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AIRCRAFT AMMO 20 MM HEI

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30 MM AMMUNTION
40. There are two types of 30 mm ammunition currently in used in the RMAF:

a. 30 mm GHEISA TP.
b. 30 mm Practice MK 4 R/H Feed.
41. Cartridges 30 mm are for use in the Hawk, MiG-29, SU-30MKM and MB 339 aircraft.
42. The projectiles are fitted with two different types of driving bands. One type is copper,
the other sintered iron. They are mixed in a ratio of 15 copper to 1 of iron. The sintered
iron band assists in reducing the rate of buildup of copper deposits in the barrel.
43. Practice Ammunition. Practice ammunition has the projectile painted Deep Saxe
Blue.
44. Combat Ammunition. Combat ammunition has the projectile painted olive drab and
has a red filling band just above the driving band. The projectile is filled with explosive,
and is fitted with a 1511 Model 67 fuse, which is left unpainted.

AIRCRAFT AMMO 30 MM GEISHA PRACTICE

PRECAUTIONS
45. Care is to be taken to ensure that the electric firing cap is not struck, as a blow
is liable to cause the cap to function or to loosen the priming composition and cause
a premature firing of the round in the gun.
46. The cartridge must be kept clean, dry and free to oil and is not to be used if the
driving band is damaged. Any damaged paint on the projectile is to be covered with a
thin cost of lead free mineral jetty which must be wiped off before the projectile is used.

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47. If a misfire occurs the round must be treated as dangerous, it must not be re-
belted, but is to be segregated for disposal as detailed in PU 201630.

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FUSE TYPE 1511 M MODEL 67

48. The fuse 1511M has two function. The first is to detonate on striking the target,
the second is to auto - destruct if it fails to strike the target.

Functioning

49. At rest, the firing pin assembly is held in position by the pressure spring and the
spring and the spirals. On firing while the projectile is being accelerated the firing pin
assembly presses against the spirals and prevents the from expending. When the
acceleration ceases (the projectile leaves the barrel) and under the influence of the
centrifugal force. the spirals unwind and expand from under the firing pin assembly.
This action is completed from 13 to 17 feet in front of the muzzle of the gun. At the
same time the balls, under the influence of centrifugal force, climb the ramp on the
conical ring and counter-act the action of the pressure spring thus maintaining the
firing pin in a slightly higher position than the one occupied at rest.

50. Upon impact the closing disc is pushed back and through the action of the
spring the balls move back into the firing pin block assembly and the tiring pin strikes
the percussion cap of the delay detonator and initiates the main filling of the projectile.

Auto - Destructive Device

51. If the projectile misses the target then as the rotating speed of the projectile
drops the centrifugal force becomes too weak to hold the balls in the conical ring and
the balls return into the firing pin block assembly. This leaves the firing pin free to
move and under the influence of the pressure spring, it strikes the percussion cap of
delay detonator. Thus the projectile is destroyed before it hits the ground.

40 MM GRENADES

52. There are two types of 40 mm Grenade, Grenade 40 mm HE M406 (Figure 21) and
Grenade 40 mm Practice M407 A1. Both are fired from the shoulder held single shot M79
Grenade Launcher.

Description

53. The physical build and weight of both grenades is the same, however their colouring
is as follows.

SKIRT HE M406 PRACTICE M407 A 1
OLIVE DRAB BLUE

OGIVE YELLOW ALLUMINIUM
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CARTRIDGE BROWN

54. Both the practice and HE grenade are a type of fixed ammunition with a point
detonation fuse. and consist of two main assemblies the cartridge case and the
projectile.

55. The cartridge case on both types is brown and is manufactured with an intergral
propellant retainer into which is inserted a thin walled brass cup containing the
propellant. An aluminum base plug is pressed and crimped into the propellant
retainer cavity to seal the base of the case, and a percussion primer is pressed
and crimped into the base plug.

Projectiles

56. HE Projectile. The projectile assembly consist of a spherical grenade and
aluminum ogive ballistic cap. The grenade is formed of rectangu1crr wrapped steel
wire, notched at Intervals to assist fragmentation, and is filled with High Explosive
composition B. Around the skirt of the projectile is an intergral driving band. The
ogive cap container a point detonating fuse which is screwed into the forward
section of the grenade opposite the detonator.

57. Practice Projectile. The projectile of the practice grenade is identical to the HE
excepting that the fuse booster cavity extends to the base of the grenade and is
filled with an inert dye powder.

58. Safety Devices. The grenades are assembled with an M551 point detonating
fuse. Before firing, the fuse rotor is held in the unarmed position by a set back pin.
When fired the setback force causes the pin to move reasrward to free the rotor,
which -then moves under the control of an escapement mechanism to delay
arming of the fuse until the projectile has travelled at least.

HIGH - LOW PROPULSION SYSTEM

59. The high-low Propulsion System enables the grenade to be fired from a shoulder-
held grenade launcher without risk of injury to the user. When the launcher firing
pin strikes the primer, the primer flash ignites the propellant in a brass cup held in
the high pressure chamber. The burning propellant creates a pressure of 35,000
psi inside the high pressure chamber, which causes the cup to rapture at the vent
holes. The gases then flow into the low pressure chamber, the larger interrior
portion of the cartridge case, here pressure is reduced to 3,00 psi, which is
sufficient to propel the projectile.

INFLIGHT ARMING

60. The grenades leave the rifle barrel of the launcher with a uzzle velocity of
approxmately 250 ft/sec, and a clockwise spin of 3,700 rpm. The spin stablises

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the projectile during flight and provides the ritational forces necessary to arm the
fuse. The setback force causes the setback pin to move rearwards and free the
rotor for movement. The rotor movement is controlled by an escapement is at least
14m (46ft) from the muzzle. At this point the out of detonator moves into aligment
with the reminder of the explosive train

IMPACT, DETONATING HE GRENADE

61. On impact, the firing pin is driven into the fuse detonator which initiates the
explosive train to the grenade detonator. The grenade explodes and separates
into fragments which scatter over an ares up to 80m (265 ft) radium from the point
of detonation. The effective casualty radius from the point of detonation, within
which 50% of exposed personnel will become casualties, is 5 m (16 ft).

