turation

J I

( (

Head
Midp1ccc

Figure 2 .9 O(lgcocsis h rlw pM<luc;:ru>n o f 1¢inale
ga.m<..-c:,-s, or ov:i. th rough ihe pmce-ss ofmdos.LL

Figure 2.8 S1)t;r1n~togcneQs 1s 1hc pmduc;tioo ofm:ile g:tme,cs,M
Spt·nnaunoa. thmug:h the pt'(><.'e.u ofmi:iosis.

5

6

7

200X Flgure 2 .12 (a) An tnt:t(:t (:h iden c~a1u.l (b) a porcion
C>fd 1t shell j~ rcu1on.-.d exposiu i; Lhc Uuern!l.l s:tn1cturd.
Figure 2.10 Frog testis.
I. Sp1:rnu tocyu.";.; Figure 2. 11 Frog ov:ary. I. Shell 5. Albumen (egg white)
2. Vitt'Uinc membr.tnt' 6. C h:a.l:u:1 (<lt'ltit.' :Jbmm·n)
2 l)<:veloptng spc.rm I. Follicle (:e]l,. 3. Y<'l1k
2. Gc-nnin.:al \'('Side 4 . Shdl m..:mbrJJ1i: 7. Au ~p•.:a.;;e
22 3. Nucloo!j

Unferflllzed egg Fertnized egg 2-cell stage 4-cell stage
I . N ud ,.::ar mcmbr.u1t' l. Fcn:iliz.:nion membr.ine

2. Nudeus

3. N udeolm
4 CcH rn<;mh~nc-

8-cell stage 16-cell stage 32-cell stage 64-cell stage

Blastula 4
L Dlast<>cod 5

2 - - -.,. Early gastrula ;\. Bl;).sfOJ)(U'(" Late gastrula 5. Ard1entt'ron
I Bl:.~tocod l. Ecwtlerm (g.wrococl)
3 - ----,-- ..t. Ecrndi:nu
2. Archcmcron 5 l~1ldnrltntt 2 . M csenchymc cclls. 6. BbstopoR·
5 .3. Codomi<: sac
(&,'~U'('l('.fleQ Early brachiolario 4, Eudodentt
larva
Blpl nnarla {aur(•rior vie,.,,•)

larva I M•ut h
():ner:J view)
2 . StOIU;l(h
I. 01-.d lobc-
2. lvtoudi 3. Anus
5 . Codomic
2 - --ti-""-
pouch
4. $ronuch
3. Auus

Figure 2 .13 The d tvdopnu:nc of the sea star. Astit1itrssp. IOOX . Young sea star

23

Ferti&zed egg 4-cell stage 8-cell stage 16-cell stage

Fertlflzed egg 2-cell stage
(tunsve r.;:e sc.-ction) (tr.1n1-wTS-.· .s.c:ction)

F..c1od c:rm
Eudod,·rm

Blastuta Early gastrula
(rr~nsvc rs<· :<.(;r.tion) {tr.mswrse ic-ccion)

Ec:to<lt·r1u

Archt·ntl"rnn
(~Strocod)

Blastula Early gastrula
(transvcr....· st·ction) {tr.mswnc sc-ccio11)

Figure 2.14 frog d¢:\'('lop1ucmt fmn, fcmh,:cd i.'gg ro c:.rly g:lsrrul:l, shown 11l d13gr:1m ;i11d ph<>t<illUCl\)gr:iph~ I (l(.IX

24

BJ.alltocod Yolk plu!' N omchord develop., here
Ec,odcrm ......._ An~lae1lt~n.)J1

Gastrula Ea~y neural p late
(tr.msverse sc<t i~1n)
(0-J Jl,i.\\".r,S,¢ St"CllOJl )
~ ~-·Notochord N c uraco(•)
Pros<.•m:cp lu Jo n
O ral cvagmation O ra.I pbtc
Ph;nymc
Hean
Neural tube stage Ml'So<l(: rm H c,a11
(longitudm~ i;ection)
l..1ver

late neural tube stage
(JongitudiruJ st<Ction)

P harynx:

Ec1odcr111

Neural tube stage late neural tube stage
(cr:tllt\'t:r~ ~ec·lio n) (longitudinal section)

An us N:tSll pie

late neural tube stage Tadpole stage 25

(rnmswrse St.'t:t ion)

figure 2.15 f...-og, d<.·\•c-lopmenc from ~strtda to t:tdpole. shown in diagr.:im ,md p h,>tomlcro~r:1.phs. lOOX.

