Ultimate Visual Dictionary (DK)

ARCHER Y AND SHOOTING
SMALLBORE
BIATHLON RIFLE
Fore sight
Rifle sight without
magnifying lens Barrel





6 in
Trigger 0.22 in (5.6 mm) (155 mm)
caliber bullet
Trigger
guard Magazine SMALLBORE
Extra magazine
stored in rifle butt FREE RIFLE
TARGET FOR
BIGBORE 165 FT (50 M)
HUNTING RIFLE Telescopic sight RANGE
Bolt
Bolt
Open sight Open sight
handle


39 in
(1 m)
0.3 in
(7.62 mm)
caliber
Sling fixing point bullet Cocking BIGBORE RIFLE
AIR PISTOL lever and TARGET FOR
barrel 100 FT (300 M)
Wooden grip RANGE
7¾ in shaped to fit
TARGET PISTOL (197 mm) the hand 6 in
Piston (155 mm)
Back sight Fore sight
Hammer
Sight pin Firing
pin
AIR-PISTOL
PISTOL
TARGET FOR
TARGET FOR
Sight ring 60 FT (18 M) 33 FT (10 M)
attachment RANGE Trigger Air-pistol RANGE
Magazine 0.35 in pellet
(9 mm)
caliber bullet
Nock
FIELD ARROW Metal tip

Feathering Straw butt
Wooden shaft
White inner
2 points


Aluminum Blue outer
longrod stabilizer 5 points
Yellow inner 10
points (bull’s-eye)
ARCHERY TARGET

SPOR TS
GOALKEEPER
Ice hockey Helmet

Face
mask
ICE HOCKEY IS PLAYED by two teams of six players on Throat
an ice rink, with a goal net at each end. The object of this protector Team
Butt end shirt
fast, and often dangerous, game is to hit a frozen rubber
puck into the opposing team’s net with a ice hockey stick. Catch
The game begins when the referee drops the puck between glove
Pants
the sticks of two players from opposing teams, who “face
off.” The rink is divided into three areas: defending, neutral,
and attacking zones. Players may move with the puck and
Blocking
pass the puck to one another along the ice, but may not pad
pass it more than two zones across the rink markings.
A goal is scored when the puck entirely crosses the goal-
line between the posts and under the crossbar of the goal. Goalkeeper’s
A team may field up to 20 players although only six pad
players are allowed on the ice at one time; substitutions
occur frequently. Each game consists of three periods of Blade
Skate
20 minutes, divided by breaks of 15 minutes.
ICE HOCKEY RINK Blade
Goal judge Goalkeeper’s
stick Heel
Goal-line Goal


Face-off Goal THE FACE OFF
spot crease
Attacking Linesman
Face-off zone
circle
Face-off
Linesman spot Referee
Facing
Neutral player
Referee zone Face-off
circle
Referee’s Players’
crease bench
Facing
Penalty Center-line player
bench Puck
Right Face-off
spot
Officials’ wing
bench
Linesman
Left
wing
Blue line
30 ft
Center (9.2 m)
Right
Center defense
face-off
circle Goal
Defending 4 ft frame
zone (1.2 m)
Left Netting
defense
Goalkeeper
Board 6 f t
Rink corner Goal (1.8 m)
crease
85–100 ft (26–30 m) ICE HOCKEY GOAL
550

GOALKEEPER’S HELMET PLAYER’S BODY ICE HOCKEY
ARMOR Air vents STICKS
Customized
paintwork
Rigid
plastic Manufacturer’s
Face shell logo
guard OUTFIELD
GOALKEEPER’S
PLAYER’S
STICK
STICK
Foam
Chin padding
strap PLAYER’S
HELMET
SHOULDER
AND CHEST
Chin Shoulder PADDING
protection padding
ELBOW
PADS



4 ft 9 in
(147 cm)


Strap
Chest
padding

Wrist
protection

LEG PROTECTOR
Heavy Wide Thin
padding Knee lower shaft
Rigid protection shaft
plastic
casing
Flexible Vulcanized
gusset
rubber
GLOVE
Rigid Thick
finger cap foam 3 in
backing (7.6 cm)
FROZEN
PUCK
Ankle Leg pad
support
15 in
(39 cm)


12½ in
Safety (32 cm)
heel tip
Heel
Thick
Blade SKATE Puck stopper blade
551

SPOR TS

Alpine skiing DOWNHILL SKIER

Helmet
Ski
COMPETITIVE ALPINE SKIING is divided into four disciplines: downhill, slalom, goggles
giant slalom, and super-giant slalom (Super-G). Each one tests different skills.
One-piece
In downhill skiing, competitors race down a slope marked out by control flags, lycra ski
known as “gates,” and are timed on a single run only. Competitors wear suit
crash helmets, one-piece Lycra suits, and long skis with flattened tips
Wrist strap
to minimize air resistance. Slalom and giant slalom skiiers
negotiate a twisting course requiring balance, agility, Ski pole
and quick reactions. Courses are defined by pairs of Basket
gates. Racers must pass through each pair of gates Ski
Ski boot
to complete the course successfully. Competitors are glove
Safety binding
timed on two runs over different courses, and the skier who
completes the courses in the shortest time wins. The equipment
Tail
and protective guards used by slalom skiiers are shown opposite.
In Super-G races, competitors ski a single run that combines the technical
challenge of slalom with the speed of downhill. The course requires skiers to
complete medium-to-long radius turns at high speed, and contain up to two
jumps. Clothing is the same as for downhill, but slightly shorter skis are used.
Polyamide
Downhill inner boot
start
Downhill racing Upper
control flag Tongue cuff
Super-G start Upper
Pine forest
strap
Buckle
ALPINE Energy-
SKI SLOPE distributing Power
COURSES Giant bonnet bar
slalom
start
Adjusting
Giant catch Tension
control
slalom
gate
Sole
Lower shell Heel grip
Safety of boot
barrier
SKI BOOT
Slalom
start Blind
Toe piece Heel piece release lever
Wing
Antifriction
pad
Slalom
gate Housing


Release
adjustment Brake arm
Finish screw
line Base plate
SAFETY BINDING

552

SLALOM CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT Tail
Hard nylon
shell
Antiglare
lens Extended
Elasticated Padding cuff
strap Wrist
strap

Rigid pad
Strap Chin
guard for hand
GOGGLES protection
SLALOM HELMET
High
Adjustable collar Double-knit wool
shoulder strap and polyester fabric

SKI GLOVE
Wrist
strap
Grip



Shock-
Ribbed
cuff absorbing
platform
under
boot
Zippered Molded
pocket polypropylene
Edge

Front
zipper



PADDED SWEATER HAND GUARD
74–80 in
(188–203 cm)
Waterproof
fabric
Tough polypropylene
shell deflects the shaft
of the slalom gate
Shaft


Velero
strap
Basket




SLALOM
Cuff fits LEG GUARD SKI POLE
over ski boot
PADDED SKI PANTS SLALOM SKI Tip
553

