Van De Graaffs Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

•

3
2

Figure 6.22 T hl' fungus Pt•11id11ium .sp. ~uses ecw1omi..: d ,unagl' as a mold btu is aho the: source olimportam 3utibiotics. (a) A

colony of f\•nilillium sp., 2nd {b) a druc--up o f ;i conid1ophtvc v.,th ch:um of:i.~e.xu::il S])Ott"S (conidt:1) :ir the e nd.

l Co111d1a 2. Conidiophore '.'t C:onidi.i

••

100X ••

Figure 6.23 A conunoo 1110Jd,As:pr,xill1l.< sp Figure 6.24 A c<>s1.111u)n mold, .'15pt~illuJ sp.

1. Couldil ($pores) 3. Cle1stothecmn1 1. Cooid.13 2 Con1diophor~s

2. Conid.iophore -L Hyph:.~·

2
3

Figure 6.25 A dose-up ofspo1·:mg1a of the molii, figure 6.26 All dectron m ic.:rogr.lph ()f au i hpngilliu sp.
spore. Note: t-hc:: rodlct p,mc;rn on rhc spore ,vall.
Atpag1lfos .sp.The cou.i<l1a, o r ~port"S, ofthis 1,;e.um an.·
141
produced in ;a i:h:tranerisric r..ldiatc p:nten1.

1. Conid.1.1 (Spores) 3 Developing conKhophor<..'

2. C<>oid,ophon,'

• A Pho1ographlc Alias for the Biology Laboratory

Phylum Basidiomycota - mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, and smuts

Pit'U((WIS ~I' /-Jmdumsp. Conolm sp.

Coprmu s sp. Am,1mrasp. C!u,,n.1rdfo sp.
Am,miM :.-p.
·"',.~1-··. ·•c -· .,.. ,,, .,,-~! \ "~•
' ' ..I , • •"
•, $. -,'.-~;-:
(, ,

.-~ -.-_ ~. ~,.,, •• ; l·.•. \\! ( .~· ..,
-·' -~,'/ '..,_ . ~,•r'"" - ;~ i - .·
\. • ,#
.. , •
f - '
~, ..'. -.~ ,•~··
... & ,. '.

.' 'l:....~u-: ~ -.~V,''•' ~..-,1~,.L;...ai.l

v -~·-·. .,.

figure 6.27 Sou)e n.'Vrt'.s~•nurivc b:isidioc:i.rps (basidi.om:u:i o r fruitil'l!{ bodies} of b:uidimn ycctt.•i..
142

•Fungi

l'ih·.u~ (<..tp) (n t,rr)
C ills

Stipe {sralk)

II Plasmogamy ScconMry hyphae
(11+11) {dikaryonc)

Prui1at'y brpl1a~ (u) Dip loid h.1.~id ium
(mo11okaryoric:)

I IMeiosis

Gennioanng basiJ1ospon:.s

$tcrlg n L1

•

Figure 6.28 T he life cycle of a "t)qiic.:al" h:uidit) mycetc (mu!.hmm11).

143

• A Photo@aphlc Alias for the Biology Laboratory

7
8

Fig ure 6.29 Stnicrurc of ,a mushroc1111., {:a) A.11 infon or view with the :umulus inun, (b} :an mforior view ,.,,·ah the :mnuJus rcmov<-d to

fil<w: du.• gills. (c) a btcral \•iew, :md {J) a lo11gitudiJ1.aJ s«1.io1t

I. Pilcus (c,p) 4. Stipe (~:dk) 7. Pilcu.s (cap)
2. Vt il S. A1rnuh,~ ti.Gill,;

3. cm, (,. S1lp• (~alk)

Figure 6.30 HJ$idio,nycece;> put1001k growiog <u, a figure 6.31 Wood fungus, Stroplwrw sp. Growin!,"! o n
det"l)'in~ log. dC(;aying wood and other or~nic mat.ter, basidiomyccre§

.,re impomnt derom1>0S<'r.i in foro.f communinc~,

4

5

6
7

Figure 6.32 Cills of the mushroom Ct1prm1u i;p. (:t) A dos,:-up of ~l..,.,enl gills. :and {b) :a. dusc--up of a sin~k ~'llL

l H )p hat t(uup(~u i; tht· i:.,'llls 4. hurnamre bas-idia 7. .Ba~diosp<>1't'

2 Gill 5. Gill (co111po~<l ofllyphat)

3. B2Sidiosport.-s 6. St<•.rigm:a.

144

•Fungi

03.Sidiosporc~ Py..-:nidium (spe:rmagun.ium)

g<-'n n.inate o n u,i rh 1'¢ceptivc hyph;1¢ ;lnd

b:ubcrry lc.lf spenuatla

13:mdmin Carried t<, barbcrrv lh rbcrry pbm
w ht>1~ they ~rmim.l<:
Gern1.i11atlJ1g IPlasmogomyl
Ttbo.$pores (2,1J io
tC'hOSpC'ltC .. JAc.-cium with
teLiurn on w hc:-at
accio,porcs (11+,r)
plam Un:'dit1iospor.1ugium

Lale season \Vhc:n $tem wltJ1
urcdi1tiospormlgil
T d io sp o ra ng i m n
Close-up of wh..-:.u pl:uu co111aioiug
Whc:.n srcm with
u rcdi nio!>porc,; (uredospores)
td iosporaug ia

flgure 6.33 The life cycll;'.. of \Vheat nisr. P11«mi,1 gmminu.

145

• A Pho1ograph1c Alias for the Biology Laboratory

Figure 6.34 T h(' \vhc:it ruse:. P11tt111i,i gr,w1illit ~•{"nidimu

on ha rbcrry lc-:tf. Figure 6.35 H1tdr,i,1 gm111f11i!. accium o n barbt rf)' h:aJ ,

I. 13~uberry le3f 2. Pycu1dnun I. A('('iu m 2. Acc1o(p<>ret

240X

figure 6.36 U rc diuium (urc dmiospor,mg ium} of f>t,a ini.J sp. Figure 6.37 Dlack stem wheat mst, Pu:duid ,tt,m,1,ftlfr; o n the

0 11 \vh~l le:if. lower :-urfuci: ofb arln:rr y lc:m:-s.
I. Clu.-,tcni ol" att1a
1. Urcdiuio!'.por:ing iu m :1 C o nllfl,o phore

2. Who:a1 lt·af

2

Figure 6.38 An car •f corn . Zr1, mc1yt. Figure 6.39 Smur-mfecrcd hrom e Figure 6.40 A ocann ing d cctron
info<: ted by th,· smut Us.ril,tl!•, maydis, mk rogr2ph o f tdioi:pon-s a[ a wheat
wl,ich is d<"Sfr'Oymg tht frui1 (tar), 1p ':lss.Tht" ~r.uns Ji.ave bc..:n destro>'e<l !>l n u 1 fhngu.s
by t.h~ smut fimgus.

I. Corn car 2. Fu11gu~

146

•Fungi

( )Lichens (symbiotic associations of fungi and algae)

figure 6 .41 l,klh~o<; :u'<" M<•n il"p:u'.'lred inf~tnull)• <ul th<' h:'l!tis of rheir fr,rm. {~) C ruq<,,.c; lid,cu , (b) folm~c: li!'hen, :m<l
(c) frut1co-.c lichen.

Sor..·diwu

Figure 6.42 M:mr lidtt·1u reproduc-.· by producing son:tllJ, which arc small bodi..-s com:Unini:; both algal .md fu ng:J cells.
(3) Lldi..:n th:i.Uus. and (b) sort-<liurn.

2

figure 6.43 Tr.1nsw rst· S(.--Ction through a lidico th:iUu.<;. Figure 6.44 Asc.omycctc lidwn d uUus dcnt()1utr:tcin g

I, .'\lt:il celh 2, FungJf hyph.aC' 3 .surface la}'cr (I( asci.

J. Asci 2. l OOl.C fung;il filaments

147

• A Pho1ographIc Alias for the Biology Laboratory

4

125X

Figure 6.45 /\ 1rs11t$\·-tne 5'.:Ctl•11 rhn')ugh :l lichc 11 tluJhis. Figure 6.46 Thoe {ohosc hcbt;'t) Xa111i1(1rL1sp,

I. Alg:tl cdls 3. Low-.•r corn.•x growing on th(' hark of.a tre'('..

2. Mctlulb 4. nm~:J l:ty1.•r (upp,:r cortex) J . LicbtJJ 2. Bark

figure 6.47 £he f 1•us1ose lichC'n l.,r,·m,vtt ~,). gmwutg <>n Figure 6.48 Th.: foli~c:. licht o l-lyp~ym11i11 ~p. gn)\•;in~ on
s.m<lstouc iu lit :i.riJ ~oudt~ u Utah c uviroumcut. ;1 pine br:iuch iu the Nordn vcst.

3
2

Figure 6.49 fruticose li1.·ht11 . British roMi.;-r. Qad('rml tnSMtrll,1. Figure 6.50 11tc foliosc and fr um:osc h<:hcus in tht' Padfic