13-hour stage 18-hour stage 21-hour stage

L Embryo nt.3in body J. Neurulatiou 1. l-lc-~d fold
bl:gi11ni.ug 2. N('ural tblJ
fonnatio n 3. Muscle pb tc (somues)

28-hour stoge 38-hour stage 48-hour stage

L Hc;id foJd :u.d hr:1i11 I. Opti" vc-ticlc- 1 Ea.r
2. Art.:ry tc>Tmatiun 2. Ul'.un \Vlfh tivc n'gt(ln,r; 2. llr.-ii.i1
3 . M uscle pl.uc (wmmc,;) 3. Hc:in 3 Eyt
4 . Blood \'l!'SSd formation 4. Hean
5 A~<·r)'

Figure 2.16 T he sag<s of
duck dC\'Clor>11u,.1n. 2(1X ,

56-hour stage 96-hour stage
I . E:ir
2. Br.no t. E)~
3. Eyt~
4. l-lc.-.m 2 . Mcscoc:eph:il<>n
5. Artery 3. IIC'a.rt
-I \'Vinft form:irioo
26 5. F'-·cal !lac (aJlanmis)
(1. 1-t:g f<u m:iti<»,

Bacteria and Archaea

Bacooria range between I and 50 µm in width or dirunc,.:r. and found in ttmperacc environments. The cell \\~alls of

The morpholof_'lcal appe.arauce of bactt~ria may be spiral Archaea lack peptidoglycan (charactcrislic of bacteria}. Archaca
(spirillum), spheric,) (coccus). o r rod-shaped (bacillus). Cocci ha\'? di:scinc:tiw 1\NA'- aud RNA polymerase enzymes. T hey
includt> methauogens. cypi(.-ally found iu s,.vamps and marshes..
lnd bacilli fr~quently foJ' m dusters or linear fi laments and may and thennoacidophiles, found in add bot springs, acidic soil, and
have bacttrial tlagdla. ReJaowly fow species of bac.t(!l'i-a cause deep oceanic vokallic: ve,Hs.

infection. Hundred~ or i pecies of uonpath ogeoic bacteria live Melhauog-ens exist m ().'i:ygen-free environmetlls and subst,;t
l')n the humao bod>' and w1dun the g,m:mlncescma) (GI) u·act. o n simple co,upouuds such a~ CO2. acetate, OI' ,ueth:uh'Jl.
As their name unp!Jes, Metl1a11ogens pJ'r,duce utelhane gas
Those m t.h e G I tract constitute a person~ gut fat.ma and are as <l by-product of 1-ne-ta.bolism. T hese orgaJ1Js1us are typ1c:illy
b1ologic:tl1y criucal rt) human.>. fourh'I 111 organic-rich mud arld iludge th.1t ofren coot:tm fecaJ
wastes.
Photosynthetic bacteria co1ttam chlorophyll and re]t-:ise
l)xygen durlng- photosyuthesls.Son1e bacteria 1re (),/,li_,~·tte ,1erc>bes "'I hermoacidophiJes a.re ~s1sta.11c to hot temp eratures .'Ind
(require 0 2 fo r ,ne-l.tboh!:m) and others are .fotufo11i11(> cw;J("rc>bes lugh :u.;1d con~nu·-auons: J11e cdl membran e ofthese orgamsnL.:;
(mdiCfertnt rn 0 1 for 111tL-abohs1u). So111e are oM:t?alt nmJt>r~>l,i's
(oxygen m:iy po 1so11 the1T1). Mo!.t bactena :ire hettrotrophic C:(mt:lins hiJlh :uuounts of .saturated fats. :ind their en.zymes
:wpr..,pltylts, which secrete cnz.yn1e,; co bre:ik down surroun<lmg and orher pmce-int_. 1~ :able to with.:;ti.nd t xt:rc:me co1tditio1t~
011,::init mole<:u]t'S into :ib.~orb:ihle compoull(k \\'tthc)ut denarur:ition. The.~e microscopic c)rg:inisms thrive in

M~t Ard 1ae:1 nre thought to be :id:ipttd to a limited r..,nge m o.~t hm Springi. and hot, :itid ~oils.
of extreme conditions. :i]though :1 few are mort' co~mopolitm

Figure 3.2 A mai;uitit:d TJ,fo1hrix Sp. fit:untnt w id 1sulfur ~ ranuJes

in ics cytoplasm.

