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AIM 9M (SIDEWINDER)

• AIR TO AIR GUIDED
MISSILES
• SHORT RANGE MISSILES
• AIRCRAFT F/A 18

AIM 9P MISSILES

• AIRCRAFT HAWK & F 5E

AIM 7M (SPARROW)

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• AIR TO AIR GUIDED
MISSILES
• AIRCRAFT F/A-18D
• MEDIUM RANGE
DISTANCE
• SUPERSONIC

SPEED

HARPOON

 AIR TO SURFACE ANTI
SHIP MISSILE

 RANGE 60 NAUTICAL
MILES

 SPEED 855 KM/H
 LONG RANGE MISSILES
 AIRCRAFT F/A 18

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MISSILES R-27

 AIR TO AIR MISSILES
 SPEED MACH 4
 MEDIUM RANGE MISSILES
 RANGE 60 KM
 AIRCRAFT MIG-29

MISSILES R- 73E

 AIR TO AIR MISSILES
 SHORT RANGE MISSILES
 RANGE 30 KM
 AIRCRAFT MIG-29
 SPEED MACH 2.5
 DETECT BY INFRA RED

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MAVERICWERICKK

• AIR TO GROUND
GUIDED MISSILES

• AIRCRAFT F/A-18D

• MEDIUM RANGE
DISTANCE

INERT MISSILES

 STENCILLED INERT
WARNA HITAM

 KEGUNAAN LATIHAN

GROUND CREW DAN

JURUTERBANG.

AIM-120 AMRAAM

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22. The AIM-120 advanced medium-range air-to-air missile (AMRAAM) is a new
generation air-to-air missile. It has an all-weather, beyond-visual-range capability and
is scheduled to be operational beyond 2000. AMRAAM is a supersonic, air launched,
aerial intercept, guided missile employing active radar target tracking, proportional
navigation guidance, and active Radio Frequency (RF) target detection. It employs
active, semi-active, and inertial navigational methods of guidance to provide an
autonomous launch and leave capability against single and multiple targets in all
environments.

23. The AMRAAM weighs 340 pounds and uses an advanced solid-fuel rocket
motor to achieve a speed of Mach 4 and a range in excess of 30 miles. In long-range
engagements AMRAAM heads for the target using inertial guidance and receives
updated target information via data link from the launch aircraft. It transitions to a self-
guiding terminal mode when the target is within range of its own monopulse radar set.
The AIM-120 also has a "home-on-jam" guidance mode to counter electronic jamming.
With its sophisticated avionics, high closing speed, and excellent end-game
maneuverability, chances of escape from AMRAAM are minimal. Upon intercept an
active-radar proximity fuze detonates the 40-pound high-explosive warhead to destroy
the target. At closer ranges AMRAAM guides itself all the way using its own radar,
freeing the launch aircraft to engage other targets.

KRYPTON" AS-17 (Kh-31P)

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24. The Kh-31P high-speed anti-radar missile with a passive radar homing head
(PRHH) is designed to destroy the radars which are the parts of long- and
mediumrange air defense systems, as well as the other ground-based and shipboard
radars of various applications.

25. PRHH ensures target search and acquisition while suspended from under the
carrier in accordance with the carrier equipment data or independently, as well as
target tracking and signal shaping for missile guidance.

Main Performance Characteristics

Launch range, km 15-110

Maximum trajectory speed , m/s 1000

All-up weight, kg 600

Warhead weight, kg 87

Missile length, m 4,7
Missile diameter, m 0,36

KRYPTON" AS-17 (Kh-31A)

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26. This is the first supersonic anti-ship missile to arm tactical aircraft. Comparable
to the ANS missile developed jointly by France and Germany, "Krypton" employs a
solid fuel booster for initial thrust. Once at speed, the ramjets take over.

27. One version has four individual ramjets spaced evenly around the outside of
the airframe. This version, the Kh-31A, ducts the ramjet intakes into an internal
combustion chamber. Designed for 24mm "E" and "F" motors, this is a distinguished
and classy up-to-the-minute addition to any rocket fleet.

28. The Kh-31A high-speed airborne antiship missile with an active radar homing
head (ARHH) is designed to destroy ships of different types including the destroyers,
proceeding both alone and as a part of striking groups under any weather conditions,
by day and night.

29. The Kh-31A missile can be used individually or in salvo. ARHH ensures target
acquisition and selection (at trajectory or before missile launch).