f;rM\'mg u'I Al~~ka. NMfhWtil,

148 I. Foliose lichen Il)pogymni,1 sp.
2. Poltosc- lu;hco 1:;w111i..1 sp.
) . Fruttcosc lichen UsrrcJ sp.

Animalia

Auimah are moJricellular, hecerorcoph..ic eukaryotes that (Pmtoscom es au<l Deuterosiomes). Ectoderm. becomes the
ingest food materials and store. <.".arboht drate reserves as .skiu and nervous systeu1, e ndode rm becomes the Jiuing of
glycogen or fac. The cells o f animals Jack cell wall; but do che Jigestiw tract., and m<.•sodt'n n dcvdop$ into muscle. bone,
contain intc-rccllula.r connections including dcsmosomcs, gap organs. a.nd th e circuJacory systtm.
j unctions. and t ight juncli om.. :\ uima) cdls arc also highly
specialized into the sp<..·cifit: kinds of tis.sues described in The evolution of body symmctf)r is aJso an import.anr
Chapter I, Mose animals. a rc motik through the contraction aspect of animal evolut ion. C nidarfo, C tcnophor.,, and some
of mmd c 6bc~ c(mtaining actin and myosin proteins. The Porifcr.i b3ve radial symmetry. whi le the n:st of the Animalia
comph:.x body sy&tc m'i of .;mim;,ls includt• d:1borJtC ~ mo ry h:wc bilateral symmetry, :ind form the dadc Uik1terfa. R.adi~
:mci neummnto r sped:ili7:itinn~ r.h;Jt .iccommod:uc rlym,m ic ~ymmctry evol-vcd indcpcnd(·ntlr in Echin,.Hform~~.
beh:ivioml m cc:h:inisms.
The dcvt:lopnw nr..11 cyde o f many i nim!)h; ind u cte:s. l.1n,al
R c:pmdut tio n -in .mimal~ is prim:uily sc:x ual, with the .f(lmL<, which :ire $ti II developing, &cc-living, :md !'ex:11:11ly
diploid su~ gencr:dly domlmning the life cydc. l!rimmy im m:lture. brv:1e m.unlly h:we foocl :md h:1bit:1t rel-Jt1iremen bi
sex o~.ins, or ,t:on(H/s, produ ce." th e:: haploid ~mete~ C:llled diff~rem from tho~ of tht: .1duJt,.. L1rv:1c e vt:nht:dly underg<,
S/Jcrm an d ~~1!· Prop:ig:ition begins a1 :t sm all lhgdJated sperm met:un orphoses th.u tr;111sforn1 them imo se :xu 1Uy 111:m 1re
fe rtll1zes :i brgtr, nonmot1le egg , fo m ,ing a diploid zygote that ad ult.~.
has gtone ttc tr:i.1ti o f both p:trents. r he zygote< th en undergoes
Anmuts mh:ib1t n early all aq u:uu: a11d terrtitrta1 h:ibir:iis
a succe-ss1o u of 1iutot1c dt"'1S10 11s called dem,,tge. Ju anuuah , of the biosphere."f h e g reatest niu11her o ( :tnun als are n t.1rm e,
d ea,~gi:- 1~. follo,\•ed by the fo r-mat100 o i a im JtJcellular where the first anuu als probably evo]ved. Uepending on Lhe
st~lge called a bl,JSrufo. \'Vnh further de-velopmeut, the- germ clasufic:moo scheme. :uiuna1s may be grouped uu·o as u11. n>'
ltryns form. Po rife-1-a c-xhibit celJwce-U adhesion, but the rest as 35 phyJa. T he most conuuouly kuowu phylum is Clu>f(fdfa
of Anuna1ia hav·e- t.wolwd complex msues, Animals wuh (Ta.bl~ 7. l). which includes the subphy]um Venelmua, or the-
lWO embryonic germ layers (~ndoderm and ectodcrm} backboned animals. C hordatt-s. ho\WWr. consdtutt' ouly about
5% of all the- anim,1.l species. All other animaJs are frcqrnmtly
are diploblasts (Ctcnophom, Cn.idaria). Those with three referred to as 11mrru·bratt.')'. and chl.'y accom1t for approx.imatdy
layers (<:ctodt::rm . endod~nn, and m csodcrm} arc crip1obasts 95% ofchc anima l 5pcdes.

Table 7.1 Some Representatives of the Kingdom Animalia

Porifera - spong Multicellular. asymmetrical. aquatic animals. with stiff skeletons and
Cnidaria - corals. hydra. and jellyfish bodies perforated by pores

Platyhelminthes - flatworms Aquatic animals. radially symmetrical. mouth surrounded by
Mollusca - clams, snails. and squid s tentacle, bearing cnldocytes (stinging cello}: bod}' composed of
Annelida - segmented worms epidermis and gastrodennis. separated by mesoglea
Nematoda - roundworms
Arthropoda - crustaceans. insect<., and spiders Elongated. flattened. and bilaterally symmetrical: distinct head
Echinodermata - sea stars a nd sea urchins containing ganglia; nerve cords; protonephridia or flame cells

Chordata - lancelets. tunicates. and vertebrates Bilaterally symmetriGil with a true coelom. containing a mantle:
many have a muscular foot and protective shell

Body oegmented (except leeches); a series of hearts; hydrostatjc
sl<clcton and circular and longitudinal muscles

Mostly microscopic; unsegmented wormllke; body enclosed In
cuticle; whip-like body movement

Body segmented: paired and jointed appendages: chitinous
exoskeleton; hemocoel tor blood flow

Larvae have bilateral symmetry; adults have pentaradial
symmetry: coelom; mos, contain a complete dlgcsUve tract,
regeneration of body parts

Fibrous notochord, pharyngeal gill slits. dorsal hollow nerve
cord, an<l po,tanal tall present at some stage In their develo ment

149

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

, ~,_. ( ;ho~mozoa "
s
Q Plal~o2::oa

Cuida.ril ~

•n Xcnoturbcllid:i
N..:tnt•rtodtnnatida
= t=i MA c o d J

~"0 ~"::,- Ccph~od1ord.l~
~OJ~ ~,{:~s. Q
~ al *':: =0-..::. 8~cC:r~-=,] Urud10rd3ta. ______,,
~
-... $0 ......: •e "' Cramato (md V,•ttcbu":'/
: ,,
Q Ech,,,odcrmac, ~
,.
J-lcuucbordat:t )

ii'

14... .z. • .z. Cluc-tognatha
-.0g..
- I:: N..:tll:ltodo

0 ).ieuulmuorph:t ~

C T:trdi!,.Tfad.-.

0 nm
Q

-- Q. O u v d 1op l1ora
~0
N
0 Arth ropoda -,,
-... Q
[
0~- -= :;;;;.-=========--"n' Pr1apnlid.1
3 Loric:if..-r,1
0 L !a!:. I
'Oo
~[ Kinorhynch:i

f~ • Aundid:t
a0 1\al ollui,c.,
Nemerrl."a ~
,,.':O:,- n Br,1d1iopod:i
",,.0 0 Phoronid:t
n0 N

0
0

0

N

0
0

:JI
Q

~
N
0
0 :C,l C:n:i.thouomulid t

Figure 7.1 Phyk>b, ·uy and das,;ilicatic.m ..0 M i.crogu:irhoma
of Me,azoa (m~1lncdl11b r :in,1111.;ih),
3' ' - : J ,JR.otifc:1'2

"a'

150

( Phylum Porifera - sponges •Arnmaha
)
J
Of.Culum
Colcor&a Homoscleromorpho Oemospongia& He-xactlne-llldo

Si!Cea (siliceous spC:ules) Ascon
lnternaJ system ot pores {U,1.-t>Soinun sp..)
and canals for water Row
O:-culLuu
<>~11 l 11 m Sp1cuJe
Pro«)p)'le
Sycon
A:n1ocl>ocyte
( G,,wJur sp.) l u c u r rc:ut
<:an:il

Choanocy1c

U.3<11,l l \":l,ll:ll

Pm.acocyte

Sp<rn gcxod
M t.-sOh) I

Leucon figure 7.3 Ex:unpk·$ oflf'0ngt· body typt'S. A diai;r.1mn 1atic
(b tJ]Mllji,1 '-P·)
rt'pn:sientam·t• of c:.ch oft hc- t hn.-c types is tkpi-.:tc-d with a rrows

()r~bowmg the ilow \\':'l(CT through 1he body ol' th<: spoog(-.

2

Figure 7.4 The ·li1cmi;c Lc.·ut<•s.,lrni,1 :,:p. bat ,m Figure 7.5 /\ highl·r magni6c.it1011 oi the spicuk~ :md

:t-:con hody ry pc. osti.a.

1. 0-S.:ulmn 2. Spirul~ I. O.scuJum 2. Spicule-s 3. Ostfa

15 1

• A Photographic Atlas for the 1310!0~ Laboratory

f'igure 7.6 Tr.;mS\'t•rsc s.:.:cious o f the.- sponge. C,muiil sp. (:t) Low nugnific:u:ion ;ind (b) h igh m :il-,'llific:i.tion.

I . S p,ongocod 5, lncur1·e.rn c;an:il •>. R..~<h:tl c:rn1I .,
2. lncurre-nt caml
<,. A.pl"'>p)4t- 10. Mt"Sohy)

J. R:i.d1al <.'anal 7. OS-tunn

4. C h o:utoqtt.-s {coU2r ct:lls} 8 . PU1acocytc..-s

2

Figure 7,7 A bath spoo~.:. d.i.ss Dtrnoipou~iac, has a leuconoid bod}' stru ccul"(' (scak m uun).

1. C)su~ 2. <.>srnlum

Figure 7.8 The br.md u:•d siJica spicult"S ofa Figure 7.9 An e n.:;rusong spo ngi-. l.cuconoi<l 1, oogcs
freshw:ttcr sponge:. display a \vi.de r:u,ge ofcolo r a rid i hap l·.

152

Table 7.2 Re resentatives of the Phylum Cteno hora •Arnmalla

Classes and Representative Kinds Chara.ctenstlcs

Tentaculata - comb Jell!~ Marine coa.11al waters; utlli'ze cilia for transportation: most.species
hermaphroditic: lack stln_glng cells

Classes and Representative Kinds Characteristics
Hydrozoa - hydra. Ol>e_lio. and
Mainly marine; both polyp and medusa stage (polyp form only ,n hydra): polyp
Portuguese man-of-war colonles: in most
Scyphozoa - jellyfish
Marine coastal Waters: polyp stage restricted to small larval forms
Cubozoa - box jellyffsh
Marine coa.11al waters; polyp and medusa s1age; square-shaped when viewed
Anthozoa - sea anemones. corals, from above
and sea fans
Marine coastal waters: solitary or colonial polyps; no m~-dusa stage; pa,tiUoned
gastrovascular cavity

a enophora Antho100 Staurozoa I(: '\ .W..M Other

Scyphozoa Cubozoa and others Hydroids Siphonophoroe hydrozoa

Figure 7. 10 Phylo!$,·ncuc rd:.nionships
:.n,d cl~sific:iti,)n of Cte1H>ph<)l'J aud Coif.Una.