I Cyr01pl3<;m 2. Sulfot g1•:1nulc_11;

HOX

Figure 3.1 11,ivrliri.\· sp., .:i gcmt'i ofb:icten:, tlut forms Figure 3.3 The ti,.::r A r( h :1e,1 \Vere discovered ln extreme
euviromnems such as vokanic hot sprin~ like chose found
-.ulfur gr,mi,lcs l1i ~ e,ymplasm.T ht.st O'W\IIJ$.mt obtaj11 in Yellowstone National Park.

c:-1u,rgy from oxid:uion of 1--½S, 27

I. Fil:uuems 2. $ u1fur gr:mu!es

3 A Pt1otograph1c AUas for the 8101cm, Laboratory

mo
~r0 C
:••••••••••• I Eubryotcs
ij.
.i5 s·

Kor:m.Jtal"oC<-.s

Crc1l .1r cl 'l.leotc<,: I lllfoba,:tm11m. M r 1J,a,.,i,,,l(ftrrn,
111rmwpl,un1n
I
Pro1o,~~ A·.-,tdm11t>1t,1$,
I F.sdu·rrd,w. Rfoz.olmun
fauy:1.1.:ha(.'l.ltl'~

N,;inolJ'ch :tcotC'i

U ui vcn-al Epsilon protc.-ob.:tc:ccria
com mon Ddt:1 prot,.:obJctcn:a

,lUC'('.)t•T

G :unm.i p tut(.'Ob.ictc.•r il

[ " ' -Alpha proteob1cteria Rl1i,d.-,5pirillm,1,
Rltb'>lntrt11, Ritkt•usi.l
.,.. :e._ ~""•1·"1£J0 11:un:ydias
(Jil,,mydi.;1

~==JI Spfrochcu:s &,rrdk1.'lrtpm,enw .

-".fJfrMh'lt'f,I

(~.i.11obactt·r J:1 .'111t1l1,N•11,1, ( )srill,u,1rtll,

G ram -pol-ltivc bacteria Spin1li1111, J,·.,Jt,,r

Figure 3.4 1>hyloge,1,;:tic ~ lac101l3hi ps a.od ~. -"'
d :t.ot.<\ili c:uic)O of Ul:IJOC' hane,•ia :tnrl a1dlac-;i lmcag<·s. l~1<illus, s,~,,,J,yfor.:m,J, Srrqir"""'-·ms,
'' ()1mtidi.11m, l.J's,rti11, M)V:1>pl,w1w

28

Bactena and Archaea 3

---

2

t 3

J IOOOX figure 3 .6 T r,mw,·n c secnon thmugh figure 3.7 The spinx:bc-tc-, B<ird/a
11'i'urn>ml~.Spi1'0ChCtC$ :i re: flexible
f,Jgure 3.5 T lu·. bJ1;:ci:rium &n!fos the rooc nodule ofclovtr £.ho\,•ing r()d~ CWlS.1<.xi mto h d jc•..:tl shapes.
intr:icclJubr 11it.ro;;:cn-6xmg bacter1.a. T lus ~pe..:ie.s cau~t'~ rdapsiu~ lt'\'er,
mf)[dr,.,.ium. ll,tdlfu< 1s cJpahll" oi
1. Cell wi1h b:i<;tcna I. R c:d blood cd k
proUucm y, t'ndi~pon:s.T lu s spt<cics 2. Epidenui~ 2, Sp1rocb<'te
of & tilltts 1;te.11('r.tlly r1:1n..1ins iu chaiu.s 3. Whit..- blood cell

after n d ivid es. •

• .. ,

' .~....- - - 2 ..• • ... (",.... .-. -~-~,•
t- . ,::_--'l~- + 2
IOOOX •d " •

flgure 3.8 T he ~puod1ece Trrp,mrm,1 "' 1ooNII
p,1Jlidum. Thi<<1'1Ccic'<( c.Ht<c$ ~1,hilis
Figure 3 .9 Nc·isM'ricrg<1•1<'rrl1,1e,,e, l1lis Figure 3.10 /\11 /lrrJb,,n,+1 '>Jt 6 fa11K:c11L
I. Trq,c•1ac.w11 pt1,'litfum ,,. :\ , hplocoaus th:.lt cau<s~ g()tl l)t1'h r:i. 'rim 1)1'§lni~m ,., ~ nirmgi."t"J-tixiog
2. Wh ne blood ccD
q ·anob:tclt'num. Nitro.1,.11.·n 6x:nion takes

pbci.': t\1thin rhe h<:t'croc:yq <:dl<

I . I Ictcrocyst 3. Vtge-tatiYl"

2. Spore (:akint.'t~) cd !

Figure 3.11 Au Anab,1e1111 ,l,P, tiJamem. 2SOOX .,
J10ilX t
This is :t nitrogen- fix ing cy.uiob:tctc:-num. Figure 3.12 T he Jl:,gd fac<.·d OOcter-ium .
Nhn:>ge11 li.xt1no11 t'J.k("\ rbcc wlduu PsrmlotJwn..u S}\ Figure 3 .13 The conjugation of t ilt'
bacterium l:Jdit-rirhfo t<1fi. Uy this proc~
I. Fllgdlum of cot~uhr:ilio n, gc-n,·cic lll:tl<-. rial is
tr.'l1ntt'rred 1hn'lugh Ihe- co11; 11t}lfJOrl
rhe hererocyst <'dis tubt• from one cell to the oth<.·r :tllowing
h"t'llc-cic «.'Ct)mb in;.Hion.