IMPACT, DETONATING PRACTICE GRENADE

62. The practice grenade operates the same as the HE up to the point of detonation,
Where the practice grenade ruptures and emits a cloud of yellow smoke which is
clearly visible over the maximum range of the launcher.

63. The maximum range of both Practice and HE grenade is 400 metres.

40 MM PRACTICE M407 A1 GRENADE 40 MM HE M406

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M79 GRENADE LAUNCHER

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KURSUS PENGURUSAN SISTEM MATERIEL
PENINGKATAN KELAS I

(PENGURUSAN BAHAN LETUPAN)

SAFETY

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MODUL 2 - SAFETY

HASIL PEMBELAJARAN: Selepas tamat modul ini, pelatih akan berkebolehan
untuk:

Hasil Pembelajaran 6 : Menyatakan Handling of Explosive Substance -
Kriteria Penilaian: Precaution and First Aid Treatment

6.1 Menyatakan Phosphorus.
6.2 Menyatakan Pyrotechnic Compositions.
6.3 Menyatakan High Explosive Substances.
6.4 Menyatakan Otto Fuel II.
6.5 Menyatakan Handling of Explosive Substance -
Precaution and First Aid Treatment.

Hasil Pembelajaran 7: Menyatakan Fire Fighting
Kriteria Penilaian:
7.1 Menyatakan Requirement for Fire Prevention and
Fire Fighting.
7.1.1 Responsibilities.
7.1.2 Planning.
7.1.3 Fire Fighting Measure.
7.1.4 Sign and their Display.

7.2 Menyatakan Fire Fighting.

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SEKOLAH SISTEM MATERIEL
INSTITUT LATIHAN PENGURUSAN MATERIEL

TUDM KINRARA

HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES – PRECAUTIONS AND
FIRST AID TREATMENT

Reference:

A. PU 201630 Part 3 Leaflet D1 Explosives Regulations

PHOSPHORUS

1. This Leaflet prescribes the precautions to be observed when handling explosive
ordnance containing phosphorus, and the first-aid and medical treatment to be applied
in the event of accidental contamination, ingestion of phosphorus or inhalation of
phosphorus vapour or smoke.

Characteristics and Effects

2. A toxic vapour is given off by unburnt phosphorus. Phosphorus ignites
spontaneously on exposure to air producing smoke.

3. Phosphorus Burns. Contamination of skin by phosphorus will cause immediate
burning and extreme pain. It is essential, therefore, that swift and immediate action be
taken to minimize the degree of injury resulting from accidental contamination.

General Precautions

4. Washing facilities are to be provided for all personnel engaged in work which
entails the handling of stores containing phosphorus. In certain work situations,
particularly in laboratories and proof yards, deluge showers and/or baths suitable for
whole body immersion are to be available. All work situations are to have at least one
eye-wash bottle readily available (Eye-Stream DSN 6505-66-066-5612).

5. All personnel concerned in any way with the examination, proof, destruction
and handling of ammunition containing phosphorus are to be aware of the methods of
rendering first aid to themselves or others should accidental contamination, ingestion
or inhalation occur.

Immediate First-Aid for Phosphorus Burns

6. It is stressed that the immediate treatment is immersion of the affected part in
water. For facial burns, the flooding of the area with water and the application of a wet
cloth kept saturated with water is essential. The secondary procedures are:

a. Removal of any contaminated clothing, and

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b. Removal of any obvious pieces of phosphorus from the skin with a small
stick or any other suitable object.

7. If a facial burn involves the eye, flooding with plain water should continue
without interruption if supplies of the eye-wash solution are insufficient. Because of
the intense pain and eyelid spasm present, two people will be required to administer
the first aid.

Transport of Burns Casualty

8. Transport to a medical treatment facility should preferably be by ambulance.
During the transport phase, immersion or soaking of the cloth dressing must be
continued, using plain water or a solution of sodium bicarbonate if this is available.

Medical Treatment for Phosphorus Burns

9. The following information is for the possible use of personnel employed in
isolated locations where qualified medical aid may not be readily available. The
procedures which follow are liable to be painful to the casualty:

a. The contaminated area should be washed with a solution containing 5%
sodium bicarbonate, 3% cupric sulphate, 1% hydroxyethyl cellulose and
1% laurel sulphate. Any particles of phosphorus embedded in the wound
may then be identified as dark brown or black particles and can be
removed with gauze or forceps. This treatment may need to be repeated
until all particles have been identified and removed. The burn should
then be washed with copious quantities of water or normal saline
solution. All removed particles should be placed in a bowl of water.

b. If it is possible, the burned area should be examined in the dark for spots
of phosphorescence, which indicate the need for further treatment.

c. When all particles have been removed, the area should be covered with
a sterile dressing (shell-dressing type) and kept wet with 4% sodium
bicarbonate solution for a minimum period of two hours, after which
normal burns management may be commenced.

WARNING

No oils or greasy dressing, ointments or creams are to be used as long as any
trace phosphorus remains n the skin. First Aid for Inhalation of Phosphorus
Vapour and Smoke

10. Phosphorus vapour, given off by unburned phosphorus, is toxic and poisoning
will result from chronic exposure. Brief, occasional exposures will be most unlikely to
have any harmful effect.

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11. Phosphorus smoke, produced by burning phosphorus, is virtually harmless in
itself, but if very dense, may produce incapacity through a relative lack of oxygen in
the air being inhaled. Removal to fresh air is the only first-aid measure required.
First-Aid for Phosphorus Ingestion
12. If phosphorus is accidentally swallowed, giving copious quantities of plain water
by mouth is the only first aid measure required. Milk or any oily must never be given.
Medical attention should be sought as quickly as possible.