SPOR TS

Equestrian sports SHOWJUMPING SADDLE
High cantle

Deep seat
EQUESTRIAN SPORTS HAVE TAKEN place throughout the world for
Pommel
centuries: events involving mounted horses were recorded in the
Olympic Games of 642 BC. Showjumping, however, is a much more
recent innovation, and the first competitions were held at the beginning
of the 1900s. In this sport, horse and rider must negotiate a course of
variable, unfixed obstacles, making as few mistakes as possible.
Showjumping fences consist of wooden stands, known as standards or
wings, that support planks or poles. Parts of the fence are designed to Forward-cut
collapse on impact, preventing injury to the horse and rider. Judges flap
penalize competitors for errors, such as knocking down obstacles,
refusing jumps, or deviating from the course. Depending on the type Knee roll
of competition, the rider with the fewest faults, most points, or fastest SHOWJUMPING FENCES
time wins. There are two basic forms of horse racing—flat races and
races with jumps, such as steeplechase or hurdle races. Thoroughbred
horses are used in this sport, since they have great strength and stamina Standard
Foot
and can achieve speeds of up to 40 mph (65 kph). Jockeys wear “silks”—
caps and jackets designed in distinctive colors and patterns that help
identify the horses. In harness racing, the horse is driven from a light, Plank
two -wheeled carriage called a sulky. Horses are trained to trot and to
UPRIGHT PLANKS
pace, and different races are held for each of these types of gait. In
pacing races, the horses wear hobbles to prevent them from breaking
into a trot or gallop. Breeds such as the Standardbred and the French
Standard Foot
Trotter have been developed especially for this sport.
Pole
Hard hat
UPRIGHT POLES
Riding jacket Back pole
Browband
Throat-latch
Rein Jodhpurs
Standard
Cheek- Showjumping
piece saddle
Pole
Foot
Hindquarters
TRIPLE BAR (STAIRCASE)
Dock
Standard
Running
martingale
Pole
Noseband
Foot
HOG’S-BACK
Sheepskin
Brushing numnah Girth Stirrup Riding
boot iron boot
Hock
Gaskin joint
Pillar
Wooden
Hoof
SHOWJUMPING Fetlock joint Pastern block painted
HORSE WITH RIDER to resemble
Coronet WALL a brick
554

EQUESTRIAN SPOR TS
RACING SADDLE RACING SILKS
Plain cap Spotted cap Quartered cap
Cantle
Cut-back
head
Plain
sleeve
Plain
sleeve
Surcingle
loop Striped
jacket Plain
jacket
Lightweight steel
stirrup-iron
Forward- Spotted sleeve Jacket with sash
cut flap
Paddock Finish line
Rawhide Clubhouse Grandstand
stirrup-
leather Dirt track Home stretch

Far turn
Clubhouse turn
Tote
Grass track board

Start of straight
Barrier
Browband
Rosette
Cheek piece
Back stretch
Bridle
SARATOGA RACE COURSE, SARATOGA, Skullcap covered
Noseband NEW YORK
with racing silk
Goggles
Driving saddle
Shaft Quartered
Rein terret Crupper racing silk jacket
Rubber Whip
bit-guard
Driving rein
Lightweight
harness
Seat
Thimble
Girth
Stirrup Racing
sulky
Belly band
Pacing hobble
Overreach
boot
Pneumatic
tire
HARNESS RACING Wheel
WITH A STANDARD-BRED HORSE Disk covering
spokes

555

SPOR TS

Judo and fencing JUDO HOLDS
AND THROWS


COMBAT SPORTS ARE BASED ON THE SKILLS used in fighting. In these
sports, the competitors may be unarmed—as in judo and boxing—or
armed—as in fencing and kendo. Judo is a system of unarmed combat
developed in the East. Translated from the Japanese, the name means SIDE FOUR QUARTER SINGLE WING
“the gentle way.” Students learn how to turn an opponent’s force to their HOLD
own advantage. The usual costume is loose white pants and a jacket,
fastened with a cloth belt. The color of belt indicates the student’s level
of expertise, from white-belted novices to the expert “black belts.”
Competitions take place on a mat or “shiaijo,” 30 or 33 ft (9 or 10 m)
square in size, bounded by “danger” and “safety” areas to prevent injury.
Competitors try to throw, pin, or master their opponent by applying
pressure to the arm joints or neck. Judo bouts are strictly monitored, and BODY DROP ONE ARM SHOULDER
THROW
competitors receive points for superior technique, not for injuring their
opponent. Fencing is a combat sport using swords, which takes place
on a narrow “piste” 46 ft (14 m) long. Competitors try to touch specific
target areas on their opponent with their sword or “foil” while avoiding
being touched themselves. The winner is the one who scores the
greatest number of hits. Fencers wear clothing made from strong white
material that affords maximum protection while allowing freedom of SHOULDER WHEEL SWEEPING LOW
THROW
movement, steel mesh masks with padded bibs to protect the fencer’s
neck, and a long white glove on their sword hand. Fencing foils do not
have sharpened blades, and their tips end in a blunt button to prevent
injuries. Three types of swords are used—foils, épées, and sabers.
Official foil and épée competitions always use an electric scoring system.
The sword tips are connected to lights by a long wire that passes
underneath each fencer’s jacket. A bulb flashes when a hit is made.
STOMACH THROW KNEE WHEEL
UNIFORM
JUDO MAT

52 ft 6 in
(16 m)


Judge
Drawstring

Scorer Contestant
Holding Referee
time-
keeper
Time-
keeper Contest
area

Safety
area
Cotton
Danger area Contestant pants Black belt Heavy-duty
cotton jacket

556

FENCING PISTE FENCING EQUIPMENT Button
Rear limit line


Steel
wire
mesh
Blade


46 ft
(14 m)
Saberand épéé
warning line

Padded
bib
MESH MASK
Electrical Woven
Scorer scoring metal THE FOIL
apparatus thread
THE SABER Martingale
Center
line

President
Cuff THE EPEE
Time-
keeper

Glove
On-guard
line
METAL JACKET
GAUNTLET PARTS
Body
OF THE
wire
SWORD
TARGET AREAS ON Mask
THE UPPER BODY Wire
mesh Guard
Under
Bib
plastron
Tierce Tang
Sixte
Quinte
Leather
Reel Gauntlet Quarte pad
Seconde Prime
FENCING TARGET AREAS
Octave Septime

Alternative
Knickers pistol-grip
Metal
overjacket handle
Stocking
Brass
screw
Fencing
shoe
SABREUR FOILIST EPEEIST Steel foil pommel

557

SPOR TS
Swimming and STYLES OF DIVE Starting position
Hands
above head
diving



SWIMMING WAS INCLUDED in the first
modern Olympic Games in 1896 and diving
Legs fully Flight
SWIMMING events were added in 1904. Swimming is both stretched
GOGGLES an individual and a team sport and races take Arched
back
place over a predetermined distance in one of the four major
categories of stroke—freestyle (usually front crawl), butterfly,
breaststroke, and backstroke. Competition pools are clearly
marked for racing and antiturbulence lane lines are used to Toes Feet
separate the swimmers and help keep the water calm. The pointed together
first team or individual to finish the race is the winner.
Entry
Competitive diving is divided into men’s and women’s
springboard and platform (highboard) events. There are Hands close
six official groups of dives: forward dives, backward dives, together
armstand dives, twist dives, reverse dives, and inward dives. FORWARD DIVE BACKWARD DIVE
Competitors perform a set number of dives and after each
one a panel of judges award marks according to the quality
SWIMMING POOL
of execution and the degree of difficulty.
Swimmer Lane Starting
number block Lane timekeeper
Chief
timekeeper
End wall
Latex rubber
molds to shape Placing
of head judge Starter
SWIMWEAR
Recorder Side
wall
High
neckline
Backstroke marker
CAPS 49 ft (15 m) from Anti-
Rubber-
covered end of pool turbulence
wire lane line
NOSE CLIP Referee
Molded Stroke
rubber Man-made judge
stretch Backstroke
fabric turn indicator
EARPLUG 16 ft (5 m) from
end of pool
Drawstring
Bottom
High-cut line
leg


Turning Turning
judge wall

Lane
Strong seam
75 ft 6 in
SWIMSUIT TRUNKS (23 m)
558

SWIMMING AND DIVING

Perfectly steady Arms spread Pike
armstand wide apart Pike
position
position
Height Hands
of touch
dive toes
Body
and legs
straighten
for flight Shoulders fall Feet lift
and entry backward for up for
vertical entry straight
Arms and entry
legs align
throughout
flight and
entry







ARMSTAND DIVE TWIST DIVE REVERSE DIVE PIKED INWARD DIVE PIKED


FRONT CRAWL Arm pulls like Arrowlike Body rolls on a
Flutter kick a paddle position central axis






FULL BODY STRETCH LOWER ARM PULL STREAMLINED ARM ENTRY SIDE-TO-SIDE BODY ROLL
BREASTSTROKE Knees Elbows tucked in Arm fully
Straight leg together extended





