- 190 - Literature Review Entrepreneurship in the field of short-term rental accommodation tourism with a sharing economy system has received attention from academics and practitioners. This has reflected the huge changes that have taken place in the tourism industry in recent years. The literature on this subject includes tourism studies, and entrepreneurship related to short-term rental accommodation. This section brings together key findings from previous research to provide comprehensive knowledge of the dynamics influencing entrepreneurship in the context of short-term rental accommodation. i. Entrepreneurship in Tourism Entrepreneurship is not new and has long been recognized as a key driver of innovation and economic support in the tourism industry. Business intentions beyond economic growth historically, entrepreneurship is associated in the classic Schumpeterian approach with the pursuit of economic growth (Schumpeter, 1999; Fuet al., 2019), as well as the ability to take risks (Dias and Azambuja, 2022). Personal values identified by tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs, such as closeness to nature, friends, and family, often do not correspond to economic growth intentions (Sørensen and Grindsted, 2021). Integration into the local community plays an important role in the acceptance and business establishment of tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs (Dias and Azambuja, 2022). This shows that the field of entrepreneurs is no longer foreign to the tourism sector because entrepreneurship has long been recognized as the main driver of innovation and economic support in the tourism industry, involving individuals who are willing to take risks to start new businesses. ii. The Sharing Economy and Short-Term Rentals Short Term Rental services are business ventures where residential property owners or their representatives manage short-term rentals and promote their homes on online marketplaces such as Airbnb, Agoda, Booking.com, etc. (Noordiyana, 2024). The concept known as the sharing economy has been explored in various ways in the literature, including terms such as sharing economy (Kim et al., 2022; Moshier, 2023), collaborative economy (Gössling & Hall, 2019), access economy (Tan et al., 2017), platform economy (Bisultanova, 2023), and network economy (Jisiyu, 2023). While offering advantages to stakeholders, it also challenges traditional structures by introducing new practices, and influences the booking of tourism and accommodation industries (Kjiroski et al., 2022). iii. Entrepreneurial Motivations and Decision-Making Understanding the inherent entrepreneurial motivations will drive people to start short-term lodging businesses. The formation of beliefs through theory is the first step in the entrepreneur-as-scientist approach, and it involves engaging in a deliberate cognitive effort to frame the problem (Park & Baer, 2022) and formulate it carefully as a conceptual structure (Baer et al., 2013; Felin & Zenger, 2009; Zellweger & Zenger, 2022). Once entrepreneurs have identified a problem they believe is worth investigating (Baer et al., 2013; Nickerson & Argyres, 2018; Nickerson & Zenger, 2004), they benefit from developing a theory of the problem and from articulating hypotheses that logically flow from it. theory (Arnaldo et al., 2024). By combining these strands of literature, this review lays the groundwork for a more in-depth investigation of entrepreneurship in the context of short-term rental accommodations, shedding light on the multifaceted nature of this evolving phenomenon and highlighting areas for future research and practical interventions.
- 191 - Figure 1: Conceptual framework (Source: Modified from Ashari et al., (2021) and Kjiroski et al., 2022) Methodology The methodology in this study will discuss the methods used to study the relationship between entrepreneurship and short-term rental accommodation. An in-depth examination and study is done by studying every article related to entrepreneurship in the field of tourism, the sharing economy and also short-term rental. Various databases for journal references used to study this literature include Academia and ResearchGate. According to (Xiao & Watson, 2019), Search questions will drive article selection, data extraction, and reporting. Having a comprehensive research question is important in a Systematic Literature Review (Nordiyana et al., 2024). The use of academia and researchgate is a systematic review method, which is to use keywords to find articles or journals related to entrepreneurship in tourism and short-term rental. Academia is a platform for sharing academic research where it has uploaded 55 million papers, and 103 million academics, professionals, and students read papers on Academia every month. Meanwhile, ResearchGate contains 20 million researchers in the community who come from various sectors in over 190 countries, and use ResearchGate to connect, collaborate and share their work. This database helps in producing an effective literature review. Based on this research, the keywords associated with entrepreneurship and long-term rental accommodation are used in the literature review for this study. Finding search terms is the initial step in the procedure (Nordiyana et al., 2024). Therefore, this database has been used to find articles and journals that help to know and understand the relationship between entrepreneurial ambitions and short-term rental accommodation. Findings A total of 10 journal articles were used in producing this study to find out and understand how entrepreneurship can make short-term rental accommodation the main pillar in creating the motivation of an entrepreneur. This study is to find out and understand how entrepreneurship can make short-term rental accommodation the main pillar in creating the motivation of an entrepreneur. The data that was studied was extracted from the article by following the main purpose that is to be studied in this study. From this article, it is important to help in answering the question of how there is ambition, motivation or initiative in entrepreneurs so that they can run a shortterm rental accommodation business which will help in the tourism sector in the future. A summary of each of the 10 articles is shown in Table 1. The study conducted on this journal article has revealed the factors or characteristics of entrepreneurship in opening short-term rental accommodation and how economic sharing takes place in the accommodation. Based