Main Performance Characteristics

Launch range, km 7.5-70

Maximum trajectory speed, m/s 1000

All-up weight, kg 610

Warhead weight, kg 94

Missile length, m 4,7

Missile diameter, m 0,36

AS-18 KAZOO (KH-59ME)

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30. The Kh-59ME TV guided standoff Missileis an improved version of the Kh-59
standoff missile and was introduced in the early 1990s. It features two larger
fragmentation and penetration warheads, minor airframe changes, and a new
propulsion system for extended range.
31. The Kh-59ME has an external turbofan engine below the body just forward of
the rear wings, but retains the powder-fuel accelerator. It also has a dual guidance
system consisting of an inertial guidance system to guide it into the target area and a
television system to guide it to the target itself.
32. The missile can fly at altitudes between 7 and 1,000 meters. The nosemounted
TV-sensor relays target area imagery to the launch airborne platform and the pilot
selects the impact point using the aircraft-mounted APK-9ME pod.
Specifications
Dimensions: Diameter 380 mm, Length 5.7 m, Wingspan 1.3 m
Weights: Warhead 320 kg (705 lb),
Weight 930 kg (2,050 lb)
Performance: Ceiling 1,000 m (3,281 ft), CEP 3 m (10 ft),
Max Launch Airspeed 1,100 kph (684 mph),
Max Launch Altitude 1,500 m (4,921 ft),
Max Range 115 km (62 nm),
Min Launch Airspeed 600 kph (373 mph),
Min Launch Altitude 200 m (656 ft),
Top Speed Mach 0.88 (1,052 kph)

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AS-14 KEDGE B (KH-29TE)
33. The Kh-29TE is an extended range version of the Kh-29T TV-guided air-tosurface
missile powered by a fixed-thrust solid-fuel rocket engine.
34. Depending on the launch altitude its maximum range varies from 30 (high) to 20
(low) kilometers compared to 10 kilometer on the Kh-29T. Kh-29TE is fitted with a high
explosive (HE) penetrating warhead and an impact fuze.
Specifications
Dimensions: Diameter 0.4 m,
Length 3.9 m,
Wingspan 1.1 m
Weights: Warhead 320 kg (705 lb),
Weight 690 kg (1,521 lb)
Performance: Max Range 30 km (16 nm),

Min Range 3 km (2 nm)

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SEKOLAH SISTEM MATERIEL
INSTITUT LATIHAN PENGURUSAN MATERIEL

TUDM KINRARA

PYROTECHNIC AIR/GROUND

1. Definition. Pyrotechnics is the science of using materials capable of undergoing
self-contained and self-sustained Exothermic Chemical reactions for the
production of heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound. Pyrotechnics include not only
the manufacture of fireworks but items such as safety Matches, Oxygen Candles,
Explosive Bolts and Fasteners, and components of the Automotive Airbag. It may
solid mixture or compounds when the reaction is, with some exceptions,
nonexplosive and relatively slow, self-sustaining and self-contained.

2. Pyrotechnic Actuated Devices (PAD) combine high reliability with very compact
and efficient energy storage, in the form chemical energy, which is converting to
expanding hot gases through either the deflagration or detonation. The controlled
action of a pyrotechnic device (initiated by any of several means, including an
electrical signal, optical signal or mechanical impetus) makes possible a wide
range of automated and/or remote mechanical actions; for example, the
deployment of safety equipment and services, precisely timed release sequences,
etc. The majority of the technical pyrotechnic devices use propellants in their
function, a minority use materials that are classified as primary or secondary
explosives to obtain very fast and powerful mechanical (mostly cutting) actions; for
example Cable Cutters, Exploding Bolts, or Similar Pyrotechnic Fasteners.

3. Individuals responsible for the safe storage, handling, and functioning of
pyrotechnic devices are referred to the personnel who is employed at Base
Ammunition Terminal (BAT).

4. One fundamental difference Pyrotechnics and Explosives is;

a. PYROTECHNICS usually involve the interaction of two or more
chemicals;

b. EXPLOSIVES usually involve the decomposition of chemicals.

5. Pyrotechnic compositions are used in the following applications;

a. Illuminating and Signal Compositions,
b. Tracer Compositions,
c. Smoke Compositions, and
d. Flame and heat producing compositions.

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SIGNAL CARTRIDGE 1.5 INCH

Current Types and Their Uses

6. The current types of Signal Cartridges in use are:

a. Cartridge 1.5 inch Single Star:

i. Red
ii. Green
iii. Yellow

b. Cartridge 1.5 inch Double Star:

i. Green - Green

ii. Green - Red iii. Red – Yellow iv. Yellow - Yellow

c. Cartridge 1.5 inch White Smoke Puff.

d. Cartridge 1.5 inch Brown Smoke Puff.

e. Illuminating.

f. Yellow Smoke Bouyant.

7. Signal Cartridges 1.5 inch are used for air to air, air to ground signaling. They are
to be used only as authorized for signaling purposes.

Cartridges Single and Double Star

8. These cartridges are used for general signals and vary in their uses, each colour
having a different meaning which is governed by the Department of Air (DTU).