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SEKOLAH SISTEM MATERIEL
INSTITUT LATIHAN PENGURUSAN MATERIEL

TUDM KINRARA

HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES SUBSTANCES –
PRECAUTIONS AND FIRST AID TREATMENT PYROTECHNIC
COMPOSITIONS (INCLUCING THOSE IN 'DANGEROUS GOODS')

Reference:

A. PU 201630 Part 3 Leaflet D2

1. This Leaflet prescribes the precautions to observed by those personnel
required to handle pyrotechnic compositions or explosive ordnance containing such
compositions.

Precautions

2. Many pyrotechnic compositions contain substances which are poisonous and
when brought into contact with the skin will produce dermatitis. Dermatitis, ie
inflammation of the skin, may be produced in a person with a sensitive skin whilst
leaving others, with less sensitive skins, unaffected, and a person who has once had
dermatitis is likely to have further attacks of this complaint with very little provocation.
It is essential, therefore, to observe the following precautions when handling these
compositions, or stores containing them which are damaged and/or in which the filling
is exposed:

a. Persons with unhealthy skins are not to be employed on such work.

b. Persons who have had dermatitis through contact with

chemical substances are not to be re-employed on such work.

c. Adequate washing facilities, with hot and cold running water and a
supply of good soap, are to be made available. The usual carbolic or
kitchen soap is itself harmful to the skin and is not to be provided.

d. Barrier cream (see para 4) is to be provided, as such cream applied
before contact tends to protect the skin. The hands are to be well washed
before applying the cream and after contact with any pyrotechnic
composition.

e. When a substantial amount of work is being done, a protective apron is
to be worn to prevent impregnation of the ordinary clothing.

f. When the conditions are such that chemical dust is produced, an
adequate exhaust ventilation system is to be provided.

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3. Anyone contaminated by a pyrotechnic composition, without taking the
precautions mentioned in paragraph 2, is to wash thoroughly as soon as possible. The
importance of taking early action is emphasized as it has been known for dermatitis
to develop within two hours when the person failed to wash immediately after contact
with a pyrotechnic composition.
Barrier Cream
4. Barrier creams (1) suitable for use during handling of explosives substances
are given below in order of preference:

KERODEX 77
KERODEX 71
5. Barrier creams currently identified under DSN 650S-66-020-959 are not
effective against chemical materials such as pyrotechnic and high explosive
compositions, and should not be used for protection against such substances.
Note: Since these barrier creams do not have a large usage on tri-service basis they
are not formally identified: however, units may request procurement of these items
through respective base medical flights by providing the following details:

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SEKOLAH SISTEM MATERIEL
INSTITUT LATIHAN PENGURUSAN MATERIEL

TUDM KINRARA

HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES SUBSTANCES –

PRECAUTIONS AND FIRST AID TREATMENT HIGH
EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES

Reference:
A. PU 201630 Part 3 Leaflet D4
1. This Leaflet prescribes the precautions to be observed by the personnel
required to handle high explosive compositions or explosive ordnance containing such
substances.
Precautions-General
2. Whenever high explosive substances are being handled, the following
precautions are to be observed:

a. Only authorized tools are to be used.
b. All floors, work benches, trolleys, fittings and appliances, on which high

explosives may accumulate are to be cleaned daily with a damp cloth
and then dried. Water only (which may be hot) is to be used. No other
form of cleansing fluid is permitted.
c. No oil, grease or other compounds which are solvents, are to be used.
d. Without the special authority of the responsible medical officer, no
person is to be employed for more than 10 days on any work involving
contact with a high explosive substance without an equal period of work
free from such contact.
e. Magazine clothing is to be provided for every person employed and this
is to be washed once a week.

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f. A suitable barrier substance (see Part 3, Leaflet D2, para 4), the

protection of the skin (and a suitable cleansing fluid), always to be
available.
g. Washing facilities with a supply of water, clean towels, and nail brushes,
are to be provided. All persons are to wash thoroughly using the
cleansing fluid provided, before leaving the premises.
h. Every person employed constantly (for 10 day periods) on work involving
contact with HE substances is to be medically examined at least one a
month, and no person suspended by the medical officer is to be
reemployed on such work without the medical officer’s authority.
i. Food and drink is not be brought into any building in which HE
substances are exposed.
Precautions in Handling Aluminized High Explosives
3. The following additional precautions are to be observed whenever aluminized
HE substances, eg Minol and Torpex, are exposed to prevent the possibility of
chemical reaction (oxidation of the aluminium) causing local heating which may result
in the ignition of the explosive:
a. No water or dampness is to be present.
b. All containers, tools, etc which are likely to be brought into contact with
the explosives are to be kept at room temperature for sufficient time to
eliminate any condensation which may have occurred on their surfaces.

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SEKOLAH SISTEM MATERIEL
INSTITUT LATIHAN PENGURUSAN MATERIEL

TUDM KINRARA

HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES SUBSTANCES –

PRECAUTIONS AND FIRST AID TREATMENT OTTO FUEL II

Reference:
A. PU 201630 Part 3 Leaflet D5
1. This Leaflet prescribes the safety precautions to be observed by personnel

required to handle Otto Fuel II or explosive ordnance containing Otto Fuel II,
and the first aid and medical treatment to be applied in the event of accidental
contamination, ingestion or inhalation, the source documents, in which
handling, storage, transportation, decontamination and disposal procedures
are detailed, are referenced; and the CO ICAMD is nominated as the initial and
direct point of contact if assistance is required by units in dealing with an
incident involving Otto Fuel.
Characteristics and Effects
2. Characteristics of Otto Fuel II. Otto Fuel II is a stable, liquid monopropellant
composed of a nitrate ester in solution with a desensitizing agent and a
stabilizer. It is bright red in colour and is a free flowing oily liquid which is heavier
than water. It is stable at temperatures up to 650C for several years, up to 820C
for a few months and up to 1200c for about 30 minutes. Above 1200C there is
a serious danger of self-heating and decomposition. Otto Fuel II is compatible
with most common metals, natural rubber and polyethylene. It is insoluble in

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water but is very soluble in gasoline, acetone alcohols, carbon tetrachloride and
trichlorethylone. It has the following physical properties:

a. Density: 1.232 g/ml at 250C.

b. Freezing point: minus 28oc

c. Flash point: 129.4o C (by Cleveland Open Cup method).