(_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Ph_y_lu_m_ C_t_e_no_p_h_o_r_a_-_c_o_m_b_ je_H_ie_s_ _ _ _ _ _ __,,,)

2

Figure 7 .11 The ,,.•,my comh Jclly~ .W11t•mi,,p.<is l,idyi, is Figure 7 .12 T he Arcm: combjd Jy or s..-:i nut. Mt'ftmsia
omm. is found in pob.r .SL'.b'.
com,nonlr found in th'-· ,vestc.rn Ad:mtic.
l. Rows ofcilia 1. Row, <,(cilia 2. T~ma<:fos (tor tl"ntJdc is n-(r.lCttd)

153

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology laboratory )
( Phylum Cnidaria - hydra, jellyfish, and corals

Class Hydrozoa Hypostom c

Mt.sogl~:1 -==::~,<!!!---.~ C niducytt•
cells
Epid,;.•rmts -
Gastrodcnms _ __,,_

c-.:av1ry
(l' Oclt-rttt·ro n)

Tentacle- Medusa G aslr OV,lSl'Ubr C3VJt),' -~~~

(a) Teur.u.:)(' Epidermis - ---fj
Fl:igdlum

Figure 7.13 A n:d-cp,:d uu.·drn,:i. Ep:denu~ - ---,r, (b)

P,~{Y('l'(/id pruirillaruJ, 1s com,11011 G,m l'r,dcrn,is
:dong: th,· shon·lines of the Nord1
l>;.tdfi,c, <;~IVity

(cod c-nt~ron)

Polyp
f igure 7.14 (a) GcJH':r.llfacd body plans of
cnidarians; (b) du: basic .:m:itom}' of llyllm sp.

3

'---=-,-4
·10X

Figure 7.15 /\ budding H)<drr, sp Figure 7.16 The ~flfl' n•1 ' c,,d o( a l-ly1fr,r SJ),

l . Tcrn1d1.'i 3. liypo!h)nu.· l. CniOOq•tl.':S: 3. Tentacles
2. Uud 4. 13:u.-il djsc (foot)
2. I-J)'pOsronlt." 4. lvhnirh

154

•Arnmal,a

2

F1gure 7.17 A r1-.ansvt·rsei.ectiou of:a

foualc l-/y1im sp,

1. Epidermis {C('1CXknn) 3. Mci>Of:,-i:e'J

2. G:astmVJ.5t·ub r c:a,rity 4. Eggs

(cC>dt ntl·r(·m) :;, G:i!ltmdcrm i~ (tnd(ldCT1U)

Figure 7 .19 A longitu diu.tl

Sl'Ctiun ofa Hydm sp.

2 I. l l)'pOStolllC 4. Basa.I disk
5. Mc,;ogl~
2. J!.ptcfotnus 6. Gastiude ruli~
3. GutrOvl.~tular <.'lvity

Figure 7,18 A trJ1>SvtTir><ctio11 of• mak R:.·m a.le

l·Jy:t,,1 s1,,

l. C.mrovucul:1r c;wily 4. Giu no dc rnus
(e-udodcrm)
2. Te-si:cs
3 Epirl,~rmic (ccmMrm)

~ -' $\\inuu ing-
planula b rv3

Figure 7.20 A mile 1-lydm sp. Figure 7.21 A femall.'. 1Jrdr,, sp.. De v d o p mg
J. Tt"11tu: IC1o polyp
2. Tc.re,t I. T<:"ntadcs 3. Uas.a! d.is.k
Figure 7.22 T he life cydc of O#,r.lia sp.
2. Ov:u')' (foot)

155

• A Photographic Atlas for the l31oloizy Laboratory

15X 2 - - - - ----; Figure 7.24 A <l«,;J or

Figure 7.23 An Obdfr, sp. ,oJony. ..-•J:.--.1 .in Obd,,1 sp. t:o1onr
I. Coc.-uosarc (tuft cisslh..' rnut11:cti11g: polyp!)
z . 1-tycitallfh (f.;-("d1og J'l()Jyr) ,,,. ~ •~ \ ox 9 I .Tcnuclo
3. Cona.ng iun, (reproductive potyp) 2. Pcris:irc {horny CO\'ermg

th.it endo~cs the polyp)

3. Cot·noi,;iTI:

4 , i'vkdll~a buds
3. Mydr;Jud, (f'eeding pvlyp)
(, . C l)llanguuu

(reprod ucu,·c polyp)
i . Conothec:i
8 . Bh.,.mstyfo
9.1 lypu:<tonw-

Figure 7.25 Au Obdi.1 sp. medll.Sa..

I . Tcn1:1cks .1. !vbnub1•i11m (seen through

2. R:u.h:tl c:rn:.ls d1e bod y from :ibmt.-)

figure 7.27 The Porn.1!,.'llC'SC m.m-of-war. Plt}'mlra sp. It is

a colony oi' mt'duSlc ~n<l polypS acong :is :i. singlt." org,ani:sm.
T he <cnt:tck-s an: compostd oCLhl'\'e types ofpolr~: the

g:1m01..Qo1.k (fot'di ng poly~). 1he ti:tctylozooids (sting111g

Figure 7.26 Ao ( i ,eli,, ~ . mNiuSol m te<Xhng l'l<lS1tton polyp~). :iod t h!" gonm:o<t1d ~ (rcp md uc.uw potw~ (~c:ile

I. T..-macb, 3. tvl:umbrium m mm).

2, G()ll:\<l 4 , M<mrh I . Puc tun:ttopbOn.' (tloat) 2. Tcntack.i

156

Class Scyphozoa •Animalla

. ·-(.

,,,1_• '.~'.- ~ (
...... : ·•. ,,"

"!\ · - -- ~ -

Figure 7.28 The Aurl'lla Figure 7.29 t\i\ ;1,.,...,,... ~p. Figure 7.30 An A un-lM sp. Figure 7.31 An Awdia ~p. c-phyr:1
1:trn. It gr:iJu:i.lly dcwlops i nw an
sp. pb nub b rv:i dc-\ld('ll>S scyph i$tOn\a T he polyp i1 a scrobib. Uuder favo rJbk· adultJd lyfish.
dc\'l'1opmcm:i1st.:ige i,l th !.'.' condioons. d~ scyphjsto nu
from ,1 ltrcilib.'d c~ that hfe cy<le of theJd lytish. I. rt.hopalit (s.:.ose <.•rg;\11S)
m:ay be rct:li.111'..-d on th.: dcwlops rnto the strobifa
o ra.l :irm <>( tit.: n H.'UU.S3. I. Oe\1t.lop-ini;: t<phyrac 2. Gon.lds

2 G anric
poud1
5
J\fouth
6 l \::rr:uJ.ial

l~'llt,l l

Figure 7.32 An u,'31 view olAmdi1t sp. mt<lus.,. R hopalium
(s.:US(' Ol'~ n)
I. Rin~ <::an:U 3. Margm:Ll tc-ntadl.'\S 5 . Su~ cnitaJ pit
Figure 7.33 An ('li~tl view oi /1111\'li,1 SI'· mc.-h1t;a,T he l'lf;ht or.al arms h:i\'e
2. Gouad 4. Radial canal 6. Oral arm h<:en 1'("1nowd, ~n<l fht> :wrows d epict c11·<11h 1io o through the C.Hl."ll '-)'$tern.

Figure 7..34 T h.: sc:i. m_.ttk Clt,ys,wr,J Figure 7.35 Tbt• n.•d-:,,rripe<l jclh1ish. Figure 7.36 T he- purple-st ript•d jdl)i,
O,ry·sa<11,1 mt•lim,1.Qa. 1~ com,uon n("a.r Clll)•SMr.i l\JcM .n, 1~ (owid off tht' coa!lt o f
./it.wstrus. They ~nh~ in la1ge ~\'r'Jrrns otT dle s\Url:l.(',: ol lhe lkring 5<..'3
the 1--.-ci6c coasc. wh.1.-i't' tht:)' th.:d C.1litbr1lia and in Moutt<rty Ua)\

•U ,zoopbnk-ron.

157

• A Pholograph1c Alias for the B1ology Laboratory
Class Cubozoa

~·.,. ,•,' ~ .. Exum.bn.•ll3
Suht1n1hrelb
' •' ' '
I• •' Figure 7.38 An J lusrrmon of boxJclly6sh.
... ·..Il•'·I'l Ol,;·M1"t1 511:frJmi'. $h.Ov:mg h-:i.~ic t:O:tn-nal
..l ~ • t I • s u uct u n · s .

,•.~·

•;J.;

e·'

•1-

l

.-.•• .'

Figure 7.37 The box jcUy1ish, CJtybd1•,1sividdsi,
is named (or it.s ..:uh(-sh:i.ped bl~ll. All cobozoan!l;

h:m ·. four tent:idcs.

Class Anthozoa

Figure 7.39 T he su11bt1Kt Figure 7.40 The: firecracker Figure 7 .41 T he wlx- ~ n ~1t1f)1l (', Figure 7.42 Th< S<a pen,
.1nt.•n1o nt•. Audwpkrm1 ,;o/a. b-'t"ts its coral.. Drr1,!n,pl1yllf<1 i,-.p•• a filter
Rn11ytrrim1ti1iu fimbrl,1tus, m:ikt.-s f>rilt1S1,rou g umeyi, 1s :t colony of
gr-c:,:n color:mon &om symh1ouc ftt<l ct, :ictivcl>• feeds rl:iy a lc:uhery mbc :mrl smks i1 up
and night. to two feet into ch c und. poh•rs dMt 11) :1)' ~ch fWV f~·et
:tip<.· \\i th in iL
in ht'ight.
158

•Arnmal,a

Tcma.ry
kptum

Pruulry
&.:ptum

Cot.•k·meron

Agure 7.43 Thc <lisk an clH011c , Aai,w-flisf 1» sp. h A<.:(mna
for ms b rge colonit'5.
Figure 7.44 A <llat,'l'a..111 of a 1xtl'ti:tl!)' diss:t"cted sca :-iucmOUt', Mt•tthlium sp.

Figure 7.45 Urai n co ral, Figure 7.46 T he skeletal Figure 7.47 .M ushroom coral, Figure 7.48 T he ,kdetil
C,millittr4 sp. smu:mrc of br.lio cor:tl,
G,..11i;1..rrr,1 sp. f{ho,Jr,rtis sp. strucrurc- of mu~hroom cor.,l.

RlwdtJ<tis sp.

Figure 7.49 Srnghom cc;,r:ll , Figure 7.50 The ,keletal figure 7.51 A deuik d view of figure 7.52 A Jctailed
A trOJ)(J1a sp.
structun- o f st:igho m coral.. tht" polyps of candy can;: coraJ, \~C'W ofthe- polrps of glo\'e
.,,1m,p(lra sp.
Cau~rstre,1furmtd. xc11i.-i , Xr,1iir umbell,rld.