Description

9. The cartridge consists of a case which houses star container, a propellant charge
and a wad.

10. The star container consists of thin, tinned plated cylinder, the inner sufer of which
is lined with paper line and around which is a primed cambric cylinder. The
container is filled with star composition which is primed at each end with gunpowder

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and an igniter pallet. The burning duration of the star composition is about 6 to 8
seconds.
11. A standard 1.5 inch capped cartridge base encloses the lower end of the case and
contains a small quantity of cap composition located between an anvil and a
percussion cap. The top of the cartridge case is closed firmly by a closing cup held
in place by the -turned-over upper edge of the case

Functioning
12. Signal cartridge are fired from a signal pistol. When the percussion cap is struck,

the cap composition is fired and the flash ignites the propellant charge of gun
powder. The burning charges fires the priming composition at the lower end of the

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star and the primed cambric cylinder. The gases formed by the burning of the
propellant charge eject the star composition from the cartridge case. The priming
through the igniter pellets ignite the star composition which produces the
appropriate coloured stars.

Safety Precautions

13. Signal cartridges are dangerous and can be lethal if the following precautions are
not observed:

a. When firing ensure the pistol is facing in safe direction.
b. Do not attempt to dismantle cartridge.

d. Misfire Drill: Try to refire, if this is not successful, hold for 15 seconds,
pointed in a safe direction, then carefully unload and segregate in a sealed
box for destruction

Top View of Signal Cartridge 1.5 inch

Red Colour Yellow Colour Green Colour

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Cartridge Signal 1.5 Inch White Smoke Puff Smoke (WSP) and Brown Smoke Puff
(BSP)
14. The WSP and BSP cartridges are used to simulate anti-aircraft shell burst in

tactical exercise and for signaling purpose. They may also be used to obtain an
indication of the speed and direction of the wind.
Description
15. The cartridge consist of a rimmed metal base into which one end of a rolled
paper tube is secured. In the base is a standard percussion cap and a paper
wad. Secured to the wad by shellac is a felt washer which houses a propellant
charge of gunpowder. On top of the millboard washer is a puff cylinder, which
consists of paper, the bottom of which are secured by a crimped edge of a
diaphragm. The diaphragm, which forms part of a delay assembly, is
cupshaped and stiffened by a millboard washer. An aluminum container is
secured over a hole in the center of the diagram and contains a lead tube filled
with gunpowder.
16. Acentral tube of paper contains a secondary charge of gunpowder and fits over
the end of the container. A hold in the end of the tube is closed by two paper

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discs. The remainder of the puff cylinder is filled with smoke composition and
closed discs and diaphragm.

Functioning
17. When the percussion cap is fired, it ignites the propellant charge and the

pressure of the resultant gases ejects the puff cylinder from the cartridge case.
The delay composition is ignited by the flash from the propellant charge, and
ensures that the puff cylinder is well clear before being distrupted. When the
delay composition has burned for approximately 1.5 second, it ignites the
secondary charge which explodes to ignite the smoke composition, burst the
cylinder and produce a cloud of white or brown smoke.
Safety Instruction
18. The cartridge must not be fired in the vicinity of landing grounds, as the spent
delay unit may cause damage to aircraft tyres.
Cartridge lIIuminating

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19. This cartridge is unsuitable for detailed reconnaissance but, being of a
comparatively light weight, a number can be carried by an aircraft and to
determine whether the use of a reconnaissance flare is necessary. There is a
short delay between the firing of the cartridge and the ignition of the illuminating
composition. Description

20. The illuminating cartridge consists of a cardboard case and cartridge extension
which house a cylinder containing illuminating composition, a quantity of
priming composition, and a delay bush half filled with delay composition. The
lower end of the case contains a wad propellant charge. The cartridge
extension is secured to the case by a paper band.

21. The cylinder is closed at its upper end with closing disc and at its lower end
with two millboard washers. The delay bush is secured centrally in the washers
and projects downwards through a felt washer.

22. To the lower end of the case is attached a standard 1.5 inch capped cartridge
base. Which contains a small quantity of acap composition located between an
anvil and a percussion cap.

Functioning
23. When the percussion cap is struck the cap composition is fired and the flash

ignites the propellant charge. The burning charge ignites the delay composition
in the delay bush and the gases formed by the burning of the propellant charge
eject the cylinder from the case. After a delay of about 0.75 second the priming
composition is ignited by the burning delay composition and this ignites the
illuminating composition.

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PENGURUSAN BAHAN LETUPAN

YELLOW SMOKE BOUYANT
24. The cartridge 1.5 inch Yellow Smoke Bouyant is fired from a standard 1.5

Signal Pistol from light aircraft or helicopters. It is suitable for use over land or
over water to indicate wind speed and direction.
Description
25. The cartridge is made up of a standard rolled paper tube with a rimmed metal
base. In the base is a standard percussion cap and a cup shaped paper wad.
Secured to the wad by shellac is a felt washer which, together with the wad
houses a propellant charge of gunpowder. This housing is closed by a disc of
paper. On top of the paper disc is a smoke canister assembly and above this
the cartridge is closed by two millboard discs and a glazed board closing cap,
secured in position by the spun end of the case.
26. The central column containing a delay composition runs through the buoyancy
chamber and protrudes into the lower part of the smoke pellet. A strip of primed
cambric, protected by celluloid, is contained in the upper part of the smoke. The
canister is closed at the lower end by a cupped washer and at the upper end
by a polystyrene washer. The whole being enclosed in a metal container open
only over the delay composition tube. A spacer resting on a tubular collar
separates tile smoke pellet from the buoyancy chamber.

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Functioning
27. When the percussion cap is fired, it ignites the propellant charge and the

pressure of the resultant gases eject the smoke canister from the cartridge case
and the signal pistol.
28. The delay composition is ignited by the flash from the propellant charge and
ensures that the canister is well clear of the aircraft before the smoke pellet is
ignited. Ignition is assisted by the primed cambric strip. When use on water, the
canister will float with "the buoyancy chamber uppermost. A cloud 'of yellow
smoke will issue from the empty delay tube for a period of at least 25 seconds.

SIGNAL DISTRESS DAY AND NIGHT NO.1 MK2
29. This signal distress are a dual purpose signals, having a smoke unit at one end

and a flare unit at the other. Each unit can be operated independently of the
other. When either the smoke unit or the flare unit is operated, the spent end
can be cooled in water leaving the other end available for future use.

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Description
30. The signal is a hand held device consisting of a body, a flare unit, a smoke unit

and two end caps.
31. Body. The cylinder yellow plastic body is divided into two separate

compartments, each being fitted with an aluminum liner. The body has an
internal thread of each end to receive the end caps. The smoke (Day) end is
indicated by a green cap and the flare (Night) end is indicated by a serrated
white cap. Operating the instruction are imprinted on the body between the two
coloured caps.
32. Flare Units. The flare unit is housed in one compartment and consists of a
flare composition with a percussion igniter and strike. These items are housed
in a central igniter tube through the middle of the flare unit. The cocked spring

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loaded strike is held by a pull-off safety fork and firing ring. The flare has a
burning time of 18 seconds approximately

33. Smoke Unit. The smoke unit is housed in the other compartment and consists
of a smoke pellet with a percussion igniter assembly similar to the flare end.
The firing pin is held by a pull-of safety fork and firing ring. The smoke pellet
has a burning time of 18 seconds approximately.

Functioning

34. When either strike is released, it his and fires the percussion cap which ignites
the primed cambric and celluloid strip. The ignited cambric and celluloid, ignites
the respective smoke or flame pellet.

Lifting

35. Signal, Distress Day & Night No.1 Mk. 2 is to be proof test at every 12 monthly.
Storage life is 4 years and in used life for 3 years provided it does not exceed
the storage life.

SIGNAL DISTRESS, ROCKET HAND FIRED, PARASHEET L 1A1 MK 3

36. The rocket, signal distress is for used when urgent assistance is required and
the rocket may be held and fired by hand if necessary may be operate with one
hand.

Specification

37. Performances are as below;

a. Flare ejected at 300 m altitude when fired vertically, or 200 m fired at
45º

b. Burn for 30 sec produce 80,000 Candelas, with the explosive content 115
g of Gun Powder.

c. Weight up to 360 gram and it Shelf Life is 3 years.

Description

38. Water Proof Plastic Containers are use to supply the rocket. The top cap is
painted Red and the cap at the bottom end is painted blank. Both caps are seal
with Adhesive Tape. A Striker Housing containing a trigger, a striker and a
precaution cap, closes the bottom of the discharger. A channel across the outer
end of the housing accommodates the Trigger and a Foam Block. A key holes
slot in trigger engages a groove near the rear end or the striker and a lever
hinged to the trigger is shape to form a fulcrum. The striker is hold in
compression by a spring.

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Rocket Hand Fired Para Sheet

39. The Percussion Cap and five grains of Gun Powder are housed in a
compartment in the inner end of the striker housing, the compartment being
closed by a Primed Cambric Disc. A Copper Flash Tube over the Cambric Disc
is secured in position by the Cemented Plastic Cap.

40. Over the Striker Housing is a rocket case of flight alloy containing a Rocket
Motor Tube a Flare Case and Para Sheet, the rear end of the Rocket Case has
three apertures to form a Drum Type Tail.

41. A nozzle secured by turned over end or the Motor Tube, is alignment with the
Flash Tube. The Motor Tube houses an Inhibitor Ring of Emery Base Paper, a
pellet of Proprietary Motor Propellant and 15 grains of Gun Powder.

Operating Instruction
42. To operate the unit, follow the step below:

WARNING
Failure to follow the Operating Instruction can causes injury to the operator and

dangerous to personnel in the vicinity
a. To operate a rocket, remove the tape from the top cap and then remove

the cap. Then the tap from the bottom cap.
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b. Hold the rocket upright with the White or Red Cap at the top, remove the
bottom cap and allow the lever to pivot downwards.

c. Rotated the trigger lever until its fulcrum just touches the discharger and
lightly hold the lever in this position with the base of the thumb, or fingers
until ready to fire.

d. With your arm extended upright and an approximately 45º with the arrow
on the flare pointing straight upwards. During firing, the eyes are to be
exerted from the rocket.