3. Health Hazard. The main health hazard Otto Fuel II produces derives from
inhalation of the vapour, ingestion, absorption through the skin, or inhalation of
the fumes from burning the fuel.

4. General Physiological Effects of Intoxication by Otto Fuel II. Otto Fuel II is
a nitrated ester. Nitrated esters cause profound dilation of blood vessels. This
results in eye irritation, headache, nasal congestion, nausea and dyspnoea.
Nitrated esters will convert hemoglobin into methaemoglobin but, in the
absence of major intoxication this is not invariably a problem.

5. Effects of Inhalation. Headaches lasting for several hours after exposure is
the chief symptom of vapour inhalation and nausea may develop after
exposure. Chronic exposure to the vapour in low levels also produces
headaches and minor decrease in psychomotor performance.

6. Effects of Skin Contact. Otto Fuel II is easily absorbed through the skin and
intoxication can result. In addition, a chronic yellowing of the skin may occur in
personnel who are careless in handling the fuel without protective equipment.

7. Effects of Eye Contact. Otto Fuel II produces severe eye irritation and even
the vapour may produce eye irritation.

8. Effects of Ingestion. Otto Fuel II causes major gastro-intestinal disturbances
which is followed by signs of intoxication. Ingestion may result in death.

9. Effects of Exposure to Combustion By-Products. Otto Fuel II fires and
Otto Fuel motor exhaust gases contain carbon dioxide (C02), carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen dioxide (N02) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). C02 produces eye irritation, and
CO produces headache, unconsciousness and death. N02 produces respiratory
distress and severe and often delayed pulmonary oedema. HCN produces malaise,
nausea, coma and death.

Safety Precautions

10.All personnel who handle Otto Fuel II or explosive ordnance containing Otto Fuel
II, are to observe the following safety precautions:

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SEKOLAH SISTEM MATERIEL
INSTITUT LATIHAN PENGURUSAN MATERIEL

TUDM KINRARA

HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES SUBSTANCES –

a. All operating personnel are to be familiar with the nature and
characteristics of Otto Fuel II.

b. Operations involving Otto Fuel II are to be performed by a group of two
or more persons.

c. Good housekeeping practices are to be observed.
d. Food and tobacco are not permitted in operating areas.
e. Water supply, safety showers and personnel protective equipment are

to be available, and they are to be inspected prior to any operation
involving Otto Fuel II.
f. Personal protective equipment is to be worn during any operation
involving Otto Fuel II.
g. Spills are to be avoided since arduous cleanup and decontamination
procedures are required.

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h. Positive pressure air breathing equipment must be used and protective equipment is
to be worn when inerting an area containing a large concentration of Otto Fuel II
vapours, such as would be present as a result of gross spillage.

i. Otto Fuel II is not to be flushed into common drainage systems.

j. Because Otto Fuel II is a monopropellant and contains its own oxidizer, combustion
cannot be smothered. The most efficient methods of extinguishing can be
accomplished by the use of a finely dispersed water fog or carbon dioxide fire
extinguishers.

k. Otto Fuel II is to be stored alone and not with other fuels or oxidizers.

Note: Safety and handling instructions for Otto Fuel II are published in AAP 7356.012-1 Otto
Fuel II - Safety and Handling Instructions.

First Aid Treatment

11. Personnel exposed to Otto Fuel II are to be treated immediately in accordance
with the following instruction, depending on the type of exposure that has occurred.

12. Inhalation. Personnel unduly exposed to Otto Fuel II are to be removed from
the contaminated area into fresh air. Artificial respiration is to be applied (but DO NOT
use mouth-to-mouth method - SEE WARNING) if breathing has stopped and medical
aid obtained. Headache can be relieved by black coffee and analgesics.

13. Skin Contact. In the event of spills, contaminated clothing is to be removed
immediately and contaminated skin areas washed thoroughly for 15 minutes with soap
and cold water. Solvents must not be used to cleanse Otto Fuel II from the skin as
they will promote absorption through the skin by breaking down fats on the skin.

14. Ingestion. If Otto Fuel II is ingested, vomiting is to be induced by forcing the
patient to swallow large quantities of soapy water or by 'fingers down the throat'
method. Artificial respiration/external cardiac massage is to be applied if
breathing/circulation has stopped (but DO NOT use mouth-to-mouth respiration
method - SEE WARNING) and medical aid is to be obtained urgently.

15. Eye Contact. If Otto Fuel II has splashed into the eyes they are to be flushed
with copious quantities of water for 15 minutes. Opthalmological advice is to be
obtained urgently.

16. Inhalation of Combustion by-Products. The patient exposed to combustion
by products will need to be treated symptomatically. Respiratory distress will require
oxygen.

WARNING
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Because of the toxicity of Otto Fuel II, the Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation method
should NOT be used on exposed personnel. In the first instance, resuscitation should
ONLY be attempted using oxygen or air reviver equipment ('OXY-VIVA'/'AIR VIVA ')
only when the above equipment is not available should mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
be attempted. However, extreme care should be taken that. The person giving first aid
does not contact liquid Otto Fuel and does not inhale near the patients mouth, while
attempting resuscitation.

Notes for Medical Treatment of Otto Fuel II Intoxication

(Summarized from RAN Command Medical Officer's Memorandum 1/82, N86 1 28
dated 18 January 1982 issued from the Office of the Command Medical Officer, PO
Box 706, Darling hurst NSW 2010).

17. Eye Contact. Irrigate the eye for 15 minutes with water - pain can be controlled
with local anaesthetic eye drops. Seek opthalmological advice.