BODY GLIDE DOUBLE ARM PULL SQUEEZING THE WATER FROG KICK
BACKSTROKE Little finger Arm comes up Recovering hand Shoulder exits
enters first straight water first





BODY ROLL PULLING THROUGH STRAIGHTENING OUT SHOULDER LIFT

BUTTERFLY Palm turned Legs ready to Head clears Shoulders power
outward kick down the water the stroke





CATCHING THE WATER DOUBLE ARM PULL KICKING DOWN WHOLE BODY UNDULATION

559

SPOR TS

Canoeing, rowing, SAILING GEAR

Buoyancy
Sleeveless aid
and sailing long johns


WATERBORNE SPORTS are as varied as the crafts used.
There are two disciplines in rowing; sweep rowing, in
which each rower has one oar, and sculling, in which
rowers use two oars. There are a number of different
Olympic and competitive rowing events for both men
and women. The number of rowers and weight classes
Long-sleeved
vary. Some rowing events use a coxswain; a steersman
jacket
who does not row but directs the crew. Kayaks and canoes
are used in straight sprint and slalom races. Slalom races Neoprene Belt
take place over a course consisting of 20 to 25 gates, material
including at least six upstream gates. In yacht racing,
competitors must complete prescribed courses, organized
by the race committees, in the shortest possible time,
using sail power only. Olympic events include
classes for keel boats, dinghies, and catamarans.
GLOVE Bootlace
ONE-PERSON KAYAK AND PADDLE
Blade Ribbed
Rim top
Shaft

Nonslip sole
Back strap BOOT
Cockpit Stern High density
Right rail
polythene
Nose cone Toggle






Bow Adjusting
Left rail screw
Seat Cockpit rim Gate clamp
SINGLE SCULL AND OARS
(WITH CLOTH DECKING REMOVED)
Spoon Blade Colors Gate
Stroke-side
Neck Shaft
oar
Rigger
Sycamore
Stretcher
Loom beam
Grip Bow-side Button Water shoot
oar Keel
Diagonal Bung Aft shoulder Shoe
frame Aluminum beam
Spruce beam
Sternpost

Kelson (keelson)

560

LIFEJACKET
Backstrap Reinforced SAILING DINGHY
rescue seam Elastic control line
strap
Neck Boom
opening
Mast Rudder
Topping-
Whistle
off valve
Mainsheet
Lanyard






Waistband
Standing
rigging
Spreader



Stern
Bow

Tiller


Hiking
strap
Centerboard
Cockpit

Shroud SCULLS

Jib fairlead
Nonslip deck DOUBLE SCULL SINGLE SCULL
surface SWEEP-ROWING BOATS
Slide track

Wheel
COXLESS FOUR COXED PAIR COXLESS PAIR
Sliding seat
Main deck
Saxboard
EIGHT COXED FOUR
Forward deck
Wheel
spacer Hatch Breakwater Bowball
In-board
Bowpost





561

Angling BUTT SECTION


ANGLING MEANS FISHING WITH A ROD, reel, line, and lure.
There are several different types of angling: freshwater
Keeper ring
coarse angling, for members of the carp family and pike;
freshwater game angling, for salmon and trout; and sea
angling, for sea fish such as flatfish, bass, and mackerel.
Drag spindle Handgrip
Anglers use a variety of methods for catching fish. These
include bait fishing, in which bait (food to allure the fish) Disk drag
is placed on a hook and cast into the water; fly fishing, in
Drag washer
which a natural or artificial fly is used to lure the fish;
and spinning, in which a lure that looks like a small fish
revolves as it is pulled through the water. The angler uses
the rod, reel, and line to cast the lure over the water. The Disk spring
reel controls the line as it spills off the spool and as it is
Gear
wound back. Weights may be fixed to
retainer Dual click
the line so that it will sink. Swivels
gear
are attached to prevent the line
Retaining
from twisting. When a fish bites,
screw
the hook must become embedded
in its mouth and remain there Check
slide
while the catch is reeled in.
Check Check
pawl cover pawl
Check
REELS Spool-release Reel foot (reel scoop) spring
button
Plate-nut HOOKS, SWIVELS, AND WEIGHTS
Click Eye
mechanism
Shank
Mechanical
brake Side
plate
Gape ANATOMY OF A HOOK
Centrifugal Bend Throat
brake Spool
Handle Star Level-wind system
drag Point
MULTIPLIER REEL
Barb
Reel foot (reel scoop)

Unskirted spool
Line Handle
TREBLE HOOK ABERDEEN REVERSED
HOOK BEND HOOK

Tension nut Ratchet
(drag adjustment) (antireverse
device)
EXAMPLES HILLMAN
Handgrip OF BARREL ANTIKINK
SWIVELS WEIGHT
Reel Bail arm FIXED-SPOOL REEL

ANGLING

FLY ROD AND REEL



Intermediate
ring TIP SECTION

Reel seat
Screw locking nut



Tip ring

Disk drag
housing Reel foot Butt cap
(reel scoop)
Line
Drag knob
screw Butt extension



Release
lever
Spool
Clicker screw
plate
Drag
knob







ARTIFICIAL FLIES
Spool
cover
Line guide DUNKELD WET FLY Release
spring
Body Handle Spool-release
Tail Cheek button
ARTIFICIAL LURES
Line guide
cover Head
DEVON MINNOW Fin

Retaining Hackle
screw Eye Treble
Ribbing hook
DEER HOPPER DRY FLY Swivel Tulip
mount
Front JOINTED PLUG
hackle
Tail
Eye
Hook Adjustable Joint
vane Treble
Wing hook
Head

563



THE MODERN



WORLD




PERSONAL COMPUTER ......................................... 566
HANDHELD COMPUTER ...................................... 568
FLATBED SCANNER .............................................. 570
AIRBUS 380 ......................................................... 572

INKJET PRINTER .................................................. 574
THE INTERNET .................................................... 576
ELECTRONIC GAMES ........................................... 578
DIGITAL CAMERA ................................................ 580
DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERA .................................... 582
HOME CINEMA ................................................... 584
PERSONAL MUSIC AND VIDEO ............................. 586
CELLPHONES ....................................................... 588
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM ............................ 590
VACUUM CLEANER .............................................. 592
IRON AND WASHER-DRYER .................................. 594
MICROWAVE COMBINATION OVEN ....................... 596
TOASTER ............................................................. 598
DRILL ................................................................. 600
HOUSE OF THE FUTURE ....................................... 602
RENEWABLE ENERGY .......................................... 604
CLONING TECHNOLOGY ...................................... 606
ROBOTS ............................................................... 608
HIGH-PERFORMANCE MICROSCOPES .................... 610
SPACE TELESCOPE ............................................... 612
PROBING THE SOLAR SYSTEM ...................... 614

THE MODERN WORLD
Personal computer



PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PCs) fall into two
main types: IBM-compatible PCs, known
simply as PCs, and Apple Macintosh PCs,
known as “Macs.” They differ in the way files LED-
and programs, and the user’s access to them, backlit
glossy
are organized, and programs must be tailored wide-
for each type. However, in most other respects screen
PCs and Macs have much in common.
Both contain microchips, or integrated circuits,
that store and process data. The “brain” of any
PC is a chip known as the central processing
unit (CPU), which performs mathematical
operations in order to run program
instructions and receive, store, and output
Keyboard
data. The most powerful personal computer Mouse
CPUs today can perform more than a
billion calculations a second. Data can be
input via CDs, USB memory sticks, and
iMAC
other storage media. Highly portable
laptop and network PCs are also in
widespread use. Most PCs are able
to communicate with many other
devices, including digital cameras
(see pp. 580-81) and smartphones USB ports (4)
(see pp. 588-89).
Audio in jack
Webcam


Headphone
jack

Powercord
Firewire
800 port connector
REAR OF
iMAC
Ethernet Mini display port
LCD port
display
Optical drive
Power connector
Keyboard
USB ports (2)
Touchpad Expansion port Remote control
Display
Fingerprint
reader Digital media slot
Left Right Security RG-45 HDMI eSATA/
touchpad touchpad Headphone cable slot (network) port port USB port
button button jacks (2)
External
HP PAVILION DV4 LAPTOP Audio in jack monitor port SIDE VIEW OF HP PAVILION DV4 LAPTOP
566