Para Flare Operation Technique

e. To fire the rocket, hold the rocket firmly with one hand and with the base
of the thumb of this hand or the finger of the other hands; squeeze the top
of the lever. The enlarge portion of the keyhole slot is in line and frees
the striker.

Functioning

43. When the trigger has released the striker, the spring forces the striker onto the
Percussion Cap which fires and ignites the fire grains of Gun Powder. The
flash from the Gun Powder consumes the Primed Cambric Disc and passes
through the Flash Tube and Nozzle to ignite the pellet of the Motor Propellant.
The pressure of the gases generated by the burning motor forces the Rocket
Case out of the discharger and to a height of approx. 100 feet, near the end of
burning of the Motor Propellant ignites the Gun Powder in the Flare Case from
the Rocket Case.

44. As the Para Sheet and Flare Case commence to fall the Para Sheet opened by
the airstream and retard to pull the Flare Case and at the same time, the
burning Gun Powder in the Flare Case igniting the Igniters Composition which
in turn ignites the Flare Composition. The Flare Composition in the Rocket,
Signal Distress burns with a Red Flame. In the rocket illuminating the flare
composition burns to produce an intense White Light.

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SIGNAL KIT MINIFLARE
45. Signal Kit Miniflare is a Distress Signal Pack used for attachment to aircrew

flying clothing, sea rescue dinghy, survival equipment and mountain rescue
operations. Consists of a container to accommodate eight (8) miniflare and a
handheld projector. The cartridges are of three types either red green or white.
The flare projects to a height of 200 feet and burns for 5 seconds and are visible
in normal day light condition from two to three miles.
Description
46. Container. Rectangular case of red PVC approximately 5.5 inches long, 2
inches height and 0.75 inches wide. 0.625 inch diameter verticle holes. 1.25
inch deep to accommodate the miniflares. Covered by a self sealing water tight
PVC flap cover which is anchored at one end and buttons onto a stud projecting
on the other end. Eight bosses on the underside of the flap cover fit snugly into
the top of too vertical holes. Bottom of the container is longitudinally bored to
accommodate the projector.

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47. Projector. Which is approximately 4.75 inch long and 0.5 inch in Diameter,
consists of duralumin tube, housing a spring loaded stainless steel firing pin. A
thumb operated cocking stud is secured to the firing pin. At rest, it is situated at
the forward end of the groove. When the stud is moved to the rear end of the
groove, it takes with it the striker pin and compresses the spring. When
releases, the spring impels the pin to firing position. The tube is threaded
internally at each end to accept the closing and the miniflare. Externally,
machined to a medium knurl to form handgrip.

48. Cartridge. Which weight 145 grams, is approximately 1.25 inch in length and
0.637 inch at its larger diameter. Consists of an outer and inner container of
aluminum, housing igniter and tracer compositions. The lower portion is of
reduced diameter and externally threaded to screw into a projector. The base
end is closed with a .22 inch black Rimfired cartridge. Inner container houses
igniter composition for the bottom third of the capacity. The reminder is filled
with either red, green or whi1e tracer composition. The container is close with
a fibre board disc and seals with N.C. varnish.

Colour Code

+ Red
– White
▲ Green

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● Yellow

Operation and Functioning
49. Preparation. When it is required to use the equipment the projector is withdraw
from its stowage in the container and checked to see that its end cap is screwed fully
home.
50. The flap cover of the container is then unbuttened and pulled back to expose
the first cartridge. The projector is screwed on to the threaded base of the cartridge
and the cartridge withdrawn from the container.
51. Firing. The projector is hel at the full extent of the arm, above the head and
the cocking stud pulled back to its fullest extent and released. The firing pin is then
impelled forward by the spring and strikes the rimfire blank cartridge.
52. Functioninq. When the cartridge is struck, the rimfire composition is fired and
the flash sets off the igniter composition, which initiates and ejects the tracer
composition.
53. Re-Ioading. The spent cartridge is unscrewed from the projector with the
cocking stud in the fired position. The flap of the container is pulled back to expose
the next cartridge and projector screwed into it.

Mini Flare Cross Section

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Mini Flare Operation Technique

SMOKE HAND GRENADE MK IV (4)

54. Applications (used) of this Hand Smoke Grenade are as state below:

a. As a indicator to the wind direction and speed.
b. Target Indicator
c. Search and Rescue Marker
d. Landing and dropping zone

55. The unit specifications are listed below:

a. Overall Weight: 300 gm

b. Weight of Explosive: 190 gm

c. Burn Time: 45 to 60 sec

d. Waterproof: Up to 150 mm

e. Type of Ignition: Hand Thrown, Fly-Off Lever, Cock Striker

Description

56. The grenade consists of a Cylindrical Metal Container as a body with an
Igniters, a Striker and a Fly-Off Lever Assembly which is retained to the grenade
body or held in safe position by the Cotter Pin (Safety Pin) to which is attached
a Pull Ring to enables the operator to pull it when ready to initiate the grenade.
It is fitted with Grenade Igniting Fuse M201 A1. There 4 Smoke Emission Holes
in the top of the grenade which are sealed with Plastic Disc to prevent the entry
of moisture until Smoke Composition burn and its blow the disc. Dense smoke
is emitted for 45 sec minimum and 60 sec maximum.

