Van De Graaffs Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

DPlantae

•

3- - - - - ' figure 5.94 A Ct•rn 1;3n11•. tophyte witb :i.n:fo:i;onia.. 2
I, Arcbego11i.1
40X Figure 5.95 I\ fe-ro l}'tnt1ophyn-.
Figure 5.93 A )"Oung tt'n , showing :ircht·golUuin.
g:unC'tophytc (p1ndull11s)
I. E~g
I. G:uncmphyu.~ 3. R hi:.mid 2. A.rdll·gomlUH
2. SJ)(llt cell wAII

3

Figure 5.96 A ~·.ru ~.1u1~toph)'tt sliowU·1g autherxha. Figure 5.97 A fern gamcmphyrc with 11 young

1. ( ;.-unC'fl)f'~')'le (J)ro1hallus) 3. It h1,:oid,; sporop hytt· :itta..:b<.-<l.

2. Antht·riJium with .sp..-rm I E"l'!\nd~cl :l1~ ht'b-0111u11l :z. Yo1111g 'f)•i:ot) hyre

2

Figure 5.98 Tr.i:uswrsescctirnt through the scent of:i t."rn, !OX
J1dt.~,11!1111sp.. sJ\o,'-'iJlg :i. sii,houostelc.
figure 5.9'9 A tnnswrsc sci:rion of2 5poroc:up o f the water
I. Phlo<-'nt 3. t (.-af gap 5. Scleri6cd pith fern, M,m.Heo s:p••which ~ «)11e of the two Livmg -orders o(
2, Xylem 4, C<,1·te1'
6 , R.001 t r :\(¢ hcccrosporous ferns.
I . Mtcrospor.mgium with m icrosporcs
2 . Mc~sporai1~ia with 1net:PspOr~

91

• A Photographic Atlas for the B10logy Laboratory )
( Phylum Cycadophyta - cycads

Mallm: k·m.dc Mcg;isporophyll
\poro phytc Ovule

Seed

Yoong $porophycc {211) M l c: m s p n r a t l gilm \

M.uun: m:tfc M ic rosporoph y11 IMeiosis j
\Vlth 11Uc:ro:ipOr.t11gla
s.poropll)·te fmm :nurc

IMeiosis ! polh.·u graio

Embryo (2n) Cc-nnin:aed pollen
graiu w ilh r,1,0 sp~rm

" tisu<(,,)__fem.iii: Egg~ in
gatu<.1ophyu:
,_"_·.l,klo'g-•o-nhun

J\.1t>~!}unerophyt«:
within ovule

Ij Ferllllzoflon

Figure 5. 100 T he life cyde- o( ~ cycad

92

•Plantae

Figure 5.101 A C)'<1U m ,-.:1/ut,1. Cycads ,,,..en' abundan t tlurm~ Figure 5.102 A CY(aS rrmlu/11. iJ.1.owin~ ., fomalt'
, he M esozoic Er.i.. C urrendy, 1hcrc are Ill Irving ~ ncr.-., wnh
about I0<• 11p<.·1.i.cs, due :u-e fou nd 1naioly in tropic.-.tl aud (mo:.-g:i:.por:rngi:itc) cone.
I . Cont.·
s:ubtropica) :irl":t~.Tiu: trunk o f m:my cycads: is dcusdy cove.red

wilh p1.'ll<.1k:,. ofshed ll'X\'l"(

2

figure 5.103 A Cyr,u h.i•clHl<l. shcm1ing a dose-up vi._•\\' of a Figure 5.104 A C)lf,J.< rtr\!/111,i. showing a dos.:-up vil'\V

fr·malc couo.:: wnh dcvdoping seeds. of a font:tlc- cone du ring J.ced dt)pe1'S.'II.

l. St.·::ds 2. Mt.-g;nporophyll I. S,'<.'<!s

Figure 5.1OS A mak {1lu<:Mpor.n>gj:ne) e011l· of CJ'las mx,lut,,. orflgure 5.106 A m:ik COIi(' C)'(,U Ttt\!lttl,I after rd t":tS('
I (;on("
oi polk·u.

93

• A Photo@'Bphlc Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

figure 5.1 07 A youn1-:: plant of' th<· t.)'<."3.d Z(1Jm11 ~,mild. Flgure 5.108 Micrl~por.u1i:;a1,· COtK.'$ ofthe- C)'l\::ad Z11m1,1sp.

found in FJ.orid.:i, th!$ cyc3d i.s the only spcck"S 11:mw to d1e
U uitt-d St:'Jt1: s.Tht> roocstocb ~n d :-1(-tnS ofdLis pbnt wctx- :ut
io,porc;:a11t SOlirot <tf fo,:,<l W tcunc N:iriw· A1>)etic:inL

Figure 5.109 Th t £ 1NXpl1,J,v-1os 11iif<i.i11.< is :k 1101tthre:ncMd
sp<:cics ofcyc:ad native to soud1eJstc-r-n Afric:l.

2

3

Figure 5-.111 A trans\\.•m· st'ctiun o(the- k:afof d1-.· cycad Figure 5.112 A trJm\•crs-.· sc.-ction ofthe n,:m ofdtL'
h1mh,sp.
cyr-.td ~. 1111i.r ~l>·
I. Upper c1>MerrniN
2. PafoaJc- m<-sophyU I. Cortex 3. Pith
3. V.:a~ul.lr buocllc (vein)
2 . Vi«:lllar tk~Ue
94

•Plantae

Agure 5 .113 (a} r\ 11ucruspor.111g,at('I COJ)t> <ti figure 5.114 A nU<.Wsporan~i:.m: cone of l cyc:id showiu~ microspor.u1~:a_
the- cyc:.1d. Zmma sp.The con,: o n tho: r ight (b) ii
l)ll n11crof.pomphylk
lo11gin1tliualiy sc<cciom.-d.
I. tvhc.-rosponu~iJ 2. Mi('rosporophyll I . M icrosporaugaun 2. Mic:rosporophyU

Figure 5.115 A 11·ansver:<,e seo1on of a mirro,s;p()t;,ngi:itc ('0 11<: <>f the> c-r<:~d /.,m1i,1 $p. Figure 5.116 A Jo ng:iludma.l section vf
l m icrosporophylJ of tlu.· cyc:id Cywu sp.
(a) A low maptifica6on. :utU (b) a mag:nifi<:.·d vit•w.
Note th:u the mkrospor,mgia ...tevelop ou
I. Coo.e a:<1~. 2. Microsp orat,~a 3 MicK,.st)<)tUph)·ll the undi·rsmficc of1he nuc:mspomphylL

Figure 5.117 A I. Mkruspol\')phfll
2. 1'.•ticro,\porarlgia
1ut.-g::tspor:u1~i:i~
l:()n(:OfCy-m.s 2
rr1~)luM, ..,howmg
-c:wult•s o n k.allik<.-
megasporophylls
ucar U11.· time: ol

polli1tatiou.

Figure 5.118 The ul<'g:J.'.1H)1VphyJI a.nd ovuJ~s of Cr<,~ rrwl11r,,~

1. Mc;g:i~p,....rophyll 2. ()vu1e,<.

95

• A Photo~phlc Atlas for the B10logy Laboratory ,;-

(b) (( -

figure 5.119 Tr.m<:vcrsc scaiom of 1 mcg:t,.por:mg.i:itc cl"1nc of the cye;ld Zamia "P. (.:a) A low m:ig1~itic::1tion, :md (.h) ;i
01.agn:jflcd view.

I. Cont" :a..xi.s 2. Ovufe 3. Mt:g25porophyll 4. Mcg.tsporocytc.-

I ,-----•

2 +-- ---;'j,---7"'- --,--,\rr,;--

3

2

3

Figure 5.120 Au or.•tJc ofthc q·1.ti,J Zinm1 ~ .Thl· ovuk Figure 5.121 A magu.rl'ied vi~,v ofth e w uk~ of du: cycJd
ha.<; two :m·h<-l,"Oni:t and is re.:ady to be.· forriJizt.-d.
Z.1mi11 sp., slmwmg eggs i:n :uchegon.ia.
l. A1'hcgoniuin
2. Mt'i;J.Spvrangium (11ucdJus) J. lnreguml.'.'nt 4. Micropylc 3re1
3. hm·gumenr (wW bc.-c:ome -.ecd coot)
2. Egg 5. Mcg.:ispor.mgium

3. Archcgonium

2

3

•

s

Figure 5.1 22 An o.•ufo- of the cy~J Zuma sp.Thc ovuJc f igure 5.123 A magnifi,·d view o fd1c ovule ofd1t:- cy..:ad

ha!: been J(r1Jliied :i.1lcl ..-:omaio~ an e111bry<~ 11le ~tt"d <:<>:n i.:11miit .:.p.,~h~v111~ rhc embryo,

has bt'L'n fL'utuwd from thi.-. s.pecintL'U. J. Le;1(pri1Uordium -1. Cot yledon

l. Fcm:i.lc g3m.;:ioph}ie 2. Embryo 2. Root :i.pex 5. f'l.•111ale ~1ln dophytc

3. SIH)Cl1lptx

96

DPlantae

( )Phylum Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo

Figure S.125 A lc:&f from the Cl11l..:c••bilob.1m-c. The
fan - sh;iped lt.J.f is d 1:ir:l('l <.'r 1c.t i c oithi$ spe,,-iec..

Figure 5.124 The Gfokg_P bilob,1. or tm11<.k uhair lll'c.

Cons4ung of a .::e ntr.al mmk w irh btcr.:il branches, a

mature Gi11~1 g:ro,vs to I00 feer taU. N:i.riw tO C hiua.
GwJ:.~o Jn!dba has bcc-n introduc,._xl mco countncs wid1
t,:mpe-nte dtlu:u--.s through out the world .1s :m inren.'Stiug
,rnd l\a1tiy or11;ln'K'm:il n'fe.

Figure 5.127 A;;. the sole mt·mbe-r of d1c phylum Giukgophyt-l,
Gluk.go bi/i,ba is :1.ble to withst.1ud air pollulio11. Ginkg,,s art' oiie11

used :as o r n:im~nt:al at-cs ,vithin cit)' p:u:ks.. Ciul.:1,.'{! bil1>l.11.1 m 1y
have the loo~& gene.tic hM:ag..: :l..lnongseeJ planes.

flgure 5.126 A t~ il Glllkg<, blJ~,ba kafnnpre~ io n tr<m, ·~: ..

Paleocene St.-dimcriLThie. S))<-cimcn wa."- found m Monon Cmuny.
N onh Dakooa.

3

7X

Figure 5.128 A braJ'lch ,... f':i Gb1J.-g,, hih1l1.1 C1t't,c.11pi,orrnlg Figure 5.129 A u·.11,wt~..- $('tn011 of.- sbort hr:ir1<11
a uuntrt· st:\.'d.
fro m C i11~1,.10 J,i!(,l,a.
I. Shon shool (spur) .3. Manire s,cods
2. Long shoot I. Com.•x 3. P1d1
2.. ¼scubr ti~ l1e 4 .vtudl:igt rluct

97

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

2
2

Figure 5.130 T he lt-.1~1; and iium:uu1e ovules on ::i "1)MI

sh oot of d11.· ginkgo tr,:,:,, Gfokgt> b:foha.

I. Lc:ti 3. Shon shoot

2 . lfOJl t:Uul\': O\' ulcs 4 loog s hoot Figure 5.131 Thi.' pollen n robili ofd1..~ ginkgn u-cc. C1't1k__1,'<• bifol'l1.

I. Lt•af J. long: .shoot

2 l"<llleu mohilu.:;

lSX

Figure 5.132 A 1mc10 "1)('1r:iog1:uc ,;11•1~h1!11<of G.itit').,> I.Ji/nJ.1,1. {~) A ln ngmuiin~I S:<'Ccion :u1d (b) 2 nl.lg,uhcd Vlt'\Y <;how111g .a 1nU'1ns,pc,r:mgi11n1.