18. Ingestion. Induce vomiting with simple measures (fingers down throat, soapy
water, etc). Gastric lavage with water may be necessary. Gastric lavage with 1 in
5,000 solution of potassium permanganate or magnesium sulphate solution (15 to
30 grams in water) may be used.

19. Severe Ingestion

a. The normal principles of ABC apply (airway maintenance, breathing
maintenance with artificial respiration, circulatory methods with external cardiac
message).

b. In major ingestion there may be a hazard to the operator during mouth
to mouth ventilation and other means of ventilation should be used if possible.

c. Severe cyanosis refractory to oxygen therapy may be due to
methaemoglobinemia. If significant methaemoglobinia is present (in order of
60% or more methaemoglobin) a 1% solution of methylene blue (10 mgs per
cc of methylene blue) in a dose of 1 to 2 mgs per kg bodyweight may be given
IV over a period of 5 minutes. Methylene blue however, may cause haemolysis
and in the absence of methaemoglobinemia can cause haeolysis or it can
paradoxically convert hemoglobin to methaemoglobin. (Supplies of intravenous
methylene blue are usually available in large metropolitan hospital pharmacies
and information on availability can be obtained from Poisons Information
Centre. A small stock is held in RANH PENGUIN. It is quite cheap and has a
long shelf life).

20. Exposure to Combustion By-Products. Patients exposed to combustion
products will need to be treated symptomatically along general medical principles.
Respiratory distress will require oxygen. Pulmonary oedema may be delayed by as
much as 24 hours and the patient should be observed in hospital.
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SEKOLAH SISTEM MATERIEL
INSTITUT LATIHAN PENGURUSAN MATERIEL

TUDM KINRARA

FIRE FIGHTING AND PREVENTING

Refference:

1. PU 201630 Part 2 Leaflet H1
2. AP 110A-0102-1B Leaflet H1
3. International Air Transport Association (IATA)

1. This Leaflet prescribes the requirement for fire prevention and fire fighting in
connection with explosive ordnance and associated facilities.

RESPONSIBILITIES – CONTROL OFFICERS AND SENIOR FIRE OFFICERS

2. The responsibilities of those persons at a fire are defined as follows:

a. The Commanding Officer or his designated representative will be
responsible for the co-ordination of all the various emergency services
arrangements and requirements.He will be known as the Control Officer.

b. The responsibilities of the Control Officer at any incident will include
giving advice to the Senior Fire Officer relative to the explosives safety aspects
of fire fighting. He will also advise in any particular instance whether the fire
sevices are to tackle the building or stack, and will advise the Senior Fire Officer
concerning the risks involved in any given line of action.

c. The Control Officer will liaise with the Senior Fire Officer present who
is responsible for the actual fire fighting operations, including the direction of all
fire fighting personnel and equipment on the object or objectives selected by
the Control Officer, and for the application of any advice which he may give.

PLANNING

3. Every unit is a prepare a plan for fire prevention and fire fighting to include efficient
arrangements relating to the raising of the alarms, calling the fire service, safe
evacuation of personnel, fire fighting measures, adequate identification of all
building and liaison with the local authority fire brigade.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

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4. Fire fighting measures call for close attention to detail and the co-ordination of all

available means to ensure that an outbreak is tackled immediately and
energetically and brought under control as quickly as possible.
ACTION APPLICABLE TO ALL FIRE DIVISION
1. If the fire is detected before the Explosive Ordnance is involved, prompt action
with ‘first –aid’ fire fighting equipment should be taken to prevent the development of a
serious fire.
2. If drenches are provided they are to be operated immediately but, if possible
their use should be confined to the facility affected and these immediately adjacent.
3. The fire alarm must be sounded and fire services notified. All non- essential
personnel are to be evacuated from the scene of the fire, in accordance with prearranged
plan, to a sufficiently safe distance
4. The actions of the fire fighting service are to be directed towards preventing
Explosive Ordnance from becoming involved in the fire.

FIRE DIVISION 1
1. Explosives indicated by these symbols must be expected to exploded mass very soon
after the fire reaches them.
Action
a. Fight in the early stages with first aid fire fighting Equipment provided. Operate
drenches in buildings affected and those immediately adjacent.
b. If this is unsuccessful, evacuate from the building to a place of safety. Prevent the
spread of fire to adjacent buildings by the application of water spray. All non essential
personnel are to evacuate the area.

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FIRE DIVISION 1

CONTOH ORDNAN HD 1.1

FIRE DIVISION 2

2. Explosives indicated by these symbols do not explode and mass. They have a projection
hazard and some may explode on impact.

Action

a. Fight in the early stages with first aid fire fighting Equipment provided. Operate
drenches in buildings affected and those immediately adjacent.

b. If this is unsuccessful, continue fighting from behind cover. Cool, with water, items
may be ignited by hot fragments, projectiles and fire brands. Prevent the spread of fire to
adjacent areas with water spray. All non essential personnel are to evacuate the area.

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FIRE DIVISION 2

Transport Symbol
Building Symbol

CCOONNTTOOHH ORDNAN HD 1.2

VVEENNDD :: AAMMMMOO VVEENNDD :: NNSSNN

PPAARRTT NNOO:: 88005500 --0011 PPAARRTT NNOO :: 11330055 --9999 --886699 --33553355

DDEESSCC :: 2200 MMMM CCAARRTT AAPPII DDEESSCC :: CCAARRTT 3300 MMMM NN 111133BB MMPPTT RROO

MM 5533 AA33 337799 AA22 RRHH FFEEEEDD IINN LLIINNKK

HHCCCC :: 11..22..22EE HHCCCC :: 11..22..22GG

FIRE DIVISION 3

3. Explosives indicated by these symbols must be expected to burn with great violence,
emitting considerable thermal radiation, without necessarily exploding.