159

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology laboratory
Table 7.3 Some Re resentat1ves of the Ph lum Plat helminthes

Classes and Representative Kinds Characteristics

Turbellaria - planarians Mostly free~iving, carnivorous. aquatic forms; body covered by ciliate d
epidermis

Tremaloda - fl ukes Including schistosomes Parasitic with wide range of invertebrate and venebrate hosts: suckers for
attachment to host

Ce sloda - tapeworms Parasitic in many vertebrate hostst complex life cycle with inte rmediate hosts:
sucke.-s or hooks on scolex for attachment to host; eggs are p<oduced and
shed within prog1ottids

I I -✓ Ii' /
RotWero
Goslrotrk:ho Turbellorlo Cestodo Trernotodo

Figure 7.53 Phylogtnn i~ tdarir>ntlup~
auJ dassific:1.tiou of n:presem:ttive Oatwonm:
{chm 1\1onogenca is not d<-'piacd but fo rm~ 2
n,o m)rbyli:tic group with C~toda aud Tremato1.b;
Turbcll:iri:t is likdy :t p:tr:iphflt' tic l-"!roup).

( Phy lum Platy helmi nthes - flatworms )
Class Turbellaria
Opening of
pi>Jrynx Lumt.'n ol Di,-crnc.111:l of
(m.-u1th} ph:arynx mrl¼lin.11 cavily

160 Dorsowutr.t.l
nmsdc:s

Circular NU\'C' Pharynx Lo11gitudiiul
musdes epi:.l.:nm:. mu~des
con.1 cavity
{b)

Figure 7 .54 Th,· intern:» :i.n:t.lon tyofplan.arian.
(aj /\ lo11gltudi.naJ scctfoo, and (b) a ,rans\TcrS('
,eniou through d1.: ph:iryui;c:d reg-ton.

•Arnmalia

1_

3--~

4----
5 -----

6 ------,

Figure 7.55 A p b:n:irl:in (a) D1~1,~·sia c.p. lt. l'}Wt1c, while the Figure 7.56 o,wcri,J~.,. 20X

sv.(b) Bipalium is :1 com mou iu babitJOI o(' i:;ardnts, I. Eyespoi 5. Opening o r ph:.wyn x
(m outh)
2. A uricle
3. C:u.uova.,;cub.r cavuy 6. Divemndu m o r
11u-e-rio:\I (':1vi1y
4. 1•haryox

2
3

Figure 7.51 A l r,ms,"rn~ $tCtion d 1rough thi: Flgure 7.58 A tran~w:1w St"cciou through tht<

pb.u yn gc..:al region of OJl..!,lt:SUI sp. postcn o r regton o f Du,i1:S1,, sp.

I. Epidcrmi1 5. J>h:uynge:J c.wny I. Ep.idcrm4 4. Do r~w:ntr.tl musdcs
2 . l.uresti.11:t.l ~,wity 5 . G:.r;trodenn is
2. Intcsu11aJ cavity 6. DorSotien1rJ.l mu.sdes

3. Tt'l:itis 7. C:L,;trodcrmi.s 3. M1.'5cnchy1nl.'

4 t:,11:i H. Ph:ityn,c

161

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology laboratory
Class Trematode

3

LU..li.J UU-1_1 I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I 111111111111 I I I I I I 111111 II I 1111111 l
Figure 7.59 Thi" <"•W liver f111ke, l~1s.il'>/,1 m,J.~rJJ, i~ one Mrhe 1:'11·f;\'•q tluk<$, niea.(;Hl'1ng ur 11) 7.75 <"II\ lnug (~l~ak in mm),

L Yolk ~bud 2. Ve-n tral sucki:r 3. O r.tl suc.:kl·r

Ut<>m < O\•iJucc Antl'rior
C) v :ny yolk duc:r
I
Wl(h

P n~tl.'1i0f

yolk dutt

Esophagus

Opeuu, ~ o f Ej:i<: ub to r)' Duct~ Vulk Po.urrlor
d-t.ferc>rt, duct
Utl"ru~ dun Scmitl~I 1('$ti..
, "CSldc
Attt(•r ior Figure 7.60 A diat,_'TJUl
of the :-hl'ep liw.r tlukc,
ll'Sti.S /.1' u1Mi,1lupmir--1t

Adldl li\f't'r 1lu~e 1't'Side-.

u, sheep liver ~

M<.'t:tc«."n.:.1rU i.,; c:a1cn ............._ egg cont:.u mng a nur:icidunn

hy a (;;htel' Ao<l c.xty'(i:-- ""- l('aws s h~i.-p gut 111 fo1:e'$

in C l m,n :I'

figure 7.61 The tifo cyde of batdtes 111 fresh w.i.ttT
s.h..:..-p U\·t"r Oukc. fosd<•I,, lup,11K,1. ( __ . . ________ Oo: 11.:snc s~p.. __________ . . _,.

f rc-c-swlnuuing ccrcan:t \ ~ :.......j, Vf,)""'"M,r,d,lium
cnc~ts 1>n ti \•:atl'r plJnt , n,il
as a nu:u..:c:rcar i:a Aqua>k sn.ill

z.,,,,...,/
. . . , _~_ ~..~
Re<lu~ with SJ)orocyst w,ch
Uc.·vdopil1gn.xli:1c

162

•Arnmaha

Mou1h 2 9 figure 7.63 Th..- lj\1t·r
3 nukf', <.1,>JIN'flilj $ 1) ,
Ph.u-yn.x 10 I . !vlomh

lnrMtul:'11 --- II 2. PhlT}1HX
caet'l 3. E~1lh,lgos
4 . Ce-nit:tl pore
\4:;ntnl s11d,--c1' 4 5 .VcntrJ.l suckl'r
5
GcuitJ.I por1.• - -ILL.J:::., (), Ui:cr ui.
Yolk
Duc.·tu~ g!,1.nds 7 . Owu·y
dcii-rcns
Yolk S. Semiua l rccepbdc-
ducr 9. OrJ.l sud..-r

Du1,-'0.1;:, (va.~) 10. c ..•r.:br.J g:tngliuu

Ut.'fol\' US 11. lnt(''-tina.l C'JC'C:l
12.Yolk gland~
13.Yolk duct
14 . 1~""~
15. Ductus (v,as) dcfon.•1ts

16. Excretory pore

Excn-tot y tOOX 16
hbdcl,•r
2 00X
figure 7.62 A ...tiai;r:un of the human bvn Oukl'.
Figure 7.64 ·n,.
Cl,m,irrliis >-inrr,si>.
.:crcaria sta~c ofa
trematode ~pl','lc~.

.0 2Q0~

20~ figure 7.66 A u:u1s,•t:rse s,:ction dtroui;}t the
Figure 7.65 A cranswnt· section tl1rough tht· mi lbody lower body r1.·~ion of Oo,wrdu.i sp.
regi<m of C/,:,,wrt{,1( ~,
I Teu~
I. U te rus 2. Intt.·stiuc
2 . lnt1.:li(mC'

163

• A Photographic Alias for the Biology Laboratory Egg with
n ~ir~idiu1n
Human liver p:isscs in focc.-s

Vl•ru.•br.1tc lnvenc-hr:itc
h-oiit
h(')Sl

/ Sp-ol'OC\')1 with
dt".:eloJ)ing

l ' ( . ' ( l i ; i( ' ..

Rc:di~ with
dc.•wlo pini
cerc11n:1.c
Figure 7.67 The lifo 9-dc o f the hum:iu lh-t'"r Ou!«·. Cfo,wrd1is S1Jl('1ui.s.

Closs Cestodo

S.-• lex - - - 1 V:iguu Yolk gb nd
O v:trics.
G t:mtJ I
pore L:w-rus with --+'-::

Cirrus - - - - - r- ll'-rriliv:d t:~

Ductt~
de-fore ns

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 7.68 T h(' di i.gr:u ns 0 L1 parasitic: t:1pc.·worn1, 1im1ia pi1,ff.v111is. (:t) T h i:' :i.uterio r e nd. (b) mature proglmtids, aud (c) a g r:wid pmglou id.

164

2 •Arnmal,a
3
3
figure 7.69 The scole.x of 1i1mi.r ,,isf!~m,b.
4
I . Hooks
2. R ostdlum figure 7.70 The inm,mtre proglom,~
,\. Snrkc:-r.,
of '/im,id ,,iYij,mnfr.
1. £.'lrly ovary

2, £.1. rJ y fC'$tCS

3. Exc,x:cory canal

4. Imm:nure v;igl n .1 :md d u.::ms def<'rens

2

2

3

Figure 7.71 A mature p roglottid of 1hr11it1 pis[!,muis. Figure 7.72 The r ip1: progk ,ttid of 1"iimia pisiformfs.

I. U terus •I. Excretory ~au:11 7. Cjrnt~ I. Zygotes in l,ra nr h cd rn:crus 2. Genital pore

2. Ovary 5. Tcstt'!; 8. Gc1m:,1l pore

3. Yolk gl•nd 6. Duetus ~lt'(t't'~m 9. V:i~ina

165

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology laboratory
Table 7.4 Re resentatives of the Ph lum Mollusca

Classes and Representative Kinds Characteristtcs

Polyplacophora - chitons Marine; shell of eight dorsal plates; broad foot

Gastropoda - snails and slugs Marine. freshwater. -and terrestrial: coiled shell: prominent head with tentades

and eyes

Bivalvia - clams. oysters. and mussels Marine, freshwater: body comp<essed between two hinged shells in a left and
right arrangement; hatchet-shaped foot

Cephalopoda - squids and octopi Marine: excellent s>Mmmers. predatory; foot separated into ;inns and cent;ides
that may contain suckers; well-<leveloped eyes

Representatives of the Phylum Brachiopoda

Closses and Representative Kinds Characteristtcs

Ungulata - lamp shells Marine; body compressed between two hinged shells in a top and bottom
arrangement; stalk-ti~ pj'dicle

Polyplacopho,.. Monoplacophora Ga1tropoda J

Scophopodo

Figure 7.73 Pbylogt•nt·dc n-larionships :md d.1ss1fi canon o f
M<1U1r,ca Br.ldtmp<1,:h, ind udi:-<I m rlw -.c.tio.n, ,lre mcm be tot.
oia poorly n-solvtd d:utc containin~ MoUusca. Anne-Iida.
Ncn•ertea, aud Pl1<1ronida. but sh~rc gros:-i n,orpholog1c:.1I
J.ffiuici<.•i. ,vid1 tht• Mollusca. Dr:a.chiopod~ 3ft" si.stc:r t.t.•.:otl to
t h.- l'horomd;e, and f<w ru :i da<lc. w ith t't".<pcc1 to th<' Annelid.-,
Jvlollu.sc:a. a11d N~-mt-rtea ealled d il'Trocho..:0.1 (all Luw :1
trochoph,:ire smge in b r v:J devdopn1eiu).