L S1'l()mphyll 2 l\.4kn"1~1""~1ogi1111\ :t, PollcJ1

2 L 2
'¾'rn'-3 2

'"z."1J''-._4 3

Figure 5. 133 A lon~itu<lin,I Figure 5. 134 Tr.m:.,-cr~ aud Figure 5.135 A Figure 5.136 A
section of:an ovule of C:.i11J..~> longitucl.iuaJ .sections throu gh a living lo ngirudi.n:il section of nta.!'1ified vi(.-w <>f<hc
3 .s..·ed of Giukg.> blfob<1 ovule of G111k.f/.t'> Wcb,1,
b1foM ptil)r {0 (('rtiliz~HtOO. lllilll:UUn' seed o( Gi.i,(~o bil,,ru. ~howmg ,v ith I h~ seed <:Ml <;ho·w,ng the cmhryo.

I. M,:~;•~m,:wph)'h.· the grce1, me~g:imecophycc. r en iovcd. I. Lc2f pruu ordmm
2. Integument 2. Shoot apex
I. FJ~hy b)'Cr ofint<--gomc-m 1. Me~aganu.'tcphyte 3. Roo1tipex
3. PoUeu cha.mbt·,r 2. Developing cmb1)'0
-t >Ju.:dlus 2 , Mtt;1win1etoph)'lC .... !vk·g.1.g;tlllt'tOpbytt'
3. Mi<:ropyle 3. Stony l:iycr of iutt"gumt':nt

98

DPlantae

( )Phylum Pinophyta (= Coniferophyta) - conifers

Young ~porophyt~ (.2.u) Longitudin:11section
(scc,i ling) through mkro.~porangiarc

4 - - Embryo (2 ,r) COUt:

Mt'gag:unclophytc (tt)

Mi<~. rosporopl tyll

{vl.i <.:r o : ; p o r . m g i u m

Ovu)c wnh

F tmc t i o naJ liMelosls l
n>cga;pon: (tt)

Ccrmiuatiug poUt"u ~ @)r-)f:). - /1 Microspore
grain (m:mirc m;;1lc '-W-' tccr.ld (n)

1 ; 3 m..·lo p hy 1t:)

i\•\,11:ure pollen grom {n)

(inuualut-.: m:Jt'
gametnp hyt<')

Figure 5.137 Tht: life tydl' ofdtt· pine. P11tus ~v.

99

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory Figure 5.138 A dfai;ram o(
thC' cis-suc.-s in the: stem (mmk)
2 of .i conifor.The ptrid<'rm
lnd Ji::id scc:ondM)' phh.·m
100 (ou,er ~rk) prn(ecl:3 the fl'Ct
a~1n._q w~ti!t In-, .rnd 1he
i.ufi.•,n:mon ofi1ist'ctS ai:d fw1~d.
T he cdJ;. o f rhc phll)t•m (inner
b..1rk} ('ompn·s.s 1u d bt·cc:u ue
uonfonction:tJ after a rcbcivdy
~hort period.111e: \'dSCul:tr
c:1111biun1:-.11,11,1,1lly t)mdll(l't 11e"'
F(ll0t.•m ,md xylc-m and acc.·ounu.
(1.,'II' thl~ gn-,.vdt l' tnfo,(; in ,he \\oocl.
Titc- il"Coodary :-..yli:m is a \Vatt·r-
t!',lWi)o11ing by,::r of rhe stem
:md pro,.•ldcs suucntcl suppon to
the tree.
1. Ourer b:irk
2. Phkkm
'.\. V.tscul:ir c;1.mbiu1u
4. $('COudary x')·km

Figure 5 .139 T he stem (trunk) o f :1 pine
tn:c.· tl1at ,v.is h:tt\•cst...·d in d11: rt·ar 2000 when
rbe tree W<l!: <i1. ) ~Jrs old;T hc growd1r in~ o(
:1 U\.'t' i1tdic::ite t.'tl\li."Omu.:nt:tl ..:ontlitious dm
(tt' mrrerl <h1r1og the- tr~(::~ life-,

I. 1939- A pine scl:'dling.
~. 19 44--Hi.::Jthy. uudisturlx.-d

gn)Wth U)d1r.a[('d hr bro~d
and ewn)y sp:tccd rin~.

:\. 1949-c;r(lwth d1~panry JW<Jhahly
Jue.· co rh\.' &iliJJg ofJ <lt".1d trw
onto dle roung hca1rh)' SJ:<-ycar-
old u·et". The wider " r<c·:acoon
rings'' on 1hc lower side help
suppon the trc.-c.

4. 1959- J'he tl\"C l~ grl)wing $tr.ughr ::,g.:un.
but dn· n::u:row riu~s
rndic;.'.lt¢ aunperitio n frw
suulight :111d moisture fmm
m~ighboring tred.

5. 1962- The surrounding trec.-s :m~
barve ntd. thu~ pcrnumng
rJpid growth once .1.l§lln.

6. 1965-A bu.ru SC'.lr l1'(u l 1 3 lire th:u
qu1ddy ~rnrched the foreq ,

7. t 9n-N3rro,v i;ruwtb riub'S n:sulriug

from :1 pmk111gc-d dto ught.
8. 1992--;;'\13m)w growth r-ingl l'C'Sult111g in.nu

:t s:i,vfl)' inSC'n infost:ition, whose

Uf\,ae ea.t the 11cedJu and buds of
m:1ny kmds of co11ifc1•$.

•Plantae

Figure S.140 The J,:a,1<..-s of most Spl·cit·s ofcouif(·rs :ue nct.•<llt"'-sh.1pcd•.sud• as tho:.:e o f till· blut· sprun-. Pi«a p1111g,tru {a). Ar,ma,ri,1
l1l'tt"1))JJ1yll11 , NMfolk lsbnd pin¢. ho,v.."'\'el, (b) ha.<t awl...shapcd le:1v~. ;uxl f.\l,h1r,upus ~ {('.) h.u ~tn~p.~hape<l lc:wcl.

,>;1'-------2 ----1

, ; r ,;:--;,------- 3 2
3
" ~~~~.:.'.;i::1 - -4
~ C-,~ 4 - - - - - ·1
1. . .~ 1 - , - . , - - - - 5
',---.-+-~+-- - - 6 'f't'r.::;,,:.~~- ;,;:;;'li,------5

' r----~-- ---7

sx

20X orFigure 5.142 A tr:m.werSl~.St·cuon lhruugh cht· St'-''" Pfmd Sp••

F,gure 5.141 A tt:'lll-Wt-K<" (eaic>n rhrough 1he $t"cil1 <u~a showmg se~ondary Sf('ill growth.

>~un gconife1,sh(1wing 1lw ::ir ~1,gc1ne1u ofrhc tiM,uc l.l)~D. I. lk.lrk {<'(>rt:<:x :u,d 4, Seoond:uy xyf<tYI

I. Epidermis 5. C:unbimu p e r id<'rm) S. l'lrh

2. C<trfl'X f:>. ltrimary ).')'ll~u, 2. S.:coudary phlOC'm 6 . R<.-siu duel

3. Rt<Sin dun 7. Spring \Vo od of~"t'ondary :-·..ylc".m 3. Vlscubr cambium 7 . Epidermis

4 . Pith ~. Pr imary phloem

figure 5. 144 A r:idia1 longnuduu l section duough 1hc

phl(J('-m. (>f Pimis sp.

1, Sieve areas (11) :-. SJ~ •c cell 3. S1<N<: <'ell

2. Stor:i~t· p.lr<."nchyttu
5

6

Figure 5.143 A u enLlrgtd "'1cw of rhe s,1;'1n ¢( Pi,m.< sp., 2
3
showing cissucs followmg scc.:on d:lr)' gmwth. 4

I . Late St'Co udlry X)1km (wood) 4. Va...:c.:ular camhmm 101

2. E11rly sccond:t1')' xylem (v.t)1">Cl) .:;. Rc.<:in duct •

3. Secondary phloem 6. l"eriderm figure 5.145 /\ r:adiaJ l<'lngimdlnal se<'tion thrt)ugh J
stt·m of pj,111s sp., cw 1lm)u~h th1.• xr lt:-m cissut•.

I. Ray parenCh)'llll. 3. VJscular ca.1ubmu1

2. Tr:acbcid<: if. Sieve· cells

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

2

Figure 5 .146 T hr: growth n ng<. in Pi,ms sp. (.1) Tr2nsw·ne <1c.·crio n d u·ot1gh ., s~m. ,md (b) r-:.Ji.il Jongin,din.il section through :i stein.

1. E~rly ,vood 2. la~ wnod

2 4 4
5 5

(, (,

7 7
8

2
3

Figure 5.147 The tranS\'l'r~ s«i.io n of.1 leaf( m:t·dk) Flgure 5.148 Thi: tr.:111.~ve~t> secciou tlm>ugh tbt leaf

of Piruu sp. (n~<-.dlc:) of Piruu sp.

I. Stom,1 5. Epidcrnm.. L Xylem 5. Su~tom.u:iJ i::h:unhe,·

2. Eu<lodennis: <-,. Phlo em 2. Phloem 6. Rcstll J uct

3. Rc:-iu duce 7. Xylem 3. Endodt'rmi.s 7. Tr:msfosio n n~uc (surrounding

4. Phowsynrht'tlc: ml.".sophyil K Tr.msfrn~1ou ossue 4. Sunken ~tOnM vascular ussur)

AMts sp. 'fitsoclrmu .i,p.

102

•Plantae

l
2

figure 5.150 A f'ir~l-)'t~ar ovul:m: cone m Pi,mHp. Figure 5.151 A tr.1.m\'l't~e section thruui;h 3 first-year
,.rvuLw: co11l' ut A-eu,fou1~ :,,p. (seal-.· m mm).
l. PoJJeu <.'om.'S 2. Fi rSl-}'l"ar ovulate cone

1, l1h,l1:it111'¢" ovules 2. Cooe sc:ik br.icc:s

20X 2

Figure 5. 152 Au nv,.11:itc rnue <i( ,l 1-fouj ,;p, (:i.) n:1uwcr<-e <('CIH)II, :ind {h) 3
lo,1gitudinal $~ction. Figure 5.153 A 111:ignifi«I ,•1<",,· C'l( :'I
Pim1i ~ ovulate c<>m: (1001:,"lwd.iu;J vlc,i,·).
1. O vuliferous u:a1e 2. Ovule- 3. 0:>n<' a.xis t. Ovuli.lhou~ S<'ale 3. Cone axJS
2. Ovule-

Figure 5.154 A magn.ifit-<l vit.•w of a Pbms sp.ovuh.• (itmn:tmn:). Figure 5.155 A m:agui6ed view of :u1 O\'ule of Pfmu $().
with polk n ip-a.i,u 1n the pollen chamber.
I Meg.MfU'.>1'C 111other 3. Ovule

cdl -1. lnu.·g:u1m.•nt I . Nll('4!11ui 3. Po11co l'hamher

Z. Nl1cellus :i. (An( seal<' 2. Poll.:n h'T'J.lll 4 . lnt<.•,b'lllm:ut

103

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

figure 5.156 T he 1.nicmspor:u1g1ate cones of (a) Vim1.5i-p. ptio1 ro the rdcase of pollctt, :md (b) Pitt'1t p,un_r:ms after pollen tu~ been

rdeased. TI1c pollen cont.-s :ire :1t the end of:a bran ch.

I. Nt-t·<lldikt- lea,•1.•.s 2. M1nosporopl1ylls 3. PoD~n cone

_,.,,-,

(bl 20X

.'\ longtnuh n:il s.ccrion du'Ou_gh ,he. ri~l of.1 t'lu crospo 1"Angutc cone ilf Jfous sp., ~nd Q:>) :l 11':lllSVCJ1.C 1.ccuon.