PERSONAL COMPUTER

COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM UNIT
CD drive

DVD drive





RAM
chips


COOLING FAN RAM BOARD
Floppy
drive

Power
button
Reset
button


Chassis


CD DRIVE
Circuit board



Video out
SYSTEM UNIT OF A PC
connectors
Cooling
fan
SIDE CABLE
Graphics
Back-up Microprocessor
Expansion socket processor
slot battery GRAPHICS CARD
Edge connector



MICROPROCESSOR

Cable
connector


HARD DISC DRIVE



BIOS chip Graphics RAM board
card slot sockets
MOTHERBOARD POWER SUPPLY DATA CABLE

567

THE MODERN WORLD
Handheld computer Sleep/wake button



BY THE EARLY 1990s electronic circuitry had
been miniaturized to such an extent that it was
possible to make small handheld computing devices.
The first of these was the Personal Digital Assistant
(PDA), which offered features including an address
book, calendar, and notepad. In recent years, PDAs
have been overtaken by smartphones with internet and
email access (see pp. 588–589). A related product is the
e-book reader, which stores books in digital form and
uses “electronic paper” to mimic the appearance of ink
on real paper. An e-book reader no bigger than a thin
paperback can store several thousand digital books in
its memory. The most recent small computing device is
the handheld computer. This looks like a thin flat
display, but it is actually a complete computer.
Handheld computers are typically controlled by a
touch-sensitive screen and have a wireless link to other
computers and the internet. They run software
applications, or apps, downloaded from the internet.
The most popular handheld computer currently is the
Apple iPad. It has a multitouch interface that enables
its screen to detect the movements of fingertips. In
addition to selecting options and apps by touching the
screen, images can be enlarged or shrunk by moving
fingertips apart or together on the screen.



Touch data is sent
as a list of finger LCD with buttons
positions to the displayed APPLE IPAD Home button App icon
controller where
the information is
used to zoom in Fingers alter the electric
and out of a field around nearby
web page
sections of the grid
User touches clear
protective screen



6-in (15-cm)
screen
Touchscreeen
electronics Next page
interpret the button
outputs from the Joystick
grid to work out Previous controller
Controller exactly where page button
the fingers are
MULTITOUCH INTERFACE ACER LUMIREAD E-READER

568

HANDHELD COMPUTER










ELECTROMAGNETIC
INTERFERENCE SHIELDS
Cable
connector

Back panel
OUTER CASE
Battery casing Wi-Fi
card
Digitizer
Cable
SPEAKER ASSEMBLY connector
A4 processor




DOCK CONNECTOR CABLE
POWER, VOLUME, AND
LOGIC BOARD
SCREEN ROTATION
LOCK CONTROLS
Antenna
cable
WI-FI ANTENNA 1




HEADPHONE JACK
WI-FI ANTENNA 2


LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY LITHIUM-POLYMER BATTERY DISPLAY DATA CABLE
COMPONENTS OF AN APPLE IPAD
Camera lens
Headset jack
Touch-sensitive screen

Previous
page
button Back button
Home button
Next page
button Menu button Touch-
sensitive
screen
Keyboard BROADCOM PERSONA TABLET
Five-way Control
controller
buttons
AMAZON KINDLE E-READER OTHER TABLET COMPUTERS SAMSUNG GALAXY TAB
569

THE MODERN WORLD
Flatbed scanner


Power supply
cable
SCANNERS CONVERT physical SCANNER
images into electronic form,
Integrated
allowing them to be sent over the transparency Reflective
document
internet, displayed on a website, unit (TPU)
mat
stored on a computer, and
Glass plate
manipulated using specialized Direct TPU
software. Scanners work by current connector
Lock (DC) inlet port
detecting and analyzing light
Start Inverter
reflected from an opaque image, button and board
such as a photographic print. indicator
Some can also scan photographic light
Lamp
transparencies by analyzing light power
Photo
that has passed through the image. supply
print
Flatbed scanners contain a unit, button Scan to email Scan to connector
called the scan head, that contains button Web button
a lamp, mirrors, a lens, and an
FILM AND SLIDE HOLDER
array of CCDs (Charge-Coupled
Devices). The carriage passes
beneath the image; the lamp
shines light on to or through the
Shield
original; the mirrors reflect the plate
light on to the lens, which focuses
it on to the CCD array. Each CCD
detects the brightness of light 35mm- 35 mm film
from a particular pixel (picture slide strip
holder
element) along a· horizontal strip holder
and converts this data into an
electric signal. For color images,
the light is usually passed through
Panel
red, green, and blue filters and board
then directed to the CCD array connector
so that it can be broken down
into its component colors. This
information is then converted to
digital form. The quality of the
image depends on its resolution,
measured in dpi (Dots Per Inch).

HOW A FLATBED SCANNER WORKS
Lens focuses light on to CCD array
Glass plate
Original image
(photograph or The electronic image
artwork) is converted to digital
Lamp form and transmitted
to a computer

CCD array builds up electric charges that vary Cover support
according to the brightness of the light beam
Light beam is reflected
from the original to a Carriage is moved beneath the original by a
series of mirrors stepper motor in a rapid series of tiny steps

570

FLATBED SCANNER

UNDERSIDE OF SCAN HEAD COVER COMPONENTS OF
A SCANNER Hinge
TPU connector
LID ASSEMBLY


Underside of
lamp housing Glass plate


Lens Universal serial
assembly bus (USB) port Ferrite core

Integrated
transparency
unit (TPU)

Scan
head




Reflective
document
mat


Mirror



FCC cable





Carriage
shaft



FCC cable
slot UNDERSIDE OF COVER
Finger recess




THE EFFECT OF SCANNING AT
DIFFERENT RESOLUTIONS
Pixel
Underside
of control
panel
Idler
OVERHEAD VIEW
pulley
15 DPI 72 DPI 300 DPI
Control panel Lowest resolution at Used for websites Used for printing
circuit board which you may scan. and screen images. books and magazines.
571

THE MODERN WORLD
Airbus 380 INTERIOR VIEW OF BUSINESS CLASS CABIN Storage
Concealed
Personal
Galley
area lighting lighting locker
THE AIRBUS A380 WAS CONCEIVED in the
early 1990s to compete with, and if
possible replace, the Boeing 747. Work Window
began in earnest on what was then blind
called the A3XX in 1994. Its maiden
Reclining
flight was in April 2005. The A380’s seat
shape is subtly molded to minimize
Seat
CROSS-SECTION drag from its ovoid fuselage. The control
OF FUSELAGE panel
structure makes extensive use of
composite materials, such as thermoplastics and
GLARE (aluminum and glass fiber). Its engines are
very powerful, but also very efficient. It is claimed Aisle Folding Vertical
that when carrying 550 passengers, the A380 uses foot rest tailplane
only ¾ gallon (2.9 liters) of fuel per GLARE upper
fuselage
passenger per 60 miles (100 km).
Horizontal
tailplane
Obstruction Swept titanium
light fan blades










Wing landing
gear
Company
logo FRONT VIEW
Overwing
Jupp-Reese Upper deck emergency
Split rudder
winglet windows exit










Auxiliary
Power Unit Horizontal
(APU) exhaust tailplane
Aft door
Tailcone
SIDE VIEW fairing
Belly fairing Flap track
fairings

Body landing
gear

572

AIRBUS 380
INTERIOR VIEW OF GALLEY COCKPIT
Counter Bar area Engine Overhead control
warning panel
display
Sun blind
Windshield
Folding
table with
integral
keyboard
Primary
flight display


Onboard
Navigation information
display terminal
Storage unit
Fly-by-wire
Rudder
side stick
pedal
Nonslip
flooring
Pilot’s seat
Pylon Wing leading
forward edge
fairing Headrest
Seatbelt
attachment
point
Multifunction
Cursor control display
device (CCD)
Power
Navigation levers
Air intake light System
Flap track duct display
fairings