Phylum Mollusca - mollusks, chitons, snails, clams, and squids

Class Polyplacophora

2
5

3

4

Figure 7. 74 Chuoos ~rt e:.lsily rccogruud by thcir cight dor-..1J rJatc:s. (a) A dMsal vi1.,•w. aod (b) ','('-ll tl'.'Jl 1hC\-..' {c) A vc111rtll ..'lcw of

a chicou skd..-to n, d1owint! the c1gh1d ors:tl plates.

I. Dorsal p lates 2. Girdle 3. Mouth 4. GiU m~une.ut.s 5, Vt•ntral (oor

166

Class Gastropoda •Animaila

2
3

figure 7.75 M,my ~.isnopod~ h.lw ornate- shdl), su~h as Figure 7.76 A keyhole limp1:r, :Wegath111:1 m m1l,1r.i.
th t v.._•nuJ ..:omb mw1.".".<, Mun-~\· pt'lrm {scale iu mm).
I. ShcU 2. M..lntle .3. l\:>01

2

Figure 7.77 1\ snail. Corm, ,1J1xr1um figure 7.78 T h e l•c o inotioo o( d~t· slug. cla~ Gastf'Ol'oda. rc..1. u1rcs the

I. Sholl 4. I k,d production o f mums.. Slu.tP differ from snails i.u chat :t shc-11 1s abs,:nt.

2. Poot 5. Sc:nsory tcm;-ide I. Fooc J. Mautle 5 Ocultr tentacle: 7. Pucmuostom~

3. OcuJar tcnacle 2. M ocu) 4. He-ad 6. Sensor}' tc-utade

Shdl $ : i l1V:l l ' \ '

g b nd .

Or.:uhr
tt·ncid e

foot C 1o p
Ccrc.-bnl
Ovui ucr .!\.1ucous gtugli.:i
~and Buc:-c.tJ
½.gma
D ucru~ (v:is) dctCret~ IU:1.'>S

C)rFigure 7.79 O h! \'¢1ltt.1I Vl("\V :m a:q11:U;1(' $1l:l1I figure 7.80 A chagt:im ofpu lm()r>:m: snail a1utomy. lvtouch
R adub
(a) showiu~ th._.. rJdub. :md (b) 3 mfr:ro,;raph ofa
~3J radul,'t Th(' radul:, is made up cfsmall hl)rny S:iliwiry
d ue,
h:cth mad...· ofchitin.. caD\:d de-nrick-s.
167
I. Mouth J . Shd l

2. Radula ..f.. foot

• A Pholograph1c Alias for the Biology Laboratory
Class Bivalvia (= Pelycypoda)

Figure 7.81 An f'Xtc-ru:tl 1,•. iew of :.l c b m <hcll: {a) ckli!it;tJ view, .md (h) the left v.'lk'C. Figure 7.82 (mt"rua1 view o ( :.1 dam shd l
showing du: musck S,Ca,T';\ where the .iddw.:tor
I. Umbo 2. Hinge lig;1men1 .l Gn,wth linc;,1 nmsdcs :ut:tehed m thl.' shell.
I. !vh1sclc sc:ir

Gmwth hnes

Dlrectton

Foot
Figure 7.85 TI1e surf.ice llUtomy of .1 frcshw.m·r d:un. lcfi v:alw .

Figure 7.83 A g1~11t cb,n. 'riiduow ,te,t1.M.

¼ - n t ridl!' Au.rick·
Supr:1branc h t l l
11lte.'itUH.· c h:uubl!'r
Addunor
Codmu mn--:1<-
Pcric:m.6:d
¢:mJs Direction
of wa ter
Gl.ldul:u --ff-~ s'ii,ii• flow
Jn,:;urn•ol
kiJ.u.:y siphou

.Eifcrcnt
v-..·.ss...·l

Figure 7.84 C'...ilifomia mussels, Mytilrr:, Figure 7.86 A <liagr:uu uftlw cirtulatoq, an d respiratory s:ysR•1us
t,ilffamiiJJml (a). form extCniiW mu~d b~Js \b).
orti frc.,;h\\'.'.lh::r cb.11L
168

R ight Ext<>ruaJ t\nrer1(w Codom Hea,r •Arnmaha
v:1h •e g,JI,
aorta Gom..daJ
A 11rc1inr
P1))re1·1cw
adductor
m u.,dt> add uctot

h 1cmri:11t
si p h o n

H.lg:hr nn mk Fool lntt-stiuc Couad

Dissected superficial anatomy Dissected deep anatomy

Figure 7.87 ThC' anatomy of.J fo:sh\','·,uc.-r chm. 81\t:il\"t'S have two shdls (,•.l!vt.-s) that :tr<' btC'r.1Uy comprcss.:-d :.and dors:t!Jy hin!(ed.

2 . IO
K
9 11
12
10 13
2 II 14
15
5
3 12 lb
4 (,
5 13 7 18

6 14 8

9
7

Figure 7.88 A l.:lte~J view of a cfa.m. Figure 7.89 A latlTa.l vil·w ofa dam. fo« cut.

1. Atrium ofhc-1rt 8. P,:ricardium L. U mbo 7. Antt>rior 14. Postl.'rlor r~tr.1ctor
niusde
2. c;;[~ 9, Ven1r,de of htarr 2, lme~111e ~dduccor muscle
15. N ~phridiu m {kidney)
J . Anten o r rctr:1<:1or muscle 10. Ami$ 3. Opening bc-r.vcen X. Digc-srh-e gland
16. Posterior adtlu.:tor
~- L:Wl:11 p.alp!> I l. Postl•rlor n:trJ clor musd..- atrium and w mr idt· 9 . l utt•sUm·
muscle
5. Anter ior a<ld ut-ior mmdt> 12. Posu:-rior adductor muscle .J, E~ophagus I I) , l-lin~e ljg,110<.'.n t
17. Cooad
6. Fooc. 13. Excum,•m s1ph<.111 5. A nterior 1-ctr::u:ror 11. H inge IS. Foot

7. Mand c 14. .'\Jeph rid1um (k.i,-fncy) musdt> 12. Vcntr id c of hi::i.rt

6, ."-1outh 13. Pouel'ior aorra

Class Cephalopoda

Figure 7.90 £nm1>1t" cc-phalopods: {:I) 1he gbm oi:ropuo;, 811i"1w t,>1ms "P·• (h) curddish, .<w•p;M111• sp.•:i11d (i:) nauolus, 'J\'"uril,u 1){!r11pilfru.

169

• A Photographic Atlas for the u,010~ Laboratory

Flgure 7.91 {a} Tbe ;V rmtil1,.<. 3 c:cphaJopod1 has g;is-filkd i.'hamlx:rs ,vahin Jts sl11.·U. aHl"el'I as light brown in tlus cros~Sl!'l'ltOn of
the shdL (b) These.· c h:un bc.·:r'S regubtc bu\1y:ancy. The livi ng c h:un lxr th.u houses the body of1hc o rg:rnism is tht' white iu -:olor.

2 2
J
3

Ftgure 7.92 A dorsal view ofan octoplL'- col!ec1ed in the $1.':a figure 7.93 A V(; m ral VICW of :'Ill <'Crcl!'ll),

ol Cont·Z, S:m Carlos. Mexico. l. Sm.'tio n cups 3. Mo uth

I. M:andc 2. H.·ad 3. Ar ms: 2. Arm

Mouth Bram

Figure 7.94 The mtcrnal :m:ttolll)' of a squid.

170

2 3 45 6 •Arnmal,a

7

Figure 7. 95 T he cxr;;:rn.al artJminy ofthe !quid, u,11gt., sp.

I. Tcut:acles: 2. Arms 3. Eye 4. Punncl (siphon) 5. C:oll:l.r r•. M:.tndc (hcxly rube) 7. f-in

3 II

17 l:l

I~ 14
15
19 16
20 17

22

2.1 I,

24
25
26 7
27
28

Figure 7.96 The intcrn:il :m.:uomy of th e- S<juid, Lil,:;:,) sp. Figure 7.97 The imcr-n:tl :11u1omy ofthe

1. Pc-n (gooat.l panC!D)' re-scctt.-d} 11. Esophat-'1." 20. E.ffcn:ut ));quid. L,/~~> sp.. mcludiu i; he-ad region.
2. Gorrl;;ul 12. A,.ucul:icing rnlgc hr:inrh,:.-1 \<em
3. Lato:r.i.J iuaude- ancr-)1 13• .Articulaciug 1. SpC1'1n:110 1>horl!"! dll(;r In. Stom:ic:.h
21 . In k iiat
4. Poster ior wn:1 ca\f.l i:::mibgi.· 2. Pt·nis 11 . Panm:as
5. M<'d~11 nK11ttlc arrery 22. Rc:ctrnn
6. tvkdian uuut1i: \fCin 14, Fuuol.'I (siph(ln) 23. Cq,h:i1ic ..ort:i 3. Ktdnc.-y 12. Digc!.tivi: gland (cm)

7. Aff<'n:nt br.md1ial :lrtt'l')' 15. Mouth 24. Stell:i.le- ~:m~on 4, Gill IJ . l1er1
S. Gill 16. Tn11acli: 25. Ceph;tli( n;na c:iv.i.
'J, (.;i,1111~1 Oj)Cr'lillg 17. fi n 26. Eye 5. Emph:i.gw 14. Cephalic .iona
Ht U•~nchi:il h~~:.r, 27. Al'n ~ 6, Pleural m.-rV(• 15 . Visco:ral gaugliou
10. l\'1:mtle- 19. Sptt.·nu..: he-.art 28. Suck1.•rs
7 . Eye- 16. PcJ.al gan glion

l-$, R:.ad11l:i 17 Huc-ca1 bulb

9. Beak

171

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory )
( Phylum Brachiopoda - lamp shells

f igure 7.98 A fouil braduopod, 'A'f·<1sp1rifi•1 sp.. from the Figure 7.99 A fossil br:u:hiopod, Kf,t!,'t'rua sp.. fro m the
C1'<-taC¢('1U'- pc:rt<'l<l.
1•c rnu ao l)('r-i()d,

Figure 7.100 A livmg ernuplc oi J l1mp ,t,& Lin)!ulasp.