2. Cone .1xii .3. 1'.fo:rospor:1ngium

2
2

Flgure 5. 158 A dost·-up of a 1mcrosporaug1::ue- Figure 5.159 M1<-m~rapb figure 5.160 A 5c:u1mng cfoe.tr<m
conc.· sc:i.lc :ind micrrupornngtum o( Pfum sp. ofsr:un cd polk•n gr:.ai,~ o (
microgr.iph o( a Pimu sp. pollen gnin w1d1
1. 1'.•licrospm-:tngiu1n wid1 2. Mic:ro!-porophyU />imtS ~p.. ! howin,g (a) \\!'in~.
polk 11 µr.1 ins :111d (b) :t g:crmi,uting po01.'.'n u1t1aled bladderlike ,.._•ini;;s.

104 gram 1. 1-\-illcn )')()ti)' 2. Wings

DPlantae

I
!

3

figure 5.161 A di:l.gram ()fpi1iy(')11 pine se('(i gcr,u in:'lrio n prod11<:i;lg J y~1ng !,}'<wr)phyt<', (:i)i l't .5.
s-.•c<ls :m: pn>tt:-1.'tt-d insi.k.• d~ cone-. t\\10 k't."W form<.-d Ou c-.rh sc3lc:. (b) A st'roOnt'd S(.·,:d shows an embryo
-2
crnbt'ddcrl Ill th(' ii..'1n ak· ~·m, cr()J,hyn1 d~ue. {,} 11w gm.vii,g cmbr)n spliis the ~hell ofth<: $c..---d, c11.1bling th<:
rooc to f,'TOW toward dii· soil. (d) As ~rnn as ti~ tiny root tip p..-n-.•trJtc:S:tr1d mdmrs into tltt' soil. water and Figure 5.162 A >"""~

m1tr1cno. :u~ :al)Sorbc:d. (c) T he i:oryledous enu·,-gc 6--om Lhc: seed coot ::md cre:uc :i su1>ply ofchJorophyD. SJ)Qt'Ophyte (sccdljnf;I of.l

NO'-.v tlu: ~roph)·tc c-.ui ma.nuF.t(tun: l(S owu fi:>od from WJtl".I' :md 11utrit·11t.~ in tl1e soil aud carbon <lioxidc pin-.·. P11111s i,p. (sc.lle m nuu).
i.n the :ur. {f) Growth occur!: at the ten niual buds ~n the base oi"the lea-.\~. I Sced.11llg 1e.l\'('S
(ne<dks)
.2. Yow1g stt>m
3 . Young 1nol'i

orFJgure 5.163 A d<>sl•-up an on1Jatc: (.'OU<." st~'lk iu Pwus -1'• Figure 5.164 A )<oUn~ <MJ.k• of Piuus sp.•showing the

J. lvlaturl· seed,; (win~) 3. Seed (co ntaunu g rn1bryu mc~.J!;llllt'tOph)•tt.
2. O vubte cone ,;..::111." witbrn il'.'cd C1)Qt)
I . Ovule ..t Archcgon.mm

2 . Micropyk· 4. Mcgag:un<.-tophyn·

-

figure 5.165 A rourig rwule <.'i Pim,.i ~p.. ~how1ng 1he l.'ffi Figure 5.166 A 111,,1gnitkd view o(,he ovul(' nf Pi,m.t s;,.,

in :arthC'&'Onium. shm\ing dtt· c:mbryo.

l. E~,; 2. NudC'us 1. lntt'gmucnt 3. Li::ifprimordjtm1

2. Micmr,yk· 4. R.ON pnmo1'<1h1l~,

105

• A Photographic Atlas for the B10logy Laboratory
( Phylum Magnoliophyta (= Anthophyta} - angiosperms: monocots and dicots)

Monocors Oicots

Rower parts in Flo,ver p,m :s
threc.c. or mulri1llcs in fours cir fives
offh rce,,; or mn1tiptes o f

l.c;afv<"m'\ p:ir,1lld fou r or 6w

Some exomples of monoeots l.c,1fveim

form .l net pattc'.rn

½sl:ular l>utldks
arr:uli:;t>d iu ;1 riui;

Some examples of dleofs

Wht'al Coluu1biuc

C:m.iil Ins ll.ose SunAm1..-cr

Figure 5.167 A t:nmp.wi!>On :md ex..11nples of monocms. .md dicors.,

106

•Plantae

Fibrous root systl."m Thproot Modified taproot Prop roots Aerial roots
(g,..,es) {s hrubs) (carrot) (corn) (o rd u d )

Figure 5.168 Th<.· root sv~cnu Manj:..'losperms.

..) ,, ~

Figure 5.169 Tht' root srste-m ofan orchid (mouocot) (.a; sh owing acn;al roots. :wd corn (monocot) (b) sh o,,.,ng prop roots.
Monocol root~ 3fl:. fibrous. witla many rOQtj <•f m<m: oc Jess 1.'.(Jua.l ~+tl'. Dic•ts usuall>' h:ivt '1/Jri.:ibk rovt systems. <.,li:l'u consisti ug o f
a loug cenrral 1no1 wnh -.inalle r, scconri.u)' mor,;; hr.rnc hing fm n\ it, knowo :'IS a t':llH'OOI.

orFigure 5.170 A tt:tns.wrsc secuo n l'>fthc l'oor Figure 5.171 A dose•u1> of .:i roo, of 1he mQnoco1 Smil.r.,· ~,

the mo1h)C<K Smilax sp. I. C-ortcx J. Xylem
-4 Phlor01
I, E111d(;rini'- 4. Xylem

2. Cortex 5. Phloc-nl
3. E.ndodern11.s

107

• A Photographic Atlas for the B10logy Laboratory

5

(,

7

Figure 5.172 A 1Tan5>wrse se<.tiou of:, swc,•f pot:un figure 5.173 A p hotomic:rogr.i.p bofa youn;o; mot of

root. f11om1'1<',1 Sp. \Vht'al. Tri1irm11 sp., showing root hairs.

l , Remn;uu$ <lf epidermis -I l'h lo<'m I. Root hair 5. Endodermjs

1. Cortt'X 5. Xrlt·m 2. Epidrnnis b. Primary xykm
3, Et>do<lenttis 3. Side 7 Prim:.ry phlr.,cm
4. Com.·:<

Figure 5.174 A Jongiruditul :.i~ction of a f igure 5.175 A tr:msv(.•rs(' s,•ction, sh\.)wing Figure 5 .176 A tnn s:\f\.'t'Se section
()f:t )'t"IIIOg tl')<lt j)j ....•,,Ji.'( Sf >,
w t Jl()W ~p,tl"i~, ~hl)wing b rctal n '.>Of f'01·in~tt<'lr). hr.1n<;h mo1 fornurio:111 nf J)(1,Ff<1!11<i'

l. LatcrJ.I root 4. Cort<·.x I. Epid cnms 3. lkmch mot 1. E!pid l'rmis 3. Stdc
2. E1nd\!nms 5 . VJstul:lr tiS:Sut" 2. C..ortcx
3. R·ric)•d ,: 2. Cortex 4. V..1scu lar us.sue (m·le)

2 Roo t luir M aturation region
3 Hpidermt<. - - - poroon where cell~
:ll'e <liffcrenti::mng imo

cpidcnu:t1 :md cortex
byers a nd xyk-n1:and
phkx.·m ci~s:ucs

Elongation region
porciuo w hen: n ::wly
addt•d cdb incn:,t:-t•
in size

Figure 5.177 A tr:1.1uvcn.~ ~ecttou ol :molder root ofS..-t.fi.'t sp., M eristem atic reg io n
} } J'MOon 11orkrgo111g tnitr,;i~
sho,,'U1g early St'<'Om.lary 1,:n.)wth.
Root cap
I EpiderinL~ 3 ½,r,c~1l:w c:iss11<: portio n prmcctmg the
l.. Con-:x f()OI during grnwd1

Figure S.178 A rh.ag.r:un of l roor np.

108

DPlantae

2
3

2 ,,

Figure 5.179 . \ phoro nucrog~ph ofthe root op --------ISOX
of;i pl.'.':ir. Pynu sp.. s.::cn in kme,'lt11din:tl section.
Figure S.180 A longitudinl.l s.i:ctio11 ofa root of corn. Zl!,l ,rmys, showin g:
I. f:IMg.uirui reg:il)Jl 3. AJ,i(!ll 1n ~ristt·in prun:i.ry m<'!ti~rem<.: pl'<l((l(il."1'1U give,,;, r1.<e t() rhe- t'l)iri<"rm1s, tmun.1 meti'1it(lll h'I
cortt'X, and pro,.1mbium to primary vl.-.c:ub r tisl>l.1t'. TIJ1.• roo< <:ap has .i scp:ir.ue
2 . R t)Ot <:.:ip
l)rim:iry phloem lll C1' 1$1C11l.

I. Proc:unbium 3. Pro mdenn 5. R-oot c~p
2. Gruwtd incristcm 4. R oot cap merisu:-m

EpiJc...,.mi~

Stdc

Corccx

Figure S.181 (a) A tliagr.un of a tr.111tvt.•rse ~t"Cl:io n of a die()( nn)t. (b) A pbbtomicrugrap b showing: 3 trlll.N<.'Ne st·ction uftht· ~tde.

J . Starch gt.'liO'- w,111111 pa1t 11chy1t\3 celJs 3. 1~nt"l'l...1f)' xylem 5 i•t rjcyde-

2 . P rim :tt')' phJcx-m 4. Emlodc.'-rmis

Figure 5.182 T he root of3 buttcrcu1>. R111u1r1(1./11.u p. Figure S.183 ,, tranwelie .sccl"ior1ofthe root of btiSS\','OOd,

I. Epidermis 3. Std.: Tilia sp., i.howing secondary growth.
2. l'arenchpua <:ells of c:ollcx 4. Cort~x
I. Scwodary x yli:m 3. Vcssd 1;.•kmcnt

2. $<'Coucb.ry p hloem -t Pedde-rm

109

• A Photographic Atlas for the BIOiogy Laboratory

2

3

(c) Figure 5 .1 85 Spcci:dizl'<l un dt:rgr-0m1d stems. {a) A potJto (tuber).
:rnd Q)) :m, onion (bt~b).
Axilbr...-
bud . I, Node (£1--e) bcarn1g
a minute scale: 11:af :md stem bud
Tuber
2. IJ.ulb f.C~lcs (m001600 le~·es)
3. Shon s,em

J,1, - - - - - - - - -5 figure 5.186 The ,,'Oody stem
2 ()f3 dicot sce11 in ~ rly sprin~

-[ j ust :ti the buds :m~ beginning
1 - - - - - - - --(, co .swell. Br.:u'lt'hes and C\YlgS ~
sin:ill C}."tC1~~io ns ofrhc StCIU$ of
3----,---i
4-----", ~ :ut~ospcn n:. and offc:11 i.upporl
lca\PC!. :iod tlowl:"r~.