1. Uacten ur)l 2 , Coujug,mon cube

I. Vt-gt·.tativt cell 3. Spore

2. H;tcrocyst

29

• A Photographic ALlas for the Biology Laborato,y
Table 3.1 Some Representatives o f Bacteria and Archaea

Cate gories Representative Genera

Bacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria

Cy~nobacteria ;,I,1.1h :1<1tut, Os.-i/1111,,rin. Sp1ruli11,1, N0Jtt1r

Green bacteria Cl,fon.t,iltm

f\irple bacteria Rl1•>•fospirill,1m

Gram-negative bacteria Protc1;,:;,, Psrml,>mt>11,u1 Esdterid,in, Rl,fz()bjum, Neis~n-,';_r

Gr am--positive bacteria &t<illm. Stapl,y/()(()((W, Strrplo<Mws. Clo.stridiwu, U>teri<1

Spirochete s Spirrtdtaet", 1h po11e,,ur

Actin omyc.etes S trc1,to111 y(es

Rickettsias and Chlamydias Rfikt:.t1S1°<J, Clrlamydia

My,:oplasmas ,Hy«•plasmfl

Archoeo

Methanogens HaWiJadcrium, ,\1etha,u,l,act.eriu111

Thermoacidophiles 111t:ntroplamaa St1!J(1l,,bus
Ha lop hiles 1

I la!o(,.u1aim11

~-----------------• IN1t,og\'.11 (N..J 1n :.irmos:1,hcre ""'-----------------.-.

Plunt ~ A~

Figure 3. 14 Few o~.tnisms haw dtt' ability tu u tili:tc ltln O!l--ph<.·ric 111trogt:l'L N itmgen-tix1n~ bac:ti:ri.l within tht.• root nodu.l~-s o f
lcgi111l~ (:.l11d some fre<.-- bvwg h:aaen.l) pmvid e :i us:ihlc: souri:e o f nnmgcn to pfarn<;,
30

Bac1ena and ~rcllaea 3

Figure 3.15 Colomt-s of Srri-pto(<1f(IU py..,gerrt's cultun:d ou figure 3.16 C)i:ltlOb.'.ICtcna Jivmg iu hot sprm ~ .ind hot
:. s.h.~er bh;1od agar pla,c. S, py,,gcnt! cause-.s sti·ep th.roac;md S:tn.•:int'<. ~uch JS thi'I 4(1 nH•ter el11ul'ur h-Ofu J geyser ill

rhcum:i.tic fowr in hu ntani.. l11i.-s :igar pl:t1c is .approximatd)' Yellowstone- Natio n:1.J P3.rk
10 cm in diameter. I. f\•tats of Cyimq,l1yJ,1

Figure 3.17 Cy.111obaeter"-' ofsevt'-r.)l &pecies g:r<>wing 10 ll1e figure 3.18 A ruaguiGeJ view or 1.he C)•.:11wba(<ttm111

<.·illuc-m from a geyser. The.· diffcrc1H spccii:s an.· tempcr:irure- Chr,.1(,.-"mu· sp. shown with~ red biologic:J s1:t.iu .
dc1~ nde-n1 rmd (orm Iht l\lod.s. ofc<.'llm

Figure 3.19 T he cy.utobactl'rlum, Mc-n'snwpc•1fi11 sp.. is c h:ir.u:t('ri.ecJ. b)' thtti:ucd colo nies of l·dk. The cells :ue in a siugl<' byt•r, usuaUr
aligned into groups o( two o r four.

31

• A Photographic Alias 10, 100 B1010~ Laboratoiy

Figure 3.20 A colony of l\ fost¢r ::q,. CLlamtJlts Individual 430X

6 lam1.'nts sc.-crctc mucibgl', which fonm a ~•d,ltinous matrL"I'. Figure 3.21 The fib.uln1ts of OS<ill,1u,l'id sp.T h~ 0 11~1 way this
around :ill fibmt•nt~.
cy.mobact<.•ri um c:m reproduce is duouhrh ftagm~ ntation of :t
J. fiLmeo~ 2. Gd:itinous inaLrix 61:urn.•nt. FrJi:,m:·nts are known :a> hormoh-unfa.

1, l-l,w1~11)g<u>1urn

2
2 -------------'

430X

f'9ure 3.22 A portion or:I cylind ric;J 61.:un mt of Osdlt.11«id Figure 3.23 An OsrilL1u,ria sp. filament showing nccridia.