Upper deck Main deck
Antenna Fuselage passenger passenger Flightdeck
door door door
Flightdeck
windshield


















Main deck
Engine Sculpted windows Nose
Wing landing cowling wing-root landing
gear fairing gear

573

THE MODERN WORLD
Inkjet printer



INKJET PRINTERS EXPEL ink droplets from hundreds EPSON STYLUS PHOTO 895 COLOR INKJET PRINTER
of tiny jets, or nozzles, on to a medium, such as paper,
to print an image. Each droplet corresponds to a Printer Carriage
cover drive belt
single pixel (picture element). Black-and-white
printers use only black ink, while color printers Color ink- Settings
overprint combinations of the printing colors (cyan, cartridge clamp display
yellow, magenta, and black) to create a full color
range. The printhead containing the nozzles moves Settings
sideways across the paper, creating a line of pixels, Black ink- control
cartridge panel
before the paper moves slightly forward so the next clamp
line can be printed. Two basic methods are used to Power
button
eject ink: thermal, in which ink is heated to form an
Output
expanding bubble that expels a droplet from the tray
PC card
nozzle, and piezoelectric, in which an electric current adapter
expands a crystal causing it to push out the ink Output
tray extension Ink-cartridge Roll paper Maintenance
droplet. The printer shown here can print digital
replacement manipulation button
photographs directly from a memory card. button button
Paper hopper
OVERHEAD VIEW WITH OUTER CASING REMOVED Head data cable support
Preview
monitor
socket


Motor
assembly



Paper
thickness
adjust
lever



Color
ink-
cartridge
clamp

Spur gear Head data cable Paper output Black ink-
stacker cartridge
clamp
Ink outlet Ink outlet
hole hole

Color ink Black ink
cartridge
cartridge
INK CARTRIDGES PC CARD ADAPTER

574

INKJET PRINTER
PAPER FEED COMPONENTS






Attachment
clip
ROLL PAPER HOLDER ADAPTER









Attachment
clip

ROLL PAPER
HOLDER
Sheet feeder PAPER SUPPORT
Right edge
OVERHEAD VIEW OF CASING
Left edge guide guide Printer cover




Preview
monitor
slot



Settings
display
Photo
select
button
Cancel
button


Start print
button


Processing light Setting select buttons
HOW A PIEZOELECTRIC INKJET PRINTHEAD WORKS
Uncharged Charged crystal Ink sucked into
piezoelectric expands, increasing reservoir by Uncharged
crystal pressure in reservoir lowered pressure crystal
contracts,
Ink Ink droplet forced lowering
reservoir out of firing chamber pressure in
by increased pressure reservoir
Firing in reservoir
chamber
INKJET NOZZLE DROPLET EJECTED CHAMBER REFILLED

575

THE MODERN WORLD
The internet



THE INTERNET CONSISTS OF TENS of thousands of computer
networks linked together to form one huge global network,
allowing any computer on one network to communicate
with any computer on another. The two main services
used on the internet are email and the World Wide Web.
Email allows text messages to be sent—along
with attached computer files, images, or video
clips, for example—to other computers on the
internet. The web consists of billions of pages
made up of digital files that are stored on
computers across the world and can be viewed
using a web browser. The web also provides
Recipient’s ISP
interactive access to various services, for receives message
example, banking and shopping. and stores it until
Sender’s internet retrieved by the
service provider recipient
Telephone (ISP) directs
HOW EMAIL line message into Server guides
WORKS the internet message to
Modem encodes its intended
Screen displays destination
and sends
email program message via the
telephone line
EMAIL ADDRESS
User name Domain name

anna@merlin. provider.co.uk
EMAIL SENDER
Project Center button EMAIL PROGRAM Separator Country
code
Calendar Tasks button New mail button Reply all button Add
button Send Get mail Search attachments
Notes button Reply Sender’s Delete mail button button field button
button name button
Add files button
Window controls
Add signature button
Flag as to do item button
Inbox folder
Assign to categories button
Assign to projects button
Drafts folder
Link this item to another
item button
Sent mail folder
Deleted items
folder
Add address field
Junk mail Address book button
folder
Check names button
Personalized Remove address button
mail folder Add address button

Message Use HTML button
display area
Message area

576

THE INTERNET
EMAIL RECIPIENT STREAMED INTERNET VIDEO ON-SCREEN DISPLAY
Modem Program
name
Email program
on screen displays Window
controls
received message

Computer with
email program
installed

Mouse Screen

Web browser
displaying item link
Rewind Fast Full
RSS (REALLY SIMPLE Volume slider button forward screen
SYNDICATION) FEEDS button button
Site Feed Feed Play/pause Seek
icon name list button bar

STREAMED INTERNET RADIO ON-SCREEN DISPLAY
Program display
Window
controls


Pull-down News reader News item Search Status
edit menu window summary field indicator
button
Feed add Pause/play Elapsed time Volume
button control display control
WEB PAGES

Browser menu Search
with navigation field
buttons
Universal Resource
Locator (URL), or Navigation area
contains links to other
web page address
parts of the site
Home page
Rollover button
provides links to Subsidiary
subsidiary page page

UNIVERSAL RESOURCE Hyperlink
LOCATOR (URL) ADDRESS text allows
direct
Prefix Page locator access to
another
http://www/dk.com/store_select.asp web page
or website
Main website address

577

THE MODERN WORLD
Electronic games KINECT AND X-box 360
MICROSOFT
XBOX Eject button
VIDEO GAMES HAVE BEEN around Disc tray
since the early 1970s. They are played
on PCs, arcade machines, on a TV
Ring indicator
using a home console, and on Cooling
portable handheld consoles. Players vent
Power
use devices such as joysticks and On/Off button
MARIO SPORTS MIX WII control pads with buttons to control Infrared
projector
movement and action on screen.
The latest generation of consoles uses motion sensor technology
to allow players to manipulate objects on screen by simply moving
the controller. The most advanced game systems respond to
gestures and commands spoken by a player, without any need Color camera Kinect
to use a hand controller. The game itself is stored in the form
of digital information on CD, DVD, or microchip—which may Infrared camera
be integral or stored in a removable cartridge—or on an internal
hard disk. A central processing unit (CPU) (see pp. 566–567)
is needed to process commands from the players, while specialized
graphics chips are used to process the complex mapping and Status LED
texturing functions that make modern games appear so realistic. indicator
KINECT (FRONT
NINTENDO 3DS PANEL REMOVED)
COMPONENTS OF NINTENDO 3DS
Inner
camera
Motherboard
Stylus Motherboard
3-D screen cable holder cable
Speaker

3-D depth
slider
Touch
screen


Control
buttons

LOWER CASE BASE
Power Game
connector card slot MEMS
gyroscope





Select key Home Start key Ribbon
key cable
Power
On/Off button
Circle pad SD card
slot
Control NINTENDO 3DS
pad (OPENED UP)
Circuit
board Headphone
SD CARD READER jack NINTENDO 3DS MOTHERBOARD
578

ELECTRONIC GAMES

NINTENDO Wii FIT PLUS








Hand
controller
Wii FIT PLUS BALANCE GAME ACTIVITIES ON A BALANCE BOARD


Power
D-pad On/Off button

Foot/hand Home
area
button
Preset – Preset +

Effects Wrist
buttons
strap
Bumper Power Wii BALANCE BOARD Power
LED On/Off button Player
LEDs
Wi-fi Power
antenna On/Off button
Wii HAND
Control pad Control CONTROLLER
button pad
Touch-sensitive
screen



WI-FI BOARD






LOWER LCD
LOWER CASE TOP ASSEMBLY INFRARED BOARD
Circle pad
Fixing
screw
3.7 volt
Positive Lithium-ion
terminal battery
VOLUME CONTROL