1. Tcr11ut11I (,pie,J) bud

2. lott rilode
3. Tenninli bud sc:tlt· scm
-I, l.emkcl
5. Lm.-ral (a.xilbry) bud

r,. Node:

7. Leaf (vascular btm(Ut') scar

Figure 5.1 84 E:ump lt:~ of lltt' variety and sp«illization figure 5.187 Tb, 3
n f l-'lngi()tl)~tm ttem<:. (-') 1't111ners. (b) 1'h11.<>mcs.. (() mbNS, (d) 4
orf('l'lllin:ll bud :.l
orcorms. (i:) bulb~ (f) u:ndrils. 1ml ~) d.adophyU. The: SH'IU
wood>• sr<.·111 that has
,111 ingios.pt""rm 1s oftc-u the :)sc:c·o,Hog p,ottio n ofthe pl:mr l'l<?'C11 lougiwdm:illy
sp~cialit<.'<l to product• anJ ~u ppon h.•Jvt'S an d Oo\\\'fi. tr.msport scccio nt·d to show
and store w.11cr aud uutrit"1tt$. ,md 1,rovide growth chmugh cell dt\'tlopinr; le.-i~.
di\·islon. Stems ofplants :in.· utilized c:xtensivd)• by hmmms in
prrxfocts i11d1d1llg p::iper.bulldj,,g m.;itetials, furn ilUn!', ::i.nd l. l:ner..il {21ollary)
fu el. In additio n. the s.t <.'n lS of potah)Ci, onions, ~:abOO,g,·, ant.I bud
oth er p lt11l N :ire I m11C1t 1:mr food crop.<.
2. Stem
110 3 . LA-~1f pr@ordfa
..J. Dud sc:J c

2

DPlantae

Rgure 5.188 A kmg:itudiJ11l :.:e<.'UOJJ t,ftht" ~t'tl1 dp orthe <:OUUltOUl10USl'pl:u1t ColntS ~. figure 5.189 A trJnsv.1:nc scmon through.

I . l'r<'.ltarnl>1u,n 4 frichoiuc 7, LeafJltllU•t '{Hurn tlle stein ofJi mo nocot, 1Ntit.Jtm sp., whc-at.

2. Cmund meristem .5. :\pic.'.al mi:ristem S. A.xiU.:U")' bud I. Vascubr bun<lll.$ .l G1Uund OSS\w cavity

J . l..c.'3( ~p 6. I >evd opiog l<:afrr1mC)l(lfa 1>, Dt'V<'lo1,mg \'~~cular US'5u<: 2. Epid("rmJS -1. I_J:i1tn<'hym:"1 cell!-

figure 5.190 (1) A tr.11c,:wrs,: s,:ctiun frmu th<.· stem ofa mouocot. Z<'a mays (torn) .Th<.· Figure 5.191 A \•~cubr bundlt'
of:a fo~il palm pl:uu_
p.ltct".rn of \t:1SC"11i:t1· ht.111d!C':$ in a mo11oco1 is. knQ\vn :u.. !In ;'lt:tc1os«:1c-. (b) A drise-1.1r>VlC'\\',
J. Burn.lie cap (fibers)
I. V:a.scuhr buntllt.-s w ith 3. Vcs.id d e n1c11ts of 5. Vascub.r bundJ..- 2, l'hloem

pi:.1uat)' xr lem and ph.lm.•m prim :uy X)1em 6. Prim ary phl<>l·m __ ,3. Vessel demcnt1

2. Spid crnus 4. P:trcn chynu cells 4, Gr<1u11d ri~:;.ue (patcochym.:i)

, .2,

-I

5
6
;

Figure 5.192 A u,t1m'eJ';e S('c;11<m 1hm11gh 3 seem Rgure 5.193 A d,~g~in ()( \':'ISCula1•bond.IC$ fion1dH• -.tein
ofclover, Trifiilium sp., she.ming .m cu,;tdc.
oia tli.:ot showin~ tfo: t'ustd,:.

I. Epidcnn.it 4. hucrfa.~.:k.uhr region I. Eady pci:iden.u 4. Bundle c.·3p fibttS 7. X yleu1
2 . Con t·X 5. Vastubr- bu udks witl1c:ap:s 2... Cortc-x 5. Phloem
3 ,~llh s. l>;d,
<>fphloem 6l:ie1-,.
3. Phloem lil'le1"- 6. \~\S(Ubr c3mbium

111

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

··woooy·· mooocot Woody d1<:ot.

Figure 5.194 A c,l1np:lri.so11or die transvcrsc sccnom ofst<.·1ns o f :1 ''wood)•'' monocQt (p:ilm tn.'<.') :utd a woody dirot (hickory tn.~).The

Slem <,f the "\\'OOdy°' ,uonocor i.< ng.id beca.use o( the (ibro~ natun-: of the numl.'ttlu~ v:\.icular bu11d.Jes.11w ,tt!nl of th t \1/(H)d)' dkcn is ngid

because uf the comp:ict xyk111 cdls im pregn;Ut"d w ith Jignin forming the dens<.', ll.lrd<.•111:d wood, S<.'C'U;as :m nual rin~.

I. Annu:tl ri•~._. 2. lk,rk

4 5
2 6

3

4
5

Figure 5.195 A trJ.L\swm·. s~•cti<m ofJ t,!rlpe, f/frfr ~p., flgure 5.196 A tt'lnsw rs..· section o f a f..'l':tpi.·. Vi1is sp., s1em .

s1e in, Aumring St.'con d.uy O$S,UCS- I. Sieve tube ekmcm 4. Vascular etl1r1hnnu

I. Outer bark 4. Sieve tube dl."'n11.•1us 2. PhJocm fibc.•1'S 5. Sct·oncbry p hloem

2. :jeco11d ll'y phlcxm 5 Ve~d me.n1btr 3. ParCllChy111:i C<"II,;; 6. Sec• oclny ·\')•lem

3. s~co111.l:uy xylem

2

3
43
5

6

Figure 5.197 r\ ,r:inwer~ sec:-1ion thrnug)1 ()J)e-yt~:)J·-old ash. Figure 5.198 1\ pipt\'n\e, 1lri3u,/1v/u·,, sp., .scein w ith

Fraxiuus sp.• stem. sh owin~ st·.::o ttdl.Ty growth. hc:tlin g wmm<l.

I. 1\-ridt•-rnt 4. St"Coudary phloe1:u I. ('.allus tissut: 3. Vaicu.br buudk

2. Com:.x 5. Sl·cond.u1· xylem 2. \'t'ou ud

3. Ph luc.•m fibers 6 . Pith

112

•Plantae

figure 5 .199 S:imples ofb:i.rk )>llttcms o{ rcpn.-scnutiw conifers :and .;mg10spcrms:
(:i) R e,hrood-Thc tou gh. fibiuus \>Mk of.l re<l\\"O<ld f1t:·c m:1~• be )U cm 1.hirk. It l'i highly rc-:sisL·uu to iitt: :ind msoct info!-1.:itiou .
(b) P onderosa pine-Tht< mos..1illikc )JJ' tt-..·rn o(tht lxuk o i"nt tturt ponder0.sa pine. is resi,tant to 6 re.
(c) ~itc birch- The surface textu re ofb::ulc on the while birch is like whltc- paper.The b:ark ofdte whit,· birch was

us..:d b~• Indians 111 Ea~cru United Srates for makiug <".anoes,
(d) Sycam oro-T IH.· motdc.-<l colo r ofthe ll)'C.Jlllbrc bark is d ue co :i tendency fo r brgc. thin, b ritdt.• pbtes to pcd off,

revealiug tiglm.:r l!'-..·as bcm.•.1th .T h...·st• ~ .as ¼,.'TOW tbrke r with l'.xposm\', u ntil they. coo, ped off.
(t') Mangrove-T he lcarhcry b~rt of :a maogrcwc ,ree i<. :i.:faprivc t(l hradnsh \\':UC.I' ln n·i:>p1c:al or Sl"m1ttopiql region-\.
{f) Shat:,-bark hickory- Tht.' strips u(bark in a matun.· sha~bark h it'kory tr« gi\~ this trt'C its common mme.

2

3

Figure 5.200 t\n :11ng_10sperm , N.11$tuS 11rult•1uus, 1s ch:.ir.iacr1zc-d by s1c ms (a) th:11 re.s.emblc leav,~ m form And ti.mcuon. N ote the truc-
le:.f {b) ari~iug from dw lo:atlikc lA:em.

L Ste.10 2 . l.-.~:ii J . F-1ower hud

2

Figure 5.201 The hark of.a birch tree. Figure 5.202 A t r:11tswrsi:- sc-c non Figure 5.203 A gall o n Jn ClQk, Quruus sp., stem.
Bt1ul" <'Uid.1J1l(1/is, sl10\Ving k 11t1ceh. of 1 dicot stcu'I showing a Jcuriccl Tht• l~eding ofa ~U wa.~ b rva caust.s abnoro,al
Lc1H1cds .-.,~ .~porlW,l l 1X::M i,l d,c l~cwk ~lld s.rcm tis<ue(
gmwth a.od t ht fo rrn:iti()ll ()( .;a g,1II ' l'he W:'l"'),
:-utf:11:d lhat pt·rmi1 g;JS exch:i.ui;t: I. Lcnticcl 3. l\:ridl•rm
hcrwcco the 1mr:tn:il ti$.SUC<\ :rnd rh<; b n ':I ll•,:ds upon thl· gall tissm·. pupah:s within th.is
atmosph1:re . 2 Cortex 4. ½~'uJar ti.hue
cndosun:,,:md rhe n chews :iu CXlt to c mc,ie.
I Lcrnicds
I. Gall 2. Stem

113

• A Photographic Atlas for the BIOiogy Laboratory Arrangement
Ma.gin ou Stem
Venation Complexity
. .,,.. . ,v(,''.1'·.1'.,_
Piu n:nc
.,,, \ ,

·/ I

\ --~ - l. .,· , .!,.~

~f .

.r .J •
•l
1.S : ,.:r .ry

E.1m rc Opposite

Pinuatd)' lobed Simpl<.'

Pal m ate S<.'rr:atc J>innatdy compuuu<l W h orled

Figure 5.204 Several rl.'pri:sc-n t:uh•<.' :mgiosperm lc,lf rypcs. Leav(.-s constitute th e fo li:tgl" o( pb m s. ,vhich prov1d l!'$ h.:.b1t:u and :i
food sourn, fo r many auim:i.k including hu m:ms. Lc-av<."S :al.so providl.' protcctiw ~tJOund cowr :m d are tht· portion ofth<.' plam
mo.ti r~1,nmil)Jc- frw oxygen rc1,le1lislu nq,1u rnrn rhc :'1{11,os.phcrc

(b) Figure 5.205 T ho: sh:ipt·
o ( th<: leaf(a) is of :idar<ivt
114 v.tJue to w ithst.md wind.
fu the spc.:J of th1: w ind

mcrcases (b) ,md {cj, d ie leaf
rolfa uuo a ui;ht cone: )>hap.:.

:woidrng d:unagc.

•Plantae

Pmxim•s Sp. Populus sp.

i lllnpbyltt.c s.p, Cnridit,lt)•l/1,m tf),

figure 5..206 Compn-ssion fi>ssils offo ur lnltiosperm lt.'3,<i:.·s frum du: Eoccm.· Epoch. :approximatdy 50 million )'t",US ~>hi.

Figure 5.207 The briU1:t11t aucumn color$ of lea,"C$coo1<· about wh<·u rcllo"·' carotcno1d pigm('nt~ an" eXJlOScd a.s rhe ~hforopl'1)•l1

bn•.1k s dow!l, ltld colork-ss fla,•onoids arc <.:OO\"<.'rtt•d into 2nthO<..)':.lHins.

115

• A Photographic Atlas tor the B1olog\' Laboratory

figure 5.208 Au :mgimp1m 11 le-Jf .ihowmg Figure S.209 T hc.· un.den.urfa t l.' Figure 5.210 T he o f'!~_ mcdt"Compositiou
(If an :11ig1os.perm lcar, s;h owing the of a Jc.1..fi.s.11 gr:adu~l p mc~ hcgmniug with
ch:1:rnncnstic surfau fo:.mm.-s. l..el,res :u·c th<" sofit"r tis~u..·s ot tJ1c b miua. l~aviu~ only
orgJLlS modi6ecl to carry om photo~yutb...·s.s~. vJSCuh r tis:s-uc bciui; th.rou~h thl.' 1ht vascubr 11ssuc.1: I)( 1he 1nldr1b :i1,d d•l'
l1hoto.syothcs.1s 1s the manufa('t un.: of food biniu3, or blade. ofth\: kaf
(sug:1r) [m m c:ubou J.iox1dc.· :md w.m:r, with w ins, :t.\ :.tx•n in this pho togrJph .\Vith cim,·,
su1,l1gh1 rroviding eoergy, I ~M idnh
2. Set.'ondary wirn th¢.5(' will .llso dccompo~<".
I. L:unin :i (blade) 3. M idr ib 5. f>euo lc
2 St"r r.i.«: m:i.rg-iu 4, Vt in!