Action

a. Fight in the early stages with first aid fire fighting equipment provided. Operate
drenches in buildings affected and those immediately adjacent.

b. If this is unsuccessful, concentrate on subduing the fire and preventing its spread
by applying water freely. Take full advantage of any available protection from radiated
heat. All non essential personnel are to evacuate the area.

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FIRE DIVISION 3

Building Symbol Transport Symbol

CONTOH ORDNAN
HD 1.3

VEND : AMMO VEND : AMMO
P/NO : 2160-03 P/NO : 2170-10
DESC : ROCKET HAND FIRED DESC : FLARE TRIPWIRE PFG
HCC : 1.3G
1.5 IN TARGET PARA
HCC : 1.3G

FIRE DIVISION 4
4. Explosives indicated by these symbols do not greatly contribute to a fire and effects are
mainly confined within the confined.
Action
a. Fight in the early stages with first aid fire fighting equipment provided.

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b. If this is unsuccessful, take full advantage of any available shielding. Apply water

freely. If possible to approach within range, use water spray. All essential personnel
are to evacuate the area.

FIRE DIVISION 4

Building Symbol Transport
Symbol

CONTOH ORDNAN HD 1.4

VEND : NSN
P/NO : 137-909-346-8905
DESC : SIGNAL DITRESS

DAY & NIGHT
HCC : 1.4G

VEND : AMMO VEND : AMMO
P/NO : 221-100 P/NO : 211-005
DESC : GENERATOR SMOKE DESC : CART SIGNAL

NO 5 MK 2 1.5IN YELLOW
HCC : 1.4G HCC : 1.4G

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SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS / SIMBOL TAMBAHAN

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FIRE SYMBOL AND POSTER

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KURSUS PENGURUSAN SISTEM MATERIEL
PENINGKATAN KELAS I

(PENGURUSAN BAHAN LETUPAN)

ADMINISTRATION
OF

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE

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Modul 3 -
Administration of Explosive Ordnance

HASIL PEMBELAJARAN: Selepas tamat modul ini, pelatih akan berkebolehan
untuk:

Hasil Pembelajaran 8: Menyatakan Publikasi Bahan Letupan
Kriteria Penilaian:
8.1 Menyatakan Penggunaan Publikasi Bahan
Hasil Pembelajaran 9: Letupan.
Kriteria Penilaian: 8.1.1 Menyatakan Penggunaan Siri AP 11A –
Explosives Regulations.
8.1.2 Menyatakan Lain-lain Publikasi Bahan
Letupan.

8.2 Menyatakan Publikasi Bahan Letupan.

Menyatakan Administration Of Explosive Areas And
Explosive Facilities

9.1 Menyatakan General Rules of Explosive Areas and
Explosive Facilities.

9.2 Menyatakan Vehicle and Mechanical Handling
Equipment.

9.3 Menyatakan Vegetation and Livestock in Explosive
Storage Areas and PES.

9.4 Menyatakan Administration Of Explosive Areas
And Explosive Facilities.

SEKOLAH SISTEM MATERIEL
INSTITUT LATIHAN PENGURUSAN MATERIEL

TUDM KINRARA

PENGGUNAAN PUBLIKASI BAHAN LETUPAN

Rujuk:

A. PU 2204 Bahagian 7 Risalah 1

PENDAHULUAN

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1. Bahan letupan adalah merbahaya dan boleh mendatangkan kemusnahan yang
dasyat sekiranya berlaku kemalangan. Disamping itu, bahan letupan wujud dalam
pelbagai bentuk dan mempunyai ciri-ciri fizik dan kimia yang rumit, hasilnya adalah usaha
kajian tentang akibat dan punca kemalangan adalah amat rumit serta memerlukan
perbelanjaan yang besar dan di luar kemampuan TUDM pada masakini.
Walaubagaimanapun, masyarakat antarabangsa terutamanya negara-negara anggota
NATO telah mempunyai peraturan-peraturan tertentu berkaitan pengurusan bahan
letupan dan boleh dijadikan panduan dalam pengurusan bahan letupan TUDM.

TUJUAN

2. Risalah ini adalah bertujuan untuk menjelaskan publikasi-publikasi yang boleh
digunapakai oleh TUDM di dalam pengurusan dan pengendalian bahan letupan.

KEUTAMAAN PUBLIKASI

3. Sekiranya terdapat percanggahan dalam mana-mana publikasi pengurusan bahan
letupan yang telah diluluskan untuk kegunaan TUDM, publikasi TUDM hendaklah
diutamakan.

PENGGUNAAN SIRI AP 11A – EXPLOSIVE REGULATIONS

4. Majlis Angkatan Tentera melalui persidangan MAT ke 258, 1987 (Rujuk: MAT
258/87K-46, KP(S) 829/20 Jil. 2(39) bertarikh 11hb Feb 1987) telah mengiktiraf peraturan-
peraturan berikut untuk kegunaan ATM:

a. The United Kingdom Explosive Storage And Transport Committee Group
Classification System yang merangkumi:

(1) Ammunition and Explosive Regulations (Land Service) August 1965.

(2) Naval Magazine and Explosives Regulations – B.R 862 (1960).

(3) Royal Air Force AP1108-001-A1 (September 1971).

b. NATO Principle For The Storage of Explosives.

5. Berpandukan kuasa di atas dan perubahan-perubahan, PATM JIL III, BAB 4 –
Peluru dan Bahan Letupan, semua pengurusan ordnan letupan di dalam TUDM hendaklah
berpandukan publikasi berikut:

a. AP 110A-0102-1A Explosive Regulations – General.

b. AP 110A-0102-1B Explosive Regulations – Explosive Area and
Danger Buildings.

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c. AP 110A-0102-1C Explosive Regulations – Storage, Transportation and
Inspection of Explosive.

d. AP 110A-0102-1D Explosive Regulations - Radio Frequency
Hazards to Electro Explosive Devices.

e. AP 110A-0104-1A General Regulations & Instruction for Disposal
of Explosives.