Negative
terminal



BATTERY COVER RECHARGEABLE BATTERY CIRCLE PAD

579

THE MODERN WORLD
Digital camera 2½in (6.8cm) liquid

crystal display
FOR MORE THAN 200 YEARS, CAMERAS recorded Flexible
pictures as chemical changes in silver-containing ribbon cable
substances, on a strip of flexible, celluloid film.
The digital camera records pictures in electronic
form. At its heart is a specialized integrated
circuit known as a charge-coupled device (CCD).
This has millions of microunits known as pixels.
It works in the opposite way from a miniature
computer or TV screen. Instead of electric signals MONITOR
making pixels shine, when light hits a pixel it
generates a tiny electrical signal, according to Protective
steel panel
the light’s color and brightness. The signals
from the CCD’s millions of pixels are analogue:
they vary continuously in a wavelike fashion.
They are converted by a microchip to digital
codes of numbers, represented as on-off electronic
pulses. The digital signals are processed and fed
to the camera’s internal memory or a removable
memory device such as a data card or memory
stick. Photographs can be downloaded from a
digital camera to a computer via a cable or in
some cases a wireless link. Some digital cameras
automatically reduce blurring caused by camera
shake or fast movement, some can record video
clips as well as still pictures.
CHASSIS Keypad
Infrared
Connector Eyelet for
cover camera strap receiver
HOW A DIGITAL CAMERA WORKS Flash lamp (rear)

Lens focuses Light Speaker
CCD light from
turns scene
light into Shooting
electronic Analogue mode
signals
signals button
Analogue to
digital converter Playback
microchip button
Microprocessor
Delete
CHROMED PLASTIC button
REAR CASE
SIDE COVER
Digital Menu OK (Select)
signals button button

Speaker
LCD Memory In-camera Speaker mounting
screen stick memory chip bracket
SPEAKER ASSEMBLY
580

DIGITAL CAMERA
COMPONENTS OF NIKON COOLPIX S1000PJ TYPES OF DIGITAL CAMERA

Mode
Shutter release
button Focusing selector
lens Shutter
button
Filters
Projector
TOP PANEL assembly
cover
Projector button Projector LED
Ribbon cable
PROJECTOR ASSEMBLY Lens
release
DIGITAL SLR button

18–55mm
zoom lens
On/off
CODEC with button
speaker driver
and video buffet
Shutter
button

Lens
Display
controller chip release
button
16mm
interchangeable
LOGIC BOARD Infrared
DIGITAL CAMERA WITH
receiver (front) INTERCHANGEABLE LENS lens
Flash Water- Shutter Electronic
Projector window window Lens Self-timer resistant case button flash
lamp
Camera module
connector
Strap
mount


Lamp



Microphone Lens
UNDERWATER DIGITAL CAMERA
FRONT CASE Shutter Microphone Left lens
CCD CAMERA button
image sensor MODULE
Right
lens
Lithium- Flash
ion battery
Lens
cover Lens
motor cover

EN-EL12 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY LENS COVER 3-D DIGITAL CAMERA
581
581

THE MODERN WORLD
Digital video camera




A VIDEO CAMERA, OR CAMCORDER, COMPONENTS OF A JVC EVERIO VIDEO CAMERA
records a scene as a sequence of 25 or 30
still images per second, along with sound. It
comprises a video camera to capture light from
the scene, a viewfinder through which the scene
may be viewed, a screen on which the recorded
scene may be viewed, a charge-coupled device
(CCD) to convert the visual data into an electric
signal, and a means of storing the signal. Digital
video cameras convert the signal into digital
form—a series of separate measurements MONITOR SHELL
of the initial analogue (continuously varying)
signal. They record the digital signal, usually on
a chip or hard disk. Video cameras often have
a slot where a memory card can be inserted
MONITOR MOUNT
to expand the memory and store longer
recordings or more still pictures.
Screen connector

MONITOR FRAME Speaker
2¾-in (6.8-cm)
LCD screen
Play button
Auto/Manual
recording button
OK button Info button
MONITOR SCREEN
Grip belt Menu button
AV terminal
Battery
LEFT SIDE
Power/
Charge lamp
Power/charge lamp
Access lamp

Access lamp
Zoom
select lever



LEFT OUTER Lens cover
SHELL
LCD monitor
Microphone




TOP VIEW LENS COVER ASSEMBLY

582

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERA

USB DC
terminal terminal
Speaker Monitor frame
Start/Stop
button




SPEAKER CIRCUIT BOARD








LCD REAR VIEW
monitor Battery Grip belt


MOTHERBOARD



Lens cover
switch






RIGHT
OUTER SHELL Grip belt
release lever
CHASSIS
CCD
mounting
Lens peg

CCD chip
SDHC CARD
Start/Stop
button
SENSOR BOARD
3.6-volt lithium-
LENS UNIT ion battery

Zoom
select lever
GRIP BELT
LENS UNIT MOUNT FASTENER




OK
button
GRIP BELT
RECHARGEABLE
REAR PANEL CONTROL UNIT BATTERY
583

THE MODERN WORLD
Home cinema


BLU-RAY PLAYER
HOME CINEMA REPLICATES a real “movie theater” using
Ventilated Display Open/close
pictures displayed on a high-quality widescreen television set,
case panel button
such as a plasma TV, and surround sound from strategically
sited loudspeakers. The source for sound and vision is a DVD
(Digital Versatile Disc). Its player uses standard CD (Compact
Disc) digital technology, but with a higher density of laser-
read microscopic pits—more than 20 billion such pits in
multilevel spiral tracks that, stretched out, would extend
nearly 25 miles (40km). Blu-ray is a high-quality DVD system
that fits much more data on its disc than standard DVDs, Play button
allowing High Definition video files to be stored. It is hard On/standby button Disc tray Stop button
for the human ear to discern the direction of low-pitched
sounds, so these emanate from a central bass DVD player Center sound
speaker, often built into or below the screen unit. under screen channel
HOW SURROUND SOUND WORKS
High-pitched sounds, the direction of which is
easier to detect, emanate from mid- and high- Subwoofer Plasma
(bass unit) screen
frequency speakers positioned around the viewer.
Plasma screens use fluorescent tube (“strip- Front left Front right
light”) technology. Tiny three-cell pixels, each sound sound
channel channel
about one millimeter across, contain red, green,
and blue phosphor chemicals and a gas mix. Region
of most
Where electric pulses coincide for a split second
Rear left realistic
in the crisscross matrix of wire electrodes, the sound
sound
gas energizes and emits ultraviolet light, which channel reception
in turn makes the phosphor glow.
Rear right
sound
channel
WIDE-SCREEN PLASMA DISPLAY Mid-gray bezel
HOW A PLASMA SCREEN WORKS
Rear panel
Rear dielectric
sandwich
Rear
Phosphor energized
lining cell
electrode
Front
dielectric Rear un-
sandwich energized
electrode
Red cell
Cell barrier
Green cell
Pixel
Blue cell boundary
(glowing)
Inert gas Front
in cell energized
electrode
Main
screen Front un-
Damped 16:9 (width:height) energized
antishock screen proportions fit Antiglare electrode
swivel base human field of vision screen surface

584

HOME CINEMA
Mains INTERNAL VIEW OF Tweeter Woofer VCR (video cassette
electricity SONY DAV-S300 speaker speaker recorder) connections
supply lead connectors connector
Radio tuner antenna
socket (FM)
Internal
fuse Internal radio tuner
overload antenna (AM)
protection
Video input/output
circuit board
Voltage Tuner settings
reduction memory microchip
and
regulation
circuits

Power Tuner/amplifier
transistors link cables

Power
transistor
heat sink DVD/CD processor
(dissipator) microchip


DVD/CD
Display screen and
drive
turntable control circuits
DVD/CD
laser-reader Power
button
(within
compartment)
Sleep button
TV power
button
Function
button
Enclosed Display
DVD/CD Display Ribbon button
compartment
screen connectors Volume
transfer Enter control Previous/
Control DVD/CD button next track
buttons signals activates
DVD/CD buttons
sliding tray menu
Access slot in choices Play
tray for reading button
underside of
Enter
DVD/CD
button
Display DVD
Mains FRONT VIEW Remote control sensor screen display
power button
on/off
switch
Volume
DVD/CD control
sliding REMOTE
tray CONTROL
Vibration-
reducing Radio tuner Muting DVD/CD Headphones
damper foot FM/AM selector button control buttons socket