Figure 5.211 Som(' ('X:t.1u pl1.·s ofspc:ci:ili.zcd Jcan.-s for Oot:icio11. (a) l e:iv..--s figure 5.212 As sc:c.•n lm the- k'.lfic.•u in thC.' upper rifdu
li'<'11n 11 g;i.~ot WMX:I' hly, {b) W,ltCt hyJcmths. l-ilt/t/t{lniitt c.1'>. • ha\\: m o.-11liefl le:ives of this pho rogtaph. the leaves of rhe !ie'1l$1ti\~ pl~ut, ., limi>J.J
th:it buoy th<t plants on d1c \\",m:r surfa<.-e. \'t'3tt:r hy:icinths :in· <:om mou in N t•w
pmfim, dl\)op upon bc.·.i.ng touch<-.J..T h<·. droopiu i n.•st.1lt)
\Vorld 1n1pical frc-~h\\.~tt':r h:ib1t.t1i, w here they Ill:\)' h.--<"<unc so rhir k th;'tt ,hey (mm , htT¢1'(>1H1:d ch:ing~ ul 11u·gor of rh~~1,e,;lf cdk in 1l h~
<:hoke out bouom-dwdling p b.nts and d~ \V.lt:rW.l)''S. puJ,..inus, a chickcuc.-.d :1.rc.11 :it th(' b.1se ofthe k·.11AeL

2

•I

,5,

4 7

5 3
8

Figure 5.214 /\ u-:tnwcr:se ~ecoo11 th1ough the le.::ifo f 1lw commoo

hl'db~ priwt Ugu:mum sp.T ht• typical tis.su<.• :irr.u1icmc m of a lc:tf

includ ,>-s !'Ill up~,er cp1d('-1'm u., ;i Jow~•· ,•pidcrnm.:inrl fhc ccnrrall)'

locatl'd mt·sophyll. Co n t.tining chloroplasts, the.' cd ls of d tt.· tnt.'SophylJ

3n>o li<-'n divided mro pa.li.sa<k tnt.'$OpbyU and spo111•,.y mcsop hyU.Vt>U1s

figure 5.213 A tratlsv~e s<·c:tiou of tor)1,no leaf, L~<'1,rrti@1 sp within the lll<$Ophyll i:-ondun mouer bl d1rnug.b dle lc-:tf.

I. Up1)<'t" epi.:tl~r mis 4. l.c-:if vcin (\";l.-.Cubr l-..indlt) I. U pp1:r c-pitknnU .t. Buu<lfo ~hi:ath 7. Spm•o')' m..·sophyll

2. Palisar.lt.• mi:sophytl 5. X~•km 2. P,alis:td<' mc~"'lp-h)~l .5. Xylem g. Lower l"picl<:rmi$

3. Spl)llg'y m~phyll 6. PWoem 3. Gland b. Ph hx.•m

116

DPlantae

Figure 5.215 A tr.mswrst• st•ction dtrou~h the J,::tfof Figure 5.216 A lrJJlS\<i.'r.s-:: section tliruu$ tin· 11:.'af of

17,nswoocl,'fi!.'a "P· c11ru mhe1', C ut fuoikt S.I). ..

1. Upper cpLdermi.s 3. Lmwr cpidcrnus 5. Phloc::·m 1. Palis:idc mc.s.opbyll 3. le2f wm (uudrib)
6. Xyk-m 2. Spong)' mcsophylJ 4. Trichome
2. McsophyU 4. Lt-af win (nUdrib)

5

Figure 5.217 TransvtTSC' section chmugh the k.lf' of
b~ubcrry. &rl,rris sp.
1. Upper cp1dc-rm is -L Lower cp1dernm
2. Pah.,ade fut':1o_phyll 5~Lt'.1f vein (mid.riL)

3. Spml~' mcsophylJ

4uX Figure 5.219 A <.1111~c'-'" Figure 5.220 A .<urfac<" v1cw <>(
view of d1<: lt::ift-pidc-nuis dw 1:pid~'tuW ofo uiou. ,4lfi11m ~p.
Figure 5.218 Tut1)V..,.rsl.' ~cclioo of lelf l)f com, ZA-,1 llll1)'5,
o( 'Jbtdfgdmi.r $1), Nmc the 1wiu gu :mi c<'lls w 11h
.i plant th,u h:i., C.i photo~ynthesis (Calvin cycle plu.-. c 4
I, Ep1d<>rm"I cdk thr stoma optm.•tl.
pathway). Thi-; is a11 adapt~ltiou rn photo1\~spir:.nion. 2. Guard ceUs I. Lo,\•er eridenufa 3. Stoma
2. Guard ccU
surro,und1ng $t<unac,.

3. Subsidiary (.'dfa

1. Bnlliform <-ells 3. F..pidenn i.-S 5. Mesophyll

2. Cut1..:-lt' 4. V:.b(.·ular lnm<llc:

Figure 5.221 T he b'l1:irJ. <.·db m m.:my plants n:~ubtc the 0p1:rur11t 1.)f thL' stomau accordmg t0 ,he l"U\'ir-0u1uemaJ f.KtO~. as uhi icattd in

d1i1- diagram. (a) Paa v iew ofa d ~'lSed stoma ofa gc.r:rnium., :md (b) :u1 o p<"n s torn:i.

117

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

2

Figure 5.222 The k·:wes o( the purpk figure 5.223 Tht· k.wi:s o(the wnus Figure 5.224 A stanJ1ing dcttmu

p1rchc:r p l:mr, Stumrt'ufr, 1u1r1111rr,1, lJ'C O)'trap, Dii)J1,Jl'i·J m11sri;>11&t, are :id.lpt ed to n ucmgrAph of2 gc-r:um un leaf

ad:lptc-<l to t'utra.p inl«'ti.The ka...es entrap i~ ,:;(b. An i1L~'<-'t is 3ttr..'l<:t<.-d by showiug the prout.in.c1H .1od .ahuud3n1
oec-rn.r .secre,ed 0,1 the .su,face- ofchc lc::il. cpid e-rnvd ha i~ .
are fu on-tl-sh;ip«I :\11d h:we l"p1dttinal T bt· m owmc-nr oftin· insect upon the le:tws
I. Ep1dc-n nal h:urs
hair.. poin h.·d lOWJ l-d tltt· b;is,· oftht· 'ltnml:ues 1hc .~cn~iriv,.,. ufrh<itlH'S 011 1he 2. Epjd('rtnis

lc:11~ irl{t'r't< :.tr' anrncr<"d to th~ li!o nd uppa mrfo.ce ofthe foavc.-s, tria;1:riug the
le:ivc-: t<, <ln<e, e111.t:1.1)1)ing ,he imcxr.
wlR--rc they ari:- cutr.tpp~·d, <.fo:, :i.ud l tt'

, hg~rc<l by 1hc pbm.

I. le-.lf 2. Epidermal ha.in,

Figure 5.225 A JoshuJ rrce, Yi1m.t Figure 5.226 The l<".:af<>f \for..t .s1>. figure 5.227 J--:111Jmrl,i.J"-P·, :l memhct ol
bm,{folfo. ti n:uivc to t h e M ojaw D:.•se11. :iihow s a thjck cuticle- C0\<1: r-ing the L·pi- the Spurg<.• fanul1: is ~pe-(.i:1.lilt:<l t<> l>tu·'Ylw

It:$ common n:ime \\'3$ derived from dc:rmlS o(t he 1c-:i{ Thc cu nck· pmtccr~ :irid -envimnmcnt'I in Afrn:::a. £u~~hOl'b~ have
itS t\.'J.:mbl3iu:e to a b~a.n:k d km:dini; undt·t1,.'0n(.• couvergcnt L"VOlullon to the
1mtl'ilrch. J~in si. tv.Xt.:-!SiVt" WJ l•:r lb)s,
cacti o( the \l.t-stl-ru Het1li"!ph('1-C.
I. C'..utidc 2 . Epidermis

figure 5.228 The >aguaro <.-1ctu:t f igure 5.229 The p rick!)· pt..'ll'. Oprmrit1 >p.. Figure 5.230 Tb~ fruit ot the

G1rJ1l)?fr.t.~•:l!.•Jllh',J, 1<; 1he larg<-9 of nil c~Li h:w1.~ $CVcr:i.1 moditica1io n< to wnhsr.rncl pn,;kJy J)t':ir, 0 11,11ufo sp.
North Aml'rlc,m ca..:c-i. Arm,; bt•i;iu to drou gh t. Th1..·y h.,v-:.• spiudik..· leaves to pn:wnl

develop on ,h e .s.:egu::i1\'l whi:n the pbm \v:ltt't' loss through rr-.:msp1r:ujon. rhey h.:.1ve
1s abour 75 p:.arS old. A .s3i;uaro cactlL-: dl'vdotx--<l til!$ue that st<>reS; w.iet.''I' alto.:r rain: and
1r•l)' live over 250 ye.'lct .1nd rtach :i d1dr Slt"fll': ~•"' C•(l(f d w~1I, ;) \¼\.'\!Y S;l1bS;~1JC(' CO
hc.·.ight -.)f murl' than 50 fc.ct. aid in watt•r ro.•tt•nrion.

118

Flowers of Angiosperms DPlantae

Structure of a flower Position o f ovaries

Pistil S,ig,,10
{
Style

O\';iry
Ovule

Perigynou.s

(ccmraUy posirion<.~d uvary)

figure 5.231 I>1~gl':,ms <,( M1g1osp1•rrn fJ(l.,.,'(>r(,.(how,ng 1h~ Epigynom;
(inferior ffl:\f)')
$tl1.1crore and relative po.sa.t1on ofthe OvJrit:;,11H~ a.nf;i().l;ptTm
Bow-er L\: typically composed o(s:.·pals.. pcbli,. stllJh:ns. :rnJ oi1i: or
more pistils. T he s!!p.il,; a.re t he.· outermost circle o f proh:cm-i.• lcaf-
1.Jke ~ructure.~.They art u:;ul\Jy gi:cen and are <;olk-ctivcty called
th(• calyx.T he :-c.unt'ns :in<l the pii<tils :Lrt' the rqnoducci\'C parts ol'

d 1t' Hower. A st.nm: n <:onsist-l of the hJ:uw:nt (stalk) anU th t' llllhcr,

where poUt•n is product'ti.The pi!.t.il consists of J stick~• s.tig1n2 at
rhe rip that receives polk o :ind a. style that lca.d.t co the ov:n·y.

Sun t1owt<r Dahlia P·.1s5iou llowt'r
Figure 5.232 Flowt>rs of:111giospl'rms.

