Van De Graaffs Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

•Select Single-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla ("Prot,sts")

( )Phylum Amoebozoa - amoebas

Figure 4.22 The A111tttl," pro1e11; 1s a fi'('shw:.ud protoroatl dlat nwvcs by formu1g cytoplasouc el\1e.os1ons t--alkd pseudopodia.

(•) Stnne.i cell, and ~,) diags,n,

I. Cdl 1llt~nlbr.i.n~ 3. Food ~cuo!c 5. N udcu.\ 7. J>~cuJopo<lia

2. Ectopl.um 4. Endoplasm 6 . Contractile v:icuol<.'.'

•

(a) 700X (bl 700X

Figure 4.23 Auwd," rmums Agure 4 .24 Protozoan l1t1tm1mcb,1 Mswlytk11 1s the causam•c 3~cnt of ;uuochic;
(stoinod blue). dyscmcry. a disease mos.r common lu areas \\.1th poor sauir.a.aoJ\,

(:i) A tmphozoitt', and (b) ;i cyst.

IOOX

figure 4.25 £x:uupltl of <oil!(" conu uotl ::unoeh:i- like org..m1sms, {.&) fol':lm uufor.lln, A«t1,M:'Cu1 sp., And (b) 1-.ldio b rb.n.

41

• A Photographic Atlas for the B1olom, l aboratory
(...__ _ _ _ _ _ _P_h_y_lu_m_ A.p;.._lc_o_m""p"_le_x_a_-_ P_la_sm_ o_d_iu_m_ _ _ _ _ _ _....,)

(b)
Figure 4.26 Tiu.· protozo,111 Plasmodium .folrip,inmr causes malaria. whit:h l\ tr.msmiucd by the femaJ~ A,ropltrlo· uK>,HtHim.

(2) The ring st2ge iu a red hlo..1d ccU, (b) a do uble infoction, (c) ,l d eveloping schizom , ;md (d) 2 g..memq1:c.

( ., )Phylum Metamonada and Phylum Euglenozoa - flagellated protozoans

figure 4.27 T h<.· protozoan lOOX IOOX
'Jii,lfl>1111>1u,.s uNiu,tli.s 1• the <:~lt-ari\~ ll!;Cllf
of rnchomoni-:1$is.Tnchom.oni:t.<:is ss Figure 4.28 The prO(ozoon figure 4.29 A fl:agdbtcd pmto:m.m.
a.,) tnfbounaoo,, of the: gernt•urin:iry lrish111,wir.t d,,,,.,wmli i., chc c.111~~tn-e 'Jiyp,1,w.si>rn.•1t,nu.-i. i<. th¢ <'.lu$."'lrive ,lgcm
m ltt~aJ ~urf:te<.-s--tht: un.'thrn. vul\l:t.. :agent of lci.-.hm:u1iasis, or bb--:u::i.r ofuyp:i.nrx.ouu:w.s, or Afrk.1n ~kx·ping
\i:igiJu, and ccn•ix u, fcm:ales :11KI 1lh' di_<:case, iu bm11.an~.The ~1.ndl1>' is .s.i~kness.11H· t!tt.5\' Oy ~ the infectious
ure-tbrJ. prostate. :uxl * mioal V\':iid,:s in du· inf«tious host ofthis di:H.~ast'. host ofchis dist:JSt: in hum:ms.

tu2!e$. l Tf}'p.mos.:,md bmtri

2. Red blood c,·U

200X

Figure 4.31 A specit.-s of Eugfrua.

l. l¾irttm}1k111 OOJ)' 2. rbotorctt•pwr

Figure 4.30 A d iaf,or.1m o( Ei,gle11,1, a g~nus offJagdl:m:s th:tl
.:l')nt:rin5 cbloroph.su.Thcy arc- freshwat,•r o rganisms 1h. :u h:we a
Oc."!jl:)Je pdhdt rlthcr d)an 3. rigid ccll ,\f:).)L

I. l.Ot'lt lfagdlu in 6 Chlon,pb....-t 208X
2. Pltoton.·o:ptor
.\. E)'C>J)OI 7. N udt·t1s Figure 4.32 A s1xdf.>4 <lf h •.l!·'w,, from a hra<:kish hkc.
4. Contra«:lik v;iruolc
s l'elh,k.

9. Cl·U membraue

5. R.:.·scrvoir l U. P:lr:uuylon g.r:inule I. Pl'llick 2 . rhotoreCt'ptOr

42

•Select Single-Celled Eukaryote Superg,oup Phyla ("Prot,sts")

( )Phylum Ciliophora - ciliates and paramecia

figure 4.33 '11r,1mi-(1'11111 r.u,..111111111 ,:,,: "

cilu1ccl protozo-an. The po1sono u~ rrichOC)'$ts ~1f

the..se u uicdlubr ()tl}lnisms are- used ior dcfen.se

.rnd capmriJl&prey:

I. Pdlid~ 7. Form ing food

2. Conrr.1i:ole V-.lrnole \'!,l('ll()IC

3. MJcro11ucku:i 8. Gullet
9. Or:il g-i:oo,~·
4. Cdia

5. TTiC'h<>-C)'Sl 10. Mkronudeus
6 1=ooc1 \':'ICUO!e

6 78 9 10

2
3

430X

Figvre 4.34 N1mmt'l'i11m t ,111..J,1111111 is 3 ciliated prou.~o:in, Figure 4.35 P,m1t1tf'l'imt1 b1,~•,ui,1 i:> a wlicelJu.lar.! lipp('r-:-ih.nped

P:i~mel'i:l. :u'() usually commot) m poorl$ com:tim ng <le<~•ing organi.$m.\Vh en d isrnrhcd •r 1hre:i1enc-d. dl l':)' 1-clea<t" !;pc:ir like
trid1(>ty:.ts ~ a <lde11Se.
o rg:mic maa.:r.

I. M-lc.'."mtlllClcus 4. Pellicl-t> 1. T rich ocysc.s 3. !vlicronudcm,
2. M!'l('m,m clc•u~
2. Cotnr.ll"tik \'at:uok· 5. C ilia .a, Pd lidt>

3. Micronudcu s

z

(a) 430X (b) 430X

Fig ure 4.36 {a) A Pi,n:mrttim11 sp. in fission. and Figure 4.37 A pn:p:m~d .slide shl'>Wing:.. group of
P.m1mrrim11 ~p.
(b) :a A11m11tri11m iu conjug:iaon..

J . /vhcronudc-us .'\. Coiu r~nilc- vacuole

2 Ma.c r011udeui

43

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology laboratory

.430X' 150X

figure 4.38 H(J.rJ1tidi1u1t ,·(Iii, che t"AO~IIV(' :'Jgtlll ()f Figure 4.39 .'\m1m, Sp.,:) ii'CC-a$\\>UUllli11g forn1 th:u h.1t
ad,,.ptcd ;in oval shap,·.
bal:mtidi:ssis. Cy~ts in sewa~t•-c.:om:uni11:-Jtcd ,v.itc-r are the:
infecuvc fonu. 1. C ilia 2. Macrouud,•us (mo11i)jfonn)

Table 4.2 Some Representatives of Protista: Pri marily Multicellular Organisms

Phylum and Representative Kinds Characteristics

Alga e

Phylum Chlorophyto-grecn algae Unicellular. colonial. Olamcntous, and multicellular platclike forms;
mostly freshwater. reproduce asexually and sexually; undergo

alternation o f generations

Phylum Phoeophyto---brown algae. giant kelp Multicellular. mostly marine often In the Intertidal zone; most with
ahemation of generations

Phylum Rhodophyta-.cd algae Multicellular, mostly marine; sexual reproduction but with no
flagellated cells: alternation of generations common

Protlsts Resembling Fungi

Phylum Myxomycoto-plasmodial slime molds Mul tinudeated continuum o f cytoplasm without cell membranes;

amoeboid plasmodium during feeding stage: produce asexual
fruiting bodies: gametes produced by meio.sis

Phylum Dlctyostellomycoto-cellular slime molds Solitary cells during feeding stage: cells ~ggregate when food is
scarce; produce asexual fruiting bodies

Phylum Oomycota-water molds, white rusts. and DecomP.osers or parasitic forms: walls of cellulose. dispersal l))I
dO\vny mildews
nonmotile spores or flagellated zoospores. game tes produced
by meiosis

(___________P_hy_l_u_m_ C_h_lo_r_o..p;.._h_y_ta_ - ..g.;_r_ee_n _a_lg;;..a_e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-)

Figure 4.40 OJ,·1my,fo,rwn,u r.p.,a conuu on umc~Uubr gn=t'n :tlga. Figure 4.41 CM:imyrfonu•mis n/J11tl;'s,, the common $ 1l(>W alga.

44

•Select SmgJe-Celled Eukmyote Supergroup Phyla ("ProUsts ')

2

Figure 4.42 A lnbit:it shot of C!1lamyttv11wudS ,um/u Figure 4.43 A C.011l11m sp. culoll)'• G,mum sp. i,; .:i 16<dk-<l
fl:u colony of CM.:1mydom,w1u-like cclk
cre.mng ·',·ed snow."

I . 011!111,y,lomomu uimlis .2. Snow

Figure 4.44 /J/;;)"'(l.ori11,1sp. ~ ;I 111ultM.:elJ111Jt L'Olony (01ko figure 4.45 A cl().k- 11[>o(chc ~urface of H1h,1,\' ~,,.• i;howu,g
64--cdk·d) rd.1.ti\fe of c,,,~r,11ytl(l'1WJIM and 11,1i11.,.>:.
du·. iutc,rc01mt'Ctions bt.•tw~-en ci:Us.

1. Vt.-g<.-tativt• n·lls 2. C)1opla..smix cmu 1e.:tion

hern-een (ells

2

IOOX

Figure 4.46 A V.,/1-'t?-.,. Sp.Three .\!ep,11'.lte organi~,u~ 3rc shown Figure 4.47 1\ $u,gre V(l/~•cw <p, •rgJni~111 wid1 ~<:v1:ral li'l.,.'<'
iu this photomicmgraph. Clch cont.lining d:iu~h ter cu!oui<.-s of d:i.ui;htt·r coloni~.

\'J rt0\1$ :l¼,l\.'S. I. D.augbtcr c:olon.l<."1

I . hn m:itu1\' d:iugluer colo ny 3. Vegetative.· c c.•lls
2 I hught(T ('oJooits

45

• A Photographic Atlas for the B1olo~ Laboratory

Manin:- l{>huv (11) w1tl1
JJughte1· colonies (r1)

Ynuu~ M>J,,t>x {11)

\ Asexual cycle V~gct:uiw cdl

Zygospore (2.,1) •# ... I

....................-.. ..,...•...t't ..,.,,,.

~~

.. . .... ..____··i·~•W'•..·-.···~..,. .... '.,..:,.• ,~.:,:-.~.•

..•....• •• i.• ,,
~
M.J lu r..·

tlaui;hh.·r <:olouy {11)

Sexual cycle

/.,}•gore (2.11) Egi, (")

\ Sp(.·rm pai:kct
foUowing n.·l<."A.~1."
Sp..:..ran
\Vall of m:itun .· r[-./1\.ix

Figure 4.48 The hfe cyde r,f Volv,i:i:, a common fr\'!,,h\vl1cr chJorophytc. r,{>f">.\ i.$ ccrns.id ercd by
~me to Ix a cok1ny aud by OlherS I<) be J &ingle. i1Ut'gr•1h-:,1 plao1.

46

•Select Single-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla ("Protists ')

3
2

Figure 4.49 V.,Jnw sp., :t single m:zitur~ specimen Figure 4.50 A singlc m:mttc sp<.-cUnt!n of H1/uw sp. This
photon-ucn.'lf!r«ph ,s a highly magoilied vkw of :1 sil)gle-
wich rever.aJ eggs a11d Z)l,.'Ole$. 1)tg;ini~m shfiwrng g;amete--.

I. Zygot~ 2. \\>gcmtive ceUs 3. Egi;:

l. S~rm p:u:kcc 3. Vl."b-Ctativc cdls
2- 1:gg

2

figure 4.51 K•/i•(w sp., showing a prcm:Um:m egg: at the figure 4.52 I('.lh,n- sp.• a 5ini;Ic 1natu.n: u ~u.iun ,vith

edgt ol th<.: (l~ll1S1l 1,This ~ w, 11 be fr-1111iud r,, devd- t)')'.;US l:,orc.:.

op :t zyi:,-ute and then J ZYb>t>spon·. J. Z ygospore
2. Vcgcmiw ccUs
1. Egg 2 Veg1.·cati\t cdls

I OOX

Figure 4.53 A livt ::.pl.'clmens of' l.'lotluix sp.. an unbr-.1nd1cJ. Rgure 4.54 L'lod,rix .sp., an m~br:1.nchcd 6bmt'nto~ i;reen al~.
lil:lmem<'l\1~ greeo :ilg:i.
I 2'10$pt>tc.<. 2. IMh\tulu~I <'C-lls (known a~ sp11r:rngi<'I

w he'u th t:S p rotlun· sport.'l)

47

• A Photographic Atlas for the B1010~ Laboratory

4 ~--,'•

~• _",..__
' 200'.lr

Vegetative stained filament Stained filament with zoospores Empty filament, after zoospores

hove been released

Flgure 4.55 The production :md re h.-:ise of:wo.sport.'S in th~ ~n't'n al~ L7oJ/mx lip.

I, FibnM"OC 2, Yvuui:; toosporc-s 3. Mature ioosports 4. Empty cells foUo,\ing, tov~1.11t: rekaSc.•

figure 4.56 s,~_.<1,·fo11 ium ~.•:i do9" td:u.ivc o i Figure 4.57 l)l',1(Nfmt1tdi11 sp.• j Figure 4.58 (li't1~1/mu "I>· w ,th
l.Jl<•tl1rix.showini :a brandlcd lkdlui,. rdativc o( Ufot},rix. showing <liiferc-nt <listim:t ..a.pic.".'.d ,_.ap~·• th..1t act.:nil· from
cell sizer; in che th:illus :lnd .l
ccll dwl'.iou in dlis ~enus.
c har.1c:1eriscic branching patt<.·rn. L Apical caps

2 - - - --- , 430X

figure 4 .59 A young Flgl.l'e 4.60 (a) O.•t~0111'wt1 sp.. :i. fiJ:unc.•ntous.• unbr.mchc.'11. gJCl'Jl al~:t.
tihmcnt of ()r1l1~t11i1u11 (J>, (h) Cf()S:e~np nf !'Ill oog._"'lllllHH.

I . H:i~I cell J. Ongoni:i 3. B:t.~:i.l hoklfasc n .'U
2. Holdfast 2. Amhr.r1dm111 4. H1.>lrlfa:o

48

•Select S,ngJe-Celled Eukoryote Supcrgroup Phyla ("ProUsts ')

Zoosporaob11tun

C.crnm1:1ti11g . ..••\
zoospo1'C (u} •

G~rm in:uiIig Asexual cycle Spc:n n {11)
1y~(1)()re
/•..•,•... ""'F~rtihz.adou porl."

••
G<'.tnl1 n:m ng
7.(1ospa rc

M:u111•c tilaalH'nt {11)

Sexual cycle

f e r ll zallon

( Anthertdium

orFigure 4.61 Tht: lift.- <..1·dt· O·,fog<,m'um sp.. :m unb r.mth e<l, 6 bml"utOUS i;rt'Clt .t1f?.

49

• A Photographic Atlas for the ll1olo©< Laboratory

2
J

figure 4.62 The oogoniwu ofdu~Ultbr:mcht-d green figure 4.63 An oogoniu m w1d1 m:uurc- c-s.,~ .lnd
dwarl" ntah- 11hment
alg;i, Oerh,$""ium !{',
I. Egg
I. Dwarf ma.It fibment 3. Dcvdopiug ci;i;
2, Oogc.)uimo .a Wgct1ti\1e cell 2 . Dw·.uf m;ile fibmcm

430X 600X Figure 4.66 The zoosp<>rangr-
um oi dH.• unbr.in chcd gre<.11 alga,
Figure 4.64 A iilammt of the Figure 4.65 T ho ~n-<·n alga. Ot:d0$,1Wlium )1,1'•
Oed1~1ml11m sp., shmving amhcricli;i
green .1lga, ()._.,/~,l(lt1iut1t sp. ben\'<:tn vegerno,-e ct·lls. I . Zrh1spor:u1gium

1. Am1ula.r S¢ID fro.tu cdl diviSKm I. Sperm wnhin .unhc-ridi:a 2. Zoospol\'
2. Antheridia 2. N uck•us ofvc.-g:<.-tativc cell
:t Spenu 3. V<"g·etarive- cdl

2 .\
4

Figure 4.67 The gt'nus Spirog)''U ,m~ 61:u uentous ftn!eU alg;ic commonly found i n gi-ccn Figure 4.68 Tbe fil:un.:.·nn of
Spiti)!y1,1~p.• showing ioiri:.til
,n:i'I~ oo rhc 'll1l'foc<'s ofpoo"' :111,d !,t~3n,-..'l'hc1r c.hloroph~~ :'II'<" 3,1'1-anged :i!; :l srn~I vmh\n contact ofc:onjugatiou tube'~

the cdL (:1) S<-...-c1-.il t:clts compose :a lil..mu.·nL (b) A magnific.-d \"ICW of3 single- 6hn11.•n1 I Cr>11iug,i.1i1,·1, 111hc
2. P~•n.·uo itl in c:b.lorvpl.ast
<:on1pri!;e.,_t o(sevuaJ ctUs,

I. Sis,gle all 2. Fihmeuts .:t Cc!J wall 4. C hlomp la~

50

•Select SmgJe-Celled Eukaryote Supcrg,-oup Phyla ("Prousts ')

Gt·rnunauou

M..:inuc- lil:unl".m s (u)

'Tiu-c<' uud;."1 :we Con)lgatlon
11¢11fi1n<"no1u l lnllalecl

'

Zyi;o~por~ {2n} - -+--cE:0m11jrcuyg<c'ltmdlg.Cp'lt;' ur
Rgure 4.69 The life cydr: o( Spiro?{yr,1, a co1n mon frc."S hw:m.•r grcr:n a.le,"!l.
51

• A Photographic Atlas for the B1olo~ Laboratory

figure 4.70 T\VO 111:Hntnis <>( Spi11igrr,, t;p w ith :iph11ert1)('1r('S,

1. Apb1lQ~J>MI." 2 C ell w:ill

,•..-.. l -- 4

2-----,z/~~ '

- HHJX (~) ,. . , IOOX l (H)X
Figure 4 .72 Z.r.g•m11<1
Figure 4.73 %r.gnt111<1 s,,., showing tm) t,,catt01\;; o( figure 4.74 Selt:-fc-rtllc ~pcc>es cl
sp. fi.l:uw:m, showing the
~:i.r-shapcd dtl<iropl:ms. foml i1~1non, (,) in thi' t:01~ug:uion 1uhe ~ud (ll) iu .~,iU?l!')'f.:l !ip. A g:inH'h~ h:t.~ m.igr:ued

I. Cell w~II cdls orone c..11 the coujugati11g filame nts, lrOm the uwcr <.'dl ll) form a tyy;,.'O(e •O
2. Chlorol_'l-,t d1c IO\,tr cd l
3. Pyrc noid I , Fu,.ing W'!llh'fl"$ J. Cc-II w31)

2. Zr~otc 4. Coujug::nion tube- 1. Upper crU 4. C',onjugation

2. l ower ccU tube:

J. Chloroph.~t S. Zygoc.;,

o,)Figure 4.75 Z>:i:.."u111't $?, undergoing c-.01.iji1w1tiou. (a) Tl1,: Figure 4.76 Conjug:uion in
Spil"t!tJY"' ~1,
lib,ncm ,-: JttU r...n n 1ng ~oojlfg:ni<m rub("},;: and nm
L CdJ-be:a:ring zygote
t·org ugated 61.um:nu.. .) ZygoteS; 2. Zyg<ite
4. Cm\jug;ation tubt• 3. Cdl dm tli.U not couJugatt'
I 1>cvc-Joring g:im-:.'tN

2 . D,:vdopit!g t·oi\juption tubt-s

52

•Select S,ngJe-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla ("Pro~sts ')

450X

f~ure 4.77 D<."lmid 0<,,·rm'um sp. Dt-smids J.rc: f igure 4.78 G1;1muiwn .Sp.• :i dt:~mi<l. so(.m after cd!
u n.icdlul:ar, frcs.h w:1rc-r chlnmphyt.:1 that reproduce
~.xua.Ur ~., <:<>njug-Jtio11. diviuon fo rming :t new '(cmiccll.

I. Ni:w k'nlicd J 2. D1vi<lin~ cell

figure 4, 79 Zygospon: oft1,._. ck'$mid 300X figure 4.81 Drsmitlm,11 sp.• a
f igure 4.80 DdmiJ .Hrmisrrri,u sp. filam.<.'ntous (coloni.al) dl~~mid.
C.-.sm,t1ium sp.

I. Empt~• cell dm h,u bt'cn invok ed

IU COUJ ll ~OOU

2. Z)•go,,;pore

Figure 4.82 Se~ lcm,ce. , .'l,.w SJ),, which 1iw< :i<; :a 1l;n memhr.:in<n1~ c hlomphyre figure 4.83 lvbg:,iti<"d ,•1(;\v ofrhe

in marine cnvironnicnL<,. surface of F..11kmt,1(JqJli.r imtstm ,Jis.

C111r-n1m11rpf1n is closely t'elatc<l t<i UIV(I

53

• A Photographic Atlas for the 01ology Laboratory

, =200?4

Figure 4.84 Tl1t• 61:um:-nt.\ of Figure 4.85 A llydnxl,rzy,.,,i sp. Tht' lug::. multin udt'ated 1.:dh: form net-:JupcJ cokm..it'i-.

C:l,Jdc1,l11>r<1 sp.'Tili> 111embc.·r o ( I. Individual cdl 2. N uclei ofcd)
dal>S Ul\'ophyc..-:ie is (Ound 111 b(l(b
fro hw:Her :md m:tri.ne habit:us.

Figure 4 .86 (:t) C/1,m.1 sp.
inhabits m:in.hc:s o r sk 1.Uow.

tcoi~rarc fakes , \howmg
ch:1.racttriS<1c ~ n1t·tan.gia. (b)
A 111ag11ifi·.-d vi1..•w
,,I rhc g:imeungb

I. Oogonium
2. AnthcriJitun

:t Oogonium

4. Egi:;
5. Anthcridium
6. sr~r 11,-producir'lg

c1.·Us (fihmt·nts)

~~
2'-"'-'-'------~ ~ ·\
ISO'X
l 1~

Figure 4 .87 An fat.:m1rpm -sp.• M10\\ini; pl~tuulocubr spor.i.ngil. figure 4.88 An 1-irw,,.-,tt,s .,r,.• )lt(l\vtng llnitocubr sport111g1\l.

I. Plcuroloc:ub r sporang ium I. 1.rnmaturt· mt.ilocu.Lar .\pOr:ui~wu
2. Pilamcm o f ,clls 2. M,m.ne wnlocubr sporangwm

54

•Select Single-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla ("Prot,sts")

( )Phylum Phaeophyta - brown algae and giant kelp

Mature mcio~po r:wgiunt

(:Ollllllllllg n 1c1o s:po1\'S (11)

~

-I

lnunature male
gamc rophytc (u)

.v1.:nure ~po rophyte (211) M:alc g;imt.'iophyt1,.• (")
Femlzofion
O~tmium
Z)' b'Ot t.· {u) F1.•mak· i:t;um:top hyt<:- (,i)

figure 4 .89 T he life cycle of L m111'1writr, a common k.dp.

55

• A Photographic Atlas for the B1oloi:,< Laboratory

Figure 4.90 lt.ock}• <<>:m o f southern Absb, sh(')\ving dc.n~c Figure 4.91 ..Sc~ 1):)lm ,"' P,Hrrl$i,, 1"!i.1l1r111ef,>,mi1, ;a c()11t1ltc,n
growths of Lhc b rown ~fg:i., Fucus sp. hmwn :Jg:1found o n the w~1t·rn coast of North Amcric:t.

2
3

j?J,, I .
>• '
'
... - - );."'.';
.
-~,.
~~--...---:·~•-~•'' ,>#,· . I . . -t_'~, .·~
2 ., ,,,.. .i4 J- ~~ '(:':
.Ha-trotysris sp.
. ~ - -- - ,.

' ~

, .\, ~
•·,

,/

3

' ,/~J

r

Figure 4.92 Some ex:.~111pks ,)(b1'<lWt'I algae, Phatophyt:1 These 1:wgc species ,U\· ..::0111m()ll.ly k1tC'>w11 :i~ kdp<

I. Bl:tdc 2. Flo:it (:Ur-fiUl-<l bla<ld t:r) J . Stipe

56

•Select Srngle-Cellcd Eukmyotc Supergroup Phyla ("Protists ')

Figure 4.93 T he kelp. Lm1im11kr ,;p.• one ofche corn11'1<)11 Figure 4 .94 /\ rirlJI pe>ol wu.h i;.>rcco, hrowo . :ind «d alg\t,
••~'3\vecds" fo wul 3 Jong tu311)' rockr coasts.

Figure 4.95 T h1.' brown :ti:µ. i\'rttW)'stts sp. It b.u :a tong sripi: ;md photosyu tht:hc lamiuac attach~d to a lar<i:::,1.· float. Thi: holdl:.St

:inchot'll d,c :alg., I"() •h ie' o~Ll i10(l1'. T h.is :1.lg.1 :me! o rhcn c.1u grow 1.0 lengd,,. ofsevcr:il m e-re~.

I. L:uuin.:t 2. R oots (air-filfo<l bl:i.dUi:rs) 3. Stipe 4. l·loldf.-t'-ts

2

3

figure 4. 96 Sm,.l!JUSlllit sp., a brown :i.lg:i common in c-h c figure 4.97 A m ix tut'I:' ofk.elps w:ishcd onto s.ho1t to fo rm
''\.,•indrow.~•· of />IJ(lr()p/iy111 !iJ' ·
Sarg:i.:;s.o .:;c:1,
57
I. Floo.ts 2. Uladc 3. Stire

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

Tr.1,~wr..-.· M.·ctiun through
receptlclc sbC>\\fi11g:
r o nc c rt~d("',

Youn~ diplo id M:mm: <liploid O ogo1m11n
,~1.,01 (2.,,) pl.1111 (2,,)
A m h crldia l
t C<"1i11re1)u<;lc Wll h
brand1
0 '""'"'' .;mth1_:.n d1a ,md oogoui:i.

\~ ~pctnt (u)

lmnl:\lltfC

and1end1:i

figure 4 .98 Tht' lifo cyd~· of Fums. :i. wmmon brown ali:;i.

58

•Select s,ng)e-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla ("Pro~sts ')

2

Figure 4.99 (a) Fuau :ip.• a brown :Jg-.1., c:ounnonly c:lik<l mdwt'ed. (b) An cul!ll'.t,re-1111.•nt of a bla<lt· supporring lhc r«epod,.·s.

I . 01:tdc 3. C:oncc-pbdes {spc.n) :ire dumlx-n cmb,·d- 4. Ilhlde

2. Rcc:epcaclc dcd iu the rc.::eptaclts

2 2

A conc-1.-pr.1de uf Figure 4.101 A close-up ofant~ridi:il Figure 4.102 A d.-o-up of
hra.nc.h o f Hims sp. .:uuhcridmm t1f P1mu ~p.
F111us sp.
t. AnthcriJial brandt I . Sperm within :mthl·ridium
I . St~rilc par:tpha.st·-s
2. An1hcridi.at h1'.lnc:hC$ 2. Aoth<-r-idmm

3
·I

5

!>(. b) •

ffgure 4.103 A .se-.::tiott through 3 Fur,,s .sp. receptacle.. (a) Low magui(i.caticm sttowing Figure 4.104 A dose-up of the bbexu:ll

thn.•-1.• coucepudc-s. :mJ (b) lugh er m:t~ific:u ion of:t single coucc.-ptadl.' w ith oogonilll. conc~pt:adt" of Fums sp.

I. 0..nol.: 3. Surface uf n•t:(•pt3dc I. Nucku:. ofegg 4. Amfo:riilium

2. P:l.t!I.J)h),es {-.rerile: h:urs) 4. Oogoumm 2. 01'>g(llllt11U !'. l ':\r:iphyst>~

3. Eg;;s

59

• A Photographic Atlas for the 81010w Laboratory
---J)(.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Ph_y;..l.u_m_ R_h_o_do...;p'-h-y'_ta_ - _re_d_ a_l.g;;;._ae_ _ _ _ _ _ _
---Spcrnu ta.i1gium

r~~ - Spt·rmatium
Tctr.i.spon-s (11) ~
fertllzaHon
(
~

l~cm:lle g.lll.X'tophytc Carpoe,'O nium
plain (u)
Tctraspor.lu~mm (21t)

C:ar p o s p o r o phy t c /
plant (2n)
Zr~,ute (211)

figure 4.105 T he lift cyde t,fthc rud ;ilg;i. f>dy$ipf11mr.1.

60

•Select Single-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla ("Prousts ')

Figure 4.106 lut<.•rtid:tl :mm:- showini; a colony of Flgure 4.1 07 Mature plant of 1.ht• r('d -alga. RlMlymmia l>'Jl.

red alg.l, Ut1t1,l!fo li-J>.

Figure 4.108 S1uaU cncrmting cokulit"S o f a $f!t.x·i~s o(re<l ,

alg;i o n :1 stone.The colonies shown a.re" brighr red a nd arl" 250X
Figure 4.109 &tAul1o!p<'rtrmm sp.. a n>nnnon lh:·shw.uer
<mh• a (e\v 111.illim~tc~ in size.
red :tlK;i·

270X Figure 4.111 /vt:mu·e l)hm of the <;omn1<1n rerl .-lg:a,
PolysipJ1.»1~r )p.
Figure 4.110 Awtil11irwJ!t1 sp. i.( ~ frc.shw:ucr m~ml;,er o(
RhoJophyt'.i.. This orf?nism \\'J.~ c_.ollctt~d Crum a

coldw2ter sprmg.

61

• A Photographic Atlas for the B1ology Laboratory

2

(a) • IOOX

Figure 4.112 The n,d :i.Jga. [)1,.1/ysiplw,u·,, sp. Lt h,u alteruation of d1n:-i: ge-111: rJtions.. (1) Fcm.dt• gauu:tophytt' wjth atc1.d1,:d

C.;ltpm porophytc gcner:atio n. (h) A d~,H•I>o l lhc cys1oc.-.rp ph1n.

1. l~ncarl' 2. Cystoc:i.tp J . Carp<>S;p<m•s 4. Carpos:por0phy1t

figure 4.113 J\•l)')1ph.;11l11 5p.. .showiu i; th,: n:lc.-ase- Ftgure 4.114 l\ tl'trasporop hytc ~ n e-ra t10J1of P<1lys-,j1hm,i,1

o f c:ir po sporcs: . i,p•• showing «.1:r:ispor,:s (rm•iosport-s).

I , Caq,o~pores (211) 2 . Ruptun:d cystocarp I. T~·craspon.-s 2. ('"..c-1.ls of 1ctmporophytc p bnr

Figure 4.1 15 Close-up ofrctt-asporophy«- pbnt of figure 4.116 A m :Jc g-.11n,:tophy1i: pbnt of P.-,Jys;ph(.lm'r, sp..
/',,>lyl'iplwni11 Sp sho,,•ing sperm:ie1ogi:,1 (g1't'c.n $t_.1m)

I.. Tccra.'>pOn: {mciospore.) I. SP<,•rnut:mgia with spl.'.'rm:ma

62

•Select Smg)e-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla ("Prot,sts")

( )Phylum Myxomycota - plasmodial slime molds

- Sdcmti.a

{ Mature plamtodium (2,,) M:uure sporaJlg:m,u

~Kary my

I ~Zyt-,'Ote (2n)

\- Ani •l "lx1 (11)

(~.-:u11ct<--s)

Flagell:1.tt.-d garncto:s (u) Ccnuul!lti.ni,t mcio!,,-p-ore Mi:lospon: (n)
(sw.mn c.:lts)

Figure 4.117 The ltfC cycle of:, 1,li$111od1~I 4inie ml')lcL

63

• A Photographic Atlas for the 01ology Laboratory

- Figure 4.119 A l()ngiwdioal ~ecc:,00 du~ 1g:h rhc $f1or.1,~gil1111
of Stn11(•11itu sp.
figure 4.118 The ~ror;iogiil ()f,he ~u,lc 111nld
C{)ltl1tin'd1.1 typlwi.drs.

J. (".ellul:ir iihm~nts (c:apilhnum) 2. Columdl..l

figure 4.120 A dosie- ~•l) through rhe ~pot':'l.nglo n1 1)i Figure 4.121 A J>i1ys,1n,m ~P. p lasmo d iwn.
Slt'lflonib's :.p.
•.•.·~· -... ...,,: ..
J. Sporcs 2. C-;1pillirium

" ..
,
.. ~--

r :~ • ,.
1> ,

:,. ,.- ~~"'' --:~,.. . , ...".'\.•~. ->
..-;,i ..:,. --~,:~\' .
..
.-' . '. ~ . ·";
'- .,,: . . .
.· "-- .

•' - .i

Figure 4.122 The spor:tn!,ri3 uf d ime mold.Th,:sl." \'llr)' Figure 4.123 A .sliiih: molc.l spcci1m.·11 from a high -
con,idcr:'lhly in $.iu- ~nd sh:iJH'. Orll~ <J)C(_J\!S ()f L )W)?i1l,1 sp. mounu in loc-alir:~

b showu ht're.

64

•Select Single-Celled Eukaryote Supergroup Phyla ("Prot,sts")

( )Phylum Oomycota - water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews

Asexual cycle Sexual cycle

Meiosis

lmm.nurc eggs (11)

Zoo-.,por.m~'lum ZOV\J)Or<' lmmatmt:
t•>'lt'}'Sfi authendi:i (11)

St'C<>ndar y PMlballon
zoospoic encysts
\

Gi"'rn1in.adon

@

\

Oc»por-.·~ (2t1}
(donn:uu zygotes)

Figure 4 .124 Tbe life cycle ofd1t· water mold &ipfl>lt>,tnitt~p,

65

• A Photographic Atlas for the B1olo©f Laboratory

Figure 4.126 The oogoni.a ofthe w.uer ml'>Jd 8r1pralrx11ia sp.

I Yo ung oogl"'lnium '.). Yl'>ung :uHh('rid 1111u
4. E~~
2. Dt\-it•lopini;: Oo~onium

2

430X 200X 200X

Figure 4.125 The- zoospor;mg mm o f Figure 4.127 Th..- w·J tc r mold, figure 4.128 The l)(>gnnb oftill~
1h.; w :irM mo.M &tpl'l)/~,u·,, 51,. ..S«prolt;gufo , p., sl10wi11g a young
oogonium before cg_~ h;avc \\~ner mo ld S,1{rr1.1/()tJti11 :.1, ,
I. Zoospvran~ um beeo fonncd. I. E.iupr~• ,rnthcrid.ia
2. Zoosporcs 2. ZygoR-s

ffgvre 4.129 The sku, of this brown tr01.1t has beet• i11fectcd by chc couunou wat-1:r mold, S11pro/~11i..1 ~'

66

Plantae

Plan~ ;ire phOtosynthccic,multicellular cok.ary- Phyla (Dl\illon) and
otes. Cclluf(.)SC in their cell walls provides hpreN11laRve Kinds
protection and r igidity. T he pores o r .~tonuw1,
and mticlt· of stems an d leaves rcb•ub.tc gas Nonvascular Plants Lack vasool~r tis$tle; rhizoids: homosporous
cxch:mgt.~, and the cuticle o f &tcnr;. and Jca\'<.".S (formerly Bryophytes) - lwerwom, (bhcxoal g=etophytc)
help n.'tain water. lvticosis and meiosis arc
characteristic of all planes.Jackc:tcd s"~x organs. hornworts, -'nd mosses
c.:aUcd gamctani,;ll. pro<l·.ct thl? gametes and
embryos from desiccation. All land planes hav<.· VASCULAR PLANTS Sporangia borne on ~orophyl!s;
hc.~t1·.romorphic alternation ofgcncracions ,vith lycopodiophyto - clubmosses, spike
<li~ti.nctivc haploid gamtwpl,yu· and diploid moss.es. and quill'l'/Orts homosporous or heterosporous (un1sexual
JporoplryU' forms. Photosynth etic.: cdli within gametophy,e): many are epip~tes
planes comaiu dtloroplt.rsU. with the pigments
chlomphyU ,1, dtloro phyll b. and a \",.U'iety of Psllotophyto - wlllsk ferns True roots and leaves are ab.sent. bul
carot1?noiili. Carbohyd.rares are produced b)r
\lil:llC,tJlar tlS$ue present; rhizome and
phucs and stortd in th e form of starch. rhlzolds pt'CSCnt
R e-prod uctiou 1u seed ~lam s is well
Equisetophyta - horsetails Epidermis embedd ed with silica; tips of
adapted to a land existence. T he coHtfers
pl'o<luce the1r ieed., in prorectwe l OIU!$. a.nd the stems bear cone-hke structures contalnl.ng
sporangia.; most homosporous
angio.spem li ptoduce their seed-. Ill proteCU\'E'
/ ruiK tu the ltfr cycle of a conifer, such as a l'terldophyta - ferns fronds as ll?a-.•es; undei:gmund roots
coming off rflizomes; most homosporous
pme, the il\>tllii? Jp<>r~11/,y1e (rree) h, i fo,111le VASCULAR SEED PLANTS
co11e!'> that pn)duce me_~aspo,es that devdop Cycadophylo - cycads Heterosporous: pollen and seed cones

rnto lhe ftm:tle g:unetophyte generat1on. Glnkgophyta - ginkgo bor ne of different plants; pafmlil<£ leaves
:ind inaJe co1.1e-s lhat produte milt't'lsl'oieJ
1h:it de\•elop into the nule g:tmelo phyte Plnophyta (= Conlferaphyto) Heterosporoos: seec}producllg; deciduous,
ge11eration (m:m1re pollen gr.1.ini). - c.onlfeN
fan-shaJX!d leaves
Following- fe rtiliz:u 1o n. 1n1maLu re
sporoph>•re gt"nerations an:- present m seeds Heterosporous: pollen alld seed cones
loL":ite d on the female concs:The fen1:ile cot1e same plant; n eedlelike or scalel ke lemes

o pens and tl1e .tthls (pine nuts) di.<;pt'"rse to the Gnetophyta - gnetophytes Unique vessef elements for water transpor t:
g round and germinate- if th~ conditions a.re enveloping b racts around ovules and
right. l·t eproduc:tion in angi(')Spt rms ii simib r ANGIOSPERMS (Vascular microsporangia; alkaloid ephedrine
Flowering Pla nts)
t() repro duc tion in gymnosperms except Mognoliophyta Heterosporous; OowCYing pla nts that
rh:u the :mgiosperm pollen :md ovule:\ are (= Anthophyto) - Oow• rihg plonts produc:e thcfr seeds- endos«I In fruit; most
produ ced in tlowt"rs n ther thnn in co nes. :mcl
:1 fmit is form ed. are free-"ivfng, .some are s~prophytic or

parasitic

Table 5.2 Some Re resentattve Nonvascular Plants Bryo hytes

Phyla and

Representative Kinds Characteristics

MarchonHophyta Rat or leafy garnetophytes. slngle<eHed rht'zr:nds: sJmple s.porophytcs- and <:laters prese1l t s10Inata and
{= Hepotophylo) - lw,,rwom columella absent

Anthocerophyta - hornworts Flat, lobed gametop~tes-: more c;omplex sporophyte-s with stom,;tta; pseudoel;iters ilnd c:o!umella present
Bryophyta - mosses
le;,ify gametophyte.s, muhic:ellular rhizeids; sporophyte."i with stomata. columella. peristome teeth and/ or
operct.1lum present

67

• A Photographic Atlas for the BIOiogy Laboratory ~LiV<tWO<U ..

Hcp:uophyu

•IHoruwom .f3ry o p hy u Non..-~sn1br (>Janes

Amhoccrophyu

Cluhmo~~M•
'Y
Quuh,ur,s - Ly<:opodiopl)!,·f.1

Hon:cculs Pto:riJophyt:a

- Gynmospt'rnu

Figure 5.1 'I he Jlhylc,~ocnc t'("laD011.or.hips l'faophyta
.wd da~ific:uion uf Plant.tl'.

68

DPlantae

(______P_hy_t_u_m_ M_a_r_c_h_a_n_tio_ph_y_ta_(_=_H_e_p_a_t_o_p_h_y_ta_)_-_ liv_e_r_w_o_r_ts_ _ _ __,,)

Lrpid~i.;1 81(11l1m<.1irom11 J.'lu rc~IM

figure 5.2 A n iUustr:uiou ofthrl.'c gener:i o rletfy liVt"rwo1ts, sh owing dle pn1e1ophyte with :m :itachcd sporophyte.T he pcri;mth
contains du.· archt:go11ium and the lower portion ofd11.• de\1dopi.11i sporoph)tt' (ydlowi.-.h).

J>orrll., sp. Rini,1 sp. S<apimi.1 sp.

Figure 5.3 Some cx21npk-s of liwrworu {scale m mm).

2

110X

Ffgure 5.4 A sporophytc (c:tpsufo) ofd 1c k".tf)' Figure 5.5 A capsult' from thl· 11.'af)· liv~l'\vort. f¼:lia sp.,
liwrw""'-- Pr'ii,, sp.
in loogm,dioal v,cw.

I. C:aps:ull" 2 . Sporogenous tissue I. Sport"S 2. El.:uers

69

• A Photographic Atlas for the BIOiogy Laboratory

Antht-ridiopbore A1nhericbum

I l•rtb,'1ruduuJ K'(UOn
th.rough nwlc l'l"Ct'pudr
t:M.los1sj dlQwm~ .amherid1J

l-c11.,1lt· ~111cro11hyr\· --~..Longnud11t.1J 1tttion
through rcnuk l't"Cc-pt.1.dc
w11h rti.:cpudc) iliowin.g ;arrh('l,.""('nill

' I . -H l- - C r i1~ u l t [ ferttH1ot1oJi)
c-2;,:,,,Wf---- r v1ciQ'pl)t.:s

Yuuag \!mlm-u

M;acun: q,orophyw

Figure 5.6 The life cycle of the thaJloid livcrwon, .'111rtl1,mti,, ~p.

70

DPlanrae

2 Figure 5.8 The hvc-rwon .~ l,1uh,111ti.:i sp., sh owing
~m:-h.:i;ouial 1t·tcpt~1des.
Figure 5 .7 A deu1I of .HardtJJJJi,1 \f'· wuh promin ent m:ile
antheridial rt c.:ptaclt"$. I. An:ht:i;oni:tl r<.'i."t:'ptad.:s

I. Anrher-idial recqxackJ.:
2 . Gmtetophyte tlu llus

2

figure 5.9 A dct:iiJ of.Hardwmi,, 51>· gamcmphytc pl:mts \,ith figure 5.10 A tt..111.-.wrsc .section throug h :t b't'lllUl3 cupulc

pr(muoem gem01ae- eupole& SmaJl w hite dot$ :1re 3.ir p<il't':S, of Mttl'(l1m,1kt .sp.

I. G t 1u m at <"upuks \Vith t-,-enmue 2. AJr pOJ\:$ I. Genuna(' cupule 2 . Geun1iae

Figure 5.11 A $Glnning de<11'();t mu;mgr.ll)h of 1he Figure 5 .1 2 The hw rwort i\l,11ducu1i,1 (;p., (howsng. rhizoids.
dtlllus of M.irrl1m1tfo sp. I. Rhizoids

I , AJr pore

71

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

Figure S.13 (a) T he ardu::goohl 1't!ccpudc ,,f ;-i l ivcl'Wl''ll'r. Al,M'lwmttf sp. • in .l lo ngi1u<l111al Figure 5.14 A youugiporophyte of
Martlwnda sp.
St'<:tion. (b) Ardt1.•i;.10nium with~-
I. Young embryo
I. Arc hcgoubl re<.i!pudc 4. Ila~c of.arch<.'gonium 7. N eck c,ltl:al

2. E~ 5. Egg 8. Neck of :u'Chegoniwn

3. Neck n f .:arcb~g<u!ium (, Ve mtr 1)f :i1'('h ,ego1\11111,

Figure 5. 15 A )'Otu)g ~p1.nophy1..- of .Hard,m1ti,1 ~ m figure 5.1 6 lnuu:iture :ind. m:inirc :•poroph~tcs.

longitud.in:iJ section. I. Foot J. Sporangium (Cap:iuk·)

1. Spomgc.nous us-uc (211) 4. Pom 2. Set~ (milk) 4. Spores (,1) ,md d:ucn, (211)

2. Enlar1:,'"<.-<l an·h..:i;oniu m {..:al)·ptra) 5. St"ta {stalk)
3. Nc.·ck of:;irdwgcm.ium (,. Caps-ule

figure 5.17 (a) A male rccept.;idc with anthendia of a liwrwurt, Mard1,mtia sp.. m l lo ngin1diual $1."Ctlon. (b) Andl<.-ndial 11.:.-ad

i ho,vi,<ig :i de,-elo1nog :uuherid1.um,

l. Anth cridi:i 2. Spcr matogcnous {i;.'.(ut· 3. Amhcnduu n

72

•Plantae

G:tm<.-iop hy rc

(b)
C a m t:h>phytc

figure 5 .1 8 A comp:l1'1son of the spomphytcs an d g:uncwphy1cs o f
(l) the, livnwort, MM.-l1Juha.sp., and (b) tht.• hornwon>/1111/r.:,o.w..:sp.

( Phylum Anthocerophyta - hornworts )

figure 5.19 A kmgjtudi1u l St.•1.:tion Figure 5.20 A Jonptudi1ul st·ction Figure 5.21 A ul11.S\'<"rlie s1.x1im1 through
of :i pomon ,...( the !..IH'>r<:tphyu: of <i ,he ~,~l'.lngmm of:i sporo1>hyu;
d1e· hornworc, ,.fuJ/l(J<cr(); .sp. fium 1bc- h omwort, A,rtl,,m-rl,)s ~p. the cap.<.ulc o i ,l spomphytc ofthe hornwc,n,
.--tmhtirt•ros sp.
l. Mcrlstematic rettion of I. Spore<.
$poin ph y,e 2. Ebtt·r-hkc stmc1um; J, E1>ideruu~
2. Photosyntltt·cic tlssuc
2. Foot (J"~~ ••d o c b tc1'$) 3, <:olmndb
3. Camctophyt~ .3. C:apsu k: 4. TC'tr-ad ofspor<.-s
5. Pore (St•m att)

73

• A Photographic Atlas for the BIOiogy Laboratory

(_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P_h_y_lu_m_ Br_y_o_p_hy_t_a_-_m_ o_ss_es_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _)

f igure 5 .22 A $p1Mg,ium sp. ixlS in the high R ocky figure 5.23 A <lt·t:Ul u(Spl,ag,111111 ~p. bot; sh-0wiug
M ()1.11H3.i11!-,T lus bke h3.s uearly bec:o tilled 111w1tb d<.>r'ISl'
~,11t..:cvphyte pla.111s
gro\\1hs ofS.pl1a~q1111111 sp.

2

Figure 5.24 A dct:1.11ofg,-i11t('f(1phyl'c Figure 5.25 I\ f_;'l1li-ctophyte pbo, of l'IC'.lt m()~, Figure 5.26 A long1111djn:,I <ccu<ui
.$1,lwi,11111, sp., showit,g :uuchcd Sf>omphytcs (sc:ale of Sp!wg,m11t sp. g.ametophyte.
pf:uus of pe2r mos.s.. s,,1uwum1sp. iu mm) . .d1owiu ~ antlh.·rldia.

{~('ale m u uu) . I. " Lclr· 2. Amhc ridm m

I. Spomph)1e 3. C :uuc.-tophyte
2. P~udopo-d.ium

(b)

Figure 5.27 (:.a) A g:\ll\C-t• l\hytc ,, r pca1 mos,. sr,1~1111111 (f~ (b) A tnng11Jficd v il•w r>f .l ··l,c.if· showmg the de.id <"c.11 chnmbe,·s th.it

aiJ in w:m•r smr4',t'.

I . ··1.tave~·• 2. Photosyothcti<.: cells 3 l>t"ad cdls

74

- DPlantae

Embryo (211 ...i...f..> .vhnuc ,porophyt< (2u)
·..· • .} shedding mc1ospo1L'S (u)
Fertl lzoffon
\ Meiosis

Mc.·icxporcs

l

C~1m na1mg
mciosporc:-

M.atllt(.' feiu:t lc

g:llllCtophycc

M:iawc male
g.u1H·tophytc-

figure 5.28 rll<:' life cyde 1)( :\ 111os.1 (Brropb}'t.1)

75

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

2

Figure 5.29 A ha.lntu shol of a n lOO b'TOwmg i u a wooded Figure 5.30 A moss-eowred sm&,t<H>'.:. Under dry co11dil-ioLl.i,

c-nviroumcnt. mos~s m:iy bccou~ d~')nll:lnt ::md los.c 1lw1r iutc-nf.t' green.

l. Mo~ I . Stone 2. Mm,'i
2 V.l~ular pbnts

Figure 5.31 Pour c:.ornm<111l mosse-;: <>ft¢n us..,.d 11l C(')l11'W w<irk, {a) Pdlyrridmm i-r ,, (h) A111ii1J11 "'I'·• (r) Hn11111111 .s.p., :inri (d) {)ir.tttnt111t sp.

Figure 5.32 C~nlc!tuphytc phm s with Figure 5.33 A ~omphyrc pb nt .md c:1psuk: Figure 5.34 11)~ proroucm,u :, and
sporOpltyte plant auachc."<l.
l. Opcrculum buJbils ot'a mos.'-.The buJb il,; will grow
I . C alyp<cr:1 2 C:tp~ule C'f sporophytt
2 Capsu le o("'J)Orophytt> ro becom e :i new g::uu~mphytc pbur.
(\l,·ith calypt,:ra abst·nt)
{cowrcd hy c:al~•p.t( rA) J Sulk (~C"r.1) I. l'rotonema 2 Bu.1b1I

3. St'1k {!<:ta)
4 . C:uucrophytc

76

DPlantae

~t.1--2

li,n--;-=- 3

Figure 5.35 A Jongiludirul st>ction ofthe Figure 5 .36 A lo ug itudinaJ st·ttiou ofth(' authtri(H:t.1 he.ad of"

,m:hegonial hc::id of the: mos.s Afoiilm sp.T h<:- the moss .Htiium !i),

P'Jr.iphy&c.s an: nvureprudm~tiVc l. Sp.:rm:it~"t"nous tissu.: 4. Male g;i.mi:toph yu: (t1)
2. Stcr1!<- y1ekec byet
fibmcnts t-h:u support 1..hc :trchcsnni:i.. 5, P:H':lJ)hys:<.'$ (ue1•1le fi1;1nw-m$)

l. Eg~ 3. P:u-.1phy-ses 5. St:alk 3. Sc,lk 6. Anthl.'ridiwn (,i)

~- Neck 4. V.:nter

2

3

Figure 5.37 A d ose-up of Mui1im sp, Figure 5.38 A sca1uii,1g elect11'n ••licrogr.iph of 1he
sporophytc capsule o f the mos; ;\/mum sp.
I A11thend 1111n (11) 3. Sr~lk
2. Sp<.'t'mamge'llOUS bSl>lJC 4. P:tr.1.phys'-'S I . Capsult> 2. Operculwu

'.I

30X 2
2

Figure 5.39 A capsule of' the moss Figure 5.40 A scanning: cl« 1ron figure 5.41 A scanning d ..:ctrou micrograph
of the- p l"ristom c ofthl: moss. Muium )p.
Mniumsp. nii<."l'Oi:;rJph ofthe pe ri~o1ne ofthe

1. Opcr.::uh un 3. Spmt:) moss ,'1,,ium sp. Th e opcrc:ulum :ti I. Outer t<.'<.'th 3. Inner teeth
2. Cnlunidla -4 S(:t:i.
abscot.. u, the 5Pl?'(':imtu ofpt mroine <>f 1)Cn$tOOl<""

I. [.!c-riscome 2. C:ap~ule 2. C:tpsul<.-

n

• A Photographic Atlas for the BIOiogy Laboratory

( Phylum Lycophyta (= Lycopodiophyta)- club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses )

Strobilus

Longitudinal sc:-~liou
rhrough srrohi}us

I Older Spor:i.ugium
embryo (2u)
SporopbyU

V..nmg M:nurc spo mphyce (2u)
embryo {211) Spor,mgium

Zrgott' (2tt) J Authcri<lia

I jFerfflzatlon

\

P,gg (11)

Arc:hcgonium '

i\•tarurt.' ~1etopb)•ce ("}
(often underground)

Longicudlna1 socnon through

g atnctophytc- \•.:ith g:undangi.;1

Figure 5.42 T h " life.· cycle of the hom oi.porous dubmoss, Lytc_p.xlium sp.
78

DPlantae

2
2

Figure 5.43 A specimen o f J tywpod, Lyrop<,dium <.fomrum. (a) Pbut. Jnd Figure 5.44 An i:ufarg<.·menl of a :.pcc.:imcn of
(b) .>tn)bilus. L)'k'"pctdium occur$ m)m lhe :m'1iCto thi: tropics {llC3k iri mm). L}'<Opodirnri sp., ) howi,ig branc h tip with spor:u1~ia ou
the u ppc-r surfoce of sporophylls {sc:t1c in mm).
I. S-u'<>bilus. 2, Stc1n
I. Sporangfa
2. Spor,:-irhylls. (l~w_t wnh :u. rach,...d Sf>Or.tng,a)

2 6
4 7

----5 ')

-(0) IOOX 3
4
figure 5.45 (a) A mmswrs..· view of:m :i.cri:t1 skm of the dubmoss, Lya1pixiium .sp. (b) A m:1~1i.fi..·d ,•icw of tht' std e. 5
I. Ll·ave" {uucrophylls) 3. Cortex 5. Leaftr:at:c 7 . Ph loem 9. Endod,:nuis

2. Std<-· .J. Epide-nn i.s 6. Xylt'm 8. f><.·rkyd c

. A, ~ :I

~. .

l)

}4
2

Figure 5.46 (-11) A lo11girud1m1I l>e<tio n ofthe molnlus (cone) ofthe chlhm<>.u figure 5.47 A 11'.lnsvcrsc sccoon <>f a rhizo,m:
Ly,·cpc,lmm ~p., :iud {b) ~, m.\i:;uifi,., J view of tin- s\trobilus sbowin~ i1por,mgia.
orof L)'<OJX'111'11m lip.TJu: rhlWOlt: L)Wpt'!lium
is sim.il:tr to nn .ac-ri.-1 ~cm, but lt lacks th,·
I. S~r:111g i.1 3. "1>ot:1.ngiu,n
4. Sporuph)'ll 1n i c ruph y11s.
2. Sporoph)'ll

I. Xykm 3. EuJc.xknuis 5. Cont.•.x

2. Epid(·rnIL,; 4. Pbk l<'m

79

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

M:m,u-c spnrophyrc
(211) pb,11

Ernbryo (2u)

growmg fron,

megag:unctophytc- (n)
(which develop,

p,1ma1ly within the
mt"!:~uport' \•.::i.U}

M,crosp<>rophyll

Loni;itu <.Lna.l S-t'c.Lion
through srrobilu~

2.rgocc (2,i)

Arc hegonh1m End m.po ric mi ~mcro phyrc Mcg.upor:mgium /
with egg- (11)
with spam (,i) IMelosfs j

. \rchcgonia I

/

•·Gcrmiuatiug" l'O fornt
ffl i:z.oids and tr-imcr:mgi:i

M q;.tg:uuetophytc

Figure 5.48 11n• lit(: C)'<:k oC Sd,;gmella $:p.• which is hl'h.·msporo..1s.
80

•Plantae

2

Figure 5.49 T ht> splkl- mo~. &l1~wclla f.:r,111ss1,uw: (a} growtb habit 3Ud (b) n r-Obili (cout·s). figure 5.50 TI1e s.-pik(' nn:dli. Srl,1g,mtlla

L Strobilj (cont',) 2. Sporophyll wilb sporJngium 1mf,•l,em·,,,,1,

5

2 ;6
~7

2
X

53
4

{, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

200X IOOX

Figure 5.51 A u-.1usver&c.· :,;tc.tio n Lhroui;b Stt'm o ( Sddgiuell,1 ~ - Figure 5.52 A !ont:,,'ltudinal .sccnou through tJu:

im mcdi:itdy ~bow d1ehoto1noos br:inchinF:. mobilus of Sdu_i?i,wflt1 sp.

l. Epidt·nnis 5. Cort,:x I Llgtde 5. M iC11"'1i1,pOit>phyU

2. ljmmsxde (, ur mu nderl hy 6. Le.1fh:1$<,: 2. Mcg:.t.,porophrll 6. M icmspor.mgium

t>nds,<lemlti) 7. Xyk m 3. Mei;..1~p orJ.ui;ium 7. M ictusp~>re

3. Root trace 8. Phlocn1 -I. Meg.u.porc- S. Cone ::ixli

4. Air c;ivtty

Figure 5.53 A longm1cfin;i} view oftht su tf.1.ce Qf r,he fo~i l ,-
lycophyte Lr11ld1,de11dmn sp., .1 commo n lycopod fmm perhaps Flgure 5.54 A hmgitudin.U st.·c:tioo tlirou!-1) a fi>ss.il strubilus
300 million )'C:trs ago. of1ho: lycophytc Lq,ldl)JJmbt1s .sp., li-l'>m .1pprM::inu tcl~•300 million

)'\':lf'S ii.!,.~.

81

• A Photographic Atlas for the BIOiogy Laboratory )
( Phylum Pteridophyta, subphylum Psilophyta (=Psilopsida) - whisk ferns

<1-''fr- -M"-- - - =- Synang1• (tbrcc

(ust"d spo r:m gia)

Man1t1: sporophyte (211) Meiosporcs
Rhizome

Emhryo (2n) M :.1t u re
ga1ncl0phtte (n)
I
Archc!,;Onium
~~ ~ Sperm (n)

'\.
I IFertlb afion
----
Z ygote

Figure 5.55 The lifi: cydt: l>fthi: wlUsk ft.'-rn. Ps,'/~1tm1r sp.

82

DPlantae

f igure 5.56 A T1Jtt·i1plms sp.•!,:towmg as .m e-p•phyte on a trt'e Figure 5.57 A "••hisk fe m, Psl&i.•,tm mtd11m, 1s-' $impte V:ISCufar
pl:mt bcking uuc lc:ives :md roots.
fern in Ausu·;aha.

- 2
2
-:-
Figure 5.59 A sporophytc- of the whisk fon t, J>sil<1111m mulum.Th,._• :t."t"S ofcl1l'
------------Figure 5.58 The- br:uu:hc:s (a.xt-s) of
t~dl,mwr 11111lu111 (sc.1l,• in mm). 'i)Oorophyt,· <.11p~,nrr sp<W~ngfa (syn:iogia). which J'-'(><lua s11n1'CS (S<::cllc 111 mm)

l . Ac-rial .-ixi$ 2. R hizom...· I. Br.u:1eb {a.xi:.) 2. Spor.mJ;!;i:l. (syn:mf_'la)

2
3

l ,\

figure 5. 61 A lon~'l.mdulll section throu!{h :a stem and

$pora1, giuni (iy11an giun1) of P:sifN1111, Sp,

1. Axis 2. Spo rJni;ia (iymogium)

2. •~xis 3. Spores

83

• A Photographic Atlas for the BIOiogy Laboratory

2

Figure 5.62 Au :ie1•i~I :ixis oi rhc wh1~k fet•·n. J),ifowm ,uulum. (:1) A fl':rnwc:rs.e ~ecnon :rnii (h) :i m:igoific:ct vic:w of rlh~

\!:JSt·ufar cyhnder (stck).

l . Stele 2. C<.,r1e~ 3. Epidermis 4. l'hlo<'m 5. Xyl<:-ru

. - - - - - -(,

2 liE----7
'\"'"'°"9 -~

3

5

Figure 5.63 A pllotOlllt<'.r<lgfJJ)h of a scak-lik(' omgro,vth Figure 5.64 A young :ac-rial .1.-os of th,· whisk forn,

Crom the :t.xis ofth1..· whisk ft·m Ps,1olfmr m11fum. ' f11N'si/il1't'i$ Sj',

t. Stoma 2. Epidc-nrus J . Gr(nu1d ciii:suc l. Conex -t Xylem 7~ "Epidermis

2. Eudoc.knuis 5. Pbloc-m 8. Prmostd\.'

3. l'cru;:yd<! 6. Curide

Figure 5.65 An old1..·r Jt:r ial 3_xis ofdh· w hisk fern. TmesiplmJ ;1p. T he ~.:nus Tmc-sip11.1is is «.")'tric:tcd to distribution in Austr~li:t. New

Zc:il.m<l , New c~l<.:dc11u:i.. :.md oth er Soluh Panfi<: i~l:m,k {a) AJU$ ~•·tsing from the a~ri.al axrs. :u1d 0•) a lll:lg.1u 6ccl view of the stdc-.

I. Epidt·rmis 2. Cortex 3. Stele 4. E.udodcnms 3. X~,l~m 6. Phlt'lt.'m

84

•Plantae

( )Phylum Pteridophyta, subphylum Equisetophyta - horsetails

Spl)r',1.ngiopltore

Mam re R.ibbcd stem I IMeiosis

sporo phytc Lt':tf sbt':tth Eb ti.-r
u>cnsporc)
(2,t)
Spore- {u)
I IFerlilizaHon
R.hizomc:
Zygote (2n)

,,..,.,\

Egg (n)

G~uut'lup hyle {u)

A r<:h cgonnnn
with ~gg (n)

,,,rFigure 5.66 T he. life c~•dc rhc horscr:iil . Eq111$rt11m !f),

85

• A Photo@'aphlc Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

Figure 5.67 CiquiJetum trl,mJ.1ri1,. sbo,vll1g b t~ral branching. aud a. do.st-up. Figure 5.68 Stt'ms ol" Etj11i!l.'1mri sp. witbo ut IJ«-r.tl brauchini:; :lf1d

f>howing fotcr.ll br;mchc-s grmvrng thmu~h k·:ifsh,·adt. showing .a pronuncnt li:.-ai -sh<.-:ath lit the node.

I. Stem 2• Lc.lfshc-.u-b

2

figure 5.69 l-l01set:11l. l:i<p•iSttmu sp. Nuine.rous -,)er,ies of EquisetQp hyM ,ve-r<' :ib\ulcklnt 1h1"0ugho~1t tn,piC':il r<g100~ <lur1ng the l':"tko,:ok Era.

smw: 300 million rc::m :ai,;o. Curn:ud}'· Ettltin·tophyt'.1 is repn:scm,.,d by t1us sin¢,,· gcnu.-..The mi::i.dow horsetail. Eqwsttum sp.•slw wing (.i) :an

imm~tu1'(." ,;1 ,nbilm, (h) marurc sr.roh1lut, -:hccidmg -:pc,rc-<,, {<) :rn opc11 qmhilus, ;lnd (d) ..i .sp~,t.rng inpl-.ntc ,vuh it.<: spQt("_', rtlc:i',,('<l.

I. Spor:mgiophorcs 3. Spor.u,~iophorl".S .:after spo1'C'i :1.rc shed

2. S.:-pJrared sporau~ <>phOl'('S rew.1hn~ spor:iu~1a 4. Opt u spotao!'.{i.l \\'1th &-p<tr't:'$ shed

·~ 2
(a) 2

•

(b) 20X
figure 5.70 l:'qrntctt,m ~p.. young 111:i.l( (3) and fomale (b)

1-?merophytcs.

l. R hizoid, 2. Anth\·ridium .3. Arch<.;gonrnm
86

DPlantae

figure 5.72 A long1tudinaJ set:non of Equisrrrw, sp. nrolnlu~. zox
I, Sp0ra.ngio111 2 S_JX.)ra1ig1ophort 3. Strobilus a..•d,c.
Figure 5 .73 A lougm1din.ll secuon through Eqr.1/smm, sp. stmb1Jus.
1, AXlS of the ~trob1Jos 2. Spvr.1..11g:iophon: J, Sporar1g1m'n

\

iI ' ,·;1·-;_- ,• .( .'J•~•...<.\ -'

·' l/<1I,

f, (' ,-.-1.r. ',!;.f,Il._,A_1, J•I'

.~
~_,-.-,.·..f

flgure 5.74 A rr.msvt•rsc Si'..'l"tio u o ftht· Flgure 5.75 A trlnSvtne st·.::tion ofd1t> .Ul'm of /f'\I )l'~/"{J~ 2

.sunhilu,; <if F:,1ufs,,um1 sp. F:"q11isnw11 sp.J US.t ,lhO\-e a node. \ ., .,, . >,

I. Spor:n1l0urn 3. S-trobilus. lxis. 1. I .!.":if $;hi-:ith 2. M :un m~m 3 Br:rnch ....-,_'_,-..--9~uOX,

2. Spo~ogiophore 4 \,:}~·11l;.u· hu11dle ,, Figure 5.76 Tho

mc1mporc:1 of P.q•1i~·w111 i•p
I Pe r1<;potc (cl.net}
2. Mt•iu,porc

~-----4

2UX _ .Jo.,

orfigure 5.77 A tramwrSt' i("(."tio n Eq11frt•111111 .sp. young ~e-1u. s.Figure 78 A tr,UISvt'TS(' St:cuon or E1]11iJrtmn Sp. okk r St<'Ul.

I. V:tScufar cissul.' 3. Futurl.' 1.fr c1n:t1 5. Pith I A il' cal)~ls J . V~~cubr tissue 5. P.titlelc
2. Air c:ui:i.J 4. Cmu•x
2. Endodanlls -4. Stonutc

87

• A Photographic Atlas for the BIOiogy Laboratory )
( Phylum pteridophyta, subphylum Polypodiophyta - ferns

Mamre sporophy« (211) Spor:mgium

Young spo roph)'tt" !M~o:l~o
(embryo)
Meaospnrcs (n)

Young
g,uncmphytc (n)

r.:,mcrnphytc {pmthal11is)

Young sporophytc (2,1}
growing from g:.1.mt.1ophrtc

Zygott gn m e t o p hy k

£ ,ubryo (211) (prothalllll)

Sperm (1J) ! IFertilization Anthi: ri d i u m

~ ~

figure 5.79 The life cyde ofa t<.'rr~. S
88

•Plantae

Figure 5.80 r he \\>att-r t(l'o, l l~.-JI,, s,,., is :1 ilrx.t111,g f~h w:·ucr Figure 5.81 A vic,v o i ;a i)Ct\.' {a) co1upo111)d :11\d (h) simple
pbn t found duoughuut Europe :md di-c Unih:d Stat~·s. forn t~afshowmg circin:ue v-c:n:uio n hmn.ing a fid<lk•ht·:td.

Figure 5.82 The frond'i of lhe :,.ngho rn f...·m. Pfat}'{<'n·w n alrrro111t•. Flgure 5.83 A pimute kif showing piim;il!..• wn:itiou tit tht•

le10tts ofa ft'nt .

1, Leaf 2 Pinnae 3. Ven~tio,,

2
2

Figure 5.84 A leaf of ,he fern Figure 5.85 Ak•afofthc forn Figure 5.86 A ch~t"-up of the
Plumc-n7,hld,;a sp., or ho Uy ft.-r11. f'tr,U1fMJ>l1M,i,1.s,p., ihowing l><>l'i
(groups u( spor;u1~ 1). fern !e.:i( of /JIJ,mrmpl,ld,i,, $1).
($ca!c- in mm).
I 1•1M~
2. Sori 1. Soru~ wilh 111d 1.1Sllllll
2. Sorns witb inJ u.,.ium shL"d

89

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biolog\' Laboratory

2

Figure 5.87 T lk:' le:1.f<l( the f~o Figure 5.88 The klf o f 1he f<:"rn Figure 5.89 A dose..,11' ofrh(' i(:rn
P,;,Jyp~liu,1, virJl11lmmm. pirnu or P~>l)'p•ulium 11i,xit1iim1111t
f>..>lyp1>dJi 1m ,,i,;~inirwum, showing son
{groups ofspM-J.ngfa) (scale in nu)1),

I Pinoa 2. Sori J. SonH

J
2

4

figure 5.90 The fo.rn f'i>IY1">.lium s.p. (~) SMi on th e undc1-s111·fal:c o flhc ptnn:tc,~nd figure 5.91 A m:ig ni6..'tl \'lew of lh.:

(b) 3 ,c.m ning d e..:cr\m micrui;rJph of a sorm. fern pmna of P,ui'./imu SJ>., shovnng
nutlh.-1'0\ll sc.am:red spol'a11g1a.
1. Pin n;. ;?, Snrl ~- A n1u1fu.-. 4. Spor.'t1~g il1m
I. Spor.m~i:t

2

3

(b) (C) 150X

Figure 5.92 The 1naide-11h:Hr t'"t-rn A,lfo11t11m sp. (3) Pu m.1. e 3nd son.{b) l\·b~ni£ied n<-w-o( thl" tip of a. pmo~ lo' ld~d unde,· co form a
faJ:;c- indusium th~t endoscs the- sorus. (,) Sorn,; w1d1 spor-.mgi~ con1:1i11ing $porc.-s {sc;alc m mm).

l. False iudul-ium 3. Piim:i 5. fahc indu:,i, um ~m:Josit1~ :i sorus 7. Spor:mgium 9. Au uulus
2. Sod -L Spc,1':lng:1:1: w irh 6. V:iscul:i;r ti,;sue (vc1m} of the p111u~ S. Spores

.spores

90