585

THE MODERN WORLD
Personal music and video



THE FIRST BATTERY-DRIVEN PORTABLE source of sound MP3 PLAYERS
and music was the transistor radio of the 1950s. In the
1970s, the magnetic audio cassette tape allowed recordings Headphone
jack
to be played on portable tape players. Also, new metal
alloys permitted the tiny but high-power
magnets needed for lightweight earphones. Back/Home
Headphone Mode switch button
In the 1980s, compact discs brought jack Record/Stop
music into the digital era. Sony’s Volume control button
MD, or minidisc, introduced re- Power/Play/ Volume
recordable CDs that used magnetic Pause button control
and optical technology. From the Display
mid 1990s, music could be stored
Zap button
in all-electronic digital form in a
microchip, usually in the MP3 file Bass/Play
format. These files can be transferred Earphone mode
between devices and via the Internet.
Next/Previous On/Off/ Shuttle
Today, a variety of portable media USB port track control Pause button switch
gadgets can record, play, and store SONY B-SERIES MP3 PLAYER
LED
video, photographs, and music in
electronic form. CREATIVE ZEN STONE
Neck
band
Volume
Subwoofer controls




USB jack
Shuffle
Volume controls button
Jog lever
Satellite
speaker
SONY W-SERIES WALKMAN
JBL SPYRO
SPEAKERS
Standby
button iPod
Satellite
cable
Speaker
enclosure












ZEPPELIN IPOD
Remote control
SPEAKER DOCK

586

PERSONAL MUSIC AND VIDEO

COMPONENTS OF MICROSOFT ZUNE HD

Power Power button
button cover
3.7-volt
battery
Media button
bezel




Digitizer





Home
button
Audio codec
chip
EEPROM
Front memory chip
panel


Base Headphone Sync port
plate jack
FRONT PANEL CHASSIS LOGIC BOARD

MICROSOFT ZUNE HD
Power button
3⅓ in (8.4 cm) Tri-wing
OLED display Back panel screw Touchscreen

Media
Back button
panel

Media
button
















Ribbon
cable
Bottom Headphone Sync port Home
DISPLAY REAR VIEW backplate SIDE VIEW jack button


587

THE MODERN WORLD
Cellphones Top Front

microphone camera
IN THE EARLY 1990s, THE CELLPHONE (or mobile Receiver
phone) was a rare luxury, but in recent years it
Status bar
has outsold almost every other electrical gadget—
as a professional tool, domestic convenience, and Earpiece
even a fashion accessory. Cellphones have also
generally shrunk in size, due to improvements
in rechargeable batteries, which now store more
electricity for longer in a smaller package, and
to smaller, more efficient electronics that use less
electricity. A “cellphone” is basically a low-power
radio receiver-transmitter, plus a tiny microphone
to convert sounds into electrical signals, and a
small speaker that does the reverse. When the
cellphone is activated, it sends out a radio signal that
is answered by nearby mast transmitter -receivers.
The phone locks onto the clearest signal and uses
this while within range (the range of each
transmitter is known as a cell). The phone
continuously monitors signal strength and
switches to an alternative transmitter when
necessary. The phone’s liquid crystal display
(LCD) shows numbers, letters, symbols, and color
pictures. Newer models have a larger screen for
more complex color images, and commonly
incorporate a camera, radio, and MP3 functionality. Bottom Home Speaker
Smartphones, which are increasingly widespread, microphone button
contain additional software and more may be
I-PHONE 4
downloaded. Smartphones typically offer Menu Home Back Search
internet and email access, PDA-like functions key key key key
(see pp. 568–569), and may even contain GPS
LG OPTIMUS 2X
navigation software.

HOW A CELLPHONE WORKS Recipient’s landline
Caller sends call phone (fixed at wall
signal to nearest socket or cordless
Phone locks onto cell tower with base-set) emits
signals from local ring tone Cells are smaller
mast within home cell
in areas where
many calls occur
simultaneously
Phone out of (cities, suburbs)
signal range—
no reception
Activated phone
auto-switches to
signals from Landlines (or
next cell as it tower-to-tower Recipient’s cellphone
moves across links) carry emits ring tone
cell boundary phone signals
to local Local cell- Main telephone Signals forwarded Signals forwarded
exchange phone network network to non-cellphone to relevant cell for
exchange exchange transmission

588

CELLPHONES

COMPONENTS OF BLACKBERRY CURVE 8520 BLACKBERRY CURVE 8520
LCD Ribbon connector
screen
Headphone
jack
Volume
control
Front Screen keys
housing lens

Micro
USB port
DISPLAY
Left
Locating tabs
convenience Right
key
convenience
key
Trackpad
Bezel Keypad Send/call End/power
keys key key
Screen FASCIA KEYPAD
connector Camera Escape/
Menu key back key


Delete key



Speakerphone
key
Trackpad Left shift Right shift key
Trackpad
module key
SIM
Keypad card slot
circuit
board

Volume
LOGIC BOARD (REAR)
Headphone control
LOGIC BOARD (FRONT) keys Lithium-
jack
ion battery










Negative
terminal Positive
terminal
SCREEN LENS BATTERY COVER REAR HOUSING RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

589

THE MODERN WORLD
Global positioning



system

Cigarette
THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) is a network of lighter
24 navigation satellites orbiting the Earth that people can adapter and
speaker cable
use to pinpoint their position. The satellites orbit at a height
of 12,500 miles (20,000 km). A GPS receiver picks up signals
Antenna
from any of these satellites that are above the horizon. It uses
information in each signal to work out how far away it is from
the satellite. It can calculate its position on the Earth’s surface
when it has information from at least three satellites. A basic
GPS receiver shows the latitude and longitude Page key
of its position on its screen. More advanced IN-CAR GPS
On/off and screen
receivers, especially those designed for use
control button
in vehicles, show their position on a digital
map. These receivers often show extra Enter key
information, such as the vehicle’s speed and
Quit key
the length of the journey. Some receivers
warn drivers if they exceed the speed limit Rocker pad
for a road and even tell drivers which
traffic lane to use at the next junction. Menu key
Directions are shown on the screen and
Speak key
also spoken by a synthesized voice.
Liquid crystal display
HOW GPS WORKS (LCD) screen Find key
Zoom keys Route key
Satellite 2
Satellite 1 The receiver takes
a reading of its
IN-CAR MOUNTING
distance from two MOUNTING BRACKET
satellites. The BRACKET ASSEMBLY
receiver is located
along the plane
where the two
resultant spheres QUICK-RELEASE BASE
meet
Earth

Satellite 3
A signal from a third
satellite defines two
positions on that plane.
The position on the
Earth’s surface is read
as the correct location

Locking lever


Ratcheted
Release catch base

590

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM



Speaker
plug
Waterproof Sling
case
Power plug


COMPONENTS OF AN IN-CAR GPS


High-contrast
Data plug liquid crystal
display (LCD)
screen
Antenna
GARMIN ETREX HANDHELD GPS
Main printed
Memory Data plug circuit board
battery socket (PCB)
Rear case
USB PROGRAMMER ASSEMBLY




Shielded
receiver
Data
cartridge

Universal serial
bus (USB)
programmer
















SPARE FUSES





Front case Liquid crystal Underside
display (LCD) of control
assembly pad


591

THE MODERN WORLD
Vacuum cleaner Wand handle and
brushbar controls

IN A CONVENTIONAL VACUUM CLEANER, an electric motor Upper wand
spins a fan that sucks in air carrying dust and debris. The air
is forced through tiny pores in a dust bag, trapping most
particles. In the 1990s, James Dyson’s dual cyclone “bagless”
design did away with the dust bag—and the reduced airflow Lower wand
caused by clogging of its pores. An electrically driven fan
Motorized
creates a partial vacuum within the machine. This sucks air brushbar
into the machine past a rotating brush that loosens dirt. The floor tool
air flows into a cylinder-shaped bin. As the air whirls around
the bin like a miniature storm, or cyclone, larger particle
are flung outward and fall to the bottom of the bin. The
air then passes through perforations into a cone-shaped
inner bin and then into a series of smaller cones, spinning
faster all the time and flinging smaller and smaller particle
out. The nearly clean air exits the
machine through microfilters that
CYCLONE ASSEMBLY DYSON DC05 MOTORHEAD
trap the tiniest particles. Some
Dyson vacuum cleaners run on Air intake Air exit to Hose
a large ball instead of wheels. from hose bin/cyclone cover electricity
The ball makes it easier to connector
steer the cleaner.