6. Publikasi-publikasi di atas bukan sahaja mengandungi prinsip NATO untuk
pengurusan bahan letupan, tetapi juga merangkumi prosedur yang disesuaikan untuk
kegunaan Royal Airforce, United Kingdom. Maka sudah tentu akan terdapat ketidak
serasian jika ianya digunapakai terus dalam konteks TUDM.

7. Penyesuaian publikasi-publikasi di atas adalah perlu supaya ianya boleh digunakan
oleh TUDM. Bagi tujuan itu, principal berikut hendaklah digunakan:

a. Kandungan yang bersifat teknikal hendaklah digunapakai terus kecuali jika
terdapat arahan yang setimpal yang diterbitkan oleh TUDM.

b. Kandungan yang bersifat prosidur hendaklah disesuaikan dengan
organisasi dan prosidur TUDM. Perhatian khas hendaklah diambil ke atas
format dan borang - borang yang digunakan dalam TUDM.

c. Sebarang kekeliruan hendaklah dirujuk kepada MTU-Kejuruteraan.

LAIN-LAIN PUBLIKASI

8. Selain daripada publikasi siri AP yang disebutkan di atas, berikut adalah beberapa
publikasi khusus yang berasal dari Negara asing yang diluluskan untuk rujukan oleh
TUDM di dalam pengurusan bahan letupan:

a. PU 2304-004 Explosive Inspections and Proof Instructions.

b. PU 2304-002 General Description and Information Armament
Stores.

c. PU 201630 Explosive Regulations.

d. PU 201631 Explosive Ordnance and Associate
e. PU 201633 Components, Stowage, Loading and
Classification Data Sheets.

Explosive Ordnance Inspection and Proof

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Instructions.

f. PU 202232 Procedures and Register Of Exp. Ordnance
Reclassifications.

ARAHAN LOGISTIK

9. Untuk pengurusan Terminal Peluru serta stor bahan letupan, peraturan pengstoran
dan pengangkutan adalah berpandukan kepada arahan di dalam PU 4309 – Explosive

Ordnance Administration and Accounting Explosive Procedure.

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SEKOLAH SISTEM MATERIEL
INSTITUT LATIHAN PENGURUSAN MATERIEL

TUDM KINRARA

GENERAL RULES FOR EXPLOSIVE AREAS AND EXPLOSIVE
ORDNANCE FACILITIES

Reference:

A. PU 201630 Part 2 Leaflet N1
B. AP110A-0102-1B Leaflet N1

1. This leaflet contains regulations, of a general nature applicable to all explosive
ordnance areas and facilities.

NECESSITY FOR RECOGNITION OF THE SPECIAL HAZARDS

2. It is essential that all personnel, concerned with the administration of explosive
areas and explosive ordnance facilities or who have occasion to enter such areas and
facilities, should appreciate that such areas and facilities are places set apart for
special purpose. They have peculiar hazards which are not to be overlooked and which
govern the actions of those responsible for the administration of such areas and
facilities, and those who work within them.

DISPLAY OF REGULATIONS AND NOTICES

3. A copy of Poster No TUB 20-0155 General Rules for Explosives Areas and
Explosive Ordnance Facilities, is to be prominently displayed at such entrance to an
explosive area and at the entrance of every explosive ordnance facility or group of
such facilities. See specimen at Kembaran A.

KNOWLEDGE OF REGULATION

4. The officer-in-charge of an explosive are a or an explosive ordnance facilities is
responsible for ensuring that every person who is required to enter an explosive area
or explosive ordnance facilities is well acquainted with the instructions on poster TUB
20-0155. If any such person is unable to understand the poster, its contents are to he
carefully explained to him at least once every six months and recorded in the
continuation training record.

DISOBEDIENCE OF REGULATION

5. Any person who infringes, or attempts to infringe, any of the explosive area
regulations is to be removed immediately from the explosive area and is not to be
allowed to re-enter it or any other explosive area. The offender is to be reported to the
Officer Commanding who is to take necessary disciplinary action.

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PERSONNEL EMPLOYED IN EXPLOSIVES AREA

6. Persons under the age of 18 years, or person over 18 years when there is
reason to suspect that they immature or irresponsible, are not to be employed in or
enter any explosive ordnance facility or other places where explosive are stored or
handled. Except in the presence, and under the supervision of, an NCO or civilian of
equivalent grade, and who is at least 21 years of age. Person under the age of 16
years is not to be employed in any such facilities

7. No civilians is to be employed in an explosive area unless he or she satisfies
the following requirements in addition to the normal rules for the employment of
civilians:

a. Is physically fit, responsible and of sound mind, and

b. Is not addicted to excessive consumption of alcohol or drugs.

GUARDING OF EXPLOSIVE AREAS

8. Every explosive area is to be patrolled by day and night. All explosive ordnance
facilities are to be visited at least once by day and once by night.

GUARDING OR ENTRANCES

9. Each entrance to an explosive area, except when closed and secured, is to be
guarded by Provos whose duty is to prohibit entry and unauthorized personnel and
personnel disqualified by these regulation to scrutiny or search all personnel before
admitting them and to challenge them as to their freedom from prohibited articles,
especially matches, lighters, cigarettes, pipes, tobacco, electronic watches and
calculators. Unenclosed explosive areas are to be similarly guarded and the sentries
are to be placed at the recognized entrances.

CUSTODY OF KEYS

10. The keys of all gates and doors to explosive areas and explosive ordnance facilities
are, when not in use, to be deposited in a safe place authorized for this purpose. All
keys are to be clearly labeled or numbered in order that they can be readily identified.
Arrangements for the custody of keys are to be authorized by the Officer Commanding
or his deputy.

ENTRANCE TO AN EXPLOSIVE AREA OR TO EO FACILITIES

11. No person is to be permitted to enter an explosive area during normal working
hours, unless he or she produces a current official pass applicable to the area in
question authorized by, or on behalf of, Officer Commanding or Officer-in-Charge of
the facilities.