119

• A Photographic Alias for the BIOiogy Laboratory

figure 5.233 T he fl<'lf'."11 bod (I( Colc;u.$, C.:()Ji-,u$ ~p. Figure 5.234 The O\'ary o f tomato. LYf.-'lll'l)'i((! u sp., with

1. Ap ical mcmrcm .3. Aor.U hud dwdopiug ondcs.

2. Bra<.'t I, Ovary ,,ra.U 3. l'llc.euta

2.. O vules

Figure 5.235 A nightshJdc.-, $-,/am,r11 sp., flor:J bud, figure 5.236 The flora] bud of tol~cco.

sh()\ving O\~ry• wnh d('"\-clo1)ing cwul¢$ l\<iroli,11111 sp.. !;howing tht' •\'J I)' and ovulci

I. Ov.i.ry wall 3. Pbc~ma l. Ov:iry w;aO 3. Pl:lcenb
2. Ovuks
2. o,·uk~ 4,V:tl<:ular ti~~ue

3

figure 5.237 l11c- lloral bud ofa currJ1u . figure S.238 The tlo r,ll bud oisuutlowtr. Hrlr,mtlm.s Sp.,
with S(.'\ft.•r.al Unm.lmrc ilowl."r...
R ibc.s sp., showing an infonor ovary with

dcvdoi>nlg ovule.~ I. Indt,'ld113I tlower 3, ()v;iry ofnHlividual l)owtr
2 . R1:n•ptade
I. S1y lc .). Ovary

2. Petal 4. Ovules

120

DPlantae

2

23
3
4
5

Figure 5.239 The floral stnot tw~ of a Figure 5.240 Tht< structmt.• uf:i di.'iSt.'Ctt:d

rulip, '/i,fJi){f ~r~- chc>rry, l"rw m t Sil.• <;hMving ,l per1gyo ou<; llmv~r.

1 1•e(~I 4. Fi bnH•nt 1, 1-\'.c.al 4. An ther 7. Flor.al rube
S. Style 2. P-ifamcnts 5. Stig nu
2. Anthe-1·
3 . Stigma 3. Sepal 6. Style

2

3
4

5

6

Figure 5.241 T h~ .structur~· of a di<;Sl'Ct<.-d pc:ir. Pyms ~p.• Figure 5.242 A d1s,.« 1ed q uince. Cl:-:r1·,11.111~lc$j ,11x>m'r.1.

showin g .m ~pigynous !lower. s.howing :m epii;~11ous .ffowt·r.

I. l'eu J 3 . Filament s. .St'p:iJ 1. P~ml 3. Stigm:l 5. Srylc

2. Anthl'r 4, Style 6 . Ov:U) ' 2 . Anther 4. FiJam cn, 6. O \~lllcs

5

68 JO Figure 5..243 (a) The J1or:tl strucrure
29 II
of GJ,1diolus sp. (b) The andn·rs aud ~ti~ma,
3 13 ~ H, :1.nJ (c) the ovary.
47
12 I. Anther JO. St.ii;uu
14 2. P1l.uncm 11. Srylc
3. Ovule,; 12. Filamc-J1t
4. Receptacle 13. O \f\1le$

5. Stigma (inmunirc scc-cb)

6. ~t)'k 1-1. Rt>ceprnclc

7. O\':i.ry 15. Style

~ An, he r l(l, 0 \'l'lr')'

'I. Po llen

121

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

Figure 5.244 A sc:imllng dccmm minugr.1ph ofch~ .sti~tu:t Figure 5.245 A sc:mning: c:l..•ctron micmgr.1ph
<>f :i.u :rng:ii)~1crn1 ~liS.lil. The ~ogm a ss ,h~ l<'l'.'.,mon whert of rhc ;)ll(h(;1' of('3,tldy ntfr, / ,c)/Ntf&ri,J $r,'r he

pollen g:rJitt'i :adl1i:re :and g:~rmmat<.' to produce :a polle n tube. :1nthcr has rnptt1retl. n-suking: in th..· rd ..·:t~ o f
1~llen gr.lins,

1. Fil:)me ot 3. P<1Uc-n g 1.-in~

2 . Auther

Fim glu n).: $1!.:l, ud glum~ f ilamc,u
Stigma
I - ~ - J>edunde
!!- ~- o ..•.ur

1.o<lic.ule

SpikclN Figure 5.247 T h, floral

Figure 5.246 The.· flo r.il ~trutturc of gras:.sl"S, p:1r tS of.l gr.ts~, Elymus

/l'1i.'ff«us. :.h1.nviu ~ s:pikdeu
,..i tlt stx 11,,rcts..

Figure 5.248 l'liree tcono111.ic.11Jy i11,port-1nr g,~,S'(e5 ;)rt: (a) Wht?at. Tritfrm11 SJ•, i~ •ll(' <)f che nl<.lH ia-,11,01·(:).1lt hmn:m )!~pie foods.
(b) C om, Zc·.1 ,m,y.> is :a New \,:lc,rlt.i n:itiv~ import mt as hum :UJ and Jivt'Stock food. (1:) B:unboo is i.mportam in commt'r.::e and
iu many 11:itur.tl t'COS)'Stt'tns.

122

Sti~ua _ _,,, . , •Plantae

Anther- ----'i,,11

Fust:d
6bml·ms

R ccepudc: Figure 5 .250 A du,.,cctc<l
int1on:sc..-m:<' of:t ntt·mber o f lhc
Figure 5.249 Tbe llo,,'C'N ofthe f.um ly Astcr:ice.ie .1r-e usually ~woduccd m Ast<"•'3Ce.le, H,-,l;a11~11'1,i:-., .~1,eiitn1,1.
tiftit hL·3Js resembliu;; .sini;Jc largt' Bl)wcrs. One oftht·S<.· inAon:SCcJU.:t'~ c.\ln c.uurom
hu11drc-d<; o f mdjvidu.al flowers. Examples of iii.is b mily mdudc d:mdclions., suntlowc-rs , 1. Ra)' tfowt·r 3. Ren·pude-
a-m:rs, and man!-,'t)lds. 2. l ) i<.k tfowcr

1Clld n l

Ked ~ l'ltl {

1 - - - - 1110-wenng (mature
hra u,;h
o,,.ry)

Seed

{ Ut'ltUN'

ovule)

scyk
Sti~m

Figure 5.251 T he ~t'cds on the Figure 5.252 The tlowcr aud lhnt of the pea. P;tum sp.
rcccpc:u:lc of the ~1;1.m sunflower.

Figure 5.253 A strawberry. fl'llgmid .ip., .dio"'i.ng (a} th.: 00\\'tr.{b) iuunJ.n.lrt 3ggrti,.ratc Jruiu. and (c) a ripl'mng fruit.

123

• A Photo@'aphlc Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

Figure 5.25-4 .Ex~unpk 6ot•.'("·1· <ypt>S: (a) a coinple<t· !lower. hly, auct (b) ~•1. incomplete ll•\V tr, grass. {c) A perfocr 0c)•.\•er. hibiscu.s.,
:rnd (d) :m imperlc:« llowcr, wax bcg1'.>ni:1. (i:) Ac,rnnmo rpluc ~·mmcwy. , htfod1J. :m. d (tJ ryg1)mOl'ph1<,. symmerry, 1'>.1nsy. (.g) A sc,ln.:iry
Oowt.•r. passion flower. a.n<l i.uilon:Sc:t·n t OoweN. (h) sun.flower. and {i} w:tln ut cark.inl<.

Figure 5.255 Flowers of nuny an1:,"!0Spt·nn~ :m.- uuiqudy adapti:d for :md rdy on :..-pt>itfic: aninul, fo r polliuation. whik· ()dwr; :illO\v for
m ultipll~pollin:nt)t<.. E).",unplc :rnjuu.l J><>llin:uor< induck : (a) :l hcc, Amh1>pltr,m 1111,,,mJ, (h) ;a hro:ul-hillcd lnmlmtngl'Hni , Cyu,mtfo,s fotiu~ ,ri~,

and (c} a k s.St'r loni;-nost·J bat, L11rtm}'l-'ll'r1J )'frbabm:m,c.

124

DPlantae

Pibmcnr

Sei;rl <'M( (211) J\,bmn- '-pOrophyte {2n)
wuh !lower

Micro$porJugmm witb
dc\t\:'lopiu~ polk·u ~rains

Youn,; emht)'O (211)

M 1crospor.111gb
d h.•dJin~ polfon gr.i:iu-.

Pollt"n tubt·

Youug 1.wule 1n tbur-11udea.tc Meiosis
q:igc- o(dcvel1,1)m<;ur

.•.------- Youu~ ovuk
,•nth nu.>:g:i~porocy,e

lvhtutc- ctghr n ude.itc
me-g.tgam<'t<'l5'hyt<' w11hn1o-.•ult

figure 5.256 T h,· life cycle o( :u, Jngiosperm.

125

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

-•< •

4l OX 430X
Figure 5.258 111.., polll'u b'Tams
Figure 5.257 T h< poll«> gr,ins of of2 ljbc, Sy,b,la ~p.
the diem pig"-vcc-d, rh11,ir,1mltus $.p.

•

oox 1000X figure 5.261 Th-:" pollen grAin.5 (l(:1 lily,

figure 5.259 The poUcn ~rains of Figure 5.260 The pollen gniu orTh~ poUcu ~r.un at the (Op the< photo
d,e dif•t :ir-rowroot, li.1 INu11,.,l,i:;;1 s:p, of hih1scu.s. Hibiu us Sil,
has. gtrmiiu tcd t<.1 p-rod ucc :a polkn tube.

I. Pollen gr:Uu 2. Pol.Jen tube.-

lntan

Anthet· split\ Scigm:t

Opell fo:l'mJ;
poJl~ i gr:iim,

Fila,uc:nt Serno1,od R>l!e n tubl'

1\1IX" nudcos 11ol!co S,ylc
Gt.'nt·rJtwe cdl
gc.uu

PoUcn gr.ains

Figure 5.262 A <ltJg-rnm sbmvrng rhc. p1'0ce-.s <1f 1)0ll1n.ukm. In d ouble: Ar1 tipocllls.
foniliz.::trion :t pollen g.:ra..in :tttache. co Llw stigm:a :and gc.•rmin:ucs. forming Pohr nudi:i
:. poUeu fi1be t1tl.t extends: thM1gh the style a nd into the ovary when,> i1
pcnetr.ues the ovuh•, rdc:lsing two sperm, O ne SP'-'l'nt &-nil.i.zcs tbe egg
:md die other <:<tmb)ne<i wah Ibe L)C)br nude,. T he egg aod -rern1fonu a
diptoid zygoc,:. whil~ du.• odwr sperm :ind 1·,vo polar nuclei form :i. triploid
011de11~, whkh d cvclop mro ctl<losp~rm, 1l()\tr1shing , he devt>lo 1~ing t inht)'Q,

126

•Plantae

Figure 5.263 A cr.insWL'SCsect.io n of~ iiowc:r bud from a figure 5.264 A tou:wcrs,· s,;.-cciou of :in :mthcr from. :i llly,

lily, Uli111t1 !>p. L11i11111 sp.

I Sq,al 3. Am hct I . $pomgeno~1s n~u~ 2.. l~il:un,·m

2. Ov.uy 4. Pt·tal

Figure 5.266 A rraosve1-sc scc.rio11 <i :rn :uu hcr fmm :i lily,

/.Jlium !>p., maptifo.'U view.

2. T.1p(.'>tuUl .l A.11thC'rw2.II l. T~pet1u11 2. TL·tru:I of nucros-por..-.s

127

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory ~a..:~. -.•. ...,. ,, • ~... .
• "".i
2 .,.. ..;. .. •.t•-:•.~• •l ~• ;+=,:-..%'J?..-.. ·-. - •·• •~,• ....
3 - .•.~,4: • ·· ., ......•J•:,.,.~ \ ••
?• - ~ • •• ~
figure 5.269 l\ 1r!ill<.\.'Cf'jC ~ectio,~ of a lily,
L ilfom ~-- ovar ~•. sh owing nu.·g-.isptm:. ~,--,.,.,. ~.... ~ 'l:\,1J,I
,ll.'-~-r. •••lt~
I. O vule .. •• -•-~..t• ..•.'$..••. I.!,. • • •
2. Llnc:i.r tctr:td of n1Cga.,;poR' . . , ~ '--......-.,
J I lltc-gt1U\(·11l . . -~W\1' - ,•:•, • .• . ,• , .,.-.. I ......, flf' • J
1'.:I.r~. · \•• •• •1li,-l;t•~•~" · ~---l•."•~.:, • •• I • ~I
•• •• '1

. .. • • ·~·-···.. ?? •• J•

. . ..,. . . - . . ? ',,,'
~ · ·· ,~ ,I! • •

... ...... •

~.,
-... .~--.- .)
-~• .,•,• . ..
-~ . -~0:..- •
Y '-H'R'J.:-.1_..,.r)..\_..,'... • •
/
'.• .J'lOOX

Figure 5.270 A rr:'U1m •rsc ,~co 1())1of :i

l.il~j Ulium sp.. ov·.i.ry, sh owint; ovule w ilh

drvcfo1)ing cmhryn sac.