Inner cyclone
cone Hose slider

WASHABLE PRE-MOTOR
FILTER
Microporous Bin upper seal Hose slider
filter
seating seating
Perforated
shroud Bin handle
clip
DUST COLLECTION BIN
Hose
Inner bin fin Bin upper seal electricity Post-motor
supply micropore
filter


Filter rim casing
Central
retaining Bin base
screw
Bin
handle
Bin lower
seal
Inner bin dust
collection area
Polycarbonate Bin cover
plastic bin body retaining clip

592

VACUUM CLEANER
OVERHEAD VIEW OF ACCESSORIES
DYSON DC05 MOTORHEAD
Tool/
brushbar
connector
Suction On/off and brushbar
reduction motor control
control Textured
scraper
Hose cuff Nozzle
electrical
link
Flexible
hose
shrouding STAIR TOOL


CREVICE TOOL
Wand
telescopic
link
Tool or Brush tool
wand cuff articulation
Accessory
holder
Electricity connector
to brushbar motor
UPHOLSTERY BRUSH
Hose base Main motor Hinged
casing bin/cyclone
cover WAND
Flexible
hose
shrouding
Air intake to
bin/cyclone cover
Bin cover MOTORIZED
retaining BRUSHBAR
clip FLOOR TOOL
Wand/handle
connector



Bin
cover
Handle
handle
connector
Brushbar
Motor drive
air motor Roller
intake cover
Main
Wheel guard
and flex rewind wheel


Sole plate
roller
Brushbar drive Rotating Sole plate
belt cover brushbar

593

THE MODERN WORLD
Iron and washer-dryer



IN THE DAYS BEFORE WASHING MACHINES, laundry was done by hand— FRONT VIEW OF A MIELE
washed in a barrel, squeezed in a roller-mangle, hung on a line, and WASHER-DRYER
smoothed with an iron heated on the stove. In the 1880s, electrically
Detergent
heated irons were one of the first home electrical appliances. Today’s
tray
iron still applies heat, sometimes moistened with steam, to dampen
Control
and flatten garment fibers. Machines with electric heaters and motors
panels
took the strain out of washing from the 1910s. Up to the 1960s, three
machines were needed to wash, spin, and dry. Now clothes are
swirled in a rotating ribbed tub of hot water, then spun fast to throw Door
off most of the water, before slowly tumbling in electrically heated
air to dry—all in one appliance. Filter
access
flap
COMPONENTS OF A STEAM IRON
Nose
Spray Steam
Steam barrel barrel
control Steam
knob Spray Spray
nozzle Spray nozzle release Nose
aperture pump activator



Heating
elements
Water Soleplate
tank surround



Pilot
light
Handle
Temperature
and steam
control dial




Power
spade
SIDE VIEW OF STEAM IRON
contacts
Flex kink guard Steam control
knob
Grounding
wire Pilot
Spray and light
steam knobs supply
Securing screw Power wire
mounting supply
Temperature and
steam control dial cord
Heel molding
Water tank
Flex clamp
Flex cord
Soleplate
594

IRON AND WASHER-DR YER
COMPONENTS OF A MIELE WASHER-DRYER

Waste water anti-
siphon pipe hook Drum
suspension
springs Water inlet hose
Detergent tray Water inlet valves
Waste holder Water inlet
water pipe connector








Control
panel
Detergent
tray recess
Control
panel
wiring


Water
inlet pipe
Stainless-
Drum and
steel
door seal rotating
drum
Drum inlet
elbow
Door catch
with safety
cutout
Filter seal
Door
metal cap

Fluff filter
impeller Door
porthole
Drain tap




Detergent tray Door
wiring
loom
Filter
Fabric softener screw Hinged
front panel
section cover
Water-softener Filter
dial

Tray front
Water hardness
adjustment and
filter flap lever

595

THE MODERN WORLD
Microwave combination oven



CONVENTIONAL OVENS use electrically MICROWAVE COMBINATION OVEN
warmed elements or a flame to heat food. Turntable Door lock Display
In a microwave oven heat energy is created rotator screen Metal
cook/grill
by electromagnetic waves produced by a tray (non-
magnetron and led by waveguides into the Control microwave)
oven compartment. These microwaves panel
cannot pass through the compartment’s
metal casing, being reflected within and
spread evenly by a fan. But they do pass
through most types of plastic, ceramics, and
glass. Therefore platters or containers made
from these materials are suitable for use in
microwave ovens. A combination oven also Metal
Glass
has conventional heating elements, to grill cooking Metal turntable cover grill/griddle
Rollers (non-
and “brown” in the traditional fashion, either turntable (non-microwave)
microwave)
alone or in conjunction with microwaves.
Under-turntable roller
ring (non-microwave) Water molecules spin
HOW MICROWAVES HEAT FOOD with energy from
microwaves
Oxygen atom
Hydrogen
atom
Microwaves Making the
Each water make water molecules move
molecule in molecules vibrate generates heat
food has two
hydrogen
atoms and one
oxygen atom SIDE VIEW OF MICROWAVE COMBINATION OVEN
Magnetron assembly Waveguide Voltage regulators
Wiring loom Grounding wire to
case and chassis

Door Fan
electricity
supply
Control
panel
circuitry Main fan
Magnetron
Rigid metal
cooling fan
chassis
Voltage
transformers
Door safety cut-
out mechanism Thermal/
electrical
Low-voltage insulation
supply for
control circuits
Electrical
outlet
cord
High-voltage
Circuit board plug Electricity supply magnetron
to magnetron supply

596

MICROWAVE COMBINATION OVEN
TOP VIEW OF MICROWAVE Thermal/electrical
COMBINATION insulation
OVEN
Overheat cutout
Waveguide sensor supply
backing
Heating Chassis ground
element terminal
cover


Heating
element
terminal
cover Voltage
stabilizer
Electric
heating Magnetron
elements
assembly
Oven
compartment
casing
Outer Voltage
casing circuitry
fitment





Microwave-proof
door seals Door Control panel
fascia
Cooling
BACK VIEW OF MICROWAVE COMBINATION OVEN perforations
for heating
elements
Main fan
electrical
supply Back of oven
compartment
Magnetron
cooling fan
Fan dust
shield
Magnetron
cooling fan
mounting Main fan
(scatters
microwaves
Magnetron and circulates
perforated hot air)
heat sink
(dissipates
warmth) Rear chassis
plate
Electrical
supply
cable
Thermal/electrical Vibration-reducing fan
insulation Fan transformer mounting

597

THE MODERN WORLD

Toaster

Connecting
MOST ELECTRIC TOASTERS not only grill slices of bread, but wire
they also pop them up when ready. While the slices rest on a
spring-loaded rack, electric heating elements toast the bread. Ejector
At the same time, a bimetallic strip heats and bracket
expands. One of the two metals in this strip Time switch
expands more quickly than the other, causing
the strip to curve. As it bends, it completes Variable time
control knob
an electrical circuit and activates an
electromagnet. The magnet attracts a
catch, releasing the spring that holds
Selector switch
the rack down in the toaster. The Screw Screw
elements switch off, and the
toasted slices pop up.
Switch end casting
Crumb tray






End
baffle
plate



Screw



Screw
Ground connection
End element
Cable entry point connecting link

End element
Foot



Baseplate

Screw
End element
Washer wire guard





Power cord Cable retaining
gland


598