I, Chact(' 2. 1\.-didc v:i.lvl~ 3. Apex 4, Growth l.Jm:$ 5. Pcdkh.• ~- Sub~trat-: (!,:ind (111 j_X"d1c1t>) 7, Mu~lc 8. Cuticl~

Table 7.5 Some Representatives of the Phylum Nemertea

Classes and Representative Kinds Characteristics

Anopla - proboscis worms Mos tty marine, but some freshvtater and terrestrial: use eversible

proboscino catch prey and feed

Some Representatives of the Phylum Annelida

Classes and Representative Kinds Characteristics

Polychaeta - tubeworms ana sandworms Mostly marine; segments with parapodla

Clllellata (subclass Ollgochaeta) -earthworms Freshwater and burrowing terrestrial forms: small setae; poorly
de-..ilopcd head

Clltellata (subclass Hirudlnea) -leeches Freshwater, some are blood-sucking parasites and others are predators;
lack sctae; promlneni muscular ,uckers

Platyhelminthes Mollusca - ,IJPPolychaeta Hlrudlnea Ollgochaeta

figure 7.101 Phflogenetic rd:uionslups and
cbss1rk.u,on ofAnudid~. N(,))~rce~. iud ude-d iu
th:: s«ciou• •m: 1m:-r11b:..•r.. of :i pU(>rly n:-S0)\11:J d :id:..•
c,:w t:t11un_g Mollu_(l::l, An nc:lid:a, Ncmc1'tC;t, Or:ichiop('lda_.

and Ph<>rouida, but sban• ~N.1SS m<.lt'pholoi;ic:iJ all'inittt'S
wnh 1hc. .'\nnd,cfa (",('t> Hgurc 7.1 oo pagi;- 150).

172

•Animaha

(_________P_h_y_lu_m_ N_e_m_ e_rt_e_a_-_ p_ro__b_o_s_ci_s_w_o_r_m_ s________)
Class Anopla

Figure 7. 102 P.t,J1(J""r.t~1 Mm1,1?,1111~.~ b rgc f11•nwrtc.:a11 fr1)m th¢ RM( Ftgure 7. 103 The milky ribbon worm, Ct~lmw,l1u ldrW,J.

$ca, Ai1t:.lrcoc2. T}lllctl n ~mc-rre m cuuck· u, CO\,'l'red wuh m ucus
gland~. esp...cilU)• at d1t: :i.1.m:.:ri0r <·nd, at>d tht)• ~,sc their t>:(tmal ciJia
and muscuh.r perismltic u udulatiou m glitk o u du· ir cr.1;ils ofslime.

( )Phylum Annelida - segmented worms

Class Polychaeta

8

2
3

f igure 7.104 The sandworm, .Vrrd.; virm;.. Figure 7.105 The ::ante1io1· e nd of rlw ~andwor1n,

I. P:inpodt2 .VrrtU vitt·m. {a) A dors;il vie.'\\'. lnd {b) ;a wntr:t.1 view .

I. Pa.lpi 5. P3rapo,ba

2. P1ustouUum 6. St:tu:·
3. P,"Tistomi~I c1m {t('nt::lcks) 7. Mouth
4 . l'CJ'i,stl) ll)(" S. Ewrrt·d phM)-'11.X

- -- - - - 2

3

~t-"'-::=,;i!='_.:::.,:___ = _ IJ

10X

Figure 7.106 A ttJ 1L~Wlit" ~ -ction oft.he uod1,1,,-orn\, NnuJ sp.

I. r>ors,l blood \'l.'.si<'i 5. Obb(111e ,nusdc 9. Circubr 111usck -4
SOX
2. Oor~ l lon~dmdin..tl 6. Vcmr.1I blood vt-sit•l 1-0. NotopoJiwu
Figure 7.107 T he p.a•'3p<')dilun of,he s.indworm. Nrn:is SJ>,
inu~d~ 7. Vemr:tl loni;itudinal. 11. Para.podium
3. Lmncn o f 1UIC$1:in c nm1;dc 12. N(.'t1ropodium I. Donal (:irrus 3. Scue

-4 hH<Stiui;: 8, lntegl!J11tn1 U , \.b1wl 111.'l'\'t" o)rd 2. Noropodimn 4. N-.·uropodiuru

173

• A Pholograph,c Atlas for the Biology Laboratory
Class Clltellata - Subclass Ollgochaeta

Opcuini;sof Op..·nin~ ofduce-lb
scm1n,1l ,·e.:cpr:Kl<:i {\•;t~) dl!(~("'tlS

Mourh (.)v1du<.,
opc,ung

P rosto mi lu n

Calcifrruus Crop
i;!a ud:s

Esoph:ti;lli Ci:aJ.1\3 Mt•cu11:phri<lii

I - ,~ 2 34 5

~M o ut h

lforC'!ll
cavitv St.'min2I

r<.-ccpc.ac k·.s
Sq;me1U:.

2 34

figure 7.110 An :tntcr ior end of an earthwonu,

l..t,ml,dru~ sp. («:ilk~ in mm}.

l. Proswuumn 3. Scta~ 5. O pt'umg of <lu<.·tt1:;

2. Mouth 4. Segment 10 (vas) d efcrcns

Figure 7. 109 A dori.-.1 view of.-in eMthwo rm , L11111l1tir11t sp.

(scale in mm).

I, Pygidmm 3. Segments, or met.'lmcrcs

2. l'rostomium ()ocal~d Jors:tl 4. Clildhu11

to 1nomh) f igure 7.111 Earlhworm cocouus (¾'ale in nun).

174

•Arnmaha

2 8
?
32 I I)
3 II

44 12
13
; 14

6

7

Figure 7.114 /\ 1ranWi."1"$e s«t1on fi!' an earthwor111
posterior to 1he chtellmlL

Figure 7.112 The- internal l. Do rsal blood \l<.-ssd 8. Epidennis
9. O rcub r muscles
:1.U~romy ofLhc -:1.11terior cud of 2. Peritoneum IH. Long1tuduul nms.des
!'Ill af.;'lrl h \V(lrlll. L.11111btit11s $p , 3. T)•phlosolc 11. l11u~in:ll epnhelmm
4. l.umeu <if imes11nc J2. Nt.-phridium
I Bralt'I 5. lutes-tin<.· 13.'kntrll blood \fl.")'Sd
6. Codom
2 . Phll}'ll.X 7. Vl•ntr:tl ncrw: cord 14. Subnc.•ura1 blood ''t'S.Sd

3. Hc:lttS Figure 7.113 Tht.· internal
4. St·mim,1 \lcsidcs i , tH(')Ul}' " ',h<- pos1e r1<11'
5 . 1)rws::il bli>od vt.;.s.<:I e nd of :ln c-anhworm with
b. S<.·minal r«t.•pudt.-s part of 1he inttsrinc rl~mowd.
?. Crop
8 . Gizzard I 1ntCH11)t
9. lntt:sci1tt.•
2. Sept:tc
3. N.::phriJia
4. Vmtr:tl blood n-sr.c-1

Closs Clitelloto - Subclass Hirudineo

Posterior Anterior
\ U\;kc.-r
Mouth Pharytl.'<

~ M;Jic
,,. genit:il
111LU11U11Wl lll llllllllllllllllllllll1111111111U11U ,, pore

Posterior '\1' r - Fc:nulc:

L'i ge111L1l
pore

Codon1

2
3

• ...t I a I a I LLl,.,I .....__.__._.____._. &...I .___..,.LL.LL• I I I I I I • ....._.___. I LL..........Ll-4J

Figure 7.115 (a) /\ dorSal view o( :i leech. and (b);:, veutrJI view ofa le~ch. Leeches

:u-e more spei:.1:i.bzcd than Mhcr ;mnd ids. T hey have lost thdr set.lc ;md dcvdopcd

i:111:kers for :nrnchm~nr \Vlule ~ucklng blood (scale in mm)

I. M31e gtnita1 pori: 3. 1\utem., r sucker

2 . Fem.al~ _geuit:tl por~ 4 . Pm 1c.•rior suckt•I' Figure 7.116 A di:ii;r:uuola le<."<.'h.

175

• A Pholograph,c Atlas for the Biology laboratory )
( Phylum Nematoda - roundworms and nematodes
r

D uctus 2
defercn s

Figure 7.118 ·r he ht-_.1dentiof :1 m:ile
•.ti m1l'is 'I>, ((;(;de 1n mm)

1. Lip
2. Lu.cr.1t line

Scllliual
f \-ei.ich.•
~ 0,••'1· (

1EJ>culamryJ :/ (b) .J j/

<lun ~ _
JIIIIII' . CoplJatvry
Ro.·cu.u11 l
i\ \ ( ,p,rnk,

\(a) ~·

·r---- Anus _;....<::::

Fig ure 7.117 A rl1:igr:..m of1hc m1e1u:tl an:.r<uny 2
o f(~) .:i icm :ile ~ud (b} :i ,u :.lc- A6i·ari$ sp
figure 7.11? Tit<.' po-Jtcrivr t'lt<l of (a) a iemale and (b) a

ll1;.1le AJ((1tiq 1, (Sel'.lle i.n 1~111\)
I. C.:opub t(ll)' s-1~imlc,
2. P:1arubmry <luC't

176

•Arnmaha

Figure 7.122 A tr.tusvcrsc sec1im1 of :i m :ile Asmris sp.