I, liHCS\llllC!lrS ~>. F,nhryf) $.'IC

2. Mjl•ropyk· 4. Ovule

52 <, - 'j
<, 3
7 - --
7
8

~
1(1

II 5

12 (,

Figure 5.271 Lougirndinll s«·1ion uf an c-ight- figure 5.2 72 l ongitudi1u J ~1.·ccion Figure 5.273 Pho tonucro~rJph
of :i nt:'lflll'C' gl':'lm, ,, r kcl'n<'I, o(
uude;ltC cmhr~'O s:1< lu :.11 ('!Vulc from .:i Id)•, lill,wr sp. <lf l"ml:11')'1) 'I:'!( fro m a lil~t J.ilit1m ~p.,
shu,,i ni; double fi:rtilizacion.
I. Ov:irv Inc ult· 7. Po1:ir uu dei (IJ1 :md 311) w ht·at. Tritkwi, 111:sJimm.
2, Mcg,lpiue,ophytc 8. Outer int::¼!Wn-.·nt (2u}·
9. lnocr 1111cgument (211) I. AutipO<bls 4 . Egs nucleus I. 1•enca1·p -1. Colc¢prifo
(embryo s.ac) 2. Sperm 5. Sp<:rm
2. Starchy 5. Shoot :1pcx
nudeu~ o nd eu.s
3. Funiculu$ I0. SyuergiJ n·lb (11) <-•ldosrerin (1. Radick
3. Pol:tr nuclei 6. lnt<'gunk'nt
4. W.ul of O".ll)' I I. Ggg (,o) 3. Scutdlum 7. CoJ..:orhin
12. Mi<.wp)'k (pollen rubi:
5. (;hal;o;a (cmylcdol)) ~. l~mbryo
c: nrr:mct-)
<,. Ancipod:tl ceUs (:\11)

128

DPlantae

figure 5.274 A pho tomicrogr.1ph of.1 <levd oping dicot flgure 5.275 A p ho tornicrograph of :i de,-eloping d.icot

cm bryn from :i shepherd's puNl~, CJpsd/,1 b 111Stt•/"h1S1,'J1is. cmhr-yo finm ~ ,hr.-phcrd'f. p urse. Catllf'll,1 lmu,1-1i.uu»i<,

I. Endothd.ium 4. 01.."Vdopini{ .:mbryo .J:1vwi11i; ~•ouui; em bryo.

2:. Cd lubu c11dosprrm 5. Da~I cdl I, Seed CO..ll -L Su,<1,e-11sor

3. End ospt>nu 2. Cot)•lffion 3 . 8.tSal cd l

3. f'°1)'POCOtyl

J

z

5 '
2
3
3

(,

Figure 5.276 A pho tmnicrugr:aph of;a d.:vdopiug djc:c,r figure 5.2n A p horomic:mgr:1ph of:a <icvdoping dic.<X

e111bryo fro1ll :l sbt.plil:rd~ pune. G,psdla bursa-pd!ton·s. embryo frOJ n a :-hephcrd's punc. Ct1pStllf1 b1111a-pa,;t<,rk

sho\\ing l nc.•3rly m :trure- e mbryo. sh owiu g :l m:m.irc cmbr)'O.

I. End <>spenu 4, Rar.l.ick I. Seed coat 4. R.ad ide-

2. l!p1c°'yl 5. St-<t.-d con 2. EpirnryJ

3. Cotrk.<lou 6. HfpO<."C>tyl 3. Cotyl~don~

129

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory

O\';il'I CS ltl.'llU l'C

:as .Jcht.·ncs

Ov.111•
Figure 5.278 flower and frui t ofthe su:iwhcrry. Fr,J)!:ukr sp. The str.lwbcrry 1s hot.h an :iggrc:g:u-e .md :tCl.'.l"ssory fru iL

St•cJ
(m:it111·e ovule)

Fruit - - - - - - -
{ni.itur~ <>,~·•)')

Figure 5.279 lllu5tJ':uio1i of a t1owt-r aod fruit o(a to11,:uo. Ly(l1pmfro,1 e.uukuwm, A comato fi,,it ~s a berry.

Sugnu

Fn ut - - - - - '~ -
( p e r it::u p)

PJor:tl cuhc 1'-!-<licd
redicd

Figure 5.280 T he fl owi..•r and fruit ofthe pt-ar Pyml· )J>. T he p::ll fruit dcvdops fium the flora.I tube (fust.•d pcri:mth) as wdl :i:; the ov:tr)'·
130

•Plantae

2

figure 5.281 T h,: fi•.mtir (a) and lhe fmit:. (b and c) ofthl' d:mdd iou. 1afaxatum i,p. Th,: dandd joo ha.-. a compo.sitc Oowt·r.

T he w m d- bornc: four (co,.uaming o ne seed) ofci:ln dclk, n:r. a.nd m :my orh cr members of 1hc fami ly A.ste rAccac dc\'(!lo•~ :a

plumelike pappus thl1 cnabks d1i: Ligh1 fr uit co floot in th e ;air.

I. Pappui: 2 . Ovary \\'':.Ill, with om: .it•1.·d i.us.i<lt·

2 2

.,

-I

5

6

Figure 5.282 A ilisscct<."d lcgu m~, g.ardcn bc.•:m, f>/um'<llus sp. Fig ure 5.283 A lim, h~n (:a) T he .::mire l'l¢all
Sl't~d. .-and {b) :a loui;itu<liually Sl't·tio nt'<l ),:,:d.
I. Pe.died 3. Fruit

2. Seed~ 4 . Styi,· 1, bneg:UJ.nl!tH (~ced .:oat) 4, l-l}tpoCotyl

2. f-hlu m 5. P.pi.coryl (J,hunc)
3. R adich: 6. Cotyled\m

22
3

FJgure 5.284 Ventr.il ,'ll·w of ttu.- co1w1u.) n bean Figure 5.2-85 PhotomicroS""JPh ofthe si:td coat of' th<·
sc:1.-d, Pf,,·uci>lus !>-p.
g:udcu bean. f>luut!l1!us sp., showing d1c sd\~rifit--d c-pjdaml!

I. Md mn 2. Mic:rupyk 3. R:aphc I. M.1crosclt<rt<ids 2. Subt<piJt•rm.Jl sck n,i.:h

131

• A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratory 2

figure 5.286 A cob ..,f corn. 2<''1 UIJ)'S. Corn 3
4
, ~l-5 do111(:stic..1ted .1pp1'oxim:itely 7.01)(1years ago
figure 5.287 Th<.· fru it :m<l seed ,.,fa pt·auut p lan t.
from a Mexfr:.m g r.1s~. family Pu..u:·eal".
I. C..or)•lcdoo 6 M esoc:.trp
2 . lntegtuneaut (s,·cd <'.Wt) 7. R.3ilide
3. J>hunulc k. Cotyl..-clon
4. Embrvo a.Xb 9. Fruit ,...-.JI

S lilf("r t~ r o ( &011 (1.x•rit'A1·p)

Figure 5.288 A longjtudi11al ,H·ction or aa oppk~lruu.

I. P.:dicd 5. Ov.uy \V.l11 Figure 5.289 A tr,msve1•sc f.C(liou 1hm ugh
2. Matw-e t1<>r'.tl lUb,..•
6. M :mm: ovary (2 & 6

.\. Seed (m.;.rure ovule) m.ik~ up th<: fu.1it) a grapeiruu fr uit
4, Rcm111311CS o( floral parts
I • J-;xo.c.\rp 4 , Pc-rk,1rp

2. tvk-soc.arp 5 . St•cd

3. hndoc:wr

6

2
3
4

57

2

3 Figure 5.291 A lon~itudin:J :,lt,'(,,'tiun of a

h'Ult.ltO fr uit (bel'r~•).

J. Pc-died 5. $.:ed

Figure 5.290 A loo gitudin:al s...·aton ofa pine.1p plc fruu. 2. l'<.·n c-.1rp 6. St>p;als

I. Shoot ap,:x 2 . Ceuu-.1) ,1..xis 3. Flor.tJ P3rts 3. Locule ?. M:tt11re ov;1ry

4. Pb("tm:i {t'fu it)

132

DPlantae

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (!)

(g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (I)

Figure 5.292 Some c.-.::uuplcs o f seed dispcn:al. (g) Pecan- Thi: frm t husk ofa pec:m prnvii.k-s bL•my:mcy a ud
r •'<lt'C..:li•n as ir i~ di~pi•rot.cd hy '""Jtcr
(a) l\laplc- Th~ wm~t.•d lruits of:a. m.aplc fall with a spimllug (h ) Black \1,•alnut- T hc cncap1>1.1hh:d lit."t-. d of d1e black w·J.Jmn is
Ul(ltic,11 chat may C"Jrry d1cm l11111dn:d11 of yarck from ,h.:: pa.rem tree-, di~. pt:m"tl d1rot1t.,.f1 burial by a M)uind or iloatiug in a $m:am.
(b) White pine- T he scrnntl-)'t".tr rnu'---s o f l w hite p ith .' open (i) A pple-The s~eds of :u1apple t1\.-e may be d l.§l)c1-sed b~• .mimal$
ro expose the winged ~Cd( to the \Vlll<i. that in~'<·St th..: &uit and r-1s$ the u 11J it?esh·.J set•ds hour$ bt·t":r in
(c) Willow-The :iirbornc .,c,:,ds af2 willow m ay be dfapcrs,.~d thdr fon"i.
O\-itr loug distam.•.c-s, (j) Cberry-!'\fodct3te-sitcd bmK such as rob,ns. may <:any a ripe
chl."l'T)' to m catmi,; sit1..• w lic-re d ie ju icy pulp is e:atc:11 and the h·.ar<l
(d ) Wit~h h azcl- M:mm! Sl.'f'd:. oftht' witch hazel m~c l tc scc-J i.s cJ.tsc.a.r-<k <l.
di...'f)c-rs.e<.I ur 10 I•) fec-t by tbrccfo.l dJSeharge. (k) Oeech-Sccck from ;i bc<"Ch nee are d1~pcr,;cd hy 1u.1m111;;lb, .:a~
(c) Mang ro \' The fruits of d1is tropical tree lx•gin m
g<-nHtll:\tt w hik s o lJ <tll fht br,111ch. fornung p<uMcd t('IO(~. tht sp in;~ hmks a ,U11:n: to thl·ir hair. ln addition. many
\Vhi!tl rh c scc..-k drop frnm 1hc m ·~ they 1113>• fl o.n 10 :a mudrly
:m::J ,vhere d11.• roots t3kc: hold. m:umnal1. tngc.-s.i I h~ ~ccd ~ .:and disperse them in d1eir focc s.
(f ) Coconut-TI1e buoy.:un , fibrous hus\: of .l l:oconut (1) Oak- An oak $Ctd ma)' be Ji.spt"rSCd duough buri:tl of" the
penu.it:s diSpl•rsa.l from one isl:u-1d o r lJnd miss tO ano d1er
b)• OC~AO C llf fe1l ts. acorn fruit by a squirre-1 or jay.

