Full_e-Proceeding iNUPC 2024

2024 1 INTERNATIONALURBAN PLANNINGCONFERENCE ST iNUPC Advancing Inclusi on and Inno vati on f o r Sustainab le De v el o pment Planning Advancing Inclusi on and Inno vati on f o r Sustainab le De v el o pment Planning e-Proceeding

i e-PROCEEDING OF 1 ST INTERNATIONAL URBAN PLANNING CONFERENCE (iNUPC) 2024 ` Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying Universiti Teknologi Malaysia First Printing June 2024 e-Proceeding of International Urban Planning Conference will be produced once a year for the event of International Urban Planning Conference purpose only. Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Copyright Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2024 Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Malaysia eISBN 978-629-99070-3-9

ii All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 1 st International Urban Planning Conference (iNUPC) 2024 Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data e-ISBN: Editors Nurul Diyana binti Md Khairi, Aida Maisarah binti Rosdi, Mia Qistina binti Junaidi, Elfira Fitri Wulandary binti Karnadi, Nadia Hanie Sofea binti Samsor, Nurul Izzah binti Hassan, Anisa Ibtesham Cover Design Elfira Fitri Wulandary binti Karnadi, Aida Maisarah binti Rosdi, Muhammad Nursyakir bin Mohd Shah Published in Malaysia by Fakulti Alam Bina dan Ukur, Lingkaran Ilmu, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor https://nupc.graduate.utm.my/

iii Table of Content Foreword from Director of iNUPC 2024 vii Organising Committee ix No. ID Paper Title Page 1 01 The Influence of Streetscape Elements in Shaping Community Perceptions on Walking in Taiping Commercial Area Aida Maisarah Rosdi, Noordini Che Man 1 2 02 An Analysis of Location Criteria for Data Centres through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach Lee Ming Zhe, Noradila Rusli 6 3 03 Synthesis of Key Design Principles of Mixed-Use Development Towards a Sustainable Planning Pathway Chew Hui Hoon, Chau Loon Wai 10 4 04 Simulating Urban Pedestrian Dynamics Using Agent-Based Modeling Siti Noraqilah Khairuddin, Muhammad Zaly Shah Muhammad Hussein 15 5 05 Analysis of Criteria for Determining Groundwater Recharges Zones using Systematic Literature Review Muhammad Rafif Azhari, Noradila Rusli, Nur Nabella Huda Azmi, Sharifah Norashikin Bohari 19 6 06 Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of the Safe City Program in Kemaman Shamira Natasya Suzaimi, Gabriel Ling Hoh Teck 24 7 07 Tracing The Evolution of Polycentric City Concept Kayla Nurpurwaningtyas, Chau Loon Wai 29 8 08 A Conceptual Framework for Investigating the Role of Sense of Belonging in Cultural Heritage Preservation Nur Zahidah Zulkifli, Nadzirah Hosen 33 9 09 Developing Effective Strategies for Assessing Risk in Bukit Bendera Mia Qistina Junaidi, Gobi Krishna Sinniah 37 10 10 Analyzing the Influential Factors on Pedestrian Walkability in Puteri Harbour Waterfront Development Area Muhammad Nursyakir Mohd Shah, Gobi Krishna Sinniah 41 11 11 The Impact of Land Use Changes of MADA’s Rice Cultivation Area on Malaysia’s Food Security Nor Syalwanis Mohd Saad, Mohamad Fadhli Rashid 45 12 12 Conceptual Framework for Factors Influencing the Increased Use of Online Food Delivery Noor Izzatie Asri, Zuhra Junaida Mohamad Husny Hamid 50 13 13 Exploring University Students' Satisfaction with E-Hailing Services: Developing a Conceptual Framework Siti Nur Alani Azhar, Zuhra Junaida Mohamad Husny Hamid 55 14 14 Powering Up - Exploring the Willingness to Pay for EV Charging Stations Puteri Nur Sabrina Hamzin, Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin 59 15 15 Determining Intersection Level-of-Service Using Microsimulation Muhammad Faiz Naufal, Muhammad Zaly Shah Muhammad Hussein 64 16 16 Analyzing Sentiments Surrounding the Indonesian Presidential Election and Its Three Contending Candidates Rizal Ramadhan Zulkarnaen, Noradila Rusli 67

iv 17 17 Enhancing Sustainable Pedestrian Networks through Urban Network Analysis Navina Ganesan, Gobi Krishna Sinniah 71 18 18 Role of Regional Development Authority on Physical Development of Township in Malaysia Riski Afifah Paryanto, Mohamad Fadhli Rashid 74 19 19 Impact of Family Business on Tourism at The World Heritage Site Nurul Hafiza Ab Kadir, Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 79 20 20 Factors Influencing Women's Fear at the Bus Terminal Yasmin Afiqa Tajuddin, Nabila Abdul Ghani 83 21 21 Factors Influencing the Legalization of Illicit Factories in Selangor Nurul Aqifah Othman, Gabriel Ling Hoh Teck 88 22 22 Factors Impacting Socioeconomic Changes of Rural Communities in the Development of Village Settlements in the KEJORA Region Mohamad Farhan Shah Jasni, Mohamad Fadhli Rashid 92 23 23 Identifying Challenges Faced by Elderly Individuals While Driving Private Vehicles Using PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMAScR) Anis Fatinah Noor Azhar, Nabila Abdul Ghani 98 24 24 Is Fishing Activity Sustainable? Assessing the Sustainable Indicators for Fishing Activity in Malaysia Muhamad Syahir Senu, Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin 103 25 25 Solid Waste Management Practice in Universities towards Zero-waste Campus Nadia Hanie Sofea Samsor, Noordini Che Man 107 26 26 Exploring Factors Influencing Micro-Mobility Adoption Among University Students: A Comprehensive Literature Review Nurul Athira Sapri, Zuhra Junaida Mohamad Husny Hamid 111 27 27 Discrete Event Simulation of Passenger Queuing at Public Transport Izzatun Nisa Khairul Khubaidillah, Muhammad Zaly Shah Muhammad Hussein 115 28 28 Exploring the Drivers of Memory Retention in Children’s Conservation Narratives Nur Farah Sakirah Shahrudin, Nadzirah Hosen 120 29 29 Factors of Rainy Weather Towards the Choice of Public Transportation Modes in Johor Bahru City Nurnazifa Syafiqah Zamzam, Safizahanin Mokhtar 123 30 30 Landscape Plants Selection and CO₂ Emission Along Roadside An Nur Najihah Mohd Faisal, Safizahanin Mokhtar 126 31 31 Measuring the Location Criteria Level on the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for Seafood Products Nurul Nornabila Mohamad Sukor, Mohamad Fadhli Rashid 131 32 32 Users’ Satisfaction Level of Express Rail Link (ERL) Services: Literature Review Atira Sofia Muhamad Nasri, Zuhra Junaida Mohamad Husny Hamid 136 33 33 Analysis of Criteria for Affordable Housing in Peninsular Malaysia using Systematic Literature Review Wan Nurathirah Wan Ahmad, Noradila Rusli 141 34 34 Public Awareness in the Conservation of Urban and Heritage Buildings in Johor Bahru, Malaysia Siti Nur Aleia Asmi, Noor Aimran Samsudin 145

v 35 35 YouTube and Inland Fishing: Potential for Promotion of Wetland Conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia Khansa Maritza Azra, Mohammad Rafee Majid 150 36 36 Occupancy Rate Condominium and Apartment at Johor Bahru: Comparing East and West Area Elfira Fitri Wulandary Karnadi, Mohammad Rafee Majid 155 37 37 Planning for Public Realm Elements: Tourists’ Perspective in Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur Muna Munirah Mustafa, Hairul Nizam Ismail 160 38 38 Factors That Influence the Utilization of Open Space and Recreation: A Review Putri Nur Afiqah Mohd Anuwar, Gabriel Ling Hoh Teck 164 39 39 A Study on Streetscape Elements Fostering Green and Low-Carbon City in Johor Bahru's Commercial Centre Nurul Izzah Hassan, Siti Hajar Misnan, Hilma Tamiami Fachrudin 168 40 40 Evaluation of Food Security Elements Towards Stability of Malaysia’s Agricultural Sector Nursufia Suria Halimey, Mohamad Fadhli Rashid 173 41 41 Informal Business Support for Cultural Tourism in World Heritage Sites Siti Maisarah Yusoff, Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 178 42 42 Assessing Residents' Perceptions of Smart Infrastructure and Services: A Study on Security, Convenience, and Usefulness Experience in Smart City Development. Muhammad Aqif Asman, Nafisa Hosni 182 43 43 Tourism Entrepreneur for New Venture Creation: Short Term Rental Nurin Irdina Radzuan, Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 189 44 44 Comparative Analysis of Campus Sustainability Achievement Using UI GreenMetric Anisa Ibtesham, Siti Hajar Misnan 194 45 45 Investigative Framework for Assessing Citizen Perception of Drainage Vulnerability to Flash Floods Mohammed Ahmed Salem Saleh, Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin 198 46 46 Effectiveness of Geotourism Interpretation in Educating Youth for Sustainable Geopark Development Leow Hui Qing, Syed Muhammad Rafy Syed Jaafar 204 47 47 A Review on Motivation in Participating Outdoor Sports Event Tourism Airin Azwa Yuzaini, Syed Muhammad Rafy Syed Jaafar 209 48 48 Assessing the Hotel Services Proficiency for MuslimFriendly Tourism in Kelantan Nurina Izzati Noor Azman, Nurul Diyana Md Khairi 214 49 49 Potential of Astrotourism in Tropical Countries Audrey Osman, Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 219 50 50 Investigating The Trend of Cafe Establishment in NonCommercial areas in Johor Bahru Nur Fatini Farrahin Muhd Azmi, Syed Muhammad Rafy Syed Jaafar 223 51 51 Exploring the Luxury Tourism Segmentation in Malaysia Muhammed Shazwan Zarul Ahmad, Syed Muhammad Rafy Syed Jaafar 227 52 52 Exploring the Accommodation Business Cluster Phenomenon in Gunung Berembun, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan Faiq Najmi Mohd Azmi, Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 231 53 53 Click, Ride, Go: A Closer Look at E-Ticket Accessibility in Larkin Bus Terminal Nureen Solehah Hisham, Gobi Krishna Sinniah 235

vi 54 54 Heritage Tourist and Smart City Approach in World Heritage Site Azriel Iskandar Jaharul Ariffin, Hairul Nizam Ismail 239 55 55 Exploring Avian Biodiversity and the Relationship to Land Cover at UTM Campus Ariq Nafil Athallah Apri, Mohammad Rafee Majid 244 56 56 Tamarind Trees - Integrating Nature's Strength into Tsunami Mitigation Strategies in Banda Aceh, Indonesia Febri Rachmatul Ikram, Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin 249 57 57 A Photographic Exploration of Aceh's Dark Tourism Sites Said Naufal Hibrizi, Nadzirah Hosen 253 58 58 Food Security Criteria for Urban Planning Nurul Sharmila Omar, Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 257 59 59 Flood Inundation Trends Assessment Using Water Spectral Indices in Northern Coast Central Java, Indonesia Indah Cahyaning Sari, Yunita Ratih Wijayanti 262 60 60 The Role of Stakeholders in Implementation of Community Based Tourism (Case Study: Historical Village – Peneleh Surabaya Indonesia) Khafizh Salsabila Widya 267 61 61 A Study of the Carbon Credit Framework in Malaysia's Petroleum Refineries Industry Ag Mohd Izzuddin Ag Abu Bakar, Nabila Farhana Jamaludin 272 62 62 Collective Efficiency in the Coconut Coir Cluster in Buluspesantren Subdistrict, Kebumen Regency Amalia Azizah Andan Dewi, Holi Bina Wijaya 277 63 63 First and Last-mile Importance on Daily Ridership Numbers a case study on TransJakarta and Mikrotrans (JakLingko) Relationship Ananda Krisna Pratama, Nisa Sabira Alhakim 283 64 64 Evaluate The Effectiveness of using Reverse Vending Machine (RVW) Nur Auzaimah Binti Mohd Ali, Nor Suzylah Sohaimi 289 65 65 Creating Regenerative Agrotourism with 4A Component for Sustainable Development in Banyuputih Village Hafizd Akbar Istnaeni Navireza, Kanindya Nooringsih 294 66 66 The Role of Tourism Elements in the Development of Singosari Temple Tourism Inayah Widya Nita, Holi Bina Wijaya 302 67 67 Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) as Drivers of Regenerative Tourism to Create Sustainable East Rejosari Village in Indonesia Khamelia Belvazaria, Zukruf Novandaya 308 68 68 Determine Social Element for Residential’s People Housing Program (PPR) Need Towards Sustainable Affordable Housing in Kedah Mohamad Zaidi Sabri, Nor Suzylah Sohaimi 314 69 69 Sustainable Regional Development Strategy: West Sumatra Government Policy in Budget Allocation from the Local Government Budget (APBD) in the Agricultural Sector for Regional Economic Progress Muthia Gasany Rayasha, Alif Asniati 320 70 70 Strengthening The Role of Traditional Markets as Rice and Corn Distribution Hub in Tersono District, Batang Regency Raisha Widianti, M. Indra Hadi Wijaya 325 71 71 Automotive Gathering as A Subset of Event Tourism Mifzal Hilman Azman, Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 331

vii 72 72 Integrating Virtual Reality Sensory Analysis for Sustainable Urban Food Systems Ameerul Aqim Mohd Azmi, Abdul Hannan Zulkarnain, Attila Gere 334 73 73 Methods of Simulating River Flooding in UK Nur Aisyah Mohd Bahrin 338 74 74 Prediction of Land Cover Changes of Indramayu Regency and Its Relation to The Rebana Priority Area Development Plan Using The Cellullar Automata Method Ayubella Anggraini Leksono, Nurrohman Wijaya 342

viii Foreword from Director of iNUPC 2024 Assalamualaikum wrt. wbt. and greetings, It is with great pleasure that I welcome you all to the 1st International Urban Planning Conference (iNUPC) 2024. This event marks a significant milestone as we gather to explore the theme, "Advancing Innovation and Inclusion for Sustainable Development Planning." This conference aims to create a dynamic platform where students can present their research findings and engage in enriching discussions with seasoned professionals. This unique opportunity not only showcases the brilliant work of our students but also provides them with valuable insights and guidance from industry experts, fostering a collaborative environment for learning and growth. The theme of our conference, "Advancing Innovation and Inclusion for Sustainable Development Planning," underscores the imperative of integrating innovative approaches with inclusive practices to achieve sustainable urban development. This theme resonates deeply with all stakeholders, present students, academicians, industry partners, and community leaders as it emphasizes the importance of collective effort in addressing urban challenges. By promoting innovation, we seek to explore new solutions that enhance urban living, while inclusion ensures that these advancements benefit all segments of society, creating equitable and resilient cities for the future. I extend my heartfelt gratitude to the advisors, professors, lecturers, and dedicated committee members whose tireless efforts have made this conference a reality. I also immensely grateful to the students for their enthusiasm and contributions, and to all participants for their engagement. This conference is more than just an event; it is a catalyst for intellectual exchange and professional networking. I hope that each attendee will be inspired to develop fresh ideas and perspectives and that the knowledge gained here will be applied in real-world urban planning scenarios. Let us envision this conference as the beginning of an annual tradition, fostering continuous dialogue and innovation in urban planning. Thank you to all authors and participants for your invaluable contributions. Wan Nurathirah Wan Ahmad Program Director, 1 st International Urban Planning Conference (iNUPC) 2024

ix Organising Committee Patron Prof. Datuk Ir Ts. Dr. Ahmad Fauzi bin Ismail Vice Chancellor of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Advisor Prof. Sr Dr. Kherun Nita binti Ali Dean of Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, UTM Chair Assoc. Prof. TPr Dr. Siti Hajar Binti Misnan Director of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, UTM Supervisor Dr. Mohd Alif Bin Mohd Puzi Dr. Khairul Hisyam Bin Kamarudin Dr. Nabila Binti Abdul Ghani Ts. Dr. Noor Aimran Bin Samsudin Dr. Nurul Diyana Binti Md Khairi Dr. Mohammad Fadhli Bin Rashid Dr. AK Mohd Rafiq Bin AK Matusin Lecturer for subject SBEW4293 Planning Conference Program Director Wan Nurathirah binti Wan Ahmad Deputy Director Mohamad Farhan Shah bin Jasni Secretary Nurina Izzati binti Noor Azman Deputy Secretary Muna Munirah binti Mustafa Treasurer Chew Hui Hoon Deputy Treasurer Nur Fatini Farrahin binti Muhd Azmi Protocol Committee Leow Hui Qing (Head) Siti Nur Aleia binti Asmi Audrey anak Osman Lee Ming Zhe Muhammad Faiz Naufal Navina Ganesan Nur Farah Sakirah binti Shahrudin Nur Zahidah binti Zulkifli Nurin Irdina binti Radzuan Nurul Athira binti Sapri Putri Nur Afiqah binti Mohd Anuwar Siti Nur Alani binti Azhar Proceeding Committee Aida Maisarah binti Rosdi (Head) Nadia Hanie Sofea binti Samsor Mia Qistina binti Junaidi Elfira Fitri Wulandary binti Karnadi Nurul Izzah binti Hassan Anisa Ibtesham Sponsorship Committee Muhammed Shazwan bin Zarul Ahmad (Head) Airin Azwa binti Yuzaini Faiq Najmi bin Mohd Azmi Febri Rachmatul Ikram Nursufia Suria binti Halimey Riski Afifah binti Paryanto

x Registration Committee Puteri Nur Sabrina binti Hamzin (Head) Nurul Nornabila binti Mohamad Sukor Izzatun Nisa binti Khairul Khubaidillah Khansa Maritza Azra Noor Izzatie binti Muhammad Asri Nureen Solehah binti Hisham Multimedia Committee Muhammad Nursyakir bin Mohd Shah (Head) Siti Noraqilah binti Khairuddin Kayla Nurpurwaningtyas Mohammed Ahmed Salem Saleh Muhamad Syahir bin Senu Nor Syalwanis binti Mohd Saad Technical Committee Muhammad Aqif bin Osman (Head) An Nur Najihah binti Mohd Faisal Anis Fatinah binti Noor Azhar Ariq Nafil Athallah Apri Atira Sofia binti Muhammad Nasri Azriel Iskandar bin Jaharul Ariffin Mifzal Hilman bin Azman Muhammad Rafif Azhari Nurnazifa Syafiqah binti Zamzam Nurul Aqifah binti Othman Nurul Hafiza binti Ab Kadir Rizal Ramadhan Zulkarnaen Said Naufal Hibrizi Shamira Natasya binti Suzaimi Siti Maisarah binti Yusoff Yasmin Afiqa binti Tajuddin

- 1 - ID-01: The Influence of Streetscape Elements in Shaping Community Perceptions on Walking in Taiping Commercial Area Aida Maisarah Rosdi 1 , Noordini Che Man 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The research explores the impact of streetscape elements on Taiping's community perception of walking in commercial areas. It applies site observations and surveys to understand the quality of the urban landscape and people's mindset on the environment as motivational factors for walking. The study emphasizes the importance of incorporating natural and cultural elements in urban aesthetics to make walking more enjoyable and interesting. The findings can contribute to existing literature on the role of environment and community walking preferences, providing insights for policymakers and local authorities in city development while preserving and enhancing heritage value. Keywords: Streetscape, Urban Aesthetics, Walkability, Community Wellbeing Introduction Walking for many people is the least preferred option even if the destination is within walking distance. This situation can be observed in urban areas that were mostly designed to be automobile based instead of walking (Yong Adilah et al., 2020). Although walking is the least preferred transportation mode, it has been recognised as one of the most indispensable travel modes that contributes to the wellbeing and sustainability of a town. The study area is a town located at the Northern part of Perak in Malaysia with a historical background as the earliest modern town planned with many colonial buildings and the famous Lake Garden that portrays the richness of culture and settlements that was formed in Taiping since the beginning. The classical gridiron pattern of the city was initially for walking and cycling and was not considered for the benefits of motorized vehicles. The fast-paced development and changing trends on top of the poor public transportation services however inflicted changes in walking behaviour and motivation which resulted in unwillingness of people walking in town (Yong Adilah et al., 2020). The prominent features of the city along with remnants of the town’s historical era collectively form a story and cohesive streetscape thus creating a unique and clear sense of place. Although several studies have been done to propose projects that can promote walking, safety concerns always become the main topic of concern as it is undeniably one of the key factors that any pedestrian will consider. This has consequently imposed the struggle of promoting walking in study areas (Yong Adilah et al., 2020). Hence, this study foresees the potential of using surrounding streetscape elements in promoting walkability by identifying and improving the elements of a sustainable streetscape and walkability indicators in a city for the benefits of pedestrians especially the local community as main road users. Literature Review Lynch, K., 1960 defines city image as people’s overall impression and cognition of an urban space. In addition to the elements of a city proposed by Lynch, K., Zhou et al., 2023 states that spatial and physical elements of a city should include unique historical features, urban patterns, public activities, and local traditional business. Aside from improving well-being and reducing carbon monoxide emissions, walking has been recognised as an indispensable mode of travel. However, in Malaysia walking was recognised as the least preferred transportation mode due to several reasons including poor road conditions and unpleasant weather conditions. For some people, especially in urban areas that prioritise automobilebased transport, people would not prefer walking even though the destination is within walking distance. Having the state-of-the-art pedestrian facility might not be the only factor that

- 2 - encourage walking and there could be more reasons that contribute to walking motivation. Hence, this research aims to identify the motivational factor that influence willingness of local community, relating it with not only the pedestrian facilities, but also to the environment and what captures their interest to feel motivated to walk. Figure 1: Walkability Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid (Source: Adapted from ITDP, 2018) Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) has produced a comprehensive toolkit for development of pedestrian friendly streets to expand the measurement of walkability at more places and to promote a better understanding of walkability. While this tool does not measure walking itself, the metrics have been proven to support walking, especially as cities grow larger and wealthier and residents have more options for getting around. The framework for metric selection can be understood using the pyramid as in Figure 1, as proposed by ITDP, (2018). The pyramid provides the basis for developing and prioritizing walkability metrics at all citywide, street and neighbourhood level. Urban design features that meet the pyramid levels might vary depending on the subject who is walking. i. Urban Aesthetics and Impression on City Image A city or community with their own urban history and culture often have important historical, cultural, and artistic values such as unique buildings, cultural landscapes, cultural events and folklore and historical traditions that reflects regional history and cultural identity (Zhou et al., 2023). Development for areas with important historic, cultural, and aesthetic values often overlook the importance of spatial interaction and inconsistency amongst aesthetic perception and city impressions in complex and varying urban morphologies due to rapid transformation of human settlements (Zhou et al., 2023). This justifies the purpose of studying the connection of cityscape in terms of streetscapes and how they influence walking motivation. Zhao also mentioned that people often prefer the mixture of building structure and green space, and that the composition of natural and cultural elements is a key factor that must be addressed in urban design. Lynch, K., (1960) also proposed the classical concept that states spatial and physical elements of a city should include unique historical features, urban patterns, public activities, and local traditional business. The appearance of buildings, the consistency of architectural style and beauty of landscape have the potential to make a deep impression on people. Zhou proposed the relationship of city image, urban aesthetic, and urban environment where he mentioned that city image can affect the aesthetic of the city through its appearance, cultural features, public space, and art and cultural activities as shown in Figure 2.1. Appearance wise, the city’s architecture style, street layout and consistency of building appearance all exert an effect. Zhao added that these

- 3 - cultural characteristics reflect the identity and uniqueness of a place, adding a unique aesthetic charm. Figure 2: Relationship among city image, urban aesthetic, and urban environment (Source: Adapted from Zhou et al., 2023) ii. Surrounding Facilities and Walking Mindset The challenge to implement walking as a main mode of travel does not only rely on the availability, safety, convenience or comfort of a pedestrian walkway or pedestrian network, but the willingness and mindset of the person walking should be tackled beforehand. Other than focusing on improvising physical infrastructure, one should look at the other side of the road and study on what is potential to be a pull factor for walking. This has been discussed by Yong Adilah, S.H et al., (2020) that studied the behaviour of the community transport mode preferences while understanding their mindset about walking. Physical environment of a town has been recognised as an element that contributes to the sedentary lifestyle of the people living within. It is vital to study what motivates people to walk as there could be other motivating factors that contribute to the unwillingness of people to walk (Yong Adilah, S.H et al., 2020). As highlighted in their study, mind-set can be changed through alteration or stimulation of cognitive, affection and behaviour. Different individuals might have different mindset thus have different motivating factors that leads them to walk. Surrounding facilities might be considered as one of motivating factors of walking, as implemented in Japan, Machineoki concept embody the idea of hospitality that create a sense of belonging among community and revive the town, which in the case of Taiping, due to decrease in population (Yong Adilah, S.H et al., 2020). Aside from providing convenience for the pedestrians, facilities used as pit stop for pedestrians are also a place for social exchange. The voluntary decision of building owners to provide for the community contributes to stronger and more significant community involvement to revitalise the town through hospitality and portrays the community mindset that shifts from ‘receiving’ to ‘working together’ (Yong Adilah, S.H et al., 2020). Several studies have proven that there are many other factors that challenged and discouraged people to walk including weather, safety, quality of public transportation in town, ease of movement by cars and surrounding facilities for the comfort of walking experience such as toilets, seating area and information centre which is also part of the elements of streetscapes (Yong Adilah, S.H et al., 2020). Hence, this shows the importance of studying how far the streetscape elements that form the aesthetics of the city and their influence on walking motivation. Other than being the bare minimum for the requirement of Healthy Walkable

- 4 - Cities, streetscape elements can also satisfy the walking experience for both local community and tourists. Although, this might not be the game changer that can transform people's mindset about walking entirely, it can be considered as an effort to provide for the quality of life of residents and as a pull factor for the community to walk in town. iii. Elements and Principles of Sustainable Streetscape One of the elements studied in this research is elements of streetscapes. Being one of the most key factors that helps a city succeed and as an attraction for tourists, a sustainable streetscape plays a significant role in forming the visual image of sustainable cities. While streetscape will improve the image of any city, it can also sustain limited natural resources regionally by reducing energy use, water use, and stormwater runoff by increasing permeable surface area and landscaping. Among the elements of sustainable streetscapes by Rehan R.M., (2013) are sidewalks to provide safe, attractive, interesting and comfortable spaces for pedestrians; trees and landscape strips as effective treatment between sidewalks and streets to create buffer from vehicles; planters to add texture, colour and interest to streetscape; lighting to create safe and aesthetically pleasing public spaces; signage as visual guide, bus shelters, street corners, median, curbs, raingarden, street furnishing, benches, trash receptacles, bicycle facilities, crossings, public art and café spaces. Methodology Data collection method of this research is by using questionnaire survey, visual observation, and literature study. Sampling is attempted as the right sampling technique is important to be able to collect data from the respondents that are most relevant to the study conducted. Questionnaire form is distributed to obtain feedback from respondents about their perceptions and situation on site that encourage walking. The questionnaire will consist of three (3) sections, Section A, B and C. Section A includes demographic questions such as age, gender, categories, location of residence, ownership of any type of vehicle and mode of commute in the study area. Section B emphasises on the respondents walking experience between destinations along the street based on Likert Scale of 1 (Very Poor) to 5 (Very Good). Section C is to obtain respondents’ opinion on improvements of streetscape or city image and the impacts on their walking motivation. To give a better understanding on the issue, a visual study will be conducted, and information will be gathered using photography methods. Images and photographs of the study area were taken at several areas where people usually walk from one point to another and along 8 streets in the city. Visual study on site was to see the real issue concern in terms of walkability indicators listed from literature study. Literature study from several secondary and tertiary sources will contribute to better theoretical understanding of a walkable street and city image. Secondary sources in this study include policies such as guideline, district, and local plans while tertiary sources are local and international journals, case studies and online publications. Information from literature study such as walkability indicators and analysis methods from case studies will be used for survey and analysis. Findings Through a questionnaire survey on the community, it was evident that Taiping’s walkability infrastructures require major improvements to satisfy the community needs. The norms of using cars and motorized transport, specifically private transport in commercial area is a significant issue that must be solved, for better walking experience and to encourage community walking in town. The initial survey proves that the community demanded a better walkability infrastructure for them to feel motivated to walk. Local authorities and other policymakers should implement and prioritize pedestrian convenience in future development plans. The existing development plans for Taiping should be implemented with confidence, although having tourists as the initial target user as the development will directly benefit the community. The survey on community regarding their opinion on streetscape elements and

- 5 - motivation to walk reveals that 93% of the community will feel motivated to walk if elements of sustainable streetscapes were implemented. Improved streetscapes in the Taiping commercial area will boost pedestrian walking experience and enhance the significant colonial features of buildings in the city thus strengthening the value of Taiping as garden and heritage city. Figure 4: Respondents opinion on implementation of streetscape in Taiping commercial area (Source: Questionnaire survey, 2024) Conclusion The heritage value of Taiping makes the town unique, when compared to other cities in Malaysia. The city is expected to grow as a tourist attraction while carrying the title of historic city. The development for a city like Taiping requires understanding the soul and essence of the city’s history. By implementing the elements of sustainable streetscapes, responsible policymakers may develop strategies that lean towards maintaining, preserving, conserving, and enhancing the existing resources and values of the city for the benefit of the community. Every development of Taiping as a historic city should be site specific and based on the city’s character. Promoting walkability using streetscape can be considered as a method of shifting for the better, for both physical and social wellbeing of the community. This can be proven as development of is currently moving towards low carbon and a place accessible by all. Promoting walkability using streetscape in this historic city reflects the efforts of sustaining and showcasing the character of the community. References Basu, R., & Sevtsuk, A. (2022). How do street attributes affect willingness-to-walk? City-wide pedestrian route choice analysis using big data from Boston and San Francisco. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 163, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.06.007 ITDP. (2018). Pedestrian First Tool for A Walkable City. www.itdp.org Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (2005). Taiping: life and soul. Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of The City. PLANMalaysia. (2020). Rancangan Kawasan Khas Warisan Bandar Taiping 2020. Salin, O., & Pesso, K. (2017). Open Minds, Open Spaces: Mind-Set Changes during Urban Walking. Space and Culture, 20(4), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331217705302 Yong Adilah, S. H. (2020). Potential of Using Machinoeki as Push Factor to Encourage Community Walking in Town. Asian People Journal (APJ), 3(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.37231/apj.2020.3.2.135 Zhou, L. et al. (2023). Understanding the aesthetic perceptions and image impressions experienced by tourists walking along tourism trails through continuous cityscapes in Macau. Journal of Transport Geography, 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103703

- 6 - ID-02: An Analysis of Location Criteria for Data Centres through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach Ming Zhe Lee 1 , Noradila Rusli 2 ¹ Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor ² Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The study aimed to identify and prioritise criteria for site selection for a data centre in Malaysia, particularly in Johor, where research in this area is lacking. The content analysis approach was used to determine the final list of criteria. The criteria, categorised into physical and social factors, were analysed using the AHP method based on expert perspectives. The key criteria that revealed the high weights identified were disaster avoidance, infrastructure and utilities, and network latency and response time. This research provides valuable insights for decision-making in data centre site selection, contributing to the literature on data centre development in Malaysia and adding to the body of knowledge on data centre planning and development. Keywords: Data Centre, Site Selection, Criteria, AHP Method Introduction International Data Corporation (IDC) predicts that the amount of newly created data will reach 175 zettabytes by 2025, representing a massive increase of 146 times the amount generated between 2010 and 2025 (Reinsel et al., 2018). Consequently, the rapid increase in data generation and utilisation across various industries has led to a surge in demand for data servers and data centres. On an expanded basis, IDC estimates the global data market and business analytics sector to reach $189.1 billion in total revenue in 2021, rising to $274 billion by 2022 (Michael Lippis, 2019). With the flourishing of the world's data centre industry, the development and establishment of data centres will also enter a period of rapid development, along with the rapid growth of the social economy. The capacity constraints on data centres in Singapore bring about an overflow of demand which caused the recent surge of interest in investing in data centres in Johor. Therefore, Johor has the potential to become an increasingly important location for data centres in Malaysia as well as a viable alternative hub in Southeast Asia. The first problem encountered in building a data centre is site selection (Ronald Bowman & Terence Deneny, 2012). Thus, determining the location of a data centre is one of a company's key decisions because it involves the company's development strategy and goals, as well as the costs and expenditures invested in the construction process. Whether the site selection is reasonable is directly related to the success or failure of data centre construction. However, in Malaysia, there are challenges in determining and recommending suitable locations for future data centre investments. As a result, this study focuses on identify the criteria for data centre site selection and analyse the priorities of each criteria. Literature Review Data centre is a building or complex of buildings dedicated to the central storage, interconnection and operation of information technology and networked telecommunications equipment. Data centres provide data storage, processing and transmission services, as well as associated facilities and infrastructure for power distribution and environmental control. In order to provide the required service availability, data centres must have the necessary resilience and security (Dodd et al., 2020). In the context of digital services, the data centre is responsible for delivering the cloud service to the customer who paid for it. The provider should

- 7 - also be responsible for supplying, operating, and maintaining the necessary hardware and software for information and communications technology (ICT) and data centre equipment necessary for the delivery of the service. Data centre studies are receiving attention because of the trend of flourishing in the world's data centre industry. According to Table 1, research on data centres has concentrated on different aspects, such as the defining factor, the driving factor, and the criteria for data centre location. Further, most studies of data centres were rarely conducted to predict the ideal location of a data centre. The research is more focused on the issues or criteria that need to be considered during the development of the data (Mena et al., 2014), and normally the scope will include both physical and non-physical criteria such as adhering to response time and service availability constraints (Goiri et al., 2011). Table 1: Literate Review Authors (Years) Concerns Parameters Major Finding Comments Bob & Kelley, 2017 Importance of data centre site selection and impact of poorly selected site Availability of resources: infrastructure of network, natural disasters, Environmental conditions Bad site equals, Bad investment, explained the effect of failure in selecting a good site is a costly mistake to make. The study elaborated on the impact of site selection on the data centre, not many criteria were considered in this study. Mena et al., 2014 Try to use this set of factors to select a site that maximises Intel’s return on investment. Site selection criteria: Environment conditions, WAN, Power Site level criteria: associated with land acquisition. Others: Socioeconomic, workforce & governmental criteria. Found the most important criteria are Environment conditions, WAN, Power Quantitative analysis of factors in a site choice that have the most advantages from preconstruction throughout the life of the data centre. Comprehensive analysis of criteria was considered in the study. However, this study did not predict the ideal location for future development. Goiri et al., 2011 Important considerations for intelligent placement of data centres Proximity to population centres, power plants, and network backbones, land, and water prices, average temperatures Novel combination of linear programming and simulated annealing was the most efficient and accurate selection process. The study is more focus on the selected process and framework in order to find the most efficient and reduce cost. (Source: Adapted from multiple authors) Besides that, the selection of a data centre site is critical to the development of the data centre. However, much of the studies didn't relate and combined these multiple criteria to come up with a comprehensive list of criteria about the ideal location for the data centre for future development. Not to mention presenting the ideal location in a visual way, like a map. Therefore, this study utilizes criteria gathered from a literature review to determine the importance of each criterion. Subsequently, through the AHP method, aim to identify the priorities of the criteria for the ideal location for future development of the data centre.

- 8 - Methodology Based on the preliminary study, this study recognized the research problems related to the data centre and site selection. The aim and objectives are then formulated for the research problem to minimise the effect. Therefore, an initial review is performed to understand the study path. Literature from numerous journals and online articles is referenced to acquire knowledge of the subject of study. At the same time, content analysis has been conducted in order to provide a set of criteria for data centre’s site selection. Next, the collected criteria will be analysed using the spatial analysis method, which is the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), after the questionnaire interviews with the experts to determine the final weight of the criteria. After that, the list of criteria for the data centre's site selection and the priority of each criteria will be discussed with the evidence. The study will be concluded based on the results and discussion. Findings As the analysis shows, a lot of criteria were identified as the main criteria in selecting the best location for the data centre. All these criteria help the data centre stakeholders in the usage of different resources so that they can better plan for these limited resources. The criteria were related to different aspects and interrelated with each other. Based on the review, it shows that each criteria has its own impact and value on the data centre. For instance, geography was a very significant criteria in determining the location of the data centre. This is because most of the literature has mentioned that disasters like hurricanes, floods, wildfires, and earthquakes are very damaging to the operations of a data centre. Besides, the data centre must be in close proximity to a large population area to serve more people with better speed and low latency. It shows that, all of the matter was related to geography criteria. Other than that, data centres are at the core of any business enterprise operations, and performance is the main point for determining its success. In order to ensure the data centre meets high performance standards, some criteria need to be considered and paid attention to during the site selection of the data centre location. Based on the analysis, the required amenities are: (i) a reliable high-speed network must be in close proximity, and preferably multiple networks; (ii) an uninterrupted year-round power supply is a must for data centres; and (iii) a skilled and educated workforce is easily available. At the same time, economic factors such as land cost, tax structure, and government guidelines and policies also need to be considered before identifying the location of the data centre. After that, the final weight of each criteria was provided by the results of the expert interview through the AHP analysis for calculating it. The table below shows the final list of criteria and their corresponding weights after the content analysis and expert insight from the interview session. Table 2: List of criteria Aspect Criteria Justifications Research Paper Weightage (Calculated from AHP) Physical Factor Disaster Avoidance To avoid the area prone to natural disasters which make costly effect. (Daim et al., 2012),(Mena et al., 2014), (Bob & Kelley, 2017),(Basu, 2016) , (Covas et al., 2013), (Abbasov et al., 2009), (Kheybari et al., 2020) 0.13 Transport Accessibility Site should locate near main road transportation for logistics and connectivity purpose. (Daim et al., 2012), (Covas et al., 2013), (Kheybari et al., 2020) 0.11 Telecom Network Availability Site should be located in a high network supply area because network is essential for data centre. (Daim et al., 2012), (Mena et al., 2014), (Bob & Kelley, 2017), (Goiri et al., 2011), (Kheybari et al., 2020) 0.11

- 9 - Land Price Land cost as crucial factor in the site. (Daim et al., 2012), (Goiri et al., 2011), (Covas et al., 2013), (Abbasov et al., 2009), (Kheybari et al., 2020) 0.09 Infrastructure and utilities Site should have electricity infrastructure for uninterrupted power supply. The water resource important for cooling system of data centre. (Daim et al., 2012), (Mena et al., 2014), (Bob & Kelley, 2017), (Kheybari et al., 2020) 0.13 Social Factor Security Site should be located at safe area. Daim et al., 2012), (Mena et al., 2014), (Covas et al., 2013), (Yang & Ye, 2011) 0.10 Availability of emergency service Site should be located near emergency facilities. (Covas et al., 2013), (Kheybari et al., 2020) 0.11 Latency of network/ respond time Data centre as internet services must exhibit low response times to remain competitive (Daim et al., 2012), (Basu, 2016), (Goiri et al., 2011), (Kheybari et al., 2020) 0.12 Level of education / workforce Site should within the region of skilled labour, data centre requires a workforce with extensive technical expertise. (Daim et al., 2012), (Kheybari et al., 2020), (Yang & Ye, 2011), (Mena et al., 2014), (Bob & Kelley, 2017), (Covas et al., 2013) 0.09 (Source: Field Survey, 2024) Conclusion In conclusion, based on the research objectives, it is expected that this research output can give a recommendation based on the criteria of site selection for an ideal location for the future investment or development of a data centre. In addition, this study will also contribute to the growth of literature concerning the discussion related to data centre development in Malaysia. In a wider context, it believes that this research can add valuable insights to the body of knowledge in data centre planning and development. Besides that, this study will provide important information for different parties, which are the local authorities, planners, and developers. Therefore, the insights gained from this study will assist stakeholders in making informed decisions regarding data centre location selection, ultimately leading to more efficient and effective data centre operations. References Abbasov, A. M., Aliev, I. M., & Kerimova, L. H. (2009). Optimal location of internet data centers taking into account the risks. Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, 43(6), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0146411609060042 Basu, S. (2016). A Study on Selection of Data Center Locations. Article in International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 3297. https://doi.org/10.15680/IJIRCCE.2016 Bob, R. ", & Kelley, ". (2017). Data Center Site Selection. Covas, M. T., Silva, C. A., & Dias, L. C. (2013). Multicriteria decision analysis for sustainable data centers location. International Transactions in Operational Research, 20(3), 269–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.2012.00874.x Daim, T. U., Bhatla, A., & Mansour, M. (2012). Site selection for a data centre - a multi-criteria decision-making model. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 6(1), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2012.719554 Dodd, N., Alfieri, F., Gama Caldas Larisa Maya-Drysdale, M., Viegand, J., Flucker, S., & Tozer, R. (2020). Development of the EU Green Public Procurement (GPP) Criteria for Data Centres, Server Rooms and Cloud Services FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT. https://doi.org/10.2760/964841 Goiri, Í., Le, K., Guitart, J., Torres, J., & Bianchini, R. (2011). Intelligent placement of datacenters for internet services. Proceedings - International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS.2011.19 Kheybari, S., Davoodi Monfared, M., Farazmand, H., & Rezaei, J. (2020). Sustainable Location Selection of Data Centers: Developing a Multi-Criteria Set-Covering Decision-Making Methodology. International Journal of Information Technology and Decision Making, 19(3), 741–773. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219622020500157 Mena, M., Musilli, J., Austin, E., Lee, J., & Vaccaro, P. (2014). Selecting a Data Center Site: Intel’s Approach. www.intel.com/IT Michael Lippis. (2019). US Leads Big Data and Business Analytics Spend. https://outlookseries.com/A0783/Infrastructure/2228_US_Leads_Big_Data_Business_Analytics_Spend.htm Reinsel, D., Gantz, J., & Rydning, J. (2018). The Digitization of the World From Edge to Core. Ronald Bowman, & Terence Deneny. (2012). Data Centers: Site Selection 101 | Site Selection Online. Site Selection Magazine. https://siteselection.com/issues/2012/nov/data-centers.cfm Yang, F., & Ye, L. X. (2011). Method of locating data center based on Delphi. Proceedings - 2011 2nd International Conference on Innovations in Bio-Inspired Computing and Applications, IBICA 2011, 299–302. https://doi.org/10.1109/IBICA.2011.79

- 10 - ID-03: Synthesis of Key Design Principles of Mixed-Use Development Towards a Sustainable Planning Pathway Hui Hoon Chew 1 , Loon Wai Chau 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This research aims to provide an understanding and synthesise key design principles of mixed-use development (MXD) that relate to the creation of sustainable and liveable cities. This paper explores various planning theories which show that MXD is an indispensable element to plan a good city. It tracks MXD concepts and summarizes key design principles through various planning theories that form a theoretical framework for reference in the future. Based on the findings, six (6) key design aspects need to be considered for implementing MXD which are (i) grain, (ii) density, (iii) permeability, (iv) legibility, (v) visual appropriateness and (vi) feasibility. Keywords: Mixed-use Development, Sustainable Planning, Key Design Principle Introduction MXD has emerged both as a philosophy and as one acceptable element of the solution to the problem of promoting liveability and delivering sustainable development (Coupland, 1997). As MXDs often incorporate principles of sustainability by reducing the need for extensive commuting. When residential, commercial, and recreational spaces are in close proximity, residents and workers can easily walk or use alternative transportation methods to reduce overall carbon emissions. In addition, towns and cities will become more attractive, viable and safer to live and work in. However, In the context of town planning practice in Malaysia, the concept of MXD is not yet widespread and well-known like in Western countries and the MXD was not implemented effectively in Malaysia. Thus, there is a need for various stakeholders to revise why this is happening so that the implementation of MXD is heading in the right direction. Methodology This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the MXD. It applied a qualitative research approach. This study collected data from secondary sources such as planning theory books and online articles. The data analysis process incorporated document analysis and descriptive analysis. Through analyzing the MXD contents covered in planning theories and articles to achieve the aims of the study, especially on key design principles of MXD. Literature review MXD is not a new concept. In the past, cities often had mixed-use structures because walking was the main mode of transportation. To make things convenient, businesses were located close together. This approach was seen in both cities and towns, especially in larger urban areas where a common pattern emerged which are commercial spaces on the ground floor and residential spaces above becoming the typical living arrangement (Butler, 2011). During the Industrial Revolution, manufacturing moved from small industries and homes to large facilities typically situated in or near cities. These factories were often noisy and caused pollution, negatively impacting land values and the health of nearby residents (Yılmaz Bakır, 2020). Then, the "Charter of Athens," a new urban development strategy based on the fundamental idea of functional "zoning," was presented at the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM) held in Athens in 1933 (Mumford, 1992). At that time

- 11 - governmental zoning regulations were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing from residential areas. The zoning had divided the land into single uses which is also known as functional zoning or Euclidean zoning. In many communities, Euclidean zoning has been applied strictly allowing only a single type of use in each zone, but also excluding any potential variation on that use which causes the zoning to become monofunctional (Planetizen, 2020). In 1961, Jane Jacobs offered extensive critique and recommended "mixed-use living spaces" as an approach to urban development in response to zoning circumstances (Jacobs, 1961). During this period, there was talk about how mixed-use (work, housing, entertainment, and recreation) developments would promote diversity and uniqueness while also providing an economic solution for the city (Stead & Hoppenbrouwer, 2004). In the late 1980s, Peter Calthorpe formalized the concept of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). TOD is generally defined as a mixed-use community designed to encourage residents to live in close proximity to transit services, thereby reducing reliance on driving (Still, 2002). Analysts of TOD later elaborated that these developments have the potential to enhance residents' quality of life and decrease household transportation expenses, while also fostering stable mixed-income neighbourhoods that mitigate environmental impacts and offer viable alternatives to traffic congestion (Ditmarr, Hank, Ohland & Gloria, 2004). Such developments support various transportation modes including walking, bus, light rail, carpooling, and standard automobile usage. Until the 1990s, MXD became a key aspect of both New Urbanism and the Smart Growth movements. New Urbanism principles emerged in the 1980s as an alternative to suburban sprawl, characterized by low-density zoning and single-use buildings that gained popularity after World War II. The concept advocates for neighbourhoods with a mix of multi-family housing, vibrant businesses, and commercial sites within walking distance. It brings a central "main street" that would bring together various town activities in one location (Overstreet, 2021). ‘Mixed-use’ is generally loosely defined but can encompass single developments with two or more revenue-producing uses (‘vertical’ mixed use) and mixed-use neighbourhoods with significant physical and functional integration including real physical connections between uses within a five-minute walk (‘horizontal’ mixed use) (Forsyth, 2009). Vertical mixed-use developments are multi-story structures with a mix of uses. An example of this is a high rise with retail on the ground floor and office and residential throughout the rest of the structure. The horizontal mixed-use development consists of single-use buildings within a mixed-use zoning district parcel, which allows for a range of land uses in a single development project. It provides for a variety of complementary and integrated uses that are walkable and within a given neighbourhood or development project. The difference between them is that the vertical MXD is a land with a mixed-use building whereas the horizontal MXD is a mixed-use zoning land with a single-use building (Property Inspect, 2023). The Urban Land Institute (ULI) Mixed-Use Development Handbook characterizes MXD by fulfilling three(3) criteria. Firstly, MXD provides three or more significant revenue-producing uses such as retail, entertainment, office, residential, hotel, and cultural or recreation. Second, MXD fosters integration, density, and compatibility of land uses. Lastly, MXD creates a walkable community with uninterrupted pedestrian connections (Dean Schwanke, 2003). MXD concept has evolved over centuries. Multiple studies have examined the key design principles of the implementation of MXD. For instance, Reclaiming the City (Coupland, 1997), a book based on a research project takes a critical look at MXD. Mixed-use Development Handbook, a practical guide reveals how to develop mixed-use projects that incorporate place-

- 12 - making principles written by a team of experts. Responsive Environments (Bentley et al, 1985), a manual for designers discussing how to design for the particular quality concerned where one of the mentioned qualities is Variety related to MXD will be focused deeply in this literature review. Also, Rowley's Typology known as the mixed-use development conceptual model, created by Alan Rowley (1996) is based on the view that MXD is essentially an aspect of the settlement's internal texture. However, Rowley’s model focuses solely on the horizontal dimension and, while he acknowledges the time dimension in his paper, it is not adequately incorporated into his model. Hoppenbrouwer and Louw (2005) recognize the need to consider the vertical dimension, as well as a mix of uses within a single structure and different uses of space over some period of time. Consequently, their typology expands upon Rowley’s and integrates the components more systematically (Rabianski, 2009). Most of the key design principles of MXD cover similar aspects and elements although written by different authors, as shown in Table 1. This repetition indicates that certain elements and principles are emphasized consistently in their respective theories. The red tick (✔) refers to the exact word mentioned in the literature and the black tick (✔) refers to similar ideas covered in the literature. Table 1: Literature review Identified key design principles Literature L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L1: Responsive environment by Bentley et al. (1985) Permeability ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Mutual support between primary uses and secondary uses ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Concentrating pedestrian flows ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Compatible uses between each other ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Economic feasibility ✔ ✔ ✔ L2: Rowley’s Typology by Alan Rowley (1996) Fine grain ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Intensity of land uses (Density) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Permeability ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ L3: Reclaiming the City Mixed-use development by Andy Coupland (1997) Notion of scale ✔ ✔ Fine grain ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Density ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Permeability ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ L4: Mixed-Use Development Handbook by Dean Schwanke (2003) Connection with surrounding uses ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

- 13 - Establishing internal relationship ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Visual orientation and pedestrian circulation ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Vehicle circulation ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Landscape and streetscape ✔ Signage ✔ The architectural profile and image ✔ Economic feasibility ✔ ✔ ✔ L5: Hoppenbrower and Louw’s Typology by Hoppenbrouwer and Louw (2005) Fine grain ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Intensity of land uses (Density) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Interweaving of functions ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ (Source: Literature review, 2024) Findings In this study, key design principles of MXD are referenced from the planning theory books and articles synthesised into a summary to form key design principles of MXD. A thorough consolidation process applied to Table 1 has resulted in a comprehensive framework of the MXD key design principles. To avoid any redundancy from various theories, Table 2 depicts the framework that divides the mixed-use key design principles into six (6) aspects, for a total of 10 design principles. Table 2: Theoretical framework of MXD key design principles Aspect Key design principles Grain • Fine grain • Establish internal relationship Density • Increase of density • Precise measure of scale Permeability • Include pedestrian circulation • Include vehicle circulation Legibility • Consistent directional and orientation signs Visual appropriateness • Well-designed public realm • Appropriate Landscape and Streetscape Feasibility • Economic feasibility (Source: Literature review, 2024) Conclusion In conclusion, this study contributes to the growth of literature about MXD and synthesises the theoretical framework of key design principles of MXD. This provides insights for government departments and private sectors involved in the preparation of local plans, including PLANMalaysia, local authorities, planning consultancy firms and town planners about MXD to

- 14 - promote and improve the implementation of MXD. It is important because MXD is an agent of sustainability (Coupland, 1997). It is hoped that by increasing the mix of land uses, especially residential uses, residents will lead to a more ‘sustainable’ lifestyle by using their cars less to reduce overall carbon emissions. In addition, It helps the country to accelerate the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 11, which focuses on sustainable cities and settlements. The result can be achieved as part of sub-goal 11.3, which is enhancing inclusive and sustainable urbanisation and sustainable human settlement planning by 2030. References Bentley, I., Alcock, A., Murrain, P., McGlynn, S. and Smith, G. (1985) Responsive Environments: A Manual for Designers. Architectural Press, London. Butler, W. (2011). Mixed Use In Historic Structures: A Path To The Future, A Link To The Past. Coupland, A. (1997). Reclaiming the City: Mixed Use Development. London, E & FN Spon. Dean Schwanke. (2003). Mixed-use development handbook (Dean Schwanke, Ed.; Second Edition). ULI- the Urban Land Institute. Ditmarr, Hank, Ohland, Gloria; “The New Transit Town: Best Practices in Transit-Oriented Development”; Island Press, Washington; 2004. Forsyth, L 2009, Barriers to Mixed Use, Douglas Wheeler Associates with Ann Flint Associates Austin-Smith. Scottish Government, Edinburgh. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/09/03094938/0Property Inspect. (2023). What Is a Mixed-Use Development? Hoppenbrouwer, E. and Louw, E. (2005). Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands. European Planning Studies. 13(7): 967-983. Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House. Mumford, E. (1992). CIAM urbanism after the Athens charter. Planning Perspectives, 7(4), 391–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665439208725757 Overstreet, K. (2021, June 18). Exploring New Urbanism Principles in the 21st Century. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/963314/exploring-new-urbanism-principles-in-the-21st-century Rabianski, J., Gibler, K., et al. (2009). Mixed-Use Development: A Call for Research. Journal of Real Estate Literature 17(2): 205- 230. Rowley, A. (1996). Mixed-use Development: Ambiguous concept, simplistic analysis and wishful thinking? Planning Practice & Research, 11(1), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459650036477 Stead, D., & Hoppenbrouwer, E. (2004). Promoting an urban renaissance in England and the Netherlands. Cities, 21(2), 119– 136. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CITIES.2004.01.005 Still, T 2002 Transit-Oriented Development: Reshaping America’s Metropolitan Landscape On Common Ground (Winter) Dream (Princeton Architectural Press)What Is Euclidean Zoning? | Planopedia. (2020). Planetizen.com. https://www.planetizen.com/definition/euclidean-zoning Yılmaz Bakır, N. (2020). Replacing “mixed-use” with “all mixed up” concepts; a critical review of Turkey metropolitan city centers. Land Use Policy, 97, 104905. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104905

- 15 - ID-04: Simulating Urban Pedestrian Dynamics Using Agent-Based Modeling Siti Noraqilah Khairuddin 1 , Muhammad Zaly Shah Muhammad Hussein 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This thesis delves into pedestrian crossing dynamics at Lingkaran Ilmu, UTM, emphasizing traditional methods' limitations in transportation analysis. It introduces simulation and modeling as innovative solutions to these shortcomings, providing dynamic representations and advocating for their adoption in transportation planning. The research critically evaluates traditional techniques like on-site observations, surveys, and historical data analysis, identifying weaknesses such as limited scalability and challenges in capturing realtime dynamics. By proposing a simulation and modeling framework, this study aims to overcome these deficiencies, offering a more realistic representation of pedestrian behavior and traffic interactions. It advocates for the integration of innovative technologies to enhance pedestrian crossing efficiency and safety in urban environments. Keywords: Simulation, Modeling, Pedestrian, Crossing, Agent Based Modelling (ABM), AnyLogic Introduction The introduction discusses the dynamic and evolving nature of urban environments, particularly focusing on the challenges related to transportation safety and pedestrian management. It highlights Lingkaran Ilmu at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) as a microcosm of urban planning complexity and traffic management challenges. Traditional methods for studying pedestrian crossings are acknowledged for their limitations, leading to the introduction of simulation and modeling as innovative and essential tools. Lingkaran Ilmu at UTM is described as a vibrant hub where academic activities, daily commuting, and recreational activities intersect. The pedestrian crossings in this urban space play a crucial role in ensuring smooth pedestrian flow and vehicular traffic. However, traditional methods often fail to provide a holistic understanding of dynamic interactions in contemporary times. To identify the shortcomings of traditional data collection methods, such as their limited scalability, delayed data acquisition, and static representations. It emphasizes the need to bridge the gap between conventional methodologies and evolving urban planning demands. Simulation and modeling are proposed as flexible and dynamic solutions to address these limitations effectively, aiming to revolutionize how pedestrian crossings are understood and managed in urban environments. The strategic urban planning challenges faced by Lingkaran Ilmu, UTM, are also addressed, highlighting the need for adaptive methodologies amidst rapid urban transformations. Traditional approaches are criticized for their lack of flexibility in handling emerging challenges like population growth, technological advancements, and changing mobility patterns. Simulation and modeling are presented as innovative tools to foster adaptability, responsiveness, and comprehensive understanding in pedestrian crossing dynamics. Literature Review i. Theories and Models of Pedestrian Behavior The exploration of theories and models of pedestrian behavior introduces key concepts such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Ajzen, 1991; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). These theories elucidate the psychological and social determinants influencing pedestrian decision-making, emphasizing factors like attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, and behavioral intentions. The TPB posits that pedestrian behavior is shaped by intentions influenced by attitudes towards walking, subjective norms related to social expectations, and perceived behavioral control over

- 16 - pedestrian actions, encompassing factors like infrastructure and personal confidence. On the other hand, TRA expands this by incorporating beliefs about behavior outcomes, attitudes, social influence, and perceived control into shaping behavioral intentions, crucial for understanding and promoting safe and sustainable pedestrian behavior in urban environments. ii. Types of Pedestrian Behavior Delving into various types of pedestrian behavior reveals a spectrum of actions and reactions within urban settings (Qu, 2017; Mohan et al., 2017). Law-abiding pedestrians adhere strictly to traffic regulations and pedestrian signals, showcasing a cautious and ruleabiding approach to navigating streets. Conversely, jaywalking represents a more spontaneous and risk-taking behavior, where pedestrians cross streets outside designated crossings, often influenced by factors like convenience or disregard for traffic laws. Disrupted pedestrians, such as those distracted by mobile devices or engaged in conversations, exhibit reduced awareness of their surroundings, potentially leading to erratic movements and increased vulnerability to accidents. The review also delves into unpredictable behaviors, which can range from sudden changes in direction to unexpected stops, highlighting the challenges of anticipating and mitigating pedestrian actions in dynamic urban environments. Group dynamics among pedestrians introduce additional complexities, as collective behaviors and interactions within pedestrian crowds can impact traffic flow and safety. Compliance with infrastructure features like crosswalks and pedestrian signals reflects a balance between individual decision-making and adherence to designed safety measures. Pedestrian etiquette, encompassing behaviors like yielding to others, using designated pathways, and respecting right-of-way, plays a role in promoting orderly and harmonious pedestrian movement. Risk-taking tendencies, influenced by factors like time pressure or perceived safety, can lead to behaviors such as crossing against signals or navigating through congested traffic. Adaptive responses to environmental stimuli, such as adjusting walking speed or route based on perceived risks or opportunities, demonstrate pedestrians' ability to navigate and respond to changing urban conditions. Cultural influences further shape pedestrian behavior, as norms and practices related to walking, traffic interaction, and spatial use vary across different cultural contexts, influencing pedestrian actions and interactions in urban settings. iii. Factors Influencing Pedestrian Behavior Factors influencing pedestrian behavior encompass a spectrum of individual and environmental aspects (Schwebel & Barton, 2018; Moudon et al., 2019). Individual factors, including demographics such as age, gender, and physical abilities, alongside personal experiences, attitudes towards walking, and perceptions of safety, significantly shape pedestrian decision-making. Environmental factors play an equally vital role, encompassing infrastructure design elements like sidewalk width, crosswalk placement, and accessibility features for diverse user groups. Traffic conditions, including vehicle speeds, congestion levels, and signal timing, impact pedestrian behaviors such as crossing decisions and walking speeds. Pedestrian facilities such as well-maintained sidewalks, pedestrian bridges, and designated crossing points influence route choices and safety perceptions. Safety interventions, such as traffic calming measures, signage, and lighting, contribute to creating safer pedestrian environments. Additionally, social norms within communities and cultural influences shape pedestrian interactions and adherence to pedestrian rules, highlighting the need for holistic approaches in designing pedestrian-friendly urban spaces. iv. Walking Speed and Infrastructure Influences The review also addresses the relationship between walking speed and infrastructure influences, emphasizing the need for inclusive design that caters to varying mobility needs

- 17 - and user groups such as elderly pedestrians, children, and individuals with disabilities (AlGhamdi et al., 2016; Guo et al., 2020). It underscores the importance of pedestrian-centric infrastructure to facilitate safe and efficient mobility. Table 1: Table of Average Walking Distance For 5 Minutes by Age Group Category Age Approximate Distance (Meter) Approximate Time (Minute) Childrens 3-6 100 Average time takes 5-10 minutes 7-12 400 Adult 13-59 400 Senior Citizen 60 Above 180 Disabled People Depending on the ability and capabilities of the group (Source: Kajian Kajiselidik Garis Panduan Perlaksanaan Bandar Sihat Mesra Pejalan Kaki (Healthy Walkable City), 2016) v. Simulation and Modeling Techniques Simulation and modeling techniques are indispensable tools for comprehending and forecasting pedestrian behavior (Helbing et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2018). The review delves into sophisticated simulation methods like agent-based models, which simulate individual pedestrian behaviors based on rules and interactions within a virtual environment. Microsimulation, another advanced technique, models pedestrian movements and interactions at a microscopic level, providing detailed insights into pedestrian flow and congestion dynamics. Emerging technologies such as pedestrian detection systems and smart crosswalks leverage real-time data and sensor technologies to enhance pedestrian safety and optimize traffic management. These simulation tools offer invaluable insights into pedestrian behaviors, interactions, and safety scenarios, empowering urban planners with data-driven decision-making capabilities for creating safer and more efficient urban environments. Methodology The methodology framework for simulating and modeling pedestrian crossings at Lingkaran Ilmu, UTM, involves defining clear objectives and scope, conducting a comprehensive literature review, and collecting relevant data on pedestrian behavior and traffic patterns. Selection of an appropriate simulation approach, such as agent-based modeling using AnyLogic, is crucial for modeling pedestrian pathways and traffic interactions accurately. Designing the model includes specifying parameters like pedestrian characteristics and traffic signal logic. Validation and calibration of the model ensure its accuracy and reliability by comparing simulated outputs with real-world observations. Scenario analysis explores various factors' effects on pedestrian crossing efficiency and safety, leading to conclusions and recommendations. Documentation of the methodology and findings provides valuable insights for enhancing pedestrian safety and traffic management. Findings One notable finding from this research is the effectiveness of agent-based modeling using AnyLogic software in simulating and analyzing pedestrian behavior and traffic interactions at Lingkaran Ilmu, UTM. This approach allows for the creation of intricate models that capture the complexities of pedestrian pathways, traffic flow dynamics, and signal control mechanisms. By integrating various factors such as pedestrian behavior patterns, vehicle movements, and signal timing, the simulation provides detailed insights into how different scenarios affect pedestrian crossing efficiency and safety. The validation process plays a crucial role in affirming the model's accuracy and reliability. Through comparison with real-

- 18 - world observations and data, the simulation outputs are verified to closely match actual pedestrian behaviors and traffic conditions. This validation enhances the credibility and applicability of the study's findings, making them valuable for informing urban planning strategies and pedestrian safety measures. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of considering diverse scenarios and factors in modeling pedestrian crossings. It underscores the need to account for variables like pedestrian densities, crosswalk designs, traffic volumes, and signal phasing variations to comprehensively analyze pedestrian movement dynamics. This nuanced understanding gained through simulation and modeling contributes significantly to improving urban mobility, enhancing pedestrian safety, and optimizing traffic management strategies in urban environments like Lingkaran Ilmu, UTM. In addition to its methodological contributions, this research also sheds light on the potential for integrating smart technologies into pedestrian infrastructure. The utilization of advanced simulation tools like AnyLogic not only enhances our understanding of pedestrian behavior but also opens avenues for implementing smart solutions. For instance, insights gained from simulation studies can inform the design of intelligent crosswalk systems that dynamically adjust signal timings based on real-time pedestrian flows. This intersection of simulation modeling and smart infrastructure design holds promise for creating safer and more efficient pedestrian environments, aligning with the broader goals of sustainable and resilient urban planning initiatives at Lingkaran Ilmu, UTM, and beyond. Conclusion In conclusion, this research has provided a comprehensive exploration of pedestrian behavior through simulation and modeling techniques at Lingkaran Ilmu, UTM. It has delved into theories, types, and factors influencing pedestrian behavior, laying a robust foundation for analyzing and optimizing pedestrian crossings. The outlined methodology, including a thorough literature review, data collection methods, simulation approaches, and validation processes, offers a structured framework for studying pedestrian movement dynamics. Notably, agent-based modeling using AnyLogic software has proven effective in simulating and analyzing pedestrian behavior and traffic interactions, providing detailed insights into pedestrian crossing efficiency and safety under various scenarios. The validation process has been crucial in affirming the model's accuracy and reliability by comparing simulation outputs with real-world observations and data. This validation enhances the credibility and applicability of the study's findings, making them valuable for informing urban planning strategies and pedestrian safety measures. Overall, this research contributes significantly to advancing our understanding of urban mobility dynamics and safety considerations, offering practical insights for urban planners, policymakers, and stakeholders to create more pedestrian-friendly and sustainable cities that prioritize safety, efficiency, and livability for all. References Ab. Rahman R, Thani S.K.S.O, & Roslan R. (2019). Identifying Characters of Good Street for Greater Urban Quality of Life. Procedia - Asian Journal of Quality of Life (AjQoL) Vol 4 No 15. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley. Helbing, D., Farkas, I., & Vicsek, T. (2001). Simulating dynamical features of escape panic. Nature, 407(6803), 487-490. Mohan, M., Hecht, M., & Anderson, C. (2017). Jaywalking or crossing the street? Inferring pedestrian intent via interactive behaviors. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 2451-2460). Qu, X. (2017). A study of pedestrian behavior at signalized intersections using automated video analysis. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 79, 213-228. Schwebel, D. C., & Barton, B. K. (2018). Road traffic injuries: A global public health concern. Injury Prevention, 24(4), 235-239. Zhang, J., Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2018). A review of pedestrian detection methods for intelligent vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 20(12), 4299-4317. Azmi, D.I., & Abdul Karim, H.(2018) Promoting Sustainable Urban Neighborhood towards Walkability., Asian Journal of Environment -Behaviour Studies (ajE-Bs), 3(8)167-175. Yannis G., Golias J., and Papadimitriou E., (2007). "Modeling crossing behaviour and accident risk of pedestrians," Journal of Transportation Engineering, vol. 133, no. 11, pp. 634–644. Yagil, D. (2000). Beliefs, motives and situational factors related to pedestrians' self reported behaviour at signal-controlled crossings. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 3 (1), 1–13.

- 19 - ID-05: Analysis of Criteria for Determining Groundwater Recharges Zones using Systematic Literature Review Muhammad Rafif Azhari1 , Noradila Rusli2 , Nur Nabella Huda Azmi3, Sharifah Norashikin Bohari4 ¹ Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor ² Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia 3, 4 College of Built Environment, Center of Studies for Surveying Science and Geomatics, Universiti Teknologi MARA [email protected] , [email protected] Highlight: Bandar Baharu is not currently impacted by groundwater recharge problems but could potentially be unsafe in the future, this study aims to identify criteria to determine groundwater recharge zones. This study is conducted within the geographical boundaries of Bandar Baharu, Kedah, Malaysia. The study will use a systematic literature review and content analysis by reading and observing recent studies focusing on the determination of groundwater recharge zones. Through a review of the recent studies, the criteria are concluded to 11 influential criteria and categorized into three categories topography (slope, elevation, geomorphology, and drainage density), hydrologic (lineament and rainfall), and environment (lithology, soil, land use, land cover, and tube-well distribution) Keywords: Groundwater Recharges Zones, Groundwater Issues, Systematic Review, Bandar Baharu. Introduction Groundwater recharge zones, characterized by their ability to efficiently absorb water, serve as natural reservoirs vital for various sectors such as agriculture, industry, and ecosystems (Owuor et al., 2016). Recognized as a critical resource, especially in regions lacking ample surface water, groundwater sustains urban, industrial, and agricultural water needs (Barua et al., 2020; Owuor et al., 2016). Protection of groundwater balance, and ensuring natural discharge to maintain river flows and ecology are paramount. Though short-term consumption may occur during dry seasons, replenishment typically takes place during wetter periods (Lerner & Harris, 2009). The Kedah State Government projects that the reserve of treated water will increase to 15% or higher upon the full completion of upgrades at five water treatment plants by 2026, including one plant in Lubuk Buntar Lama, Bandar Baharu. Therefore, identifying criteria for the determination of groundwater recharge zones is important to preserve the location and avoid infection to its water quality, have enough water resources, and control human activities that influence the groundwater. Literature Review Identifying criteria for determining groundwater recharge potential can vary depending on the location. Different regions have unique geological, hydrological, and climatic characteristics that influence the criteria used to assess groundwater recharge zones (Baghel et al., 2023). Factors such as soil type, geology, topography, rainfall patterns, land use, and vegetation cover can differ significantly from one place to another, leading to variations in the criteria considered for identifying groundwater recharge potential zones (Dar et al., 2021). Therefore, the specific criteria utilized in the assessment of groundwater recharge zones are often tailored to the environmental conditions and characteristics of the particular study area.

- 20 - Table 1: Research Gap Author (Years) Concerns Parameters Major Findings Groundwater Recharges Zones Dar et al., (2021) The study focuses on delineating groundwater potential zones by considering various factors. The research utilizes methodologies like the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy-AHP to assign weights to these factors and generate maps. The validation of results showed that the applied AHP method provided a very significant and reliable outcome for the study area, with the Area Under Curve (AUC) calculated to be 79.69%. Salem et al., (2023) The research aims to address the challenge of declining groundwater depths due to increased water demands The research examines how factors like soil texture, land use/land cover (LULC), topography, and geological characteristics impact groundwater recharge rates The study assessed the impact of changes in land use and land cover (LULC) on groundwater recharge and groundwater levels Selvam et al., (2014) The research discussed is primarily concerned with identifying and delineating potential groundwater recharge zones using geospatial technologies, multi-criteria analysis, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). One criteria added in the research is aquifer geologic formation. Aquifers are saturated formations that store and yield water, such as unconsolidated deposits of sand and gravel The type of aquifer and its lithological composition influence the rate and extent of groundwater recharge The determination of groundwater recharge zones is a complex task that involves the consideration of various criteria, including hydrogeological, climatic, and land use factors. Therefore, the research gap is used to limit the criteria that is not frequently used in most of the research. Methodology This research is specifically conducted within the geographical boundaries of Bandar Baharu, Kedah, Malaysia. While the study area currently lacks evident groundwater recharge issues, it may face challenges in the future. Therefore, this study seeks to mitigate any potential threats to groundwater recharge in the area.

- 21 - Figure 1.1. Map of Bandar Baharu The process of conducting a systematic literature review involve several key steps, including acknowledge the current issue and situation related to the groundwater recharges zone, and defining the research objective, to discover the process of identifying the criteria through content analysis by reviewing several number of research related and the addition criteria focused on studies that specifically addressed the criteria or factors used in the determination of groundwater recharge zones. The criteria used include hydrogeological, meteorological, and topographic. The results of the literature review will then be used to further study for determination of groundwater recharge zones. Findings Through a comprehensive analysis of topographical and hydrological, several criteria has been identified that influence the recharge potential of an area. Topography influences surface water flow patterns, including the formation of streams, rivers, and lakes. Areas with low-lying topography or where surface water converges are more likely to experience groundwater recharge as water infiltrates into the subsurface, while hydrology plays the role of surface water bodies, groundwater recharge zones often coincide with areas where surface water and groundwater interacts, such as alluvial plains or floodplains. Moreover,

- 22 - Table 2: Criteria for Determine Groundwater Recharge Zones Criteria Justification Research Paper Topography Slope The rate of infiltration of the rainfall is based on the influences on the slope of a surface (Lerner & Harris, 2009); (Magesh et al., 2012); (Vaidya & Kumar, 2006); Elevation Higher elevations exhibit lower flood susceptibility due to superior natural drainage (Kodihal & Akhtar, 2023); Geomorphology It is used to evaluate the movement and storage of groundwater (Dar et al., 2021); Drainage Density A drainage network allows for evaluation of the recharge level (Fauzia et al., 2021); (Magesh et al., 2012) Hydrology Lineament Density The movement of groundwater recharge is controlled by lineament density (Shaban et al., 2006); (Dar et al., 2021); (Magesh et al., 2012) Lithology The lithology type significantly influences how recharge affects filtration. (Shaban et al., 2006); Soil It contains the importance of controlling water-holding capacity (Dar et al., 2021); (Magesh et al., 2012); (Barua et al., 2020); Rainfall It is the primary source for the use of groundwater recharge (Thapa et al., 2017); Environment Land Use Land use makes it possible to define the distribution. (Lerner & Harris, 2009); (Siddik et al., 2022); (Camara et al., 2019); Land Cover The type of land cover, such as agricultural lands, or forests, can affect the rate of infiltration and surface runoff, influencing groundwater recharge potential. (Kodihal & Akhtar, 2023); Tube-Well Distribution The distribution of tube wells can indeed be an important criterion for determining groundwater recharge zones. (Selvam et al., 2014); (Thapa et al., 2017); Conclusion The systematic literature review and content analysis of multiple research studies on the identification of groundwater recharge potential zones reveal a consistent set of criteria used across different regions, as well as topography (slope, elevation, and geomorphology) influence the movement and storage of groundwater, impacting recharge potential, hydrology factor (lineament density, lithology, soil characteristics, and rainfall) affect the infiltration and movement of water into the groundwater system, influencing recharge, and environmental factor (land use, land cover, and tube-well distribution) are essential in assessing the suitability of areas.

- 23 - References Camara, M., Jamil, N. R., & Abdullah, A. F. Bin. (2019). Impact of land uses on water quality in Malaysia: a review. Ecological Processes, 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13717-019-0164-X/FIGURES/4 Dar, T., Rai, N., & Bhat, A. (2021). Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 5(4), 292–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2020.1726562 Fauzia, Surinaidu, L., Rahman, A., & Ahmed, S. (2021). Distributed groundwater recharge potentials assessment based on GIS model and its dynamics in the crystalline rocks of South India. Scientific Reports 2021 11:1, 11(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90898-w Kodihal, S., & Akhtar, M. P. (2023, December 27). Sustainable groundwater recharge potential zone identification: An AHP-OWA approach integrating future rainfall and land-use projections - water resources management. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11269-023-03710-x#citeas Lerner, D. N., & Harris, B. (2009). The relationship between land use and groundwater resources and quality. Land Use Policy, 26(SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.09.005 Magesh, N. S., Chandrasekar, N., & Soundranayagam, J. P. (2012). Delineation of groundwater potential zones in Theni district, Tamil Nadu, using remote sensing, GIS, and MIF techniques. Geoscience Frontiers, 3(2), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GSF.2011.10.007 Owuor, S. O., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Guzha, A. C., Rufino, M. C., Pelster, D. E., Díaz-Pinés, E., & Breuer, L. (2016). Groundwater recharge rates and surface runoff response to land use and land cover changes in semi-arid environments. In Ecological Processes (Vol. 5, Issue 1). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0060-6 Salem, A., Abduljaleel, Y., Dezső, J., & Lóczy, D. (2023). Integrated assessment of the impact of land use changes on groundwater recharge and groundwater level in the Drava floodplain, Hungary. Scientific Reports 2023 13:1, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21259-4 Selvam, S., Manimaran, G., Sivasubramanian, P., Balasubramanian, N., & Seshunarayana, T. (2014). GIS-based Evaluation of Water Quality Index of groundwater resources around Tuticorin coastal city, south India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71(6), 2847–2867. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12665-013-2662-Y/FIGURES/18 Shaban, A., Khawlie, M., & Abdallah, C. (2006). Use of remote sensing and GIS to determine recharge potential zones: The case of Occidental Lebanon. Hydrogeology Journal, 14(4), 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10040-005-0437-6/TABLES/3 Siddik, S., Sadik Tulip, S., Rahman, A., Islam, N., Haghighi, A. T., Md, S., & Mustafa, T. (2022). The impact of land use and land cover change on groundwater recharge in northwestern Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Management, 315, 115130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115130 Thapa, R., Gupta, S., Guin, S., & Kaur, H. (2017). Assessment of groundwater potential zones using multi-influencing factor (MIF) and GIS: a case study from Birbhum district, West Bengal. Applied Water Science, 7(7), 4117–4131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0571-z Vaidya, O. S., & Kumar, S. (2006). Analytic hierarchy process: An overview of applications. European Journal of Operational Research, 169(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2004.04.028

- 24 - ID-06: Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of the Safe City Program in Kemaman Shamira Natasya Suzaimi 1 , Gabriel Ling Hoh Teck 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This study examines the factors contributing to Kemaman's safe city's effectiveness. The issue of this study was due to the decline in criminal cases began in 2009. The scope of the study year was from 2004 to 2023 to see the differences in criminal cases before and after the program was implemented as one of the program effectiveness indicators. This method uses qualitative methods through interviews, observation and literature review. Various implementation was made by the MPK to ensure that the program found its effectiveness in reducing crime every year. Keywords: Crime, Safe City, Design Introduction A study on the effectiveness of the Safe City Program in Kemaman District aims to link the study's issues with the program's effectiveness. The issue of this study was due to a decline in criminal cases, especially index crime since 2009, which this year, the City Program was implemented at MPK. Through the data studied using a variety of appropriate methods, this study can see the effectiveness of the Safe City Program in Kemaman which is said to be aimed at addressing crime issues. The information obtained is based on observation, questionnaire and interviews. The concept of safe city has been widely used by local authorities in Malaysia. The application of this concept is important to ensure the safety and well -being of the community. The concept of the city has been introduced since the 1980s in the United Kingdom. In Malaysia, the Safe City Program was launched on August 10, 2004 by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (KPKT) by introducing three key strategies and 23 implementation measures to local authorities. The Safe City Program aims to reduce accidents, disaster risk and crime. The program was implemented in 2009 by all local authorities including the Kemaman Municipal Council (MPK). In the 11th Malaysia Plan (RMK11), the City Program is a priority for implementation as contained in the focus of C: Chapter 4 Enhancing the well -being of the people: Creating a safer living environment for a viable and prosperous society. Three (3) key strategies and 15 Safe City Steps have been re -introduced. In 2009, the City Program was safe to focus on urban areas in Kemaman. At that time, traditional methods were used such as lighting, soft landscapes and so on. However, with low budget allocation and technological constraints, PBS has not found its effectiveness where crime cases from 2004 to 2008 did not show a good decline. Beginning in 2010, under the National Key Result Areas (NKRA) initiatives, 15 crime prevention measures were re -introduced and in 2013, the Blackspot area bleaching initiative was introduced. The Blackspot area whitening initiative was introduced for the main purpose of reducing crime rates and to increase the perception of safe people. Blackspot is an area that creates a sense of crime and has a high criminal record (http://www.townplan.gov.my) In addition, at the federal level, a crime prevention design manual is published In 2010 was the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). However, MPK does not fully use the CPTED guide and has not yet been a plan of planning permission. MPK has focused on traditional methods introduced since 2009 including the Blackspot area whitiative initiative beginning in 2013. Studies have found that PBS has been effective in reducing criminal cases despite other factors that have also influenced the decline in criminal cases such as demographic, economy and drug activity. However, according to the police and the executor, the implementation of PBS is one of the major contributors to the reduction in criminal cases in Kemaman.

- 25 - Literature Review The strategy or step of implementing the safe city program has been designed as a guide to all local authorities. After the decision of the Cabinet to establish a safe city, a program implementation paper was developed at the JKPPP Bill Meeting, 1/2004. This paper includes 23 Safe City Program Crime Prevention measures. After five years of implementation of the program, a review was conducted by JPBD with Stakeholders at a meeting of the Safe City Program Task Force. As a result, out of 23 preventive measures in 2004, the meeting agreed to consolidate the 23 steps into 15 more compact steps. This redefinition consists of 3 strategies and 15 secure city steps aimed at facilitating program implementation by giving local authorities the option of implementing safe city measures according to local needs. This redefinition has been supported by all local authorities, the PDRM, the Ministry of Home Affairs, and representatives of the NKRA laboratory to reduce crime and non -governmental organizations directly involved in the implementation of PBS 2004 (http://www.townplan.gov.my). The Safe City Program is an approach used in most cities in Malaysia to overcome the problem of increasing crime in urban areas. The Safe City Program focuses on the implementation of 15 crime prevention measures through three main strategies which are the strategy of designing the physical environment, the strategy of empowering the target area as well as the management strategy, community participation and public awareness. However, there are some crime prevention measures of the Safe City Program that are not effective in reducing the crime problem in Kulaijaya according to a study conducted by researchers from the National University of Malaysia through their writing "Effectiveness of the Safe City Program: Community Perception in Kulaijaya City, Malaysia". One of the factors that make this program ineffective is the dumping of gambling centers that operate openly in most shopping centers in the city. In addition, the insecure situation in urban areas is greatly influenced by the globalization process which has caused social and spatial imbalances in the city and at the same time has increased the feeling of insecurity among the community. Therefore, the effectiveness of the Safe City Program in reducing the crime problem in the city depends on various factors such as the physical environment, social and economic conditions, as well as public awareness (Fareed et al., n.d.). Methodology Several methods have been used to obtain information in this study. Different methods are used to ensure that the information obtained is correct and accurate. In this study, the instruments used to obtain data were to use interview forms, observation and literature reference. This study has succeeded in receiving a response from five most important parties in the interview method. Three of them were City and Country Planning Officers at the Kemaman Municipal Council while the other two were the Chief of Criminal Investigation Division and the Kemaman District Police Chief. The interview method was to obtain criminal data from 2004 to 2023 as well as obtaining reporting of the implementation of the Safe City Program from 2009 to 2023. The researcher obtained the reporting of crime prevention measures implemented from 2011 as MPK began to focus on these measures to know it . In addition, the reporting of the Blackspot area whitening initiative was also available for 2013 where the initiative was first introduced at the MPK to know it. The method of observation is to focus on the hotspots listed to identify safe city elements and crime prevention measures taken at the place. The area is Kampung Lot Sri Jaya, Bukit Kuang, Taman Chukai Utama, Kampung Paya Berenjut, Jalan Benteng, Jalan Jakar and Kampung Mak Chili Paya . The observation method also helps to see the percentage of safe elements and preventive measures in the seven hotspots listed by the police. In addition, many researchers use references from articles, other studies and official websites to enhance understanding. The data collection method is based on a qualitative method in which the researcher obtains raw and relevant data as a result of interviews, literature observations and references.

- 26 - Findings Graph 1: Total Criminal Cases From 2004-2023 (Source: Ibu Pejabat Polis Daerah Kemaman) Table 1: The Implementation of Safe City Program and Initiatives in Kemaman by Year Highlight Implementation Year Safe City Program 2009 15 Crime Prevention Measures 2011 The Blackspot Area Whitening Program 2013 (Source: Majlis Perbandaran Kemaman) Index crime (Graph 1) refers to serious types of crime and has a huge impact on society, such as murder, abduction, rape, and robbery. Non-index crimes include less serious crimes, such as traffic offenses and property crimes that are not included in the index category. The graph shows a decline beginning in 2011, in the beginning of 15 crime prevention measures reintroduced and powered by MPK in concentrated areas. MPK is actively using the whitening initiative in the Blackspot area starting in 2013 (Table 1). However, CPTED has not been implemented to this day. However, based on the number of index cases and non -index cases, it is enough to prove that crime bleaching and prevention initiatives other than CPTED can reduce crime cases. The years 2019 to 2020 showed an increase in crime as this period was the whole world hit Covid 19 which was also known as the economic downturn where many people lost their source of income. However, criminal cases during this period are still under control and have successfully dropped after the country's economy stabilized. i. Physical Aspects Based on the data from the interview, the City Planning Officer has evaluated based on several implementation of the 15 crime prevention measures implemented by the MPK. Among the initiatives undertaken by MPK to date are lighting, isolation of pedestrian walkways from motor routes, provision of safety mirrors, preparation of crime signage, monthly permanent agenda at the UN Full Council and Education, public awareness and publicity meetings. To reinforce the findings that PBS in Kemaman found its effectiveness, the researcher also asked the Kemaman Criminal Investigation Division chief to evaluate PBS in Kemaman. This method is to reinforce the researcher's opinion that physical elements are also one of the factors of safe city effectiveness in Kemaman. The PBS meeting is also held at the local authority level once a month. According to sources from the interview, the executor focuses on whitening initiatives, especially in the potential area of crime. Therefore, existing crime pride steps are effective in achieving the goals of the Safe City Program. 431 560 876 504 1052 1090 743 677 686 636 576 445 413 329 274 294 383 289 316 315 233 234 341 782 317 231 312 484 565 431 422 345 208 229 164 148 383 240 239 280 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total of Crime Cases in Kemaman Indeks Non Indeks

- 27 - Figure 1: Comparison Before and After the Installation of Street Lights on TNB Street, Kampung Tok Kapur (Source: Majlis Perbandaran Kemaman) Figure 2: Separation of Pedestrian and Motorcycle Paths at Kemaman Hospital (Source: Google Maps) ii. Management Aspects Figure 3: Level of Satisfaction with MPK's Cooperation with the Police (Source: Interviews) From the perspective of management, the researcher found that the implementers and the police gave the same view that there was good cooperation in implementing the Safe City Program, especially in concentrated areas (Figure 3). Through interviews, the implementers conveyed that other agencies such as the Neighbors Rukun Club, the police and other enforcement actively patrolling public areas. They do not rely entirely on design or purely physical elements in creating a safe city. The program meeting will also be held once a month with other departments to strengthen cooperation. According to the police, this program helps them a lot in fighting crime because they have a shortage of police officers. With the cooperation of other agencies in monitoring, it can ensure the safety of

- 28 - the population. In addition, the executor and the police are also active in implementing programs every month with the community such as communal work, festivals and premier speech to strengthen the relationship between the public and the authorities (Figure 4). In addition, this kind of activity is to encourage the general public to go out of the house to do activities with friends and family to avoid the birth of a society that wants to do something out of control if they stay alone at home. Figure 4: Community Cooperation Program and Mural Painting (Source: Majlis Perbandaran Kemaman) Conclusion In conclusion, the Safe City Program is effective in reducing crime cases. The implementation of 15 crime prevention measures proposed by the KPKT is very helpful in improving community safety. Although MPK did not fully implement the 15 crime prevention measures, namely the implementation of safe environment design (CPTED), crime GIS mapping and the Safe City Program and the provision of security alarms, it has been able to achieve the program's goal of creating a safer environment. From the physical aspect, there is still dissatisfaction expressed by the public, implementers and the police regarding the existing implementation. As a result, they want to continue strengthening the program to ensure that it is effective for a long time to come. The physical and management aspects are highly emphasized and need to be improved from time to time to create a peaceful and safe city in line with the motto of Kemaman district which is 'Kemaman Idaman'. This study expects executives to improve existing planning by ensuring that maintenance is always done. In addition, it is hoped that MPK will be able to apply the Smart City concept by using the technological advances in improving safe urban implementation. References Fareed, M., & Mohd Yusof Hussain. (2013). Keberkesanan program bandar selamat: persepsi komuniti diBandar Kulaijaya, Malaysia. Portal Rasmi PLANMalaysia - Program Bandar Selamat. (n.d.). Portal.planmalaysia.gov.my. Retrieved May 11, 2024, from https://portal.planmalaysia.gov.my/index.php/agensi/program-bandar-selamat

- 29 - ID-07: Tracing The Evolution of Polycentric City Concept Kayla Nurpurwaningtyas 1 , Loon Wai Chau 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The paper highlights the evolution of concepts related to polycentricity, beginning in 1945 with the introduction of the multiple nuclei model by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman. It talks about how the ideas of polycentricity were extended by Leon Krier's "Cities within the City" concept and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). It also presents the 15- Minute City concept by Carlos Moreno. The review emphasizes the importance of polycentricity in tackling urban issues and enhancing the standard of living. The research strategy, which includes a review of the literature and expert interviews, is described in the methodology section. Its goal is to study the potential and challenges of implementing polycentric city principles in Malaysia. Keywords: Polycentric, Monocentric, Multiple centres Introduction Swift urbanization of Malaysia has produced enormous monocentric cities that work against the achievement of sustainability. In response, the concept of polycentric cities that encourage the development of several centers is revisited as a potential solution. This paper focuses on the polycentric city concept in Malaysia's urban settings and the issues that must be addressed for its implementation. It includes the "Cities within the City" concept, multiple nuclei model, Transit Oriented Development (TOD), and the "15-Minute City" theory. The study explores global strategies and local challenges and strives to support resilience and sustainability in Malaysia by applying a polycentric city approach. Literature Review Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, in their 1945 article, "The Nature of Cities," introduced the concept of the multiple nuclei model, being likely the first to propose that cities, not their neighborhoods, should be viewed as centers of economic activity, suggesting that this would optimize land use and resource conservation (Harris & Ullman, 1945). Their multiple nuclei concept was innovative because they provided a more analytical approach to urban development, explaining that cities were a collection of several scattered centers and not necessarily a compact thing. As for the case in the past, urban development used to depend mainly on the central business districts (CBDs). Over time, different city zones have found a more complex hierarchy of choice factors. Therefore, it can be argued that those ideas of polycentric concepts were crucial in developing urban city thinking. The transit-oriented development, or TOD, was formalized by Peter Calthorpe in 1993 to counter urban sprawl and over-dependence on cars. TOD promotes land-use integration with street pedestrianization and prioritizes residential units within walking distance of the transit station, encouraging an alternative to private transport (Ibraeva et al., 2020). The top three concepts of TOD that foster progress toward sustainable and affordable urban systems are mixed-use development, walkable design, and shared places.

- 30 - Figure 1: Transit Oriented Development (TOD) by Peter Calthorpe (Source: Measuring Transit Oriented Development of Existing Urban Areas around Metro Stations in Faridabad City, 2018) Leon Krier elaborated further by creating the idea of "Cities within the City," which proposed that the city should be segmented, and self-sufficient sub-cities should be formed within the larger urbanization zone. On the other hand, Krier considers that each urban quarter shall have its boundaries and limitations to contain all urban amenities such as schools, libraries, health care, grocery stores, and others within a 10-minute walking distance (Leon Krier, 2009). Considering the cluster of buildings with this pedestrian-friendly design and mixed-use approach, the notion of polycentric city planning is supported, which implies the increase of active transport modes and the development of lively and neighborhood-centered communities (Leon Krier, 2009). Expanding and adding to this concept, in 2021, Carlos Moreno proposed the idea of the 15- Minute City. This concept is intended to make districts in which residents can satisfy all the necessities in a comfortable reach on a 15-minute walk or bicycle ride, shortening the trips on the one hand and, on the other hand, hardly promoting traveling out of the area (Moreno et al., 2021). The principle of 15-minute city is based on diverse land use combinations and the necessity of sustainability and quality of life in making any modern city (Moreno et al., 2021). Figure 2: The 15-Minute City (Source: www.archdaily.com, 2021)

- 31 - The 15-minute city and cities within the city concepts represent the polycentricity principle. Nevertheless, there are differences in the concentration areas. The first strives to design the localities where their residents would have maximum comfort and independence. At the same time, the latter prepares for the construction of the heterogeneous, self-subsistent urban districts within the larger metropolitan city. Both modes stress improving quality of life and environmental sustainability to prove the multi-dimensionality of polycentric cities in dealing with current urban issues. Research on polycentric cities refers to a city or region with multiple centers or nodes (or poles) of activity scattered throughout a given geographic area. The polycentric structures are an alternative to the single-centered cities, which traditionally have their economic, social, and cultural activities concentrated in the CBD, distributed among several centers. Compactness, mixed-use development, and pedestrian/transit-oriented developments enhance the polycentricity of urbanism, thus providing a basis for sustainable and pleasant living environments. The compact urban forms purposefully place essential services and activities in neighborhoods, making traveling short and coordinating land use effectively. Mixed-use, which integrates different land uses at the neighborhood level, creates a lively and diversified urban environment. Pedestrian and transit priority developments encourage walking and public transport, decrease dependence on personal cars, and allow people to interact in society. Methodology The research will encompass an in-depth review of existing literature and conducting interviews with experts to get insights into the obstacles and possibilities related to implementing a polycentric city concept in Malaysia. The review will focus on the objectives, approach, and effects of different urban planning concepts related to polycentricity, such as the multiple nuclei model, the "Cities within The City" concept, Transit Oriented Development (TOD), and the contemporary "15-Minute City" concept. The review will cover the characteristics and benefits of polycentric structures, including their connection with compactness, mixed-use projects, and pedestrian/transit-oriented development. The study aims to get a better understanding of the theoretical foundations and real-world effects of the polycentric city concept, providing a basis for future studies. Conducting focused interviews with professionals and stakeholders in urban planning, government, and development will provide a thorough understanding of their perspectives, experiences, and opinions toward the concept of polycentric cities. Findings i. Expected Findings The study of the polycentric city concept in Malaysia is expected to unfold the nation's urbanization problems—for example, the monocentric city models, urban sprawl, and inadequate infrastructure—and stress the need for applying polycentric city aspects as possible solutions. The investigation will have views on both wide-ranging tactics and local barriers that occur around putting polycentricity into practice and by following the development of this concept from a multi-nuclei model to modern theories like the 15- Minute City concept. Methodologically, the literature review and expert interviews pinpoint challenges and opportunities in developing polycentric cities so that urban planning concepts, such as mixed-use development and transit-oriented development, are rationalized. The perspectives of the experts from the interviews would help the audience to make recommendations and understand the concept of the polycentric city well.

- 32 - Conclusion Therefore, the idea of polycentric cities offers a hopeful strategy for addressing the issues of urbanization in Malaysia. Polycentricity, achieved by establishing many centers, presents possibilities for creating urban ecosystems that are more sustainable and solid. Although there are practical and institutional obstacles, a move towards polycentricity is necessary to improve both quality of life and environmental sustainability. This research seeks to deepen our understanding of the possible advantages and challenges linked to polycentric city development in Malaysia by examining several urban planning concepts and conducting interviews with experts. In conclusion, adopting polycentricity has the potential to create cities in Malaysia and other places that are more dynamic, interconnected, and enjoyable to live in. References Harris, C. D., & Ullman, E. L. (1945). The nature of cities. A Geography of Urban Places, 46(6), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315105352-1 Ibraeva, A., Correia, G. H. de A., Silva, C., & Antunes, A. P. (2020). Transit-oriented development: A review of research achievements and challenges. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 132 (November 2019), 110–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.10.018 Leon Krier. (2009). The Architecture of Community. Island Press. Moreno, C., Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C., & Pratlong, F. (2021). Introducing the “15-minute city”: Sustainability, resilience and place identity in future post-pandemic cities. Smart Cities, 4(1), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010006

- 33 - ID-08: A Conceptual Framework for Investigating the Role of Sense of Belonging in Cultural Heritage Preservation Nur Zahidah Zulkifli 1 , Nadzirah Hosen 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This research paper aims to examine the level of sense of belonging among traders of Pasar Besar Siti Khadijah in the effort to preserve the cultural heritage of Kelantan. The assessment will be guided by several criteria identified through literature reviews on "place attachment" towards Pasar Siti Khadijah namely: (1) Identity attachment; (2) Dependence attachment; (3) Social attachment; (4) Bonding attachment; and (5) Affect attachment. Keywords: Sense of belonging, Place Attachment, Cultural Heritage, Preservation Introduction Cultural heritage refers to the physical products or outcomes of traditions and spiritual achievements, which are crucial in determining a group's or nation's identity (Karmadi, 2014). It encompasses values from the past and can shape a city's unique character and identity. Preserving cultural heritage helps communities feel connected to historical foundations and appreciate the journey of that culture. The heightened awareness and preservation of cultural heritage in a city significantly shape its identity. Furthermore, cultural heritage is crucial for a city's identity, as it forms a strong connection with its past. Historical buildings contribute to this value, as they set a place apart from others. As Johar & Che-Ani (2011) argue, identity is a distinctiveness in a place's image or perception. At the same time, providing encouragement for individuals to continue preserving cultural heritage is also crucial for a city. This is because this sense of ownership plays a significant role in educating the younger generation about the importance of safeguarding and appreciating their cultural heritage, thereby passing down these values to the next generation. This can help communities appreciate their cultural heritage and understand their own values, traditions, and cultural identity. It raises awareness about the cultural richness they possess and enhances pride in that heritage. Educating the younger generation is essential in building a sense of ownership of cultural heritage. Johnson (2019) once stated that involving students in learning about local history, traditions, and cultural values not only enhances their understanding of cultural application but also creates meaningful educational experiences and builds a strong sense of identity. The preservation of cultural heritage faces challenges due to the emergence of a new generation of traders with differing views, which could hinder the development of strategies and business decisions for preserving and respecting this cultural heritage, emphasizing the importance of fostering ownership in this regard. This study aims to measure the sense of belonging among traders in preserving Pasar Besar Siti Khadijah, assess the factors influencing this sense of belonging, and propose strategies to enhance it, with the ultimate goal of preserving the historic site and promoting economic growth.

- 34 - Literature Review i. Sense Of Belonging (Tahap Rasa Kepunyaan) Sense of belonging refers to an individual's sense of connection and identification with their community or society, shaped by their spirit or awareness. It reflects their relationship with the community and how these feelings influence their behavior, values, and perspectives, as per Raman (2014). Identity is shaped by personal characteristics and societal relationships. A high sense of belonging signifies a strong attachment to community values, traditions, and social norms, forming a solid foundation for forming an identity based on culture and society. The sense of belonging has four elements, one of which is purpose/meaning. Places can also hold special meanings for communities that associate them with historical events, religious beliefs, or cultural traditions. This meaning provides identity and added value to the place. Besides that, element of place/space. Places can also hold special meanings for communities that associate them with historical events, religious beliefs, or cultural traditions. This meaning provides identity and added value to the place. Places linked to cultural traditions, such as traditional markets, performing arts venues, or ceremonial sites, can provide strong identity to the community. Additionally, the third element is unity. Unity within a place involves how the community around that place feels connected and interacts socially. Places can become centers of social life and community where people gather, communicate, and share experiences. The final element is diversity. Diversity of physical or cultural characteristics within an area such as types of land, flora, fauna, or climate, languages reflecting ethnic and cultural diversity in the area, various customs practiced by the local community add color and uniqueness to the culture of the area, architectural art can create distinctive features that set it apart from other areas, and daily life practices. However, this study will focus solely on the element of place/space. Place attachment is a concept that describes the emotional connection that an individual or community has towards a particular place or location. The main characteristic of place attachment is the strong, positive bond between an individual and a place; more specifically, the individual's strong tendency to maintain familiarity with such a place (Knez, 2005). ii. Aspects of "Place Attachment" The sense of belonging has five main aspects, one of which is the aspect identity attachment. Identity attachment refers to the ways in which specific physical features and symbols contribute to an individual's sense of self or identity (Devine-Wright, 2009). The cultural values and history present in that place have a significant influence on shaping the identity of an individual or community. The place represents valuable cultural heritage that needs to be passed down from generation to generation. Additionally, dependence attachment is another aspect of place attachment. Dependence attachment focuses on the function of a particular area for an individual. This function may be related to the ability of an area to provide economic opportunities or recreation (Hunt, 2017). The economic function of an area, such as providing employment or business opportunities, can create dependence attachment. Residents who depend on the area for income or livelihoods are likely to develop a strong bond with the place.Furthermore, the next aspect is the social attachment. Social attachment involves the emotional bond between a community or an individual with the people who reside in that place. Social memory is not only cognitive but also often related to embodied practices that provide meaning and memory in the body (Degnen, 2015). This includes feelings of affection, trust, and other emotional involvement towards community members.

- 35 - Besides that, bonding attachment is another aspect of place attachment. Bonding attachment refers to the sense of belonging or membership to a group of people, such as friends and family, as well as emotional relationships based on shared history, interests, or concerns (Christopher & Weber, 2010). Bonding attachment also encompasses the role of friends and family in building emotional connections. The strength of these relationships can create a sense of attachment to a place. The last aspect is affect attachment. Affect attachment explains that an individual can experience deep feelings of love and happiness towards a place, but conversely, they can also experience negative feelings such as loss or disappointment, depending on their experiences in that place. How an individual experiences affect attachment is heavily influenced by their personal experiences in that place. Positive experiences can enhance affect attachment, while negative experiences can damage that bond. Figure 1.0: Proposed Conceptual Framework (Source: Adapted from multiple authors, 2024) Methodology The methodology of this study emphasizes a structured literature review as the foundational phase, which serves to delineate the theoretical underpinnings and refine the conceptual framework concerning sense of belonging. Focusing on five identified criteria aspects of 'place attachment,' the literature review helps in establishing a robust framework for subsequent data collection. The study targets Pasar Besar Siti Khadijah, an urban commercial center in Bandar Kota Bharu, known for its vibrant community of traders, tourists, and residents. However, this study specifically concentrates on the traders' sense of belonging. Following the literature review, a quantitative data collection strategy will be employed, involving the distribution of questionnaires to 67 traders at the market. This preparatory work ensures that the questionnaire design is informed by comprehensive theoretical insights, enhancing the relevance and depth of the empirical analysis. Data gathered will be analyzed using SPSS software, focusing on generating findings that are both statistically and contextually informed by the reviewed literature.

- 36 - Conclusion Overall, this study was conducted to determine the extent to which the sense of ownership among traders in Pasar Besar Siti Khadijah contributes to the preservation of Kelantan's cultural heritage. The cultural heritage of Kelantan is a treasure that needs to be preserved and passed down to future generations. Therefore, the sense of ownership towards Kelantan's cultural heritage is not just a personal or communal feeling, but also a responsibility to pass on this heritage to future generations. By appreciating and practicing the values of cultural heritage, they indirectly become guardians and carriers of tradition, making Kelantan one of the valuable custodians of cultural heritage in Malaysia. References Christopher M. Raymond, G. B., & Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 422-434. Degnen, C. (2015). Socialising place attachment: place, social memory and embodied affordances. Cambridge University Press, 1645 - 1667. Devine-Wright, P. (2009). Rethinking NIMBYism: The role of place attachment and place identity in explaining place-protective action. Wiley Online Library, 426-441. Hunt, L. M. (2017). Examining State Dependence and Place Attachment Within a Recreational Fishing Site Choice Model. Journal of Leisure Research, 110-127. Knez, I. (2005). Attachment and identity as related to a place and its perceived climate. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 207-218. Raman, S. (2014). Sense Of Belonging. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 5828–5831. S. Johar, A. A., & A.I. Che-Ani, N. T. (2011). Analisa Kajian Lapangan ke atas Kecacatan Pad. Journal Design + Built

- 37 - ID-09: Developing Effective Strategies for Assessing Risk in Bukit Bendera Mia Qistina Junaidi 1 , Gobi Krishna Sinniah 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Highland areas are particularly vulnerable because of their remoteness, rough terrain, and variable weather. People in these places need to be protected, which requires effective risk assessment. This study examines environmental risk assessment strategies by integrating theory and real-world applications. Places like Bukit Bendera in Malaysia are put in risk due to deforestation for housing, infrastructure, and agriculture, which also causes landslides, soil erosion, water pollution, temperature rises, and river sedimentation. The primary objective of the study is to provide workable risk assessment techniques for highlands. This will necessitate a thorough comprehension of these ecosystems and will involve the use of technical instruments, qualitative and quantitative methodologies, and stakeholder participation. Keywords: Strategies, Risk Assessment, Highland Areas Introduction This risk management process relies on communication, negotiation, and continuous monitoring and review. Five main activities, namely creating context, identifying risk, analyzing risk, assessing risk, and treating risk, form the basis of this process. By adopting this approach, the tourism industry can improve their operational efficiency and contribute to the sustainability of the destination as well as the well-being of the communities involved. (Robertson et al., 2004). Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM) is very concerned about the proposed cable car system in Penang and hereby opposes the proposed project because it will have a very bad effect and result in drastic changes to the atmosphere of the hill and around the lower station.(Pinang et al., n.d.). Bukit Bendera is a very important water catchment area for Pulau Pinang state and part of the forest here is protected as a forest reserve. Almost half of Bukit Bendera or 210.07 hectares is gazetted as a water catchment area (Bukit Bendera Special Area Plan, 2013). In a hill environment, any attempt to disturb the delicate ecological balance is a mistake and the consequences are dire in the long run (Pinang et al., n.d.) Literature Review Bukit Bendera must have had an importance that caused the British to explore up to the top of the hill. According to history, Bukit Bendera or Penang Hill was first developed in 1788 by the British. This hill as high as 830 meters above sea level is a choice because the temperature is cool at the top of the hill and the beautiful scenery is very suitable as a resting place for British officers during hot weather. At the top of this hill there is Bel Retiro which is the residence of the British governor and several other houses belonging to civil servants and British soldiers. The tourism project that is located in Bukit Bendera is the rating project of Bukit Bendera Upper Station. According to the Chief Minister, Y.A.B Tuan Chow Kon Yeow said that his administration has given assurances that all the designs of the large-scale project are environmentally friendly and comply with the guidelines set in the Special Area Plan (RKK) 2016 and RKK (Replacement) 2020. (Md.Jahi, 2009) states that the concept of eco-tourism means tourism based on a responsible and resilient ecological appreciation. The negative economic effects of tourism include food, land and house price increases in tourist destinations. This is a very clear issue, especially in the run-up to the festive season. Negative environmental areas include pollution from vehicles that will affect tourists, disturbance to habitats and damage to landscape features. (Manson, 2003).

- 38 - Currently the Penang Botanical Garden is overcrowded and the peace and beauty of Teluk Bahang will be affected as well. The Penang Botanical Garden is a unique and valuable place, which represents a very popular and valuable treasure in Penang and for the people of Penang. It has long been described as “the most beautiful place on Earth Malay." It is the only or one of the Botanical Gardens located in the foothills of primary tropical forest, the oldest in the world, and is the most natural environment. Thousands of people visit the Botanical Gardens every day to enjoy nature, for exercise and to interact with family and community. By placing the lower station in the Botanic Garden or its surrounding area, the cable car will destroy the calm atmosphere, natural environment and beauty of the Botanic Garden because thousands of people will visit there to use the cable car and there will be many commercial activities, food stalls and shops on the side. A large area is needed for the cable car station and its administration (Pinang et al., n.d.). Figure 1: Pelan Kereta Kabel (Source: Adapted from SAM, 2017) Risk Management Plan The Risk Management Plan contains a risk assessment report and the best strategies to reduce the risk of implementation and success of a project or program that has been planned (KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA, 2017). At the organizational level, tourism managers play an important role in adopting a risk management process to identify, analyze, evaluate, and mitigate potential risks to their destination and business. Meanwhile, in the context of disaster management for the community, tourism managers and industry representatives need to provide important input and support the development and implementation of appropriate disaster management plans and systems. This risk management process relies on communication, negotiation, and continuous monitoring and review. Five main activities, namely creating context, identifying risk, analyzing risk, assessing risk, and treating risk, form the basis of this process. By adopting this approach, the tourism industry can improve the efficiency of their operations and contribute to the sustainability of the destination as well as the well-being of the communities involved. (Robertson et al., 2004). Risk management is the best measure to reduce the incidence of landslides and suggest options for strengthening landslide risk management in Malaysia. This study aims to identify landslide disaster risk management methods, especially in the context of urban planning in Malaysia (Perancangan et al., 2023). The data obtained can provide guidance to developers who wish to carry out development in high ground areas that have a slope at risk of landslides to conduct an assessment beforehand. In addition, it can help in making decisions to continue development or otherwise. In Malaysia, the approach used in the planning perspective is to use the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172) and Development Guidelines in Hill and Highland Areas published by the Town and

- 39 - Country Planning Department of Peninsular Malaysia (2009). The Malaysian Meteorological Department revealed that the monsoon season from November to March increases the frequency of landslides every year. Heavy rains indirectly increase soil water content and pore water pressure, where most landslides often occur on slopes or embankments made along roads and in houses located in upland areas. Population development, natural factors, geotechnical and anthropogenic factors contribute to the occurrence of landslides. Landslides are caused by uncontrolled development. Methodology There are several methodologies to obtain information sources, namely through questionnaires, interviews and observations. In addition, additional information in support of this study is obtained from secondary data, which is through reading materials such as journals, articles, books and studies.This study has used a questionnaire for the quantitative method to be distributed to the respondents. The method of distributing questionnaires makes it easier for researchers to get accurate information compared to other methods that are complex. This study will use this method by distributing 200 questionnaires to tourists around Bukit Bendera. This method also saves the respondent's time because it is a simple and compact question. Section A consist respondent brief profile such as ethnicity, gender, and nationality of the tourist that come to the Bukit Bendera. Section B emphasises on the tourist information. Section C is about tourist perception on the project and has divide into two part which is positive impact and negative impact based on Severity Scale of 1 ( Very Low) to 5 ( Very High). Findings The research's conclusions highlight the vital role that efficient risk management procedures play in the growth of the tourism industry, especially in environmentally delicate places like Bukit Bendera. According to Robertson et al. (2004), these procedures depend on dialogue, compromise, and ongoing observation and evaluation. This approach's five main components are setting the scene, recognizing risk, evaluating risk, assessing risk, and treating risk. By using these strategies, the travel and tourism sector may improve operational effectiveness and contribute to the sustainability of travel destinations and the welfare of local populations. Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM) has expressed worries about the potential harmful effects on Bukit Bendera's ecology, especially since it is a crucial forest reserve and water catchment area, in reference to the proposed cable car system in Penang. Furthermore, the opposition emphasizes how crucial it is to protect these places' delicate natural balance. Officials from the government may assure us that the Penang Botanical Garden and other similar locations are environmentally friendly, but there are serious worries about possible overcrowding and disruption of natural ecosystems. In order to maintain the integrity and natural beauty of highland ecosystems, it is imperative that tourism development be balanced with environmental conservation and that risk-mitigation measures be taken. The study also highlights the significance of putting into practice efficient risk management strategies, such those meant to lower the frequency of landslides in Malaysia. Stakeholders can more effectively evaluate and reduce risks related to tourism and land development in highland areas by including risk management techniques into urban planning and development guidelines. Conclusion In conclusion, Bukit Bendera, historically developed by the British in 1788, holds significant tourism potential. However, proposed projects, such as the Bukit Bendera Upper Station, raise concerns about their environmental impact. Despite assurances of environmental friendliness, there are worries about negative economic and environmental effects, as outlined by Md.Jahi