1. Dors:\.I nerve <:Ord f), Tt~il-

2 . Ductus .:kfi.·r..·1L.,; 7. lateral line
3 lmcsrin,e g, C utl('le

4. Lonf,"ltLlllinal um~ck 9. C',0utra<.--iilc 1..hcath
c:cll body of mlssicle «II

5 . Psc.•udoc:od I0. V1:utr.J nt'n.'.: corJ

Ill U1111 IJllll ll II UUlU111 UIJ lllJn
Figure 7.120 The figure 7.121 T he mtcrn.:'ll
ult~rnal ;mat<Hll}' of a mali:
Asr,1ru )p. (S<.'lle m nun). :mato my otj fcmale-
As({1ris 31'· {scak· in nun).
1. lntc.-slin~
1. lnh."Stinc
2, 1-:ittr.:il l 111e 2, (;cnir::11pore
J.. V:i~n:i.
3. D uctw dt<fc n·ns 4. O viducts
4. Tcsrcs 5. U tcri (Y-sh:ipi:d)
5. Se minal vesid c
6. L.1ti;,ral line
figure 7 .123 .~ tr:-.nsvcrsc sccrion of a fonu k .,Js,a,ls sp.
7. • V'.ll)'

I. Oors.;al nerv~ cord 5. Curidc 9 lmcson c-

2. Ps.:udo<:od 6. Er®i 10. Ov.lry
.1.. O v1duct 7. Lumen <>f inte$tUh': 11 Longitudm.111 111U$C:IC$
4. Ute rw 8. latt'.ral lino:
12. Ven tral nn w cor\.l

177

• A Pholograph1c Alias for the Biology Laboratory

Figure 7 .124 A do~ hl"3t1 jufi.-:.tcd with Figure 7.125 A photo11n('rog:r.1ph of 'lf1tlii,ir:IJ111pi,,1lis <:llC)'Slt.d nl o\u..<. .:k.
h.:,a rtworm . Dfr..{ifori,l immitu {S<:a),: m nun).
1. CySt 2. Musd1..• .l Larva

( Phylum Rotifera - rotifers )

Coron:. Braiu

Ston u ch N\:phridiodm:t

Cloaca!-----+- 7

bl:1d d ('T

4-----

200X

Figure 7.127 /\ roufor.

I. C oro11a 5. fv\aj.13:,;
2 . Ant..-1ma 6 . Vih:11:uium

Figure 7. 126 A<liagr:uu of J . Su,m.ach 7. l.JHt:-tiue·
the rorifor. P!,il,>diu.r $!),
4. Spur S. Toe

Figure 7.128 Mo rpholog,c3I
din.·nity of R otifor.1.

178

Table 7.6 Re resentat1ves of the Ph lum Arthro oda •Arnmalra

Classes and Representative Kinds CharocterlsHcs

Merostomata (Subphytum Chellcerata) - Cephalothorax and alxlomen; specialized front appendages Into chelicerae;
horseshoe crab lack ante nnae and mandibles

Arachnida (Subphylum Chelicerata) - Cephalothorax and abdomen; chelicerae; four pairs of legs; book lungs or
spiders. m ites. ticks. and scorpions trachea: lack antennae and mandibles

Malacostraca (Subphylum Crustacea)- Cephalothorax and abdomen: two pairs of antennae: pair of mandibles
lobstcrs. crabs, shrimp. and lsopods and two pairs of maxillae; biramous appendages: gills

Maxlllopoda (Subphylum Crustacea) - Ccphalothorax and abdomen; freshwater-and marine; up to six pairs of
copepods and barnacles appendages

lnsecla - beetles, butterflies, and ants Head. thorax. and abdomen; three pairs of legs; well-<le\'eloped mouth
parts:: usually two pair of wings; trachea

Chilopoda - centipedes Head with segmented trunk; one pair of legs per segment: trachea; one
pair o( antennae

Oiplopoda - millipedes Head with segmented trunk; usually two pair of legs per segment; trachea

Representatives of the Phylum Tardigrada

Phylum Characteristics

Tardigrada - water bears Bilaterally symmetrical; four pairs of lobopod legs terminating in daws or
sucking disks

w c_,, ~ /'
l'uach u ida Maxillopoda
X trh~llt:) D1plopod, C h il 0poda Mabt·o.s.tra<a l11St..X'ta

Figure 7. 129 Pl1ylugt·nctic: relatiou~hips .me.I d a:,~ifica tion of Sdt'(:t arthropods (doc$ not iudud~ d 3.ili.';'I

Or.tehi.opoda, Ri:mipt-di:a, Ccpha..loca.rid:.a, .md Ostr.u,:oda; Maxillopod:.i m- likely paraphylctic). Tardigr.-id.a
probably bra1~d1 b.ts.1lly to Arthropoda a11d tn'lychoph1)~ {sec FJgure 7.1 011, p~f!e: 1.50),

179

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory )
( Phylum Arthropoda - arachnids, crustaceans, and insec ts

figure 7.130 Ex.-mp1c :inhropods

ulclud e: (.1) a blJcl,: wid<)\\: LaJrrx(ettuJ

lrn11('n1s, (b) a lfat mdc t1~, oqiion .

l l11cfogmrs tu•~\'<irlyt,·l·. (c) a solp ug.d.

Emwbmcs p,1/liprs, (d) an Ame.nan

giauc 1nill1ptlk. l\'d~'tus amerlt1m11s,

M a slrlp pc.-d shore er.ab. Ruh)-grJpsus

t.J.11JfiJfi,, (I) :l hr-inc ~ll'Ul lfl,.AH,~mi,J

Jt.1/Uw, (g) a gi:mt i£npod, &thr1wmt1s

.<p. (h) a hov.:~•. S)•rphida,: sp.,

(i) .- tiger ~ d..:, Ciri11d~>1,1ft1Jgitf11,

{j) J ,\':\ttr be..:dc, Utlw,en1-t mediJ1J..

(k) :i $hid <lb.lck k::11y<lid, M •ilubtr ~- ..
rariu.Ua, (I) :a spicel1\.1:;h ~-w,lliowbil
buttcrll)~ P"ln'/j., 1roil1u, :md (m) ;i Cos.ii

ud-obil-c, ;\'J,1d1lt'l<f 1r,»r,d,s (tri.lob1tes .are

t>Xcirtn :irtbropo& fro m du~C:imbri:m Flgure 7.131 f--fan-e~tiu.:n. Pl,!flrmgi:111, cpilio. oornmo atly c-alled Jad<lr

and Ordo-.;<:i:m period,;). long le~.:.•~ t)()t rc:ill)' sindcrs.

180

•Arnmaha

Subphylum Chelicerata - Class Merostomata

8

l)

10

11

Figure 7.132 (a) A dorsll view :and tb) :l wntul vit>w o(th...· honohoe crab, Umulus Sp. Thi\ arlliuaJ is c::mnmonJy tb uud in 1tha1Jow watt'n
alon~ tlu: Atbn ti('. <:oa:.t from {"',:urnda to Mexic.:o.

I. Sunplc cy...· (I. Abdomc-u (opisrhi'lS.Otn.l) 1I . Uo\'lk gilk l (.t, Amt.,
7. Tdjort 12. l'«lipalp 17. Tdsou
2. C<>rn pouml ere ~. Chd icrr-a<: 1;;. Mou1h
3. Abdomm~I ipioc.>~ 9. Guathoba.~e 1-4. Chifarium
1.5. C.cnit::il opcr.:ulu m
-4. Autt>rlor spin...· IU. C:hd-u. e legs.
5. Ccplulo1ho1~x (pror.o1n.a)

181

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology laboratory
Subphylum Chelicerata - Class Arachnida

figure 7.133 A garden spider iu du.· Figure 7.134 A tick. within th" f.1mily figure 7.135 A r.:d mit<:, Demuurys.s.us J.'d!liu,1~.
1>r(H'C"SS e>f!-t,io1Hng ., web. foeding (In :i li~ rd
1~od1d,ie. 1s :l ~>ec1al,1ed p:ir.1mu• .-r,hropod
I, Spimu.:rel'(
(s<:alt• in mm).

C:heliccu T ro cb:um."r
,OL--,",!J-- F:mg
Female pedipoip
l'«tipalp
Cephalothorax, anterior view

Walking leg

figure 7.137 A cob:tlt bl~ t2r-;inn.1la,

Naplopcfo,+1 Jil'idum,

I . Oj1tsrh 0Mm:t 2. Pmsoou 3. PedipQ;Jp:i:

{abdv01tn) (c.:phalod ,orJx)

hmg G<.'nopoie Ovuy
(C}.'lt for egg.)

figure 7.136 A di:ii;r.uu ofd1e :m:i.tomy ofJ .sp idt·r.

182

•Arnmaha

3
4

5
6

2

Figure 7.138 .'\Jl :'\111.on:t h:ury ~coq>inn, l-/:.1,ltu,JJ$ ;Jl'i~1>t11'J1,ck Figure 7 .139 Some ticks :uuch<.-d and foc-din t,t on a s:iv:umah
Scorpions are most cotmnouly iowtd in tropu:al :m<l subtropic.Ji monitor, a larg'-' .Afn,:in Jiz:mi
regions, hul there :trc :ilso S(•vcral sp,·c1es fou nd in arid 2nd
I. Tids 2. Sc:-al<.'s ofmomto r

to;'1.Uptr.ttc torl t.'S,

1. Ccphalothorax :t Stiugmg 2pp:1.r.uw; 5. Pre2bdonu·n
6. \l/:tlking k·gs
2. Peilil"'IP 4. Posc:ibdouwn {tail)

Subphylum Crustacea - Class Malacostraca

Figure 7. 141 A :,;e,. skttl'r, L;git1 i't,Ji.-,1.

Figure 7. 140 A pill bug, Arm,1ciil11dfum i>p.

Figure 7.143 A Sa.Uy LiW-nfo0t <:-r:tb. Gr,,pJus ,<:t,1;mr;.

Figure 7.142 A fire shrimp. Ly;nutta ,lebr.lius.

figure 7 .145 T he w31cr flc:1., I >apJmi,1, i~ :i ro1nmflo

m i Cl'()~• IHC. crmt.ic<::rn

Figure 7.144 A hc.·rmit crab, C«rwbit1, d ype,itus. I. Hc.1n 6 . Sc>t:ie I I Ahdl)111in:il ~tt.H•
2. Mid~ut 7. Brootl chamber
3. Compound C)'C !<. Egg< 12. Anus
4. 2nd a.nre1u1.a 9 . Ap1c-JI .\-pine l.l- Abdmrnnal c:b..v
10. Hind~ut 14 CarJ.p:t<'l·
5. Rootnuu

183

• A Photographic Atlas for the l31olo~ Laboratory ( :.:::phalothor:1.x
Abdo men

Terguin Amcrn,:i
, .:.::,- - Antcnnule

Fc1.•ding .tllpead:igc:.~
(m.1 x1ll1pe1ls)

W-.ilkmg k i:;,.
(.pcn.·opods)

figure 7.146 A <lia~r.UJt ofd11.• cr:iy6sh . Camhants.