133

• A Photographic Atlas for Ille Biology Laboratory

Forcible discharge dispersal Water dispersal

Touc: h- m c - n o t Coconut

Animal dispersal Wind dispersal

(~cklcb11r Burdl)ck Poppy

Blackbt'rrlt'.s .M:tplc

Figure 5.294 Scvcr.ll fru i~ ;md seed.~ ln order ro illmrr.ue seed di_,;:pcrs.11.

134

Fungi

About 250.000 speck-:; (l f fimg i arc currently extant on E~1rth, ca.ll~d a myaliunr, Even the body of a nmshroom consists of
All fung i arc hctcrotrophs: they absorb nutrients through their a rn:,ss of cijp1tl)' packed hyph;,c .itt,,chcd to an underground
cell walls and cell m\·mbrancs. T he kingdom Fungi indudcs mycclium. Ftmgi arc nonmorilc and reproduce by means o t'
the conjugation tllngi. rc~ts. mushrooms. toadstools. mslli, and
lichens. Most arc saprobc:s. absorbing nutrients from dead sports produced sc:mally or asexually.
organic material. Somt· arc p-arasitic. absorbing nutrients from Many specks of fongi aoc commercially im po rc.anc. Some
living hosts. Fungi dt'Composc OrJ:;lnic material. hdping to recycle
nmrfont'S cs.s.ential for plant growtl1. arc used as food. such as mushrooms: or in the produ(.,"rion o f
foods. such as bocad. chcc.\e. b<.'ll:r. and wine. Oth<.·r species arc
E.xcepr for the unicellular yeas.ts, ftmgi consist of e.lon~ued imponant in n11.~dicinc. for example. iu th1.· product ion of the
filaments called hyp!UJt'. Hyphae begin as ccl]ular extensions of amjbioric peniciHiJL Many other spec:h.-s of fungi are of
roe-die-al and economic concern because th1.,-y caus~ plant and
spor'--s lhac branch as they grow to form a net\vork of hyphae
animal dise:ises and dcscw,• crops and stored goods.

Table 6. 1 Some Representatives of Fungi

Phyla and RepresentaHve Kinds Characteristics

Chy1ridiomycola - chytrids Unicellular: cell wall composed o f chitin: flagellated spores and gametes

Zygomycota - bread molds, fly fungi Hyphae lack cross walls along filaments: sexual reproduction by conjugation

Glomeromycola - arbuscular Unique ar-buscules and vesicle structures; as symbionts: help plants acquire
m)'Corrhizal fungi nut rients from soil

Deuteromycota - conidial molds Reproduce only by asexual spores (conidia); s exual stages are lacking or unknown

Ascomycota - yeas,s, molds. morels, Septate hyphae; reproductive structure contains asoospores within ascl on a fruiting
and truffles body known as ascoma (ascocarp); asqxual reproduction by buddl11g or co nldla

Basidiomycota - mushrooms, toad- Septate hyphae: 4 meiospores produced exte rnally on cells called basidia form ed
stoo ls. rusts, a nd s muts o n basidioma (basidiocarp)

lichens - not a phylum. but a symbiotic Algal component (usually a green alga) provides food from photosynthe sis; fungal
compone nt (usually an ascomycete) may provide anchorage, water retent ion.
assodation o r an alga an d a fungus
and/ or nut rient absorbance

Chytridium, & tmd1,"/,y1riu111
,fmdrobatidis

Chyrridiomycoti

i

Zygomrcou

4:

Clomcm111ycota

Figure 6.1 DasidiotU)'COCa figure 6.2 A r'l.n:un:mi:m golden frog, A1d1>p1u Figure 6.3 Tht.• d))•trid, 8,l!1i1dwtl1ytn"11m
The phylo~11Ccic dt'111fo!Su11LU;
rd:ttionships an d ~rit ki, oea,- dt.lth wi1h ch)'l1'1d1<'\111}'<'061~.The snull
ck,ssiftc;:uir,o of 135
m.ljOr fungi whttt.• sp.::cks m: tlX" fun~ infection.
liucag~.

• A Pho1ograph1c Alias for the Biology Laboratory

( Phylum Zygomycota - conjugation fungi )

Spor.mgiophor t - - --1

~ - - - Ruplt.1rt'd
spomngnun (11)

•• •

Asexual cycle

~ Stolon
Rhizoids

Mdo ;>pores (r,} .,»<~d .... Strain I ~~• Sc~iu ~ ~
~:,"•:.=., ,=~=~~;:::M:a:tu:rc=hy:p:h~a,:·::(1_1~~===- Sa-a.in I

.~:~~r.:·:- - - - - -

•Spora.ns ioph<>n.' •

Str:iin 2

Sexual cycle

I\ ! Me iosis Zygospor:mgn1m (2u)

C:un et:.in~.i

Young
z y g o spor.mg:iun2

with multiple

d iplo id nuclei

Fig ure 6.4 T he life cyde .--1 IKaryogamy Young zygosporanglum
with paiJ't".d J)uclei {n+ 11)
of Rl1i:!'1>(>11.J sp., the conunon
b«.':ld nwJd.

136

• :,, 2 •Fungi
3
• ·'
~4
I~ •

•

2

15X figure 6.6 A whole m ount of the 430X
bn.•:iJ mold. Rlu;:opus sp.
figure 6 .5 A Rl1izopm spc.-.cies gmY.-in g Figure 6.7 A ma rnr,: spor:mgium in
(m a sli<.:e ofbr.::id. I . Sporangimll lite- asi:xu.al rt.'"Ptuductiw cyde o ftJu.·
l>~:id motri, Rlli~c11u1s ,<.1>.
I. Sporan~a 2. Spores
2. Hyph,c («olon) I. Sporangium
3, C<>lumeUa
2. Spora,,gioph(ln.·
4. Spor:1.11giophorc 3. Spon.-s
5. I lyphai: 4. Columdla

264X 264X 264X

Figure 6 .8 l\ }rotmg g.,.mcuingfa of figure 6.9 /\11 imut.UuT\' U/:i~(lflllJ sp. Figure 6.10 1\ 1l1:1.turc l{l1i~o1711.s sp.
Rhi.w1ms "P· n mt:icting prior to :tyc-'Ospore foUo\,ing pla.mtog,.m1~•- 'lygos-pon.-.

pl:}SLOog:lfl lY, I. lnun atun· 2Yh"Ospor,.mpum I. Zn;o:.poran~'lmu
2. Suspcmor cdl 2. SuspcnSlC,)1' cclJ
l. lnun:i.ture gJ' Jtl<.'t:m~ia
2. ~usp<·n~or ccll

• A Pho1ographIc Alias for the Biology Laboratory

Phylum Ascomycota - yeasts, molds, morels, and truffles

Conldi:t

~~

M :tturc hyph:t (t1)

Trichot:,,ync

~ ,-

/ ~ , ~ Ascn<pore, (11)

"""'' -- ~

8 cc:lted $mge
fom1atioH of

:tscosporrs

8 nucleate srage

4 nudt':tCt' sb_gt' Ascoma will,
mawre asci

Sexual cycle

jKoryogamvl • --

formauo11 of
a.tcogrnnm

hook ((.·rozit-r)

Fig ure 6. 11 The life cyde 1)f 1 11 :t$C'ninycl'rl!.

138

•Fungi

2

Figure 6.12 0:1:ke-rS ye:l$l, 8aalr,·11um)'{CJ Thefl'tf't.1Jsi'Je. Figure 6.13 A close-up o( dle 1~ r..liioc as.('otnyce,c,
.;i.scos_pc)i,:S olthis u nicellular ascomycecc arc cb:1r3ctcri:;tical.ly
sphero idal or c!Jipsoicbl in shape. Hyp,wyfo,1 l,,-p., showUlg cmbeddcJ pcritht."Ci:t.

L PeritlH.'-tium 2. H)•n1cniu1u

Figure 6.14 The p~r:a~1oc as-comycccc, Dibvtr)''4'm m,nb.,s1m1, on 4J() X

,1 branch o f " chok.:chcorry. Prr11111s ••i,gim,uw. Figure 6.15 T he dei.stothccium (:tScoc,up or a.<.conu) offh c
~Olll)IC(te PmK1Ulm11 Sp ,
I. fLmgus- 2. Cbokcd1crr)' stem
I . Oti<roth ccm,11
2 . ll)]>hae

SmuUittfo sm1rffot,1 ,Ht1rr!1dfo sp.

Figure 6.16 Fruiong bodie, (a.scoc-:irps or a.,couu) ofcommon ascomycctes. Pt•ziza rq,amla is a common woodbll<l c up fungus.
Sm!dlima smrrlfota is co1m11un!y c.UJ1:d d1i: c-yda.sb cup fonr:m. .i\,f,.,,rhdl,1 ('Satf('llfa U l common .:dibli: mord. H1·M.·fl,, is i,ometi1m"s kno\',:n
.ls a ~a<ldle fi1ugus ~rncc the li'lmmg h<Hty 1~ 1ho 11gh1 b)' some to 1'<"'lemhle a ~rldle.

139

• A Photog)'aph1c Alias for the Biology Laboratory

3

Figure 6.17 T ht.' ;iscomyc:ete, Cl1wi,·t7n JX.11']111rea. (11)

Longinidiual .sccuon through stoma showi11g a~ocarp;i (3.SC01ua) .

(h) Enh rgcm\.'nt of th ree pcrid1cci:i. T im fongus C!lU'iC.'S serious

plant dise:is<:~ and i, tc>XJC to luuuam.

I Pcmhed.j

2. Strom:11 widlin mulriple :.IISCI

ptnthocia 4. ~uok

:'- , ,,,.·,..lI')'
;f
I .r1 (- ~;'.
I, . C t . '

I. -:~!1 ,: I . •, •\ 1\ ,, t I '1,

,ui:1 i ,\ . . i•\ I .,
j : ,',· :·, ~ I I 2

\ '·

i'\'.il,\•,:::, :,{' \i1\:f,\:,: I 1

.,.. .....
' .. ..:... ~ ·-· , . ·~~-'--'-' 3
. ·~"

Figure 6.18 A scm<m du-ough the h}•mem~l bycr of the: figure 6.1 9 ;\ 5,(':(_'ftOf'I tbn:-ugh an JSC«:31-p (ascotn~) ofthe 1,1(l(el,

a.pod1t'clmn of Pt·.::i~11 sp.• showiui; lSl:i with 3.iC:Ospolt:;,.. Mt>«hdJ,, .sp.Truc.- morels a.re priz.:d for d1cir excdJ~m tl.n'Or.

I. H ym t•m~I b~rc·t 3. A1.cnc~r1, {:i~c<>mJ) L. Convolutetl 6-uiting b(,-._iy 3. Hymmimn

2. A.Sl.'.ll( with :.11$CO!i.pon.~ 1n y c d 1 u m 2 t-lol1ow ..sr:tlk''

Figure 6.20 St-a1uungckccwu mit-rographs ol"tbt• powdt·ry 1uiJde-\v: Figure 6.21 A scao11lng dc:crrou micrograph
Hrysi,,/,,.gm11,iuis, oo the $uri.1<"e d w hcat. i\~ tbe inycdiuu\ de-velor~. i1
o f a ~cr m.in:.iting ipore (con idmm) o f the
produces spores (coni<lia) d1:tt b'lw 3 powd ery :tpp~lr:mc:c to the whc.tt.
powdery 1nild(';W, Erys1Jil1t·gmmiui;. 'fhc spore
1. Couidu J . H~'Phae of the fllngus
dcvdops into a m ycd ium that pc-nt'tr.ltcs the
2. \Vhc:i.t host
cp1dcrmis :tnd then :iprcad1 over the host plam,

prod ucing a powdef)' appear:mce.

140