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Color Smoke Hand Grenade
Identification
57. The grenade body is painted with Light Green Colour and it is marking with the

colour font according to the type of colour which is produce when it is initiates
(Yellow, Blue and Red), or the colour of Smoke Composition.
58. Ignition Fuse M 201 A1. The fuse consists of a Striker, Primer, Delay Element
and Ignition Mixture. It has a Safety Lever which is held against the action of
the Striker Spring by a Cotter Pin.

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Smoke Hand Grenade Cross Section
Function
59. After the Cotter Pin pulled and Safety Lever released, the striker under the

influence of Spring Loaded Plunger hits the Primer and the Primer ignites thus
initiates the 1.2 to 2 sec Delay Element of the fuse. At the end of the delay, the
ignition mixture is ignited thus turn ignites the starter mixture of the main filling.
The starter mixtures set off the filling of colored smoke for 45 to 60 sec.
Safety Devices
60. The primary safety device is the Cotter Pin (Safety Pin) and Pull Ring Assembly.
With this in position the Fly-Off Lever is not free (retain in safe position) to move
and to prevents operation of the Striker Assembly. With Safety Pin removed,
the grenade is safe providing the Safety Lever is in position and held against
the grenade body.

FLARE GROUND INDICATING YELLOW Y 920 (FGI)
61. Application in
a. General Ground to Air Signaling
b. Marking of runways or Helicopter Landing Pads
c. Dropping Zone indicator for Parachutists
d. Perimeter Security
Description
62. The Flare Ground Indicating Yellow Y920 is used for indicating landing or

dropping areas and for warning purposes to aircraft such as runways marking
in poor visibility. The flare burns for between 3 and 4 min with a light intensity
in excess of 55,000 candela.

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Flare Ground Indicating Yellow

Contruction

63. The flare consists of a Cylindrical Plastic Casing containing a High Intensity Flare
composition. The base is fitted with a Spike for Ground Mounting. The top is sealed
with a waterproof cap. The flare casing is designed to be consumed during burning.
This ensures that foreign abject damage ( FOD ) does not occur by the flare body
being ingested inti Helicopter or Aircraft Turbine Engines.

64. Specification :

a. Burn time: 3 min norminal

b. Length : 340 mm

c. Diameter: 41 mm

d. Nett weight: 373 g

e. Nett Explosive Quantity: 333 g

f. Operation temp range : -30°C to +75°C

SEKOLAH SISTEM MATERIEL
INSTITUT LATIHAN PENGURUSAN MATERIEL

TUDM KINRARA

TYPE OF AMMUNITION

Introduction

1. Ammunition which is general use in the RMAF may be divided into two
cetegories;

a. That use with Aircraft Guns; and
b. That use for ground training of personal with weapons and ground defence purpose

2. General requirements for all ammunitions fixed round may be briefly stated as follow;

a. Ability to withstand rough usage and exsposure
b. Safety in storage , transport and use
c. Ability to Magazine and Automatic Arm
d. Capable of being rapidly and cheaply produced in time of emergency

3. The main components of a round of fixed ammunition are as follow;
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Component Part Of Typical Ammunition And Cartridge

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a. Projectile (Aircarft Ammo) or Bullet (SAA)
(1). The contraction varies with caliber and type. Most bullet or projectile
are made several different material. Most Small Arm Ammunition (SAA)
bullets have a steel or Lead Core encased by an Envelope made of
Cupronickel or Gilding Metal. The soft envelope engages the rifling of
the barrel and imparts spin to time bullet.
(2). Some larger projectile are made of hollow steel and are filled with
High Explosive (HE). In this case the projectile is fitted with copper
driving band near the base for the purpose of engaging the rifling and a
direct acting fuse is screwed into the nose of projectile.
(3). The term “Projectile” is used to detonate any missiles that is shot from a
weapon (gun).
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(4). While the term “Bullet” is used in particularly reference to a projectile
up to .50 in calibre (Mini Gun). Therefore the word bullet should only be
used in connection with smaller calibre ammunition.

b. Cartridge Cases

(1) The material used in the production of cartridge cases must be capable
of being moulded or drawn and strong enough to withstand the stresses
it is subjected to during firing and extraction. Its must also have a ability
to withstand rust, for these reasons most cartridge cases are made of
brass.

(2) The cases is slightly tapered to assist in primary extraction and
bottlenecked to permit sufficient space for the propellant charge. The
rear of the case is thickened to withstand the thrust of expanding gases
and to receive the percussion or electrical firing cap. The are two basic
types of cartridge cases show;

(a) Rimmed
(b) Rimless,this type of cartridge cases is used in most

automatic weapons as it is easier to load and feed during firing.