$J'·T lus <'),':tnol);lrt.::rirnn i$ common in moq aq11:u11· habi,.:it.s. I . N ("..:rid1a 2. Hormogomum

t . Filament s.cgm<:-nr 2. Scp:tration disk (nccridrnut)

o,ormogonium}

430X 5UOX

figure 3.24 Sqfot11'Jna ~ ·• :1 cy:1.nobactcnmn , common on Figure 3.25 The cy:in()l,xlcr('1'1lUU, St~ru•m,l sp.Tilis ~pecics. ha.~
trut:--br.mc:-hed 6fa.m~nti caus.::d Jb:m, ceUJivi)t,io n in two St'par.tft"
1raois1e1K!d soil. Notice the fal~ ly hr.mched 6Ja1He11t typical of pb.nl.'$.-

thi.~genus.T h.is spcci'--s also dcnaonnr.ucs "win~cd" she".aths. 1. True branching

I. Fab1.· branching 2. "Wiog-t.'l(f'" shi.•atl1

32

Bactena and Archaea 3

figure 3 .26 T<,IypNlirix sp.. :a L"')'l.'lob:.ctt'rium with a sin gi,: Figure 3.27 L<mg1uidiual secuoo of3. f<)ssili.zed strom.uolitc

t;l1<.t>..lwancheri fil~me.01 1wo b illion years o ld. L:iycnng indicates the communities
•fb.1 cteri:i ~ud cy,mobacteri:'I m}xed wtdl ~dJ01..-nts.Th i~
J. Ht:.·t.:-roc)'$ts 2. fl:il<.c hr:mclung .3. She.uh spcc inh:n orlg:in:i.lc.'S fru m Ausuali:r {sc:ah, in m m).

2 +-- - - - - - -

ll~IOX ,130X

Flgure 3.28 C}':t.nob:i.cterium. Cl1,1m,u•siplmu i.p., ~'Towing as Figure 3.29 Lynxbyr1 birgd. :a t)•anob:k:tcrium. is common iu
('IIU\"ll"'hi.:: ,v:m~r throughout North t\meru;:i.,
an e1nphy1c o n gri.~c-n al~ c. CL.1d1>pl1(J1r1 sp,

I. Clad<1pb1.>r.1sp. 2. Clwnuws.ipl1tm sp. I . Extended shc:uh 2. Fil.:iment of living cells

Flg1Xe 3.30 ,\ frm-<yilb Mn(git11~.<d, J ty.tn\)bac:tt'r!um that c m
c:t11se ri'.!Xi,~wnH:t' "bloo11l't."

33

• A Pliotograpt,lc Atlas for the Biology Laborato,y

Figure 3.32 C'.!tium.-yJ.ris ~ll., a _grctn .,tg,. w ith cy:moh.:11:r<:r i., Figure 3.33 .\tfi,-,ilmf1•11J -<p.• one of t1w m()st i:onul h'rn

as c udosynibionts. cyauubaCR·ri::i m and on soils dm)ughout du: world Jt ts
cha.r.\c..'ten :tl~d by ie,..·cral h.b u:lt1lt.~ a l ~ cornmo11 ...hc;uh
I. C..'ya.nobact<'fJ3 tudosyt1·1bionl

t , -t~•~,:',~ ~•:"w

r:. . .~,.:- .~,~..... ' )
•i~·.;.·'.t;t\rJ:t.a..., 1
..\ .
t ~ "\·

figure 3.34 A s.:m:Uicc image of"a. Figure 3.35 A rrlm•spinr i•p., :1 (:omu,ou Flgure 3.36 The <..yJ.11obaccenw11
brgc bkc.Tht" i:.uutl:u panci-n i11 1hc Aplumizomatt>u ~~\. conunon i11
W:ltl'f i$; COIUpOSt-d or Jrme i;mwths cy:mob:ictt·num. nutri<•ut-ricb (ot1...·n pcllutt.'d) w.at('rs
:iround the workl.
o f C)•.:an o ba c t c t t l . J. Spor...~{:tkinc:tc) 1. fihmcm

Figure 3.37 A spring s~e-p in Zion figure 3 .38 A n'ic:i.rchcr examining Figure 3 .39 A d ose-up photo of
N at1011:a.l Park. Ut.1b, cy:)uoba~t<.'nal g:rO\\ i h.s 0 11 so,I Ill <.T' )'JHOb10Uc or.oil crus,:1hese CtoSCS
C;inyo). nl..md~ N:111011:il l¾l'I.:. Ut.'lh, i:.n~ c.:,rnpo~-<I of C)':lll<ih~a,·rfa, rimg1,
I. Mat o(<.)'anob3Ctl"ria lidu:ns. a nd od wr org:misms.

34

Select Single-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla (4'Protists")

AU animals are cukaryotcs--tht.~ir C('.Jls contain a membrane• Hct,:rokontophyra. which indud...-':S the diatoms a.nd golden
bound nucleus that contains their generic mate rial. Most alg;ic. The cell wall of a diatom is composed la.rgdy of silica
c ukaryotic cdls also contain mcmbmuc..bound orgaudk~$. such rach<.·r chan cdlulosc. Some diatoms n,ove in a slow, glicting \V:'.l)'
as mitochoodrfo, chloroplasts, and digestive van1ok~ ;md are. as c.yrnpln.sm glides through slics in the cell \\.tll.
even caP3blc of meiosis and sexual rcproc.hiction . Euk;lT)'Ott.'5
:ire most dmdy re.lated to Arclrnt-a but ;u,:quired t heir org.mcll~ T he Phylu m Dinofhgdl:.u;1 tilso consd mtes .i large
from Ra<.-r.-eria by w:1y of emfo:,ymhio:-is (sc<.: Exhibit 1 on compc.mcnt nf the photmrnphk plankrnn. [n most spcdcs
poge vi). of d inQA:agellarc~. ,he cd) wJII i::; fom1cd of :irm(lr-likt: plac-~s
of cellulose. f)inotbgell:nc,. :ire morilt:, h;aving t\vo ffagell:-t.
\·Ve C:l,i.;ily recogn ize the nu_j<)rity of multicdlnbr :1nim:als- GenenUy. ()nc cnc1rclc:s tlu: org:in i$m in :a r.r:msversc gmovc, and
the otht'r proje<:ts to die p<istc:rior.
t he 1Vier:1zoa-:md d1stin~msh thi>st trom plant$ :md fungi. But
t here is a cremtnrlous dJVers.ity ofeukaryotes tl1at aren't meuzo:ins. Among the un k d lular mit roeukaryores, o r ..prowzoan"
ti111gi, or pl:mts. $ome cout.·un chloroplau..-.,s0n1c.- don't. Most :u-e (anuu:illike) phyJa :m:- rhe Amoebozoa, Apitomplexa,
single-celled, but son-le a~n't. Most are nucrO$CQp1t, but some, Euglt no2oa, Met:uuonad:., and C iliopliou . Locomotion of
Lhe!l:e hett rouoph.:, IS by w:iy of Aagt-Ua, c1Ha, or pseudopodia.
like giant kelp, are- w·ry forge. T'h~ org1111s1ns, whu.:h do nor nl varJous sorts. In fo-edmg upon other nrg.111ls1rt'I l1r o~n1c-
consriLu te a natur.11, o r llh)llophylettc group, are delined inore parucles, th ey use simple diffiLUOJl. pJ11ocytos1s, active t'l'a1tllport,
nr phagocytosis. Although most nr th ese orgauis111s reprodu<.'e
by \Vh:i.t they aren't thau by what they are-. But hec:1use they pb.y asexuall)'. some species may also repl'Oduct' sexually during: a
an imponam role io m1ders.taudjng the e-.•olunoiury rransitions poruon oftheir life cycle. Most prom-zoa are harm1ess, although
some are pa.raiirjc and may cause human disease, including
that tonk place between prokaryotes and meta2oam ov<:r a African sk-cping sicku('SS and malaria.
b illion years ago, rhey a re crucia1 components of any sc-rious
srudy of zoology. figure 4 .1 A fbra,umm11 "111d,1i11m.

Histo rically. the Liunean classification syn.cm ranked caxa

::iccording to morphological similarity. A~ phylogenetic ::inalysl-s

have become incrc:i.<ingly sophil<cicatcd and ,ccumc,somc ofchc
well-known l..innc:111 ~xa have turned out w be evolutionary

grodes (as <>pposcd co cl.idcs).united by primitive (plC$io111orphk)1
ns <l. pposcd to derived (:ipomorphic), ch()r.lcn·rs. Such is the case·
for m:myindepc ndc!nt t,.."V()lmic.m:-iry linc:1ges. ofcnk, ryotc-.s that:ln'
either unicdlul:tr or mulri<:ellt1l.i r but withcnit spcc.;:1liu.:d ti,~u~ .
Hercmfon: known :1s''proti~L~,.. in this c.:haprer \.\'t! present them m

:i ph}1ogcneuc context th:n m on: accurate!)' n-:-Aect..t. their
evoluuonary hi.,tory :md current tlx f)n (umt sutui.

Most of the umcdlular t :1.x;i m ·nable 4. 1 are :1buudant

b1 aqu,u sc: h:ib1t:tt$, aud n1:irty ;Lre m1port:mt COn!l:t1h1entS o f
pfa.nkcou . l'bukton an• co1mt'lunities t)f o rgan k,n s di.at drit1

passively or swim slowl)' 111 po11ds, lakes, :-uid oce:i.n~. Pl:u1kto11:1n-
:1 niajor SOLu·ce o f fond for ochtr aquatic org3uisut~. Phmol rophic
(plantlike) nucn)t>ukat)'Ott'S are nta3ot food ptoducers itl ~quark
ecmysle1U$. Key meniliers of chis group a.ti" from the Ph>'lum

Table 4.1 Representative Single-Celled Eukaryote Phyla

Phyla and RepresentaHve Kinds CharacterisHcs

Heterokontophyto - diatoms and Diatom cell walls composed ol or Impregnated with $ilica, often with
golden algae two halves: plastids o ften golden in Chrysophyceae due to chlorophyl
composition

Amoebozoa - amoebozoa Cytoskeleton of mlcrotubules ;ind mi<:rofilament.s: amoeboid locomotion

Euglenozoa - flagellated protozoa Use flagella or pseudopodia for locomotion; mostly par.side

M elamonado - trichomonads Flagellate protozoan, Trichomonos sp.

Clllophora - ciliates and Pmamedum Use cilia to move and feed

Dlnoflagellata - dinoflagellates Two flagella In grooves of wall; brownish-gold pla.stids

Aplcomplexa - s orozoa and Plas odium Lack locomotor ca abilities and contractile vacuoles; mostl arasltic

35

• •A Photographic Atlas for the 1010~ Laboratory

~l)1p l 1)10 1)ll;ld -i m

~Par:1.b·.as:llids )(

Euglt.•1102001¥.o "a

a<
Q

l> - l);,ioll,w,llaici n

<~~ 'tJ,\r1co,o1pl<x:on1 ;i-
0
0~ Cilfates
a3
io
<
~
"0
Oiatomsa '
0
",,.' Gr,kl<>n :ilg.\e
0
..0
aJip'Bro"" '
3
0 o tl1)~C<'t c~
:,
0 J

,;!..

~

Ccrcozo:uu • ,,,..

Formis ~ ;:;·

R, d,ob rmu- 0

f0 R,-<l :,Jl!"r is·

~..J Chlorophytc:-.1 • ",~,.

0 ~ti: 0

IE, . . -cg"...:ICl1Jr0phyt..,.s ' .. "'ti
,. Land pl,ni,.
0
0
G y11u1jmocblsc ~

0 aC:

N C:

o ~nr.inh">dus 2.
:,
"0"
~
:,
Nucle3rud" ~
0
' ffungi

J""0 C.'.h<>>i>oth g<ll>1<1

0

a- Animals

Figure 4. 2 l "h( rhylogtuew: rt>l:nio 11, h11is :-.od (d) JOOX
d :tssific:ttiou oC major eukaryo11: lini:.1~1.'S.
Figure 4.3 lh.~mple Pn)OSf:.\ 1nch1de: {.a) d~.:;mid,
Mi'mi:t•n·,u )Jl. (b) kd p. M,1,m-yst1; ~p .,{c) :1:.lime mo1d,
f1f1y-;fltum dttt'tt.r, 11nd (d} :a f'"OIOZO:t, S.1d1t.>1sp.

36

•Select Single-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla ("Prot,sts")

( )Phylum Heterokontophyta - diatoms and golden algae

I Spun, (u)
lmual c,-u
[ F!!!hallo"; j
Dinsion of
:H.»:nspor~ I
(11 u t 0 sis}

M :irurc auxosporc V..-,uns: ,tux-ospore (2u)

Figure 4.4 tLfc cyde c>f:) c(1n ric d iJtom.

37

• A Photographic Atlas 1or the B1olo©f Laboratory

• 4,.-;" 2 2
/~. (a)
' ~\Yg. -$,-·~/ Figure 4.7 H,111,idiitn s sp., .i cc1ur1c
-: :......... ·- .. figure 4.6 l,jw s11t·cimcns of penu.1tl" (rJditll)' symmctrical) diarnm. frnm a
180X Ci·l"Shw·.u("r 'lprin~ 1t1 N et~1d1.
(bibtcr:i11)' symm etnc:al) Jiatoms. {:i)
Figure 4.5 lli1Mu!JJM.1 \J'·• ~ N,111i(u /d .s.1,,, :ind {1)) C)·mbtl/,1 sp, I. Sitic:i l:dl w:1JI 2. Chloropl:uts
di:i.toin fo rming colo11ies. ll1c.s1:
cdls, ~re bl."gmni11g ,:elJ dwi.s,oo,

I. Chloropbst 2. Stri:it'

Figure 4.8 !Ipitl,rmi,1 i,.-p., ;i tliStiu<:ti\'e 240X Figure 4.10 Two couur1cm
Rgure 4.9 Srrph.itMf1's<t•s s1i . a
p<'nn:itc &cshw:itcr dtaront. Ct>nt!lc d.ialot'.u. fn•.dtw:,tcr di:atoms.

Figure 4.12 A sc:i.nnin~ dt·ctn>u (. Ccmmfis 2. .4mplit>m
1nicmgr:1ph of Co;uuu:iJ sp.• .t common
:.:.-.. .,f,t'. ~:~~;~ freshwJter di:uom.
: . ·, -:-,~;i ..
:~~-·\~",--' #·--. I. Strile toutai11ing pt)rt"S. o r
p unn.ic.·, in the frust ul<' (.s.i)icon ccU
~'! -. # wall) .
-~' .,,,.~· . ' #:4 2

~;- ·'f./( • ..: •..__,

,;; ~:;..-,.. ~;-... '~
~ •.-'-. --.~....~-. t......-.-:.'
.•..... . ~-! '_l..i,_l l ,
.\,

Figure 4.11 nm,~u/,1,1 sp.. om.· ot Flgure 4.1 3 A sc:uuting dt!t·uoo
,he- mos, conu noo ~ii d i:tmms.
1.nicrogr;tph o f 1h. c d i1. to 1u Ad111,m1/xr

j1(x<11(,

I. ll:iphe i . Stl'iJe

38

•Select SmgJe-Cellcd EuKoryotc Supergroup Phyla ("Pro~sts ')

~

C:i"l m pr>t tnd
Z005POf\' (11)

Asexual cycle

C(_.,-mi 11l t lll£,

7.0"6po re

/ M:lmrc Oo,-.-..mium
1uu lttltu(lt':a.te-
6.t:unt'11t (11)

Yi>ung h:iploid
phmt (u}

Sexual cycle

Figure 4.14 T ht hit' <1·d e r>I the ..W:ltCI' tC'h a.lg:,;· lfwd,&i,, sr.

39

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology laboratory

2

2
J

Figure 4.15 A fila.ment with i1mn11t1re Figure 4.16 i\ '4md1aUI sp., with Figure 4 .17 A V.1111'1,r-n·., sp.. wit.Ji
~uH·.tangil of th,: ''wJtcr fdt" :t.li;a, tn:tnu'<." g:unct:U1gi1.
l111uf,e,id tp, l,:.mdtfri:t 1s ;a .,;h1•yso1,hyw rh:11 is ru:uu ri: ga1nct:ing:1:1.
widt'Sp«."3J in (hshw-.i.tt~r ;md n1arini: habitats, I Oogo11i11m
It is also found lll du: mud ofbr:.aiddsh '3rc:L<; I. Fcroli2:.tion pore 2. n'rtiliz.:ition pOn'
that pt'rioJiQ)ly lxt:0111~ subni.;,r~·d mJ 2. A11dler idm m 3, Ar11 heridn11n
J . Chlor<:lpb!ts
dic n <"Xpc:>s..::d ro .i:r, 4. Dc:n:lopiug m>~uuium

I. Amheridiu m

2. Dn't'lopi11i; ooi;oniwu

( )Phylum Dinoflagellata - dinoflagellates

Figure 4.18 The dinofbr,'.l.·ll:ue:s. Prridiuium sp . (a) Some org;i.ni.rnlS arc living; (b) ol)u.·rs arc dc::td :md b:iw Jost tht•ir ,yropfasm Jud

COU'll~ of 1'1,!<is.1;.rn1 r i.-11 w;\Jl-s.

I. Dc~d dmoih~Uate 2. Lwmi; dinotlag-dfati: 3 . CeUulo.s.e p1:1t1;•. S 4. Re mn3nt of (·ytoplasm

Figure 4.19 A t,:i:t.1H d:un witl1 bluish c0Jorntior1 f igure 4.20 A photom.icrog:rJpb 200X
due ro t1ldosymbil)11t d ino llagtlfa.tes. of Pt'li,li11im,1 Sp,T he cell \\".'IJI of
man}' dinotbgdlat<."S is con1pos.:d Figure 4.21 Crmtium sp.
40 1)f <Wcrb ppiog pl:ire<i (')f ,~cllu1os,\ is 3 co11m h)1l frcshv,'3ter
<l.iuotbg:eD:ue.
I. \V31i vf i;dlulosc plates
l. Trnnwcl'$<: groove
2 . Tr.ul$vcrse groove 2. Trailing dagdllUn