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12. During non-working hours, no person is to be permitted to enter an explosive
area unless he or she is specifically authorized to do so by or on behalf of, the Officer
Commanding.
13. To enable a rapid check to be made at any time of personnel in an explosive
areas, all personnel entering such an area at an ammunition depot are to be handed
a numbered metal disc which is to be given up on leaving the area. Personnel regularly
employed in the area are each to have a permanent numbered metal disc, and visitors
are to be given a special numbered metal disc of a different colour or marked 'visitor'.
A register is to be kept showing the name of the person to whom each disc has been
issued. The custody, issue and return of disc is to be strictly controlled in the
guardroom or building in which this is to be done if it 'is unlikely to be destroyed or
seriously damaged in the event of a fire or explosion.

14. Entry into explosive areas or explosive ordnance facilities is to be by means of
the recognized entrance only. No person who shows signs of in toxication is to be
allowed to enter. No stores are to be admitted into an explosive area or EO facility
other than the EO authorized for storage therein, nor tools, appliances, building
materials, etc., other than those authorized from time to time in accordance with the
explosive regulations.

SMOKING AND CARRYING SMOKING MATERIALS

15. Smoking is strictly prohibited in an explosive area or EO facility, except in places
designated as a smoking area and authorized by the Officer Commanding.

FIREARMS

16. With the following exceptions, firearms are prohibited within an explosive area:

a. Pistols, signal pistols, required in proof yards.

b. Small arms required on proof ranges.

c. Weapon in packs or pods, or for inclusion in packs or pods for approved aircraft
weapons systems, but only in authorized facilities.

d. Firearms carried by authorized personnel on guard duties.

FOOD AND DRINK

17. Intoxicating liquors are not to be taken into an explosive area. Food and
nonintoxicating drinks may be admitted into an explosive area for the benefit of
personnel employed therein, but only when it is difficult or inconvenient to arrange for
them to leave the area for the purpose of taking refreshments and always subject to
the prior approval of the Officer Commanding. For reasons of hygiene, the
consumption of food is not permitted in explosive ordnance facility.

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BATTERY POWERED WATCHES, CALCULATORS ETC. IN EXPLOSIVE AREAS

18. Commercial battery operated devices such as watches, calculators, etc. are
not normally designed to meet the exacting requirements for explosive safety. No
such device is to be taken into an explosive ordnance facility.

SEARCH BEFORE ADMISSION AND EXIT FROM EXPLOSIVE AREAS

19. All personnel, before entering an explosive area or explosive ordnance facility, are
to search their pockets and are to deposit outside the entrance if any prohibited articles
which they have with them. A box painted bright red is to be provided for the reception
of such articles. All personnel employed in an explosive area may be subjected to a
thorough search at the entrance before entering and leaving. The search may be made
by explosive area guards or other personnel authorized by the Officer Commanding,
in presence of a person of a senior rank or grade to those being searched. At every
call, a proportion of the employees should e searched.

SEARCHING OF VISITORS

20. Visitors are liable to be searched if this is considered desirable by the guard on
duty at the entrance to an explosive area, and visitors who do not admit this liability
are to be refused admittance, Before any visitor is searched, reference is to be made
to the Officer Commanding.

LIGHTING OF FIRES IN EXPLOSIVE AREAS

21. The unauthorized lighting of fires in explosive areas is prohibited. Authority for the
lighting of fire may be given by Officer Commanding in special circumstances, but the
number of authorized tires is to be kept as low as possible and no fire is to authorized
in or near any explosive ordnance facility containing explosive ordnance.

CARRYING OF MATCHES FOR AUTHORIZED FIRES

22. When authority has been given for a fire to be lit, safety matches only are to be
used for the purpose. The matches are to be taken into the area in locked boxes
painted bright red, either by the officer in-charge or another person authorized for this
duty, who may be the person authorized to use them. The user is to keep the key in
his possession and is to allow no other person to have access to the matches, and is
to use them only for the purpose for which they have been authorized. Unused
matches are not to be left in the area overnight and are to be brought out of the area
only by the guard or other authorized person.

ROADS

23. Roads in and leading to explosive areas are to be maintained in a good state of
repair to lessen the risk of accident to vehicles.

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FIRST-AlD APPLIANCES

24. First-aid medical equipment to an approved scale is to be available at an
accessible point in or at the entrance to all explosive areas.

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE FACILITIES LAYOUT PLAN

25. All units are to prepare and maintain an up-to-date explosive ordnance facilities
layout plan. This is to highlight the under listed explosive ordnance facilities for which
the unit is responsible:

a. Explosive area.

b. Ready-Use explosive ordnance facilities sited outside designated
explosive areas licensed and/or authorized under part 3, leaflet no. 11.

c. Explosive ordnance loading aprons.

d. Air movement's explosive ordnance aprons.

e. Aircraft and ready-use hardened shelter complex.

f. Aircraft safety points.

26. The plan is to show controlling outside quantity-distance contours associated
with each facility.

27. Further to the requirements of paragraph 25 above, an enlarged schematic of
the unit explosive area(s) is to be drawn showing all explosive ordnance facilities and
inside and outside quantity-distances applicable to those facilities, and the facilities or
features which control these quantity distances.

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KEMBARAN A KEPADA
RISALAH NO. 1
NOTICES TO BE DISPLAYED AT ANY ROOM OR BUILDING CONTAINING
EXPLOSIVE
1. The following posters and forms are to be displayed on rooms building containing
explosive:
a. The appropriate fire symbol and supplementary fire symbol
(if applicable).

b. NO SMOKING - DILARANG MEROKOK sign - inside and outside the
building.
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c. Action to be taken in the event of fire.

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d. Poster TUB 20-0155 - General Rules For Explosive Areas And Danger

Buildings.

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e. Poster TUB 20-0156 - Above Ground Storage Of Explosive Ordnance.
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e. Poster TUB 20-0157 - Rules For Entering Leaving A Clean Area (if
applicable).
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