Rimmed Rimless

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c. Percussion Cap Assembly/Primer

(1). The Percussion Cap (for SAA) is fitted centrally in the base of the
cartridge case and comprises of an anvil normally integral with the case,
and an initiating composition of fulminate of mercury or Lead Azide.
Flash holes are provided between the initiating composition and the
propellant charge. An Annulus round the Percussion Cap is Lacquered
(Purple) to seal the Percussion Cap into the Cartridge Case.

(2) The Primer (Aircraft Ammo) also located at the same as Percussion
Cap.

Percussion Cap, Anvil and Flash Hole in base of Catridge Case

d. Wad and Lubricant

(1) The purpose of wad, where one is include, is to provided a gasetight seal
as

The projectile passes from the neck of the cartridge into the bore. In some
ammunition

The cannelure of the bullet is filled with bees-wax which lubricates the bore
when the

weapon is fired.

e. Propellant Charge

(1) The cartridge case is filled with a propellant charge, which is usually
cordite,nitrocellulose or nobel rifle neonate. These propellant are
manufactured in various shapes to control the burning rate and the
subsequent rate of combustion can be controlled. Figure 9.10 show the
unburned propellant in line, and the partially burned propellant in black.

4. Functioning. When the firing pin is released, the Percussion Cap is indented,
sufficient to cause friction between the cap and the anvil. The cap composition
being highly sensitive explosive, generate heat which passes through the fire
hole and ignite the propellant charge.

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5. Base Markings. The base of the cartridge is generally stamped with the following
marking;

a. The mark number and where appropriate, a letter following the mark number, to
indicate the type of propellant.

b. The contractor’s initials or recognized trademark.

c. The year of manufacture in full, or the last two figure of the year of
manufacture.

Manufacture

Lot Number

Base Markings

Types Of Small Arm Ammunitions (SAA)

6. SAA is refers to all ammunition which is used in the service such as Pistol, Rifle,
Combat Carbine and Machine Gun with a caliber of less than 20mm.

7. Cartridge is a round of Ammunition which is complete with a propellant but
without a Bullet.

8. The type of Small Arms Ammunitions (SAA) used in the service at the present
are:

a. .22 in
b. .38 in
b. 5.56 mm
c. 7.62 mm
d. 9 mm
e. 12 Bore Shot Gun Cartridge

‘Rim Fire’ .22 inch caliber Ammunition (Survival Pistol)

9. These ammunition is used for practice and training purposes. The term “Rim Fire”
signifies a cartridge did not have the percussion cap, but having the rim of the
cartridge case filled with cap composition.

10. The bullet, which is Lead Alloy, is round nosed and has a shallow depression in
its base. It has 4 Cannelure and the front 3 filled with Beeswax to act a lubricant
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when the bullet passes through the barrel. The bullet is crimped to the case by
the fourth cannelure; the cartridge case is generally made of Copper Alloy or
Cupronickel. An annular groove inside the rim at the base contains the cap
composition.
11. The propellant charge of the cartridge is Non-Rusting Neonite. When the
cartridge is fired, the deposit of Beeswax was left in the bore of the rifle which is
help to protect the barrel against rust. The deposit should not be removed.
12. Similar to this cartridge, is .22 in Hornet, which is used in the Survival Pack of
Aircraft F5E/F, the made and design was the same, only the different is at bullet,
where the Lead and Antimony Core of the Hornet Bullet were covered by Gilding
Metal Envelop.
13. It effective range only 50 yards. Its mean, it can be practice at 25 meter range.

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Cross Section of Cartridge .22 in
Cartridge .22 inch Hornet
14. This ammunition is used in the Rifle-Shotgun Survival .22/410 M6 and considered

effective for medium game at yards range.
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15. The .22 inch Hornet is a centre fire cartridge, consisting of a rimmed brass case
containing the propellant, a percussion cap arid a bullet of lead with a giding
metal envelope.

5.56 mm caliber Ammunition (Rifle)
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16. The bullet consists of a gilded metal envelope which contains a Lead and

Antimony Core. A single cannelure or groove is formed around the bullet to act
as a holding medium.
17. The cartridge case is made of Brass and it is reduced in diameter to take the
bullet. It is a rimless case containing a percussion cap.
18. The tracer bullet is coated with orange color to quick identified purpose at the tip
of the bullet.
19. The progression of preparation of the SAA Bullet is laid down in Annex A.
20. The full function of rifle type ammunition is laid down in Annex B.

5.56 mm in various purposes

7.62 mm Caliber Ammunition (Machine Gun)
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21. This type of Ammo is similar to the Ammo 5.56 mm, except the different in the
propellant type and amount. It is bigger than 5.56 mm Ammunition in cartridge
case and diameter of caliber.

22. The propellant used in the 7.62 mm round is approximately 43.5 grains of NRN
(Nobel Rifle Neonite) and Nitrocellulose Powder.

23. Ammo 7.62 mm Tracer Similar to the 7.62mm Ball with exception of then bullet
construction. The bullet contains a tracer filling which is ignited by the
propellant.The tracer is visible 150 yds from the rifle muzzle and remains so for
at least 1300 yds.

24. Light is using Barium Salts. It is not true that they use only Green Tracers even
if identified by green bullet tips. Some modern designs use compositions that
produce little to no visible light and radiate mainly in infrared, being visible only
on night vision equipment. There are three types of tracers: Bright Tracer,
Subdued Tracer and Dim Tracer. Bright Tracers are the standard type, which
start burning immediately after exiting the muzzle.

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CARTRIDGE 7.62 mm - F1A1 BLANK
25. These cartridge are used when it is desired to simulate the sound of normal rifle

fire for training, funerals and ceremonial parades.
26. The blank cartridge conforms to the shape of the ball ammunition. It consists of

an aluminum base containing a percussion cap, and a black polyethylene body.
The tip of the nose is notched to weaken it. When the round is fired, the weekend
tip bursts and allows the gas generated to dissipate.

FIGURE 2-34

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7.62 mm BLANK ROUND.

9 mm Ammunition (Automatic Pistol)
27. This Ammo is for use with 9mm Automatic Pistol such as Pistol Browning, HK,
Glock, Pindad and HK Sub-Machine Gun 9mm (close combat). The bullet is round
nosed and consists of a Lead and Antimony Core enclosed in Gliding Metal
Envelope.The bullet is forced fitted (not fixed) into the Cartridge Case, there being no
Cannelure in the bullet. The Cartridge Case, which is rimless, is of brass and houses
the Anvil and a Percussion Cap.The Propellant Charge is 6 grains of AR3002
Composition.

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28. Ammo 9mm Drill MK 1 is identical in shape and dimensions to the 9mm ball
round. The cartridge is Chromium Plated and the case has four 1/8 inch holes drilled
in the pairs diametrically opposite each other.The base of the cartridge does not
contain a Percussion Cap, and the cavity is painted Red.

Ammo 9 mm Ball Ammo 9 mm Parabelum Ammo 9 mm Ball
Figure 9.15: Ammo 9 mm Cross Section

29. Another type of ammunitions which is identical to Ammo 9 mm is 0.38 inch,
which is use for Revolver Type Pistol.

Cartridge Ball – 9 mm

30. This cartridge is for use with 9 mm Pistol Browning Automatic and F1
submachine gun 9 mm.

31. The bullet is round nosed and consists of a lead and antimony core enclosed
in a gilding metal envelope. The bullet is forced fitted into the cartridge case, there
being no Wnf1elure in the bullet. The cartridge case, which is rimless, is of brass and
houses the anvil and a percussion cap.

Precautions

32. Cartridges 9 mm ball deteriorate rapidly in hot humid climates once they are
removed from their seated containers. The following precautions are therefore to be
taken:

a. Ammunition in unsealed containers is not to be exposed to the sun.
b Ammunition is to be kept as dry as possible.

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Cartridge 9 mm – Drill MK 1
33. The cartridge is identical in shape and dimension to the 9 mm Ball round. The
cartridge is chromium plated and the ccase has form 1/8 inch holes drilled holes drill
in pair dia metrically opposite each other. The base of the cartridge does not contain
a precussion cap, and cavity is painted red.

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12 Gauge/Bore Shot Gun Cartridge (Shot/Pump Gun)
34. Shot Gun cartridges are normally constructed with a Brass Rimmed Base
carrying a Percussion Cap with a Plastic or Waxed Paper Cylinder carrying the
Propellant and Shot (Ball Bearing) fixed to the base. The Propellant and Shot are

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separated by Wad. The Shot is held in position with a wad and the end of the case
closed by crimping. The 12 Gauge Cartridges are use in Breda Shot Gun or Pump
Gun and cartridge length is 2.75 inch.
35. It operation, when the Shot Gun is fired the Firing Pin strikes the Percussion
Cap and resultant flash ignites the Propellant Charge. The Propellant Gases
generates exert pressure on the Wad separating the shot and drive whole forward
against the crimped neck. The neck mushrooms and allows the shot to travel up the
barrel of the gun.

AIRCRAFT AMMUNITION
36. Two types Aircraft Ammunition currently used in service are:

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a. 20 mm
b. 30 mm
20 MM AMMUNITION
37. Cartridges 20 mm Target Practice (TP) and High Explosive Incendiary (HEI) are for
use in the M61A1 automatic gun which is filled to the F-18D, F5E and
Alloutte aircraft.
Description
38. Both cartridges consist of a brass cartridge case which is fitted with an electric
primer and a proper at charge of double base propellant (OLIN WC 870).
39. The projectile are made of steel and differ in that the TP round is fitted with an alloy
nose plug, and the HEI projectile is filled with a high incendiary mix and centrifugally fuse.

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AIRCRAFT AMMO 20 MM PRACTICE

AIRCRAFT AMMO 20 MM API

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