- 192 - on extracting the relevant data from the selected articles, it shows that there is no relationship between entrepreneurs and short-term rental accommodation. Table 1: Previous study findings Studies Year Highlights B.B.A 2021 Define entrepreneurship Duddy 2021 Opposing short-term rentals Dias, A. and Azambuja, T. 2022 Lifestyle entrepreneur Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship in tourism Wang Y, Livingston M, McArthur DP, Bailey N 2022 A unique period in short-term rental markets Kiril. et.al 2023 The potential of the sharing economy in tourism Moshier, J. H 2023 Peer-to-peer platforms Abdul Aziz, N., Che Kasim, A., & Indria, 2024 High demand for Short-Term Rental Accommodation (STRA) The problem arising from the STRA operation Arnaldo .et.al 2024 How entrepreneurial practices Bahar, M. (n.d.) 2024 Sharing Economy in Tourism Sørensen, F. and Grindsted, T.S. 2024 Sustainable tourism entrepreneurship (Source: Adapted from multiple authors) The results that have been studied from the journal articles found that each article only highlights the characteristics of entrepreneurship in making a business successful in the field of tourism. This study shows that it can be related that homestay entrepreneurs need to have motivation, initiative, and knowledge about the sharing economy to make a short-term rental accommodation business a success. Through a large-scale empirical investigation, this study reveals that a scientific approach to making entrepreneurial decisions can improve the performance of entrepreneurs. The use of this approach is closely related to increased income, participation in seminars, as well as greater courage and motivation in making the short-term rental accommodation business a success. Conclusion The study of tourism entrepreneurship in the context of short-term rental accommodation shows that it has an impact on entrepreneurial ventures that result in the rapid growth of this short-term rental accommodation. As a study conducted, we can conclude that the motivation for entrepreneurship is diverse and flexible. The motive of this study has been shown in the findings where most entrepreneurs state that opening this short-term rental business can provide them with income. This also explains the entrepreneurial spirit that influences shortterm rental accommodation for entrepreneurs to be creative and have product differentiation and succeed in a competitive market. Even so, entrepreneurship in the short-term rental tourism sector is thriving due to the entrepreneurial spirit of entrepreneurs. This is because behavioural changes have created new opportunities for entrepreneurship and value creation in the tourism business. By seizing these opportunities and solving problems proactively, entrepreneurs can contribute more to the short-term rental accommodation business by enriching the entrepreneur's experience.
- 193 - Finally, the study of tourism entrepreneurship through short-term rental accommodation offers a new perspective on the changing nature of entrepreneurship in the sharing economy era. Understanding the motives, strategies, problems, and possibilities that come with short-term rental entrepreneurship allows potential entrepreneurs to negotiate the complexities of this dynamic sector and contribute to its future growth and evolution. References Abdul Aziz, N., Che Kasim, A., & Indria, T. (2024). Issue arising in Short Term Rental Accommodation: A systematic literature review. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 9(28), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v9i28.5886 Azambuja, T. (2022), “Fostering destination creativity through tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship: exploring the moderating effect of financial orientation”, Creativity Studies, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 420-434. Bahar, M. (n.d.). The impact of sharing economy platforms on tourism: Opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Digital Commons @ University of South Florida. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/jght/vol3/iss1/7/ Camuffo, A., Gambardella, A., Messinese, D., Novelli, E., Paolucci, E., & Spina, C. (2024). A scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision‐making: Large‐scale replication and extension. Strategic Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3580 Dias, A. and Azambuja, T. (2022), “Fostering destination creativity through tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship: exploring the moderating effect of financial orientation”, Creativity Studies, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 420-434. Duddy, B. (2024). The Litigator’s Guide to Short-Term Rental Opposition. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4722691 Kjiroski, K., Sarkanjac, S. J., Josimovski, S., Drakulevski, L., & Sarkanjac, B. (2023). Adoption of the sharing economy in the tourism and hospitality industry in developing countries. In H. Sezerel, & B. Christiansen, (Eds.), Handbook of research on sustainable tourism and hotel operations in global hypercompetition (pp. 549-571). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978- 1-6684-4645-4.ch026 Kim, J., Tang, L. R., Wang, X., & Zhang, L. (2022). What factors affect entrepreneurial intention in sharing accommodations? The application of the entrepreneurial event model. Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism, 1(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/0.5038/2771-5957.1.1.1002. Moshier, J. H. (2023). The sharing economy. In Routledge eBooks (pp. 144–166). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429001086-9 Tang, L. R., Wang, X., & Zhang, L. (2022). What factors affect entrepreneurial intention in sharing accommodations? The application of the entrepreneurial event model. Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism, 1(1), 31-50. Sørensen, F., & Grindsted, T. S. (2021). Sustainability approaches and nature tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 91, 103307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103307
- 194 - ID-44: Comparative Analysis of Campus Sustainability Achievement using UI GreenMetric Anisa Ibtesham 1 , Siti Hajar Misnan 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The global imperative for sustainability has propelled institutions like Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) to address environmental concerns within their campuses proactively. UTM has emerged as a leader in sustainability efforts through initiatives aimed at reducing carbon footprints and fostering eco-conscious environments. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of UTM's sustainability achievements using the UI GreenMetric, examining critical successes and challenges encountered. By evaluating UTM's performance within this framework, insights can be gleaned to inform future sustainability initiatives within the university and academia. Keywords: Campus Sustainability, Achievement, Challenges Introduction In the face of escalating global environmental challenges, the imperative for sustainability has become increasingly pronounced, prompting institutions such as Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) to address environmental concerns within their campuses proactively. Recognizing the pivotal role universities play in shaping future leaders and driving societal change, UTM has emerged as a leader in sustainability efforts by implementing initiatives to reduce carbon footprints and foster eco-conscious environments. This paper embarks on a comparative analysis of UTM's sustainability achievements, utilizing the UI GreenMetric World University Ranking as a robust evaluation tool. By scrutinizing UTM's successes and challenges within this context, this study seeks to underscore the significance of promoting sustainability within campus settings. Through a deeper understanding of UTM's performance, valuable insights can be gleaned to inform and inspire future sustainability initiatives within the university and across academia, amplifying the collective impact towards a more sustainable future. Literature Review i. Tools for Assessing Campus Sustainability Various methodologies and frameworks have been developed to assess and certify the sustainability performance of higher education institutions, reflecting the growing emphasis on sustainability within academia. In the Green Leaf framework, key assessment areas include energy efficiency, waste management, water conservation, biodiversity promotion, and environmental impact reduction (Setyowati, M., Arif, K. & Prasetya, A., 2018). One such approach is the STARS (Sustainability Tracking, Assessment & Rating System), which provides a multifaceted evaluation of sustainability across academic, operational, and community engagement dimensions (Parvez, N.& Agrawal, A., 2019). STARS scrutinizes the integration of sustainability principles into curricula, research activities, and operational practices, encouraging universities to minimize environmental impact while fostering community partnerships for broader sustainability initiatives. Additionally, LEED for Campus offers a specialized rating system focused on sustainable design, construction, and maintenance of campus infrastructure, emphasizing holistic environmental considerations beyond individual buildings (Chen, Q., Kleinman, L. & Dial, A., 2022). Complemented by tools like the Campus Carbon Calculator, which quantitatively analyzes carbon emissions,
- 195 - these frameworks aid in developing comprehensive sustainability strategies encompassing energy, transportation, waste management, and more. Alongside certification programs such as Green Campus Certification, which emphasizes energy efficiency, waste reduction, and community involvement (Syidanova, A., Çağnan, C. & Ozsahin, D.U., 2022), there exist benchmarking tools like the Sustainable Campus Index, designed to rank colleges and universities based on their sustainability performance across tailored categories which serve as valuable benchmarks for institutions to evaluate their sustainability efforts and share best practices (Zhu, B., Liu, G. & Feng, J.,2022). Furthermore, Campus Sustainability Audits provide systematic assessments within institutions, evaluating environmental, social, and economic sustainability practices across various operational and academic domains (Melles, G.,2020). These methodologies collectively contribute to a broader understanding of sustainability within higher education and facilitate the continuous improvement of sustainable practices within campus environments. One prominent method for evaluating and benchmarking university sustainability practices is the UI GreenMetric method. The UI GreenMetric World University Ranking is a ranking on green campus and environmental sustainability. Through 6 criteria, UI GreenMetric prudently determined the rankings by universities’ environmental commitment and initiatives. ii. UI GreenMetric Assessment Criteria UI GreenMetric offers a comprehensive approach to sustainability assessment, consisting of an evaluation tool with 6 criteria: Setting and Infrastructure (SI), Energy and Climate Change (EC), Waste (WS), Water (WR), Transportation (TR), and Education (ED) (Figure 1). It's essential to consider the strengths and weaknesses of university achievements compared to others. It is a superior method for comparing campus sustainability due to its comprehensive assessment criteria and global recognition. Figure 1: UI GreenMetric Criteria (Source: Greenmetric.ui.ac.id/criteria) Methodology This research employed a quantitative and qualitative secondary data analysis to compare Universiti Teknologi Malaysia's (UTM) sustainability performance, focusