Van De Graaffs Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

•Arnmaha
12
13
14

18
19

20

21J23

22

Figure 7.170 A natoiu~· of the ~rasi:hoppcr. (,1) i\fak•.

and (b) fomal...-.

I A ntenna '). MandiMe 17. Tar~us

FiQure 7 .169 (:i.) A b ter::i.l view of the- hi::id ofa buttertJr T he 2. Ocd li 11). 1..;.hrum l~ 'f c;gnh~!l
3. Compound t'YI!
most obviou \ 1tructurcs ou the hc..1d ofa buttt"rdy Jrc Cl)mJxu.::ud l1. Labi,I p:tlp 19. Wiu g

cy..-$ am.I the n irkd tongu..- (or !<5pbomn g, 111:ctar from 0owl'n.:. (b) •L Prmhor;ix 12 . M c.-t:ithorax 20. Abdomen

S Ml~Sochorax 13. Tibia 2 1 1Jc,r531va lve

A m~gnitit.-d view <>f the." e<unpom)d <.")'e, {<') A ,"'.l().(,~...111-t V1(· W of Q. Ty mp.mum 1-t C t'rcus 22. Vi:mr:i.l v:i.lve

1he wiog SC'Jk s. (rl} A magoitieci vit".v o( ,he ,;.vii1g '-C:lles, 7, F<;.mu r 15. Suhgen,ul J'l:ire

I. C:0111pounJ eye 2 . Tongu e 8. Pronvtum 16. Spiracle

IO

2 12

3 13

4 14

6
1
8

16

17

Figure 7.171 A prest.•rnxl spcdm eu of:i grasshoppl'r. order O n hopter3.

1. M<'sothor.tx 4. Ver1ex 7. Ma.'0113 10. W ing t3. Mt-sochor:i.x I 0. TrO(' harH<'.r
17. l'aNUS
2. Pn>1lotum 5 Gen~ K Anr<:nn:i 11. Femur l4. $1nracle

3. Compo und <-·ye 6. Frous 9. Cbw 12. T ibia l5. Abdomen

191

• A Photographic Atlas for the 01oloizy Laboratory
A bd o m e n T horJx I lt'ad

Righi A nt c nn:t
mandible
left

mandible

(b) Malpi~htHl tub-.~ SII b<.-sophage-,I Labrum M : i x i l l:'lt'\'
ht.bub
~ngficm Figure 7.173 A dJaf;r:uu of"tbe head palp ,
and mourh1)a1u of3 gr:.'i~hoppcr. ~ labial palp

Figure 7.172 Exn:ni:iJ (a) Jn<l uu rrn :d
(h) :in.uomy <1f.:i g1';l<;sho pper.

(,

7
8

')

Figure 7.174 A n·ucral view showing chc internal an.muny of .1 ~r.t~shopper.

I. G:mric c..-accurn 3 Rrtlwn 5. Ov.irit's 7. Esophaf.'U.'- CJ. TrJch.:-.ac.·
2. H 111<lgu1 r,.4 M11lp1ghLlJl 111h11k-s $ CmJl
Ml(tgur

192

Subphylum Myriapoda - Class Chilopoda •Arnmaha

Figure 7 .175 Examples ofCCJHipl·dcs: (a) a gfant Souor.m, Srofo1,rm!ra lm;>-1, (h) 11 Flo rida Wue, Hcmitr~ope,ulra mt1,x;,wr,,.a nd {c) a V~o1.lmese
cencipt~dt. S.\114'/'lt'ndm $J1l•spimj,tJ,

Subphylum Myriapoda - Class Diplopoda

figure 7.176 Examples o( milllp<:d~.s: (:t) ;:in J\nteric:111giam null1pede.1,,·.ur~•111,1mr.rit,11111s1(b) :i Sonot:lo de.~11, ()t't/"1111>nt.< 1¥,r.1111.<1:in1i (<') an
African ~ i:uu millipl·dc. .Ar,·l,upfnniwplm gig(u.

(..__________P_h_y_l_u_m_ T_ar_d_lg__ra_d_a_ - _w_a_te_r_b_e_a_r_s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _)

Figure 7.177 A scanmng dcctmu m icrogr.1ph of:i Figure 7 .178 A sonmng dc,cron mic.1ngtaph of.1
t'Ut'.ltdigrarlc:, L:uc1-.al view, :ultt•nor t"nd is to the lcl'r. cur-.:ardigr:i<le Vcntr:,al View, amer,or L\ to the , ig)u .

Figure 7.179 A light microgr:tph of.Ha,1obfo1m 1xil.uis, a Figure 7.180 A son ning electron mkn>h'l'lph of;i
hetc rO(:udigradc. Vcn.tr.t.1 vit.'w, :mtcr-ior 1s m the top.
cut.miigr:idc. A b tcr:tl view with t he :lJHcnor end to tht" left.

193

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory
Table 7.7 Re resentatives of the Ph lum Echinodermata

Classes and Representative Kinds Characteristics

Crlnoldea - sea Illies ahd re alhcr stars Sessile during much of ii(e c)1:le: , alyx support ed by elongated stalk In SQme

Asteroidea - sea stars (starfish) Appendages arranged around a central disk containing the mouth; tube feet
with suckers

Echinoidea - sea urchins and sand dollars Dfsk.·shaped with no arms: skeleton consists of rOW'S of calcium carbonate
plates; m0table spines; tube feet with suckers

Ophluroldea - brittle stars Appendages sharply marked o ff fro(l'I central disk; tube feet wilho.ut suckers

Holothuroldea - sea cucumbers Cucumber-shaped wittl no arms: spines -absent tube feet with tentacles
and suckers

Classes and Representative Characteristics
Enteropneusta - acorn worm
Vermiform with acorn~haped proboscis; skin covered with cilia and m ucus
Pterobranchia - gil~wing worms gtonds; feed on detritus ~ swallowing sediment

Colonial: tentacles with , ma Olter food from water

Hemichordofa Crinoidea Asleroideo Ophiuroideo Echinoideo Holothuroideo

Figure 7.181 1>hylogen coc rdatioMhi ps and
d.:usific:ation ofHt:nUchortbt'J :mJ E.::hinoJc-rnl:ita.

Phylum Echinodermata - sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers

Figure 7.182 Exampk t·chinoderms iud udt~: (a) .1 ~'\":Uvw pyra1:ni.ll st·a star. l'f11m<1 P}'r.u11ir/,1ra. (b) a g 1oup o f con\mon saud tlolbrs,
l.~Jri,,,.1,.,1d111i,u Jt,Hllut, :ind (1') a ~ca cm~u mber, 8!id1c1n".fiurttf.

194

•Arnmaha

Class Asteroidea

sp;n, Pcri~tomc

Pcd 1c1!'lbr1c-:ic- E:.xteudi:<l

Llcrnu l tube tt.:-c
b r J n clu a e

(skin g,11,)

Loc:atiou - --'>~.'._':cc
ot'a nu s

(b)

(a)

Figure 7.183 A <lia1,r.1m ofthe t·xtern:J an2tom)' ofthi: st".1 s0r (starfish).
Astrn'i-u. (J) An :tbor.U (dorsal) vie,.,~ :unl {b) :m oral {w utr.al) view.

"-----A111bubcrll rtl1gc
P ylor ic stonuch

ltiugonal

(bl

(a) Anipulb lbd1:il c:mal
L:ttcr~I c:maJ
Figure 7.184 A d.i:ai;r:un cfthet mtem.1I a natomy ofthe sea :-I.tr
195
& l11U :'1.hcit:tl side (a) 'fhe d1gc<rnre -'nd 1-e-pro<lurtl\'\' <11•g:111~, (b) rhe

,v-~t~•·v!l,;euhr sy(mn,, :llld (c) a rr:uttver~<" .<ccoon th1•ot1gh an ~1•m

• A Photographic Atlas for the 01olo~ Laboratory

2 ~

3 7

3 s

4 9
45
10

11

Figure 7.186 A 1rK,giu6<:d .aboraJ vie,v of d ie Uitt n'3:I

aoatomy ol'a sea !ta.r

I. Ambubcr:i.1ridge 6. Pyk,ric duct JO. l.>y1onc

2. Madrcporju: 7. Pyloric C-.'.lccum i:tom:«;b

figure 7.185 Au .ibor:il ,,ew ()( d l e in~-ro~1 :ul~h)ll1y ri ,, SC..1.$Ut. 3. Stow: can.al (di~<.-scivc h'Und) 11. Spint-s

t. A1nbu1:tcr.J ndie 3. Spines 5. Pyloric Cal'Cum 4. Ampoll:t,r H. Gonad
2. Co111d 4. Ring c.tnal (digestiw gland)
5. Polia.n w~ide 9. Anu~

b

25 2- --'±;~::,ii--*
3
3 - - - - - -- "
4
4 - - - - -----11

20X

figure 7. 187 Au or.&J vi~w of a sea ~t:tr. Figure 7.188 A traris,•t'rse- Sl:'c:tion throu~h 1ht• arm ofa sea )r.1.r.

I, 'l\,bc t'ett 4, Aml'lufaeraJ gmovt I , CoelC)ll 1 4 Soek<:r 7, Ainpu.11:it

2. Peristomt• 5. Or.ti :.pin<."S 2. Tulx· fo<>t 5. Pyloric c:lt'c.:um B. Ambul.a1:rJJ groove
.) f..p idcrmi~ (). An1bubcol ,•ittge
.3. Mo111h

figure 7.189 Au or:tl vi'-'\' ol a )(.'a star (a) s.h owini; tbe- car<liac smJn:ich cxte-n1.kd through moud1 and (b) aftt'r rcu-.1cting stomaclL

l . Cardiac stomach

196

Class Echinoidea •Arnmaha

z .,

Figure 7. 190 A p encil )C:-:1 u n:bi11. I·ldmwutM"s sp. Figure 7.191 An ~;r.tl view of a bw sc-.t urchin, H1•raorr utrt>i1u s.p.

1. Tips o f tc.-eth (of AristodC''s bntern) 3. Pe rlstome

z. MOlld )

/j,.,··,·,-_~~.I./•.__.._ ;.v,
.\:;:-·'\•....._:.. ·.. · .~· /, ';•.\:,.
/· · ,,
1.\> . ':,_,, ··: :~-:--,.;,
\·~✓--·,f,.,. -•...:/., ..., ~1- •• ' '~!I.C
3
1· • •/ -,-. ~•,1 ~-, -.-:_,-:
l .\\
-- -. ..::.-,/, .·, .·>:,·..'' • .·,. ., ,.'.-~- . ·•·'-'- I .f -·~-
.,,,....?• J' /•..i.:•..',.....,.;··.:-. ! _.,, r ' ~-..-..--:-.•- - ~

:/M"."''~· ~/·•-,->.,
-.., -,,,. ~ ~ ·.- ~/ . ~".~:- ..

.:... \. 4 2

r·..-.·-· . '·._-.-,,.-..'.·.•.•·.... <·.,·.t.-\,/ ' ..•1· /:.-:-..,.-1-:-~~ I·•· •-': . ,-, -- • . • • 4
I·. -.:.. :_....' \.2 -·j;)·'
i .y~~'"~\- - ~;.,.-
.-~ . ''r·)•,,'.'•lr r -
J(
I

Figure 7.192 An o r:i1 vit<w o f the sea urchin. .rlrb,1dt1 sp. Figure 7.193 An :aboral vi<.·\\" ofd 1l' sc"..a un:hiu.Ar~1dt1 sp.

I. T ip ofte-::-dt (ofAristotfo's l:um.·rn) 3 . P1:Jicdbri.J I. (k-qd ~ 2. M.adr~p oruc
2. Sprne, ~ . Peri;;, ome

2 figure 7.194 TtN: iutcruaJ
:in;m:,my of:i ~e:i u rdun,
I. Madrcporitc

J 2. hHtSIir'I('
3. Ar~t(ltle"'s liutcro
-1. T ip l)fh:eth
(of Ari~totle's b utern)

~. ,'\r'l ll.)-

4 6. Gon.atl
7. Sroinach
S. Cak3r<-. ous tood1

197

....
"00'

···t· =· -2
, ~- · ~ ~ 'I .
~~~.... ,II\.
T.:nwde-s - 7
Pl111rp1;( •'-"i.:
.Aiq uaph;lty1lgeil
l ~-_,. s
&~--/~ b,~.b
'-w ·~'•..-- RJu~ canal 3 ••••'- ~ ~~ 9

lrcpodtc r ~:~:~,l 10

~ , r n u n , n.u . . .,
n ..1: , _ . •...: ..1.. •, -

St<Hn:1.d1 4

,~• 'g1,'., .a, \h Pi..».J lmesunc 12

~$.' XI lte$pinuory rrtt

.i\111puJla

5

r,

Figure 7.195 A s":i. <.·ununbi:r. ~ :;.> Tube iet.•t Flgure 7.197 Th,;; mten u l :matc.,11~·

G,mmnria. of;i s~;1 cucumbeL

1. Ti.•m:u.·k-s I. Tc:m:ack-s 7. Aqu:i.ph:11y ui;,:c:d
2, Tube 11:ec
2. M<Hldl bulb

3. Polian vt-side S. £mphat,."1.is
9. Rt-t~c,or m u~le
.a.. R cspir.lh">')'

Figure 7.1 96 A d6gr;un of the- imcrn:1.I lWC 10. lutO:StUle
anatomy nf a sc:. cucumber. 11 Ampulb
5. CIO:lt'..l

(i. Auu.'J 12. Gonad

•Arnmalia

( )Phylum Hemichordata - acorn worms

Class Enteropneusta

Colllr I 4
Plt:i.ry116--.:,1J 2 5
gill s.li1s

1i'uok

6

figure 7.198 An illo.str:anl)u <i(,rn .lC01'n w<>nn . Figure 7.199 An :icorn worm, S,1r.-a.~lrus1u k\n1~1lrvikii.
S11<tt~/()JJr<> t,.,1m/ri:$kJ·i.
l. l\fouth 4. Location of gills
.., 2. l'1'<lOOs.c;u. 5. Trunk

3. Colt,,· 6. AnU)

2

Figure 7.200 An ai.~on, worn,. S,~{t~loum lwmdri-slmt Figure 7.201 A d'".:.-p-se:i acorn worm s1>cc1cs m•wl)' diicovered by
NOAA (N:uion:al Occ.-mjc :md Auuosphc.·ric At.lministl'ltio n).
$howi11g ph:irynge:iJ g1JI sins.
199
l. Probo~U 3. Coll:ir

2. Trunk 4. Pharyuf_'t"al ~ill slits

• A Pholograph,c Atlas for the Biology Laboratory
Table 7.8 Re resentatives of the Ph lum Chordata

Subphyla and Representaflve Kinds CharacterisHcs

Urochordata - tunfcates Marine, larvae are free-swimming and have notochord. gill slits, and dorsal hollow
nerve cord: most adults are sessile (attached). filter-feeder.;, sadike animals

Cephalochordata - lancelets, amphioxus Marine. segmented, elongated body with notochord extending the length of
the body; cirri surrounding the mouth for o btaining food

Vertebrata - a'gna,hans (lampreys and Aquatic ~nd terrestrial forms: distinct head .md trunk supported by a series of
hagfishes), fishes (cartilaginous and bony), cartilaginous or bony vertebrae in the 13dult: closed circulatory system and
amphibians, reptiles. birds. mammals ventral heart; well-devel'?J"'d brain and sensory organs

Table 7.9 Representatives of the Subphylum Vertebrata

Taxa and Representative Kinds Characterlsflcs

Class Myxlnl - hagflshes Terminal mou[h with buce:al funnel absem: Msal sac connected to pharynx; foul"
pairs of tentacles: five to ten pairs pharyngeal pouches

Class Pelromyzonlida - lampreys Suctorial mouth with rasping teeth; nasal sac not connected to buccal cavity;

seven pair.; orpharyngeal pouches

lnfraphylum Gnathostomata Jawed vertebrates: most with paired appendages

Class Chondrichthyes- sharl<s. rays. Cartllaglnous skeleton: placold scales; most have spiracle: spiral valve in
and skates dlgestJve tract

Class Osteichthyes Bony fishes: gills CQVe<ed by bony opcrculum; most have swim bladder

Subclass Aclinopterygii Bony skeleton; most have dermal scales; ray~finned

Subclass Ac:Hnlstla Bony sl<;::leton; lobe-finned; !l<'ired p~toral and pelvic fins

Class Amphibia - salamanders, frogs. Larvae have gills and adults have lungs; scaleless skin (except apoda);

;ind toads an Incomplete double circulation; three. chambered hear-r

Class Reptilia (• Sauropsida) - reptiles Amniotic egg: epidermal .scales: thr,,e, or four-<llambered heart: lungs
and birds•

Clade Aves - birds• Homeothermous (warm-blooded): feathers: toothless: air sacs: four,,chambered
heart with tight aortic arch

Class Mammalia - mammals Homeothermous: hair: mammary glands; most have seven cervical vertebrae:
muscular diaphragm: three auditory ossicles: four~chambered he.art with

left aortic arch

-~ U1rds ,md crocodiluns .uc mcmben ofth~· Archouuria. wbkh mdude- the dmouurs. N r conwnicn«- ,vi•. m-.u thlTtl traduiouall)· .Ji a .scpantc class.

200

* •Arnmal,a

£chin odt•1uu1:i.
(sister i;roup
to cho r<lato)

C c p h alo choni:i t> ~
(bn<.d cu.) ~

Uroch o,d au
(r u nk.:i 1~ )

I bg:f'is.h lost 1t,,; Vl'rl:rbrae .\llyxim
Qu gfish«)
J
1•ttrOm)'Z011t1da '<?;

(h y p a o : l r t ia)

I lt"-1J and Ch<>odt ichrhyts ' ,$t

\'Cth;brJ I colmun {sharks, uys, ) J >-
dum.acl".t.")

Acti nc,pte ryg:ii
(r.:ay- li1t1h~d tidle'..)

M iu--cr:t.liztd skdeton. A n i1uqi:1 -
(e<tcl:\f,l 1\dH)
longs or lung dcmv,:ui\1l'<.
Dipnoi
(\VLl'l1 bladd<--r {! Ul\Lt,fi.5 1H.."S)

Figure 7.202 Phylo1:-',l.·11e1ic Amphibia
rel:ulonshit" and d.1ssific:uio n ofthe (froi;s.
,n~,jor. ~xraiu. diordarc lit>C:l~i:s. s.bmmdcr.s)

R t'ptilia
(mrtlo. .suttkcs.
c.,nmchlM, h\1\i'>)

Ma.innuba
Milk (111au11nab)

Figure 7,203 E.,h.impll' cbordat<.-s include (soning on po:viou.s p:tgc) :{:a) J bm:d~t. 8,w,dti.:,S1-0m.r sp.. {b) , gfa.ot t(toUpl'I, Ef.im·plirbu L11a 11l,1tu1, (c) a
r<•d -cyed ttt<' frog,ll,(!.d}'l'lmis t,Jfidr-~u.(d) a 311.ikt--ncck~d ru.nl~. Olffl1,1J'11,1· fldrl..t7, , (<·) :i ln uli bunung. Hu!Mi,/(_f .,m~ic·,w, and (f) a d un\pa.nz<X'. Hw lrtt;el-"1yte.<.

201

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory
Subphylum Urochordata
lncum:m siphon
E.xcurn"IH siplto.n

Atrium Sto nm: h

At11 l'- l n t~ tlll<"

DoruJ u~rvc: ----t-:,rJ A1r1111 n

cord {hollow}

t \ t tl OJ>O f( '

4-- - - E~1phagt•"'

Figure 7.204 An :id ulr ruoicacc, Phar }' ll.'i:
Ci,•w1 111u:stinaJ,s.
Figure 7.205 A di:.gr;im of :i rnm(;::\{t", (.:i) a se..<,;,<.Jle ~duh and (b) a 1ix:<:,4wim1mng: l:H'V;)

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Figure 7.206 A diag:rlm or" a bn<"t k-f, Bta111/:it>s1om.J ~P.

I Atrlf)po..-e .'\. c.:.,n!id:ll fin 5. 0 ()1'5;\I nc,vc <.01-<l 7 Myomeri':$. 9. Aulu,n 11. IJigesuvc c aei:um 13. Wheel o rgan
8. Gonad JI), 1nt,:stinc 12. Phar)'nx witb gilJ .-.lits
2. Anm 4. FU, r.1)'1 6 . Notoc:hord

202

•Arnmal,a

""'"- - - - - 9
iia==~-10
= - -11

!=.- -1 2

Figure 7.207 A wholt' m ount ofa lam:dt'l. Br.mdm?Yl<.mJJ !i'·

1. Eso1)h;:egll$ 5. A,ms 9 "-!otl"l("h,71·rd 1:1. R os,ru m

2. Atrium 6. Fm r.iys JO. Gill slits 14. Oral cn·ri
11. C.i.U bars
3. An·1opon.• 7. Myomcres 12 W hed organ

4. Cam:l:.I fin 8, Dorsal m.-rw cord

2

.l ~-=----8

4 "<I:"~:::::;;r·p- --:=-= 9

10

5 Il

IOO X 12

Figure 7.208 1\ n a1tterior view o f the anatomy ot'a lance.let. 8mud1fos.r<im1, .sp.

I. Pm ll'}'S 5. C.,U lxtrs 1) . R.osmuu

2. MyQoiCL'\':;\ 6. Dor1al 11l·1:,-e cord 10 Wheel Ot§lu
7. Nornchord 11. O ral cirri
3. Velum 8. Orll hooJ J2 . Phary1Lx
4. Gilt i.lits

Figure 7.209 A po~e.rtor Vt('W o f rhe anatomy of ,l l.:mc.,.lc-1, Um,1tl1iM1t111r.1 !-§>

I. Caud:d fin .t Notochmd 5. Intestine." 7. Midb•u t 9. Atriopore

2. Pin ray<: 4. Au~ 6 M ynmt1'e.'! 8. Atr111111

203

• A Pholograph1c Atlas for the Biology Laboratory 10 Figure 7.210 1\ lr:iniwet:Se
- - to
scc.1io1l through ,he pharyn~:d
II
rcgi.:-111 of(a) a male, :wd (ll) :i
22
11 fotu.tfo- b ncdet, Brm1rl1fust,m1a sp.
3 I. Fin r.1y

1., 2. Don.d m'P/e cord
3. Myom~n.·
• 14
'l.. ;::::-:7 15 12 4 . l)o,rs.:il :lMl:l
5 ~
5. N..-pbridium
6 -.I'. I6 13 6. CiU~,::-

7 7. Arriu 1H
17 14 S. Testti (malt:)

0'-1:'lry (femak)
15 9. Mt.-t'Jplcur:J fold

I•). l)(>f'SAI ti,l

11. Epidennis
16 12 . Mros(-ptum

13. Notochoni
17 14, E1~1hr:mchial groovt-

15. Gill slits
1~ 16. Pharynx

17, Eu<lostyl<: (hypobrJ nthiaJ

gJOO\'I:'}

I~ Me-il:iric caecum (liver)

,, ..-' 6UX 9- --I
' 6-0X
(a) (b)

Subphylum Vertebrata - Subclass Petromyzontida

Figure 7.211 A P..K"ific lampr.:)~ Lampt'lld rrid<·ntald. 6

2
3
4

7
5

Figure 7.212 T he oral rc-gu:i-•l ot"a Figure 7.213 .'\ do,-.;;:tl view ofth e c,aern:al :anatomy ofa m:ir-ine bmprcy, l'i~ll'l'NtlJ'Zl}rl ma,imu.
Pacific h.tgfish, Eptt1trdrrf sfomi1.
1. H ead 3. P'inc:i.l l:iorly .5. l'ar;c..-rior dor1=.:al fin 7 Amcnor dor1::1J fin
I. Momb {cown:J) 3. Nostril
2 . Darbch 2. Nouri) _., Caudal 6u 6. Trun k

204

•Arnmaha

5
6I

2

7

Figure 7.215 :\ l:uer,11view of the amenot· ,m2to111y of2 inannc lamprey.

I Ey..· 3. fixtern:11 g~I slits
2. Buccal fu nnd

8

I

2
3
94

Figure 7.216 A d ors:.1l \'icw ofthe :uncrior an:it1.:imy- o f.l nunuc- lamprcy.

I. M<>J 3. Piuc-.al boJ)'

2. N oMn l 4. 6yc

2
J

Figure 7.214 Tix c:-~rcifagiuvus skeleton Figure 7.2 17 The oral n·gfrm of2 nl3.rine- 1:unp R-,Y.

of a m:irmc lampn-y. I. Hom)' u.-cth 3. Mo uth
2. Bucc.J pa.pilJae
I. Cr.uuum (,. Annular <::uolage

2. Cmd:tl tlo 7, I..Jni;u:il carLifage

3. Posterior d orsal fin 8. Br.mchial b:iskcc

4. Amcr1or ctnl':.\:il fi n

5. Bm.·cal C'Jvity

205

• A Photographic Atlas for the 131010~ Laboratory
I lydrosmm: Olfactory s.1c Notu;.:hord

Cr.ania.l Nosttil Pin,..·:iJ Esoph.1f_'US JOfU

0n.nduaJ

Annular
1.~rt1lage

I lntcru:tl

fooi1c:i I g1ll -di1 cartilagc.-s

Tonguo: Auou),u: Llui;u..,I Vdum Vcntr:ll Sinut
c:a.rcib~c- wnosm
e111ibgc JOrta

orFigure 7. 218 A diagr2m :i sagmal sccuotl of:a tn:annl." lamprt."')'.

2 I ()

4 15
16
s

~

7

8
9

f igure 7.219 A s.1giu:i.l st.-ction through the anterio r r,:.-gion oh b.ntprq·.

1. Pme.11O%'r:l11 $. Mouth 9 . H11cc:1l m u<cfc: 1:;. Dcu'<.11~ott.'I
14. Atnum
2 . Nt"'l<ml 6, :\onul:w .;a.ml.age I1), Myomer~s 15. Vcntridc
16 1--tWJ'
3. Bra.in 7. Linst1:tl cMtib.gc 11. Do~-aJ m·rw cord

4. Pha1yux S. lntcma.l gill ..Ji1 12. Notochord

Figure 7.220 Figure 7.221

f, A tr.l11SVt'tW secti on t\ transvn st St·Ct1on
thmogh ,he h("~d :u
rhrough rhe body :u the
3 7 thl' lcvd •f t1u: t.·yc-.=. 7 k vd ofth<.· fourd1 ¢ U
4
s o f .- bmprc}~ $ slit of .l bmprC)~
; I. Piuc:al organ J . Dors:il w:r\fc- cord
') 2. .Bra.iJ•
206 2. Nmochord
3. Rt.'tinl ofeye 9 J. Esoph:agus

4. Lcni: o f eye 4. Br-Jrn:-hi::iJ rube

10 5. Lingual cartiJag~· 5. Y..:mr:a1j ugubr vein
b. Myomtre 10 (,. Antc-ri or i:.:irdm:.al

7. C r.uU:aJ c:1.rtibgc \'\'ill

K. N:i.<:oph.ltyogc:il 7. Dorsal .--orr.r.
S. Gill 61:mu:nb
pouch

9. Pharyn...- 9. '¼nrr.:il aoru
10. Brandual poud1
I\). Ph.:i.ryllg¢:1l gl:11,d

Subphylum Vertebrata - Class Chondrichthyes •Arnmalla

Figure 7.222 Ex:11npfos fro m cl:c,s C hondrichthyes iud ud<.': (:.1) l bl:td tip rt.'Cfshad:, Card,arl1i111rs mi'latt\Jplt'IIIS, (b) a snr n.-ef slu rk, Carduuili,ws

,1mbiy,lry11dws. (c) a ~'l.1it:uf:r;h. Rilirur at1ryfostom11, {d) ~ ro und stinb,'rly. Urob..tlis hallm', (<-') a b}u-.·-:•pott~d stingr.ty, Tiit•nittM lymnta1 :md {{) ,. chim:11..·r.1,
H)•dr11J•1~m 1·1>llki.

Subphylum Vertebrata - Class Osteichthyes - Subclass Actinopterygii

Figure 7.223 l~x.:imple A<ti,1opferygii 11l<IL1d('· (a) a m m:ito downfish , Ampl11'Jm'1m mrhm,,1m$., (h) chum salmon. Omw/1)'11.-/111.J krm,and

(~) a l1onfith , Prat1i ~~I),

207

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology laboratory DorsaJ fin C:iuch l ful
L.m·ul hnc

P re u,:t.xi.lb
o~:nl:ny

<>rerculu m P-:cror.11fi n Pdvic fin Anal fin

figure 7.224 T l1e cxu·rnal structur,._-s of a groupl'r, ,V/}•11tY"J><'rr11 b1>1t(l(i.

Subphylum Vertebrata - Closs Osteichthyes - Subclass Sorcopterygii

Figure 7.225 T he rnd:tc:mth, L1ti111,:ri:1 rfr.Jum,wr. a lobe-Jin fish, w:t~ Figure 7.226 Die African llmg6..,;h, Nt.t•t('tdlt.Xis,Jjo,yrm'.

o nce thought to be l.'xti11cL

Class Amphibia

C a ecil i,1 tt~ S;;i l:un.1 11 d<' r~

Figure 7.227 Phylog,::1lil"tic rd:u:iou-:luµ.~ :and
d :wilica1io11 of'(.'.bi>$Amphibia,

208

•Arnmalta

Figure 7.228 Exam_pJes ofda.ss Amphibia mdudt.·: {a) a Cameroon c.tocLlian, Cr<ttopl1mrrmo b-:inm1111·Um, (b) an lmphimna. Ampl111/mc1 11,r,ms, (<-') a

k-sseT iiren, SJ're11 imenntditJ, (d) :m :u:oll'>cl,Amby.u~w,a mt•:-dm111tm, {c) :t 1igcr s;abnunder,rlmbJ'1'"",a I~·~rlmuu, (f) J r..-d mud s:tl:un mdc-r, Psru(fot,ilou
rub,·,, (~ 311 ca.,;t(•ro m:v..-t, NMoplitl1,1lm11s 111'n'drst't'11s, (h) a WoodhOlbC·s toad , Ariaxyri.u· 1t'IJotiliosuiJ', (i) .i C())OrJdo Riwr tuad. /urillm r,1.,..,,.,,.s, (j) a
blut·- wcbbed Oring tn.-e fiui::. Rl1mxipf1oms Higropitlm,1111.\ (k) a canyon u.:c frog. Jly!a r1m1fr(,for. a nd (I) a red--.-rcd Ul't' frog. A.~•d)'«rnis ci·Jlid,;·as.

209

• A Photographic Atlas for the B1olog,, Laboratory

2

Figure 7.229 C:1ine1,:,01\ , ~ecili.i,1, C1t1wpl1,anw111 ll(Jmmuf llt>ri 1'hf" f igure 7.230 Au :unphiunu. AmphiurJM mnuf). Note thl.' Smull wstigial
ri11gs 1)r :uw uli c:tn d ~rly h<" Sie-1.'ll,T h(f<' g iw c-.u.•cili,J11t<1 :tn ,·ar1hwl)t lH•
hh· Jppc.u:mce. leg.TI1e bgh t-colo,crl <lOfs :u-.! .- l:ucral li11,e system th.:et :ud.s u-. huming.

l. Lat-.·r:al line :.-yskm 2. Vesrigi:J limb

Figure 7.231 Au :1.xolod. A11rb)•st1mw 111t.,·i(11mm1.This indiv idu:iJ Figure 7.232 The: m:u:int' o r c:anc ro:id. .-·foc1xyr11s mariu11s, ii .a for.al
specic.-s iu l·b w:Ui :Uld )us causc.-d mmy probk·ms fo r nJciw species.
is lt-ucistic~

4

;

<,

7
8

9

Figure 7.233 T he mrfm: :matolll}' aud body n:~ioru of

dll·' leopard froi;. litl11'1JJ,1trs pi'pfrnt.

I. Ankle 4. Eyes 7. Or1d uum Fig ure 7.234 A whit(.._Jipped t rt-'I." Crt.,s. Utc,rUJ ir!fr<}l'tt'11at.1. (a) T it.: (ru:; is
2. Knee 5. N():):triJ S. Amcbrachinm Cl'0111•h e<l o n :i rer (,(Hl:\ 6 ng<-r\, (h) 'I he :idhesive U)(' d1<k< l":IO he
~cc·u 111 a v,·,u r~I vi~w.

210

•Arnmai ,a

Figure 7.235 T he- Vi"m..111x-sc- mo$}' fiug. Tlirlodcrn:a <<>rtfrak h3> Figure 7.236 An African dawi:d frog. Xo1t1p1u hrvu. hu da\vs on
1•ough. ,uo1r.l<:d g1P,('n .s,.km th:u resculbl<:S tnOS"- g 1'0\\in g Oil r«k ,llld each (If its hind f(.)I'.$ .
form:; au cffct·t·ivc c:un ouO:t_ge.

figure 7.237 During th,· day .aud :tt r,:st (a) the rcd-eyc-d m·l' frog. Ago1lyd1m's <<11/i'dr)''u.
hold ~if\ le,~ 11ghdy '" its bndy.'l'his 001 nr1ly hkl<'$ ns bng1H cnf()r~. k<'eping rh1~ (mg
mconsp1c uous, but h·eps the- frog fro m drying out. \'(l'hite it is .icuw, 0>) u d ispll)'s bngh1
eole)N., hel1nng 1,) di5co\1r..,gt pn;::daton.

figure 7.238 C:o)or in llmphjbi;ins, a.,; with oth er anim:1k pb)'S .a h·y role.The bumbk-bet• poi.sou-cbrt frog, D,•11drob.iucs l<·11romd,u, {a) di.,.pbys
bt1¢u c<>lors advtt11$.log rhe fo cr rh:H at is p()IS<u1ous T he u g:<"r..1(-ggcd 1.v.n,y m('lnkt1• ln'!C fing, l>hyfl,mwdus,1 lt)'/'l(''l11,mfrfoli, .~u,r~t, (h) :rnd d lc fite
s\lbm:au,..ler, S,·1"1m,11ulm salt1m,Jwfr,1>(c) bd the poisom oi the poison-W11 frog but rely 0 11 1hc bright colors to discour:age would -be prc-d.ltl'>ts.

2 11

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory .,., y~
\3 7
Manun.aJs lchthyosaur; Crocodili:ms Ornilhi);/.'.hia.ns S:mrischims Bin.ls

r<':$,ni<lu'IC'J,: lo~ ()f II
di:)J~1d 0 1:ieniog~
Later.ti skull. p b!oerou. :llld Eura_psjJs: bvlc on th~ A ~ - Archos.:iuri:1:pri:scm:c of
tt·mpor.11 car-Jp:tc'-' dtrivcd upper sidt• ofth1.• skull: opening .-.ntcrior to 1.-yc;
opening Orlm fro m dermal bone sing.le tc,npor.tl fonc_,1,.r-.i, o rbit slu pcd hi«- mw..rtc-d
!lnd ii1s<:d u, 1>;H1 rrinng.le: musc:ubr g1zz.w<l
Synapsid skull o l :)x13I $.kckron OJ'ICning hehind fl )(" orbit,
Orbit u1tder which t.he
Lepidos.auri:i:u .1ns,•c1-i;c
do:a~:il $11c; d:m postorbital and $tiua0531
bones 2n:icubtc
~hc<l lfl O Of' piCCt";
t~h:tr:i ct<:nstJ<'S Orbit
ofskdctou
U o 1-.;2I fCllll)()r,ll--,,~ r"::l:
Sy1l.lpsida: skull w ith si,1{tlc <ipen1,,g
pair o(latt r.i1 tcmtX.H'Jl l:itcr:i.l tcmporJI
opeum g,; opemns

Dlapsld skull

..ollP'' - -R <.·prilia: b.:t:t k-r.1tiu in

cp idcrmi5; d12rach•ristics
o f s kulJ

Anapsid skull Amniota: rxrrarmbryonic mnnbnm."S of

aiU1)iOn. cborkm. tiod al1a11fois: luni;,o,:s
\."<.'utd:ncd by m~i;:.uwe rn:ssurt:. via the rilli

figure 7 .239 T he 1)h)'IO{.,'\:Oetu:: relatfons.lups :md cla&.16c,nao11 o( RcplHi,,. (= Saur0p5icb),

Subphylum Vertebrata - Class Reptilia - lepldosaurla

212

•Arnmal1a

Figure 7.240 u_,-,.pn::s<'tH.ltfw• l,J.'1)i1fo~u11•1a md11dt' ("t:t1·crng o,l prc:vio11s p,)gc): {A) a p:lnthtr <11:imc!coo, Fmr.ij'i>t 1>.1r11dfjt, (l>) :t p:i,r ofdc-.<"rt <piny
lizard'>, Srdi>pvnu 111111-i.m-_r, (c) a Clhp%"0S m:.uinc if;u:uu.. ..-fml,lyrl,y,ul111s oi.stdtus. {d) .l green basilisk o r p lum cJ br.l!!i.lisk, 8t1silistJu plimiifnms, (<.}' a
Komodo dragon. l{1mnus J..'I.Jmtx.ft•<·11:is. {f) a w.itcr mo mtor. Vmmms s,11F,1UJr. (i;) a J:m1l·.scm's 111:uuba. Do1drtl4$/JIJ jm11eJMi. (h) a wt•.steru cuad1\vhip
snak.:. :\!f,t1rk,11J/1b·JlaJ."-"l111n. au d (i) a rmg-nt'<.'k suak<.'.

Figure 7.241 /\ nt:'lt:'lt:t , .Sp/it'u,u/,,u p1111n.-mr$, End t11l1<" t-{) N<-\V Figure 7.242 An c.i,ccro &t:is1: li?:trd, ();•Jti'<tufu.S w.·mm!J'i.. is ii
/.c:ibnd, n,:it,u,H ;are 1lw ('Inly -.u,,·ivnlg mcmbc~ 1)forder k i;h.':SS tiza.rd.
Rhym:ho,i;-phalll, which 11our ished around 200 null.ion )'C:ll'S :ago.

figure 7.243 Thi;- gila mom•ter, 1-Je-J.;,d<'tnMsuspt'tflrm, i.'> a \'t'nomous Figure 7.244 T ht· C:ibp;tgos l:md iguana, C.1Jwfoph1u :mbm.mmu, ;s
finrd hvirig 10 1he Sn111hwet1ero Uoite<l St.u~ :iud MCX)t;O.
th1>¢;1tcncd due te> 11mr><lu<'ed :inmuls 10 ,he (;~b pll{,'('IS Ari!hipd:igo.

Figure 7.245 A _g;irtcr stuke. 1J,am1wpl1is scp.. ~·xtending in tongu~·. Figure 7.246 A Clliforui.1 kin~ su:ike. L mtpr<•P<·ltis ,_t.'t'J11l.,. in
R cptiks ll.'.'!e thl'lr toi1~u.:- in t·onjunction \\'llh tht:Ja<:obs<>u's o rgan o r process of ecdrgs, o r sheddin g it-s skuL
vom<.·mn:1s2I o ,p n, m ,HL'=ili:ary ol&ctory o rg211, to .tid v.id1 smell.

213

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

I' ' ~

Figure 7.247 Color is LM.-d b~ (,1) Lh.: Arizona coral m:akc-, .\ ·fimuvi1b 1·uryx,111t1"1i, to warn w01.1ld-bc prcd:uon th:u il· is v..-non>uus.Th,· scark-t

kin~n~e, Limp,opc.'!riJ Lri,mJ!11!11111 rL,;•roido. (b) 3 ru:>Jl\1CJ1omous snake. mimk'.s. the <;<tiOr$ o f' veo<1111011~ $.:lJ k-e-s (<t ll'1d W<"•ltld- be rrtd:noo imo
lt>:wiui; i.r: :don~·. Kuo ,.,.m g tiw t,xnwrn,. rc<l- r('llow-bUck-y~Uo w vt·n us rt>d-bl:td-rd1ow~bck, c:111 ~ uwful iu de t(•rmju ing whC"the-r 1t 1S a

\'Cnom ou!,: i:o,·al S;nakc o r 11\11.

Subphylum Vertebrata - Class Reptilia - Testudinae

figure 7.2.48 R cprc$enram'C rcs111di1uc 1ududc! (::i) n ~ iuy S(lft-r.hcll u ude• .-1/t,dmu sp1'11ifi-•1d, (b) ;l Gabp,1gos g ,-ecn sea trn, lc. <:l,1'11>J1fo ,11y,fos,
:ancl (c) a gor l1cr tol'101sc. G()11IN>ntJ 1~ssi~ii.

Figure 7.249 A rcd..cared <bctcr. 'lit1tl1M1yi ;.rdpr,, l'i,•,t:,mtJ, ts coiumon Figure 7.250 A (;:U,lp,1s;os ro1i-01se. C:hd11111idis ,,~rJ, 1~ ju$t (IUC of the

throughoul much ot th..· U nited Stltl·.S. IU:Ut)' members o f ord c.•r tcstudfrK--s d11l llc thrc~tt'ncd or l'1tdange n:d.

214

•Arnmalla

Subphylum Vertebrata - Class Reptilia - Archosauria - Clede Crocodilia

figure 7.251 Ex:implc~of die four cr<>cod1Ji:lo ryp <.'S mcluc:k·. (:i) Amt'ric."ln :llhg:uor• .i l/{11,1:or wiutisipptt'wis, (h) Johnston'.!. freshw:uc-r

croc<.'ldile. 0t1('Cc{f)"/us.f"lr,,sroui, (c) C u vier's d\\~arf <-'3iman. Pi1leosud111s pr,l11e.b,vsi1s.,Htd (ll) a gharial, Gtwi11!is;:,11f$c•lJ·,·1.-'i,

figure 7.2S2 An America n :illig;tror. AII(-t!d'"' m/ssissippioisi,:, (2) -.>pi:-w, it-. mouth in :t thre.1t displly lnd (b) l Nlli: crocodile , ~ trlus 11U,1/tm$,

com1d crttl to lw the ",("<C()Jlct largeu ll\•ing r<:ptilc m \VorM, s,un<. 1uclf<>ll the bank of rhc M~r:t nver m Kcoy.l, Aftic:i. 215

• A Pholog,aph1c Atlas for the Biology laboratory
Subphylum Vertebrata - Class Reptilia - Archosauria - Clede Aves

Pho,,,;cvpter,fo-,,,,s (Aan,;n!,'O)~
ColumhitOrn1cs {Dovt')

Pilv:rifor,n~ (Blt1l>b1td)

F:llcou;for,nc.< (Fafoon)A

Strigiformcs (Owl)

~Vicuonnes (ToU<.'1U)

K(:or,(;;ro,.,,,. (K;,,gfishcr)

Figure 7.253 Phylo~·netic n::Jationships .md

d :1.-.$16,:mon ofsome of t he o rde rs ofAves.

216

•Arnmaha

Figure 7.254 E.xa1uplcs ofAw..-. ;m<l d1cir .1.ssoclared order mdu<le (starting on po:viou~(>lb.re::-): (a) au 1;•mu. D,,,mams 11on1t·lwl/amlh1t\ o rder
S11·u1h1on11<>r-mf."s, { b} ~ C;ilifM111:1 q u.1111, Ct1l!ip111l,1 ft1lifi>t11iu1. otdi"t· G:illit()tmc!-. {c) a re.ilwa<l rlndc:• .-ly1i1)1J ,m11•ri,·,w,1, Mdcr Auserifrtrm~, {d) :iu
l':l!cd grebe, PMK'l'ps m~~rilt1Uis. ordi:r Podicipcdifonn cs. (c) l Chik m fl:t.nungo, Plwwit.,pums d1iL'lrsis., o rder Pho\.·nicopti:ritOnnes, (f) l mourning
dove, Zw,1M,1 mt1<t'Wlfil, orde,r Columbifonm.-s, (g) a bluc-thro:m.-d h unun i.ni,;bird. Lm111'Xrrnis dc•1t1t,•trd<1,·, o rder Apodiform,cs, {h) :a l:w;a heron, Butllrilt~'S
s1mdm1llt. ord l'r C11.:oruifon11<'s. (i) ::i b mwu pdic:a.11. Ptlermmt ocndw&'llis, o r<lt·r Pdi:c:mifornu."'S, (j) a Galapaf_-vS pe-ni;uiu. Spl,cmsms 111rud,rul1u. ()rtkr
Sph~1uS(.; fonm:s. (k) a P..u:ific loon. Cn1na P"'-1/ilo. or<le-r Ga\'iifon m.~. {f) a Fr:mklin·s i;ull. Lcuaiplrams p1'plx1·,111. onkr C h:ir.idriiformt"S, (m) a blue .and
goM m:ic:i,-..~ .-ti'!, mt1r,m11,1, <'rder Psitt::1e.ifr»·rllts, (n) " Hrt\vc:r·~ hbd:lmxi. /~111~/M.(!M ty,u11·•t<"plt,Jl11.<,. 1>rder P.\s.se1•,te)tm,e~. (o) 3 J'l(;rt.gnne fakor'I, /+,'1/f(I
p,•1,x9riwu,mdc-r P;ikonifonn~. (p):. ham owl, 'fyw dlhd, order Srrig1formcSc {q) a red-sh.attcd fli ck<.·r or northern llick~r. ('..ol,tptt'S d1.r.mu ,.,,;~,. mdt.·r
l'ic.itbm~l>. arid (r) ;i bdted ki11ltfii.her, Mrg,1teryle ,1/i'yrw. order Cor:l<..'lfi)nne.s.

2 17

• A Photographic Atlas for the !31010~ Laboratory

Figure 7.255 Ex:-implc hc·aks. :i.nd thetr a~oa:1r<:d u~.s uld ude. (a) n<'t:t:tr fc<·ding, a broad-u,lcd llumnu ngb1r<l, Sd.11s1,h.inu l''"')".-,rus, (h) gr:u n
c m ng. ;i 1:az.uli b un ting. P.JSu1iua a1Jto,.1111, (c:) dip m•tting. :m America n whit~ pd ic:m, Pdadm1s cryd11orl1r11d1os, (d) flt.-sh ,·:icini;, .in Atm:r ic:m b :Jcl
cJHI,,•. J.lali0t•rr11s lm<«cpliafos. (c) inst•ct <.~lring. :a wotcrn tlJU!,.'l.'t, Pit,Jll.1!•1 llldwidmm. (f) sc.avt·ngtu~. ,1 lcin~ vultu re. Smrouwrpl111s p,1JM, (g) fi]ll..•r
rl"ediug•.a Cbilcan l1a1ui11t-,-O, Plwr11iroJJfcws 11,ilrmi.t, {h) ~'\•m,.ralisc, a rmg-bi.Ut•d !:',l.tlJ. Land ,lrfom.1rr11tfr, (2) eh~diog. r1:d-shatted dickl"r or uorthL·rn
Llicke r. Q,l,1;11c•s mm1t11S t,ifa . {j) probiu~. an Aiucrican jvo-.·t~t. RC'tr1n i1<1s.tr.:1 <1t1tt'ri(o11w . (k) ip(.-ariug. :tu Amrric~u dlnL·r o r anhin~. Arrf1i11g,1<f11l1fr1ga.

;1n<I (I) nut cr.id::rng,:. grcc1l w rng m:lc:iw. Ar,t rf,l,m>JJtffltt,

218

•Arnma1,a

Figure 7 .256 \Vithm the a.n un.al kin gdom birds arc- some- of the best c.~mpks a( scxu:i..l dimo rp hism. the mor phologic:t..l d illCrencc l:K-"f\\'Ccn
malct l!ld fom:tk-s of the same ~pec:it·s.. (a) A pair ofwooJ duc:ks. Af.-: )p1>11S-11. p.rnt~s l crabapple d urin~ cour(shjp. (b) A m :Jc ln<li..m pt•afuwl, Pitv<,

«ist.1t1,s, know n commonly as a pe:tc:ock, Jud (c) l fom.alc- known .u 3 pe-•hc-n.

Figure 7.257 (:i) .-\ rcd-t:uled h;i,vk, Jju,,'O jitmaitcnsis.. b~ lo ng hm.ld w111gs used tor
soaring ou thermals. It; wi ng lx.~at is souu.•what slow w iLh periods of~ding iu bt·rwt•en
st·wra.l wing beats, whilt· (b) dte Anwric:au kestrd . Fala, ~ariw1'us, a fuku n , hl ~ narrow,
loug and poinrtd win~ be~t &u.itt-d for dil\'Ct flt3t 01~h1. It$ \ViI)g bc:ics :in- '3sl w it·h
rclnivdy no brt·aks tOr W.iding.

Figure 7.258 -Plunugc plays m:my rok-s. For (:a) :i great horned ow~ Br.Ix, J1irg,'m·am,s, it aids in c.1mouJhgc, while (b) the- lluDock's oriok-.
lm:ms lmfh,rl.,;ii, uSl":'i it for l.:nitorial Jispby and :tttnactiug attt-ntiOTL

219

• A Photographic Alias for the Biology Laboratory
Subphylum Vertebrata - Class Mammalia

~"'M:u-,upi:ilu (Kmg:uoo)

~1\,hulirlcuur:i {:\:udv:l1'k) ~
Proboscidel (Ek--plunc)
H r r:u:mde:i. (Hyu.x)

'ftSircm:a (Ma1"'-ltc~)

1>,.im>te< (Cluot>J'107«)
Ocrmoptcr:i {Flymp; lc-nu.11•)
R odcnci.l (Chipmunk) ~ ,

L.gomorph• 0•d:nbh,r) . , ,

£ulipotyphb (.::lmct·tivor.1) (Shrc;)...Jl!I!"'

Chi,..,prm (Ibo) \ /

Q tPholidot:a (P.rngohn)

f"inmpcdi:t (W.:ilrus.)

4'fl)C:mU\'i>rJ (Bc:ir)

l~ ri~odactyb {R b.inoct.'r0$)
Ci:r:tcea (Dolphin)

Amod:-trtyla (She-cp)

Figure 7.259 Phyl~cnc-ti<' rd~1ion.thi1)"- a,~d clasc.1rk~t1<ul
o i som c of the urdc.•r., o(M.muuali:t (n·pres\.'nt:lti\•e me n tbcrs

m p:lrcnrhc-$~).

220

•Arnmaha

Fig ure 7.260 Exampl~ ofM ,un malia :md their ,moci;)ted order 111dude (s~rtmg on p 1·evio\1J IJ:'Jge): (a) an echid113.. ·1;1,•liy)li, M11t. a1'1t!t,-u11$, Mdtr

Monotl't'mt·. (b) :u, t:'ast,;orn ~re)' kan~mo. !t,fa,rop,•,s )!Jganrou, orJer M:in upi:Ji:i. (c) au Afric:i.n d i:ph:mt. Lw;;,tl,.mt1r ,ifr,rnn,,, cmk r Prubosc1th::i,
(d) :1 ux:e hyra~. [>mdn,:lryMx w litfu.), or<kr H yracoid~. (t!') :.1 \'(/est Indian manatee, T,'id1ed1111 111aMtir.,. onkr Sn,·oia. (f) a m,1ndu ll, M,1111(,ilfm
splunx, \)Jth.·r Priuiatci., (gl :t Utah pr:Uri.: dug. Cyuomys part•iilms., or<.k-r Rodt>ntia. (h) :a conontail rabbit. Syltil,1gm amfoboufi, or~h.·r lab-omorpha,
(i) M.da~ Un fruit bats. Pim>psts '1J'P"mrl,1J111s. order Chiruptera, ( j) a conu uon ~aJ or h:ubor sc:aJ, Pfmai viw li,w. suborch:r Pinn.ipcdil. (k) :a polar b1::tr.
Un'u5m,uitimu.\ Mdcr CunivorJ. (I) a black rhinoceros o r hoc)k-J1ppcd r h1noctros. Di« r.,.~ bitim,is. order 11eri~od:ictyl3. (m) 3 bonlc11ose dolphin .
71,~k•ps 1n 1r1MW.t. order Uf..\CC-.'I. :ind (n) .m mtpafa .antdo pe. t lt'pyt'("l('J mt'lamp,u, o rder Art1<.'ldactyla.

221

• A Photographic Atlas <or the U1ology Laboratory

figure 7.261 Tlw capyblr:i, fly;fr~vlrti,•nis liyJrodwrn's, ii Lhc b rgit-st Figure 7 .262 Tiu~ nmt"-baudcd ;inn:idillo. Dunms 1M 1,•mri1l(Jus, is
hviug l'f>de-nc. It can g,-ow 10 o,,·r 4 fce1 111 ltogrh :i nd weigh ('IVtr th<" n10>1 widt:Sr•~<'l,i of dlt' .'lrinad1llr.,~. Ir h3~ <ok>ru1crl mu('h ol I h<'
southe;bt:.•rn U uit.:d Sctk'j,
175 pounds.

',, Figure 7.264 Th:.· rinh'tliled lcmw., Lemur mtkl, is ;a pnm:it..·. Thl.'1t·
,m: apprmnmat<"-1)• IOI) :i.pcc-1es of lemurs. :-.U of whicb ::an: 1,es1ricccd
'l • .' to tlic island o(Madaga.:k'3r.
I.

,.'..\ ' ', ·1

·l-,1
J • .. ' ;
"• I,·. .l

'\· ·~·

f'lgure 7.263 The pronghorn :um·loix-, A11ti!t'lt·t1pra ,1m,•rkam1, 1s

cm;-d !IS th<' SC<'<ul<I fo$tl'.$t Lrnd .ioinl.ll belu nri c.ll¢ ch<X"r:th. Ir t<.
n:ponc:d tha t it c:m rt·ach ~pt:1.'dS up to 70 mile s per ho ur.

Figure 7 .265 ' I he :\mcr1can b ison. mw11 l,isN,, i$ 1lw brgcst liv1llg Figure 7.266 'The wc-.nMn lo,,~:'lnd gonlb, c_;,)fil/,1.1,,wi!l.1 [lMill11, •~
l:i.nJ animal in North Aml."ric.;i. the- sm:tD,"!,f sub~pedcs off(Ot ill:t. An ad.ult ma),.- cm n_-:ach () focl tall

222 ;l1l d wt>i~h as ntuch :111 60Ct poun.ds.T h..:y art critically cnd:m~ered

Vertebrate Dissections

An uuderstanding of the structure of a vertebtate 0J1=;an1~1n ts stud.it'd. (( dusecnon s-1,>ecm1e1t<; are not availab]e, the excellent
1~qulsire to Jt·atuiug about physiological rned1auiuns and :i.bour
how rhe a.uim.al luucrio11, in Its e nvironment. T he selective photographs of carefully dissected pt-epated speciml!'llS prest'nted
in thi, chaptt'r will be an adt.~quate substitute. Care has gone
preuures rh:ar determine "-'volurionary change frequemly ha\'e inro the preparation of these s.pecimcn.~ to d~pict and ide,utif),
an intlueucc on anarnmic.a.l scni,cures. Sntd)•ing disscncd
specimens, thcrc.-fore. provides phylogcucric iu.fOn narion about th e principal body strucmres from representative specimens
how groups oforgan.isms arr related. of each of ch~ classes of vcrtcbratt.~s. Sckctcd htu11~m cadawr
dissl·crions arc shown in ph.omgraphs. contained in C hapter 9. As
Some biology laborato ril's have the resources to provide tht: anatomy of vt~n:cbrntc specimens is studied in this chapter,
sruderits with opportunidt'$ for doing selcctt·d vcncbr,uc obst.!rvc the photographs of bum<1n dissections in the JH.'Xt
dissections. For thl.'ie swdem.s. chc photogmphs cont.~ined chapter. and note the s imil:iritit;'$ of body stn1cmn.:, pa.rcicularly
to tho~c o ( another m:mm,al.
in this chapter will be ~ v;iluablc source for idcnti-fic.iti<>n

of -strucr:u rc:s on your ~pecimcns .is thr.:y .ire dis:wcrcd ::md

Class Chondrichthyes

Figure 8 .1 A lateral \-icw
of tlh: lc.x,pa;J ~h.1,k, ·1n,tkfr

um!/iisd.11'1.

I. Spir.:lcle
2. Lncr.il hoe

3. Anterior dors:tl fin
4. Pos1-e:rior dorul fin

3. Caud:il fin
(h...·tcro<ti.1::al tail)

6, Eye

7. C:ill d1t~
l'l Pc,c.tor.ll fin
9. 1>cJv1c fin

10. Anll fi n

Figure 8 .2 A phcxonucrogr.:iph ofpbcoid sc:tlt."S. Figure 8.3 Shark jaw5 (a) :md (b) a d'-'uilcd view
showmg f(J\~ of r('plat·etntut teeth (scale m 111111).

J. l'-.:.l:uop1-:rygoquadr3.te '.}. Meckel'.!. ornlagc

cartifa~c (u.ppt,· jJw) (l o ,·1.tcr ja,\I)

2. Plac:oid f<"<'t h 223

• A Photographic Atlas tor the B1olog,, Laboratory

l

3

Figure 8 .5 Tl~ muscul.mm.-ofd1t jaw.gills,:md pectoral fin

('Ii .;i d~fi~h .s-l~ rk.

1. Lev.nor hyomandibul:u.· 5. Facial ncrw

2, I CV'.'ltC'lr of pt<'tOl";'ll fin (hyo111:1ndihol:1r hr.-1,ch)

3. Vc."uo-.tl (br:mdllal) constrictor 6 . Maml.ibuhr adduc:tor
ii, Spira1:ular muscle 7. Vc11trnl hyoid C• tt)l(riCtOr

----·!r:::-----.!__
1,r'---

4 - -------1

- - - -- '.....'---'_;;_-7
---8

5

figure 8 .6 A vcmr;il vi,.,.,. of tlw hwohr.i.nchi:al muscul:u·urc d d1c dogfi.,h

sh.uk

Figure 8.4 A \'t'uttal view of thi: J. Dc-prc.~~or ofpcctor:tl fi n 5. Vc-na-.-il br;mdnal con.s.trktot$
c.inihgmous s kdc-1on of:1. mak 2, Con11n<.111 ('(1racoar('ual 6. lutnm;mdibuJJris
dogfi.ID ~hark, 3. Linc:-.3 alba 7. Vt•ntral h)<oid con:-a-ic:ror
~- M)•p.1.xi..U musc.·IC'
I. ~fataplt.'J)'g:Oquadr.itc camllgc 8. M:uu.libubr a<lduc:tor
(uppfr j.1w)
Figure 8.7 A h1\~r:1.I vi<'W ofthe ;ixi.al mu~cul:uure o l1hc dogft\h $hark
1. Hypobr;;inchtll canil.:i~
I. Hornmntal st·ptum 4. lateral bw1<lk o f' m yonwrc
3. H;.~:11 ~r1ilagc. 2. JlypaxiaJ m}'•ml·n- portion
S. Vl"ntrJ...I bund.le oi myo11h>rl"
4. P<X."tor.11 liu
5. Trunk vnh•brae :\. P:~):lxi11I mycull('!\~ portioo

6. Cam.bl fin
7. Cawhl Wl'lebr:ie
8. Pdvic 6 11
<). (..U$JH."f"

lO. R ostrum
11. Clu,nd1\1<.ran111m
12.•\foda.·J"s c:artila1:,1t• tlow1:r jaw)
13. Viscer:1! l.t'Chc.-s
14. l•t>.(10f:ll girdle
15. R.1di.il carcilagt> (of penoral fin)
16. Cl'racotrid1i:1 (<>( p«'tor-.il fin)
17. Ant('rior don;2J fiu
t8 1•dvic girdle
19. Postl"rior <lorsal fin

224

(, •Vertebrate D1ssec11ons

72 1;

,, ((,

8 17
18
9 19
24 20
21
3 22
4 23

10 24

s

___.__#,, II

figure 8.8 T hl' u1h.'n1:iJ anatomy ofa uo lc dof1ish shark.

1. Rtght lol,c oflivtr (r('tlc-.:ted) 7. 1~~ 1,hagu~ . .

2. Pyloric sphin cta v:tlw 8. Stomad1 (cardiae n:g 1ou)

3. Srom.1ch (pylonc n:gion) 9. Kidney

"· Spleen Io. Rcct.il g.laud
5. Spir.ai v:tlw iut<.."3tiue (iJcum) 11. Clwic:.a

6. T..~~tis

,_,.

Figure 8.1 0 TI,e supc:1f1cu.l :md internal :i.n:icomy o[ :1

dot,rfish shark (liv<.·r re-nw-.•1:d).

I. R ostrum 13. Clo:ica

2. Nos11•1I 14. Cl:1.<;1,cr

3. Moudi 15. AB'l"rCnt b r.u whial ant-r)•

4. P:ir:i.br:mchial ch::unbcrs 16. Ventral ':l.oru

f igure 8.9 111c hc:tn ,giUs, :md Juoci:ucd \'t..'Ssck of (gill clcti) 17. Atrium
5. H(:tn
:t (iof:_,tish .shark. •~. ( ;tll '\IH
6. cm 19. V.:ntridt•
1. Ventral ao11J 7. l'·.trJbranchial chambc:n
2, Conu.s atten<ttus 7. Pccto r;il girdle (c ut) 20. J>cctOT.u fin
(g;il deft) 2 1. l)c)f$II aort.,
~- Gastrospknic ::.rtt ry
3. Gilk 8. Atrium
9. Stonur:h (rd:k'Ct..-d} 22. Kidney
4. Vcmr-id.e 9 . Pencar<l1:i.l cavuy 10. l'1n,rc1S 23. l)()fc;al tin

5. Pcctor:il ~itdle (cul) IO. Tr.inwcr..:t· ~plluu IJ. Sp!L"t'n (refl t"ct<.'tl) 2-t R<.·cul ~aud
12. h,cc....Q'.me (reflected)
6. Afi'ercltl br;mchl:tl lttc-ric.·s 11. .Liwr 25. l•tl\llc till

225

~

"'

44

s

5

~

8

72

9

.2 R ) ;.~-· __ -..-,__;'

3

•I

Figure 8 .11 A vmo-.i) view ofthe imcrn:d respit'.ltmy ,m:uomy ofthe dogfi.sh Figure 8.12 A vcn tr.d view ofd1~ br;anchi..:11 drcubno11 \",( the dogfid1

shark Oowc.•r j:i.w cue an d rd1..:cted). )hark Oo\wrJa"' cut .:rnd rdiet:t~<l).

I. 0 1•3.I c:w,ry 5, Tongl1¢ I S<:1ped1:1J Jrtcry 7. f-lypobr--nch1aJ Jntry
2. Ef1i•tt.·nt br:1uc.·hi:iJ Jrtl•rt'.::,. 8. 1-le-.ut
2. Pharynx 6. Spir.1de :). Sulx h v,an :lrrcry 9. .-\nter1<u· cpi~Mric :im~ry
7. C,U :.1rchcs 4 E.xte,rual carotid artery 10. Dor~al aorta
.'\. r1.m1hr:mchL'.l) c.h:unbers 8. Gill rake,; 5. Aifercm bran chfal :am·ri1.~ I1. Cdi3c :irtcl)'
6. \.t•utr.t1 aorta
(gill c,k A)

4. Teeth 9. lmc-rnaJ gill slil'i (5)

., V<"ntr:J carotid :lrtery Olfactory p il ,,:;/
OphcOO.bnic am.'T)'
O lfactor y artcri.· , \ I ~l.

Staped.1al 3rt..:r>' ~ E..ff1:re1tt AJft.-rerit b r.mchi:J artl'ry \ ! ·: lnfr·r1otJUgu b r V('i11
~L ''• \ h vx,iJe-an J rR r y
Couus 31n·noi.:us J f f/. ~ ' I V,uo-al ,o,·r,
•
7 Fllertnc hr:ti'K'h,.,I l-ltp3.l1C \f(:l') J ~L ;L,._-a;•>-~I J \ t r i w 11
i\J1t<.'"t1or c 3rdui3I VC11)
: l l' k ' l ' l ( : (
Subcbvim vein
Bradual vdu Ventr ic l e

Suhd:wi.:111 ;Ulf1'Y Sums vt.-nosu.s
C,:()mmau c~rdu1.11 win

• Po5tl'rmr
.___ c:trdinal l>in~

.1nery

Mep..,til: V<:111 /l (U1UJ,

Cel"c •nery J..II\ P().stcriur can:hnal \Yin
H cp:mc ;i11 ery ..•, .,. r. 1

P .11l (t'(..'ll'H' <'l- G~trnht>P3tic artt•ry Elftr('ut rtnal w ms

mC$1':tltc-r1<: ,u-tcry G.l~tr1i: :irr~ry

lntramt(-st:in:l1 J.=,;ll f~ Postc-rwr

,11·tt-1y fl; lfi:i(' :lr f< ty

Amt.-rior Ren:il l:>1)rtJI w 111 11n t '

~iuh.'lituul

Ammln :at1:ry

Atl:ere-nt re,ul veins -C I, \ :-1 L:uc,-.'11 :lhdomuul vein

f l·moral Jrtcry // Jliac vt·in 1 "'- C.Jo:1.t:al w iu
Ft-cnorJ I vein " \ : Caudal \'Cm
A

'..~. ..

Figure 8.13 T he am:ries of:1 dt>gfish sh3!k. figure 8.14 Tht> vd.ns o f :1 dogfis h sb:lrk.

"""''

:::l

00

Supcriid:J uphdu lmic

l l t ' T \' ( ' $

Olfu:tory bulb

/ - --.---- Te-rmina1 nerw to

O pti 1• llltl'\'C II ll
12
~ \ - Oifocc,wy ncrw I 2 13
3
•[ ...,.. .,.... j~l Olf.lcrmy tr.1<:-t 4
6 ,• · fc le11i::t1•h:ilo n 5
rrc • - .
D1e11ctphllvn <,
__ Epiphys is 7
O<:ulo11}0tor f'J<:T vt fl I 8
Mt.'scnct.-pha.lon {optic lobe)
9
~. =±,,~ ~1JIJ r "l_ Ot"t"P ophthalmic
.-~ \ nerveV
~- ·
Abduccus n~rvcVl
-
-• · fr ige-nmu t .\r1d far1~I
L:ncr:al n.-ctus m u-sdc- ncn.:t1V .md VII
~ Aundt.'
M er.:.·ncc1,h~k,n - - - , _. Me<lull:. 1)bkmg;tu
Hymn1.ndibubr ------f--- - - ±- · ..
Clossoph:u·y.n~t'a1
n cr,-eVII
11erw lX
Audm>r)' u.erve VII I Ptum.31 ganglion

I • "" ~· :: ,..- - V:i.gus ner ve X

Spm.-J conl

S.pinaJ nervi.~.\ 1 : -_ Lucr;al uci'\.'c (ofX)
\:
Ur.u:.lu:tl IICl'\lt' - - -+ - - - - - .1 H )•pobr.1cl1i.tl

(ofX) nt.•rvc

\ \i ~ -...· 1 Viin:r..l! 11-e.nx: (o(X) figure 8.16 A dnr$.'ll v1ew of the d ~ h h br:uo ;lnd >cosnry

uri;ans. Portio1L'- of 1hc: chon<lrotr.uu um haw b..-c:n :.Jt.3\'t'<l away.

I. Rostrum 9. GiU

2. <)lfactory buJb II). T ngcminal n~rvc \ ~ VII

3 . O l(J~tol'}· ucrv..: I 11. Tcknccphaloo

4. O ptic nt.'rw ll 12. Mt•scnCl•plu lon (optic lobe)

5 Eye 11. Mctcnccrh:iloo

6. C h ond.rocrauium Iii. l\·k dull.a oblo n1;,1ta
7. Sc1nic1rcufar c3.11.aJ 15, SpiruJ cord

figure 8.1S A do r~ I view of d1e dog:6.~h brain. t"rJ nu J ue-s,'\.'S. :md -:ye nmsck:s. 8. V:ag:us n<.'-r\'l' X

•Vertebrate D1ssect1ons

Superclass Osteichthyes - Class Actinopterygii

2
3

4
5
6
7

8

figure 8.17 T he C'XtN'u:il .m:notn}' of 2 1>ct.:h.

I. Anter ior d orsal 6n -t M:mJ iblc 7. Pt..·ctoDI fin 10. Po:.1crio r dorsal fin 13. Anu.,;

2. Ep: 3. Ot•utary 8. 1\-lvu.: fiu 11. Caudal fin
12, An:\I 6 n
;t Nc,q.crih 6, Opctculuin '>. l~tc-ral line

--- - - - - -- - ·• • •Figure 8.18 G:moid scak-s. pn.-~::ut m prinutwc fisfo:s like dtl." !:CJr, :m.- ,:ompos,:d ofsih•1:ry iµnoi u on th~ wp !it1rfac1:" :mtl bunt• on th:: bottom.

Tivo dtfll'rcm sizes :.re sh own (:i) and (h) (sc..Ue in n uu).

Posterior Anterior Posterior Ant erior

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •Agure 8.19 Cydoid s~:aJcs. 3long with ctc:noid scak-s (Fig. 8.20), 111111111111111111

an.· fouud on adv:mced bony fish l.".S.They ;ire- much th.inner :rnd mort" Figure 8.20 Ctcuoitl S(.·JJes Jiffcr fro m ..:ydoiJ sta.k"S iu tbal they
h:wc combli~ ndgcs on the exposed cdgt.•, tho ught w improve
Oexibk cJun ga.11oid f.t;'ales :.u.d o,·ertar each other (5<'.-lle iu 111.n),
~·w 111u11ir1g: cfficit-n~· (:icale 111 n)m).

229

• A Photographic Atlas tor the B1olog,, Laboratory

f igure 8.21 T he

skdc-ton ofa perch.
1. Anterior dol'$al fiu
2. 1~i11 spine,.
3. Ncurocrau ium
4. J>rcm:ixilla
5. .\1:u::i1b.

6. DcnC'.11) '

7. <.)peteultlr bo,~e<-
lt -i>eccor.tl i:in
9. l\~lv,c fiu

I(J. 'km.·bra l colu mn

1I l>o~rci-inr iiM~'II fiu

J2 . Soft r.t)'S
J3. C..tud.ll fin
1-1. Ncur:J :,;pine

15. H!'l(:llUI $JHllC

16. Ana.I liu
17. Rms

Gill Poster io r
dors;-tl fm
lJr,un
Un)b>c111tJJ Opmiug
Esophlgu~ (oudt'i from kiJr1t'Yi :md ov.uy)

Lwc r Figure 8.23 The
Pd\'k6u vis:ccr:l of.1 perch.

figure 8.22 T he anatom)' of a pcrdt. l. Epa.X1a1 nlUSdes
2. Swn1a,h
J. GHI
4. l-1¢3tt
5. Pyloric cat-c-um
(,. Livt't (cm)
7, Paocrt.u
8. Vt•rtebr.Jc
'J. Ur-inary hhddc-r
10. Gonad
11 , t\1hl$
12. hnt-stiut•

230

Class Amphibia •Vertebrate D1ssec11ons

17

15 • 18
3
19
16 • 21)
4 2

19 3 21
6
22
7
4 23
s
s
21 6 24
?
7 ,_.,
23
s
1(1
9
24
11 IO· '26

,_,. 27

12 U, 12

27 2S

13 I~

29
14 30

·31

15

l4 16

figure 8 .24 A dorsal view ofthe frog skdeton. Figure 8.25 A vl'"mt:ll vww of,he fo>g $.kdtt(ln

I. Nas:il bont• 1-1-. Phabngt.-s of dig:iL,; 1. M.:ax,11:i 17. Prco,:ncill:i

2. Frontop:trier.i.l bone 15. Squamos:il hon~ 2. P.lbtin.: lS. Voml.'.'r

J 1•1~1:wges of digits 16 Q uadra(~l•f?;;\I boo ~ 3. Pter,•i;oiJ bone 19. OcntM)'
4. Exoctlpit.d bone 20. Par..sph('noid bum.·
4. Mct.:ic:i.r~I bones 17. Tr:ansvcnc proc'"-ss

5. C:up:i.l bones 18. Radioubia. 5, Cl:.vlclc 21, Phafaoge of digtts

h S..".~. J'>UIJ 19. Svpr:'lS<.'irt•ki 6. Corarnid 22. rvlcuc:;iirp;t.J bonC'

7. Vcrtchr:l 20. Humerus 7. Gknoicl fo~.i 23. Carpal bont·s

8.T ra11s,rer.st• prot("if of 21. Tr.:uiswne proct'SS 8. Slttl) lllll 2.4, R a.i101.1J. i1:i

sacr3l (91h) \strteb~ 22 Urosrylc 9. Tr-:iu:)vcrsc procc-ss of 25. Hmm~rus

1) . lhum 23 Fcn)ur sacrll {9th) ,~rtcbra 26. Climn

10 . Ace1abulum 2-1 T ibiofihula 10. Urwtyle 27. FeuHu

11. bchium 15. Fibul.Jrt• (c:ak:mf.'mn} 11. Puhii 28. Tibiofihul:1

12. T3r~a.L boru."$ 26 TibiaJc (iur.1g.tlui) 12. .'\c:crJbulu m 29. Fibulare (cak-auetun)

1.3. Mcut:il".'21 bones 27. Distal r:u•s:iJ bones 13. lschimn Jf). Tibi:.'lle (.astrag.:ilus)

I.C.'Thr$.'ll OOnes 3 1, Dis~I car.sal hon.:-.~

15. Mcmaru J bones

16. Ph.ilin~-c-s o f dibrits

231

r::
N

Tcm1xu~hs Ptcrygmd

Ext(.•mor. c;trpi
r:idiahs

2_ -- -~ Extcmoi ;::1rpi
uhl:u-is
~3 1(1
,u,coni:us
4- 1Jlf~'
11 Uio lwu bar
5
.....'·•.~\1.f Lonpjs'(iu1us
d o rsi
'
Co(.·;;y~l·oiJiacus

...,\_ ;.~ ~~~
1 .,,,

12 · · . · , llbcus

13 _'~',i - ~ - ; ~\, """'" "'

Addu..:cor
m,igmi<

,, H Tcndo t.1k:.weus l \ w n c : us
"f1hub~ :·uncrfor
8 ,. Abdm.:t<.1r brev1:- longo<1;
dOfsal~

Figure 8.26 A dutsJJ vi,w o f the: frog muscuJJmrc (m. =- musd:).

I. Dclto1d n1. b. Bic(•ps ft-moris m. 12. Tric,·ps ietJ1oris m.

2. A nc:<incm m. 7. Gr:ici.li.t m inor m 13. 5e,mmcmbr:ulo~1s m. Fl.::xor- J1gitonnn
:\. ~~xrcrn:il .-.bdo muu l ~ 1,c1'<ln(':11,;. m , 1-1, G.asttQ,c;ncmitl.$ m. brcvis.
Figure 8.27 A diagraLil ottlH· dors:il frog niusculal ul\:,
oblique m. 9. Utissimus Jorsi m.

4. C lure-us UL 10. Lon~issim us dorsi m .

5. Pirifonuis m. l 1. CotCYf.."'•oitiacus u 1.

St<:n1or3d iafu. Mvlolwoid

Deltoid

3 ' l r 1 t c p$
8
(~rnMi(
4
9 (;~,c1li<-
11u j o1
LO Adductor Jon.!,."ll:i;
11 GrJC1' Addu..:tor maguus
6
12 1\111l0 1' ~ C _ Exu.•,uor cruris
13
Ca~tnx:ne1nius. ~V"......,... Tib,a.lu, a11te-f'ior
7 14 T ibi"l~ JJOStlTl<.lr IClngus

16 T1b,:.lu, :1.mc-nor
l>rc:vi.~

T:u~:ih~ :interior

flgure 8.28 A ,x·u1tal ,·1ew of th,: (ro~ m usculature (nL -= mus,dc-).

I . Mylohyokl n 1. 7 . ( ;:ttn ornemi11, m. 12 . Cr.ic.ilis m,lJOI' 111

2. Dch o id m. S. Palin:u-is lougus m. 13. CrJcifu minor m.

.3. Pt.-ctor.Uis ru. 9 Sartorius m. 1-1. Tibi.llis poacrior m.

4. Rc,:tus abJ.oo.imii: 1f1. (cu t and n:tk~tc-d} 15. T ibi31is a rHcrior m.

5. Tricc:ps frmons m.. LO. Addlllt.·tor lo ub'US m. 16. Tendo ~akancus orFigure 8.29 A rlugram th¢ vemr:tl frog 1n uso1l:u11tc:.

(1. Satt(lc<ius m 11, Af'ld1,:;c;tM nugou..- 1H

"ww'

• A Photographic Atlas for the B1olog,, Laboratory 7
8
Figure 8.30 A dor~I ,•iew
o f the lc-g musdci of:a frog "

{in =musdt.•). 10
11
I. C lute-us m .
12
2. C l1r:1nco~ 3b<lo1111nit u\
3. Piriformis m . u

4. Se.iirnu c-mhr.mosus m .
(<'-ut au d r<·Occtc:J)

5. (._~r.u;-1l is m111or m .
b. Pt.·roncul. m.
7. Coccygcoih.acus m .
!:{, Tn<:e-~ 1eiu oris m,

(cm :Uld rd k-cr,;:d)

9 . lli:let1<. lot("rJUI(, 1n.

10. 01,~p:; fc mo rn: m.

I I, i\dductor m.agpu3 111.
12. Scmitt.•ndinosus m .

(t'Uf :w d rdlecrcd)
13. G~troc:ncmius m.

2 Figure 8.31 A wntr..d vil'W o f the
3 9 lc-s musdc:s of :l frog: (m. = muscle) .
4
5 I P.xter-n:il 3bt1001111:i1 <lblu1uc 01.
2. Triceps ll'mut;s UL
(,
3. Adductor lo ngui. m.
234 .f:. A ddoc1ur m:ignus m.
$, Scmircndrn~u~ m (cu-r}
6. Semim<.·mbr.oo:sm: m.
?. Gaswocnc-11u us m.
B. T ibiaJis p<•sten or- iu
9 . Rt·cms ;abdmuinis m.
I I) 10. Sartoriui m .

11. Gracihs m:ijor nt.
I I J2. Gracihs minor in.

13. Exti:nsor ,c·,rnris m .
14. T ib i:iJi~!11H<"1'1M )()llg11(, in.

15. Tibial.is antnior brevis nt.

•Vertebrate D1ssect1ons

10

11
12
13
14

15
16
17
I~

Figure 8.32 The mrcruaJ 11natomy ofrhe frog.

I. Exttmal c-arotid arn:ry 6. Vcmr.tl ab<lomiuaJ \·cm I.J. Rlglu atrium of htart 16. Spleen
12. Comas :1.ncriO!>us
2. Truncus ;artcri~LIS 7. K1dn(.; 13. Stomach {rt8cctcd} 17. Do rsal :ioru
14. C3Stric v1.'in
3 Lung (reO..:cr~·d) )), lli3<.' arteth.-s 15. " 01:ill un c<une 18, Large i.tncstlne {reflected)

4. Vi:ntride of hcan 9. Bfaddcr (rdlect<.'tl)

5 Live, (cur) I U. fo ngoe

235

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

.. "' 0

236

'2 I .I - ,,; -7

...2vI ' ~ <)
.. . .. & ~az ·:S \\ ·
"-' I
=3 - ~ . . : , w; r'I( t 111 3 .. ~ - .11 ;rac..:!-f '."-:.- - - · 8
IO
~- ..4 " 1. I
I
6_,. . -· - - tit $1.1s .~ 4
I
:wcm:.~ tr .... . ~4 I I <)
II
---5 ----- 7 10
12
-, - I 11

I

6 ... .,. ' 12

13

8

Figure 8 .35 A dL·<.·-p view oilbc 6-oi; visct>ra. Figure 8.36 T he :mt·riC:S and \'t•i m; of the frog trunk..

I G:1llblactdc1 7, l~ rgc ultcmoe 1, 'f ru nem :wrei·,o~i•~ H. l..fft S)'Stem ic :u'<h
2. Stomach 8. Ventr.JI abdo mi'ltll vein (cut) 2. Conus arterlosLL;,
.3. l>;ancr~s tJ. Lcfr Ju ng 3. Vc na-ide 9. Wt ki<lne)'

4. Celiaco11te!("1Hen c truuk ((1, Oviduct 4. Caud31 \"<:-n:i. 1.::iv:i 1(1, Cctli:icoantst-nlcnc lrunk
5. u ,oge1ur..l vcrns
S. Spleen 11. Ovary t I. Uro!,.tcnic:t1 arteries
6. Caudal V\'na ca\·a 12, Ldl kidm.·y 12. Do11al ;,l\lr t:1.

b. Right ki<l1K'Y 13. lli:u: artt'r-ii:s
?. Left lung

".w..'.

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

'"-

0

.. •~ >>C:i ~

~ 0 0 C

ii ,~ «
"'C d: (.;
>5

1u

238

Class Sauropsida (= Reptilia) •Vertebrate D1ssec11ons

Figure 8.39 A dorsal Vli.'W fl(:, ru,·dt figure 8.40 A wntr.il v1c.·w cf :i turde.

1. Eyt 5. Nostril 1, G11lat ~c:tlcs 5. Fe,nor.ll .;cJles

2. Pc-nucbctyl foor (,. Hl·ad 2. Hu1111.·r:i..l sc::aki. 6. AnaJ sc:i.ks
3. Pl"Ctoral SCa1t'$ 7. Tail
3. \'('rte-bra! sc::t1t.'1 7. Nudul scJ.lt>
4-. Alx:10111i1ul scak-s
4. M:1rg llu l scale.~ H. <X>ti.ll SC'2l.:s
{e.ucirck thL"- C.trJpac(')

Figure 8.41 fl )C skull 2 II
of.a turdt:~ 3 12

l . J>ar)t'tll bone.- 4 /
2. Supr:iOn'ipit.tl b()nc 5
13
3 . PoscorbiuJ bone (,
14
4, Ju~ I bo,,~ 7 l :i

S. Quadr.Hojug:d bone 8 16

<,. l~xocd1~ital bnoe ') 17

7. Q uadr:il...- bone 10
R. Sur1~-a11gufar l~•t<·

9 . Articuhr bone
I I). Angu l:H' hnnl!
11. Frontal botlt
12. Prefrom2I lx,nc
13. l':.\latine1' b one
14. l'w1n.lxi11:i
15. Maxilla
16. B~ak
17. lkm.try

239

~

0

12

13
' 14

.~----r-. ~~-:;,.,_.,, /{, '111111115

4
- i\-- ,; .~ .I,·-

~ ·-If. L - ' (,I' l ., . 15 . ,.._._;:_:_;__l ' o.

"•'' -" ...". -.,'."..".~~ <-- - ,4. "
------- .' "
~ --- ,._, ( "
., ' . t' l'
'I ,. , ·-~-8 ~ ~7
--~9-~:::::_ , •, ,,--· . 16
~• •r ~ u. ?
' , , - ~·

-- I.

~ .... ~~"' i ' ~ .,_•..-·, . 17 p.;_~ , - ~0
..-.t·
• - - -· 18 , . -' - '
• . ,, •
11~ lli'J.,·, C, , , , - • • - . - .. r,

i. ;t;I "

., -• ~

20

Figure 8 .42 Tbt< skck--tm:1 o f a rurdi:. (The- plas-tron is remowd.) Figure 8 .43 A ,'<'1nr:1l vi~-......., (')f rhc- inret11:1) ;m;1romy oi ,he turtle.

I. fvbuu,; (c~rpa1 $. Rih 15. A cto."lnti<Hl pr()(:<"!-" L Trachea 7. Small imi:.sdm.• 13. l ung
2. Eooplugus S. U rm.;try bladder 14. Aur ide <)I° hear,
bo11t',S, tn(•t.acarp:tl 9. Tibia 16. D<.'rmal plact- of J. Br.ichioc:q>h.Jjc trunk 9. Amii, 15. Stomach
lx:111c..~. p l,:i L'H~) 10 Filn1h ~r:ipace

2. R.:i.diu.s l l. Pt.'li (tarsal 17 . P ubis I. Vcmridc ()fhc~n lO. Comm o n cam,icl ancry U,. P.H>cre:is

3. U1n:1 bones, mc:11c=-rs:1I I X. 1:entlll' 5. Lt,:(.·r t I. Subda\'fan J rtery 17. Colo n
4. Humt·rus
bom.'S. pbalan i;d) 19. Jsduu1n (•• GaUbh.dd,·t 12. Aortic :m:h
5. Proconacoid 20. C;iudaJ w 11cl)t.lc
12. Di:nt:1.r}'
6. Scapula 13. Arttcoll r

7. Vc:m:br:i l•t Cc-rvic:il ,-endw:u.·