Alxlomcn C .: phalotlmrJ..\:

Dors:iJ I >11.:tu~(\':t<) Rr1>tnuu
a1,d1)111u,ll t.le-fi:re m

A,11e:1rn.::i
Aure nnulc

Swimme-rcts Copulaciott Di~(·stivc
$,vinuneret ,::land
(pkOP<>c:b)

Figure 7.147 Thi: anatomy o(:a crayfish. A sag1ttal s.._.cciun of ;m .ltlult mak.

Digc:,,uvc ---!fa,,!F,JrHM-¼\-- - --+- Car.tpal':l" (C:ul)

gbnd

Stt.•rn.J sjmu
N~1'\.'C C:Md- --'-t~~ ~ "";~

figure 7.148 The.· ."1112tomy o[ :i (r:t~•fish ..~ tr:IUS\'Cl'Sl' St't:cion o f an .1dult nu.le.

184

•Arnmal,a

2

3
4

figure 7.150 A b.lt>ral view of the n:t)•fish.

I. Carapac<-· S. R o$trum
2. Alxh)111cn 6 Compl)UOd eyt

3. Uropod 7. M•xilliped

°'· Swmuncrct 8, Chdi1)("d
9. W:Jkuig legs
(plcopod)

Figure 7.149 .A dorsal vi(~. W ,,r the ('f'J.yJish Figure 7 .151 A vt•ntrJ.I vi1:w of1hi: or:J region o f the crJyfish.

I. Chd ipi:d 5. Tdson 9. Rostrum I. Third uu.xillipi:d -l. Green ~l:1.111.l duel
2. Mandible 5. Pim m,xilliped
2. W;llkmg 1.-g~ 6 , ut'(l,)Od 10. Compound eye 3. Sec.:oud uu.xiJfa
1l ~ Ccpli:tlothorJx
3. c,,_np:icc 7. A11t<.·1ma

.J, Abd•)meu 8 . Anrem)uk 12. Tcr{:,'1.ml

185

• A Photographic Atlas for the lJ1oloro, Laboratory 8
9
2
3

(, I I
7

,,

<, 12

s

7

I ;l
9 14

111

15

Figure 7.152 A d<>nlll vi<'w of ihc or:ll r-cgi1)0 of t-lle cr:iyfuh. Figure 7.153 A dorsal view of the .l11.1tomy of.'I <r-~•fo,h.

I , Compound t~)'~ 6. Cirn um.-sophago::a.l 1. Antenna 6. D1g~nw ~and 13. k·~is
2 W,1lkrng leg r.,:,n 1)Cai ()1l (()( w,m,.:il om,e C(l1\'I)
2, C<>UlJ'IOll1ld (j,'C 7 . Gtlk 14, l>uccu<

3. C rec:n i;Jaud 7. Esuphai;us 3. Bnin 8. Amennu k·~ tlt-fen•ns
9. ,v.1Ikiug legs
4. Cardiac ch:imhcr 8. Regton o f g:iurk mill 4. C ircumt.•:mp lugc:il 15. Aort2
of!lt<111uch 9 Dig~.Stlw gWm1 COIHIL"Ch•U (of 10. C n.·l·n gland 16. lntcscin,:

5. Dr.tin 10. Gill V<:nrt:11 lier,~ cord) 11. l~lOllh,,gus

5. Man dibular mll'i<.:k· 12. l\ ·Joric stOtnJch

(,

Figure 7.154 A vcml'.ll view 0 ( (2) :i fem.Mc

Jnd (b) a male crayfoh. The first p:iir of

switruncn.·c." an: gn:.ady cnlMJ:'.i:'d in d tt- m:i.lC' for

ortht· ...tepositwg .sperm iu the female's .s.::1u maJ

7 re<'cycad'-'.

I . T hird m;iiolhpcd

8 2 . WJ lkini; le~

9 .t Disk con•rillg oviduc,
4. Seminal ren-pc:ack

JO 5. Abdom en
6 B.lse of chcUred

7. 13,as.,., o fJ;ut w.tllcini; lt'g

fi. Copul:i.to1·y swm1111ere15 (J>lc<il-><Hh}

9. Sp('TUJ duc:b (h'l.·u..ita.l po rt~}

1(1. Swim111erc~ (pleopods)

186

Subphylum Hexapoda - Class lnsecta •Arnmaha

Figure 7.155 Ex;impk iust:cci; 111d u de: {a) a gn-:un ar id-land k.1rydi<l. 1\'t<1b1mt111,1 jputo.M, (b) a i;nxn botdt fly. Lu<1l1<1 St-ntJM, (c) a ll:uu c

skimmer dr:lgou.11>•• L'bc/111/,, Sll/Ul'iU..J, (d) :l cic:Kb, Dkm>J.1r~vt,1 dp.1du·, (I.') a miU::w(•l.'d lx_-cdt.·, Tl'ttMfll'S r~•m>pl1tlwlmu4 {f) :i c:yntlu:1 moth, S,1mil.l
,ym!iia. ({;) ~ g;i,uu corkro3d , . U,"1,tru.< gff111Jf11$. an d (h) 3 Caroluia umtfis, Stll$!•nt>m1tt1rfj (,1n,li111'1

~ ,:g

~Yo,u1g uyOll1'h

( G<oduol Complete
metamorphosls metamorphosis

Figure 7.156 A Adult
diag:r.un showiu,;
snsl.'cc development. Ju
gr.,d113l (incnntple ,e)
mct:1morph0Ms, the ynt,ng
rcstmbfo lhe ad uJu. but
rh t."\• :ire sin:tllcr :in d have
\itiie-1'('nt body p ,oportinns,
lu cvmplete n1ecuu o rphosis,
dH~ l.uv.w loru- d ifferent
from d1e :idult·:lHd gi:ncr:Jly
h:iw diff<'1t>m foOO
rt•quiren1Cnb.

187

• A Photographic Atlas for the 01olo~ Laboratory

Figure 7.157 1'he dcwlopmcnt:il q3gc-.5. of 1bc- m<Hl:i.rch butr..:rt1y, 11.m,m( plt'.vipJ1'1t5, indu<le (:i) egg, (b) b r'V:'ll ~,~gc-.
(c) chrysn.li._, :md (d) ::iduh.

orfigure 7 .158 The pupl the Aila11dlllS figure 7 .159 A gt.::i'-~,h()ppcr.
nym1,h. M1>l,1,,-,,J/u.J,
silk.moth. Srmi'11 ()'! ll liia. T he silkc11 cocoon

hu lx-cu r.:.·mowd (sc:tlt' in nun).

Figure 7.160 A rnmmon l10us1.." cricket. A d1:•M d-1l'111csdra. moltiu~. All Figure 7.161 The- d,;.•vdopmc.•nt;i.l :.1agcs o f
:uthmpods must periodic.tit)• slwd du.•ir <.•.xoskc-k-tou in order co ~'JO\\~
T lus pTOC('$S 1$ c·.alled molti.ug, or ccdyj i:t the common honcyb,;.•c. J'4f'iS mrllifi-1d, indudi:

188 (a) bn'.11stab~, {b) pupa. aud Cc) :idul1 (s<.·alc

m mm) .

•Arnmal,a

SOX

f igure 7. 162 The hc.•~d ofa h ousdly, Figure 7. 163 A h<111eybt>e.J11,l.t mtllf/f-m, q,l!lgcr.The rwo dar1$ <:<mtJUl ti:irbs on

~howing au c.·.xantplc: of :t :-pon~iug type d1i: tips th:tt poim up\va.rd. makiui; il uiffit:ult to reruow :1~tmgi:r from :a wound ,

mouthp,m iu insect$. Notic-c the Lwge I. ~heath 2 I >:im

lobd at tlh· :ipl"X ot" the Jabmiu . wbicli

fu nction in lapping up liquids.

t. Cu1upC>uJ1d t')'t' 2. LJbiu m

Figure 7. 164 Th< hind k!;)' of,

wol'ktr horw>'i>ee,.'1pi' ,,,,,llift•,,f, (a)

i ---------- Ol•~• surr".lce and (h) u\JlCr .surface.
r.. rt.•mur
1. (:.oxa

2. Troch:imcr 7. T ibi.i

3, Poll<·J) ~ k~r 8 MctaC3n:u~

4, l'ollcn 1>acker 9. P~)Uen conlh

'F-- - - - - i j 5. Pencn W . Tarsus

~ -------,;

(a) (b) 20X

-• ..... -. ........ .._

-.:.
- '-,- .- .2
'• -:..

5
"; .-'\..-J ~
"\\.'. .-~ - ' "}
,: ,, ., Y. • ~ "(.
b ~7
. ., --. \. - '--
:::;~-·\ . ~ . . .
.,,;•y"-/4 '/(a) '

l5X (~ I \ 60X

figure 7. 165 Tb:: wings ofdte honeybee.·. Ap,s mr.{J!ft-m. (a) A wlm!c mount. :t.nd (b) a dose--up.

1 Cror.s Vl':m~ j _ H ind wlng 5. Tr:msp:an:1ll \Ving tilm
2. Forc\\•ing 4. Cross \·\.'ilu 6. HaiN

189

• A Photographic Atlas for the 131010~ Laboratory

~\ l
(d) (e} (f) (g)

20X Figure 7.167 Thi: plunmS<.· :ioto:una,: ofth.c Ail.mthus
<,ilkmoth , .5.,,,,;J ry,11/ti.1..
figure 7.166 Some common in ,cct :int<.•mu~ {:t} C'.l.w·.tt<". '-
hum:1t1il"..S, (b} ~1•1·:ue-dir..k be-cries, (c.:J l;uucll:tl<~Jll'.lh
b~•<.'.tks. {d) arisatt·~1ou:.etlid, (c) g("nK'ttlat<.,__\\1-."..:vih

{f) mooibfot'ln-{ermites. ~od t~ 1,h11nosl!~ll()th~.

4 -;-- ------,

SOX

Figure 7.168 11H: mouthparts ot"' th.: flea. Crt·1wrepf1111Jdr sp.. which an: ':!po:<:i.:11.iwd for par.i;;it~m. N ooce th,: or.LI brLStk~ bt>u,1:atb th~
uw udl dut .i.id thl.' tfoa in pcn,·tr,u ing bcn•/C<."ll luirs to focd on the blood of m.mu ua.Js. (l ) fom.ilc Oca ;and (b) nu k· flc-a.

I. Ep: 2. Or.iJ br-isdd 3. M:ixilb -4. Ma.xill~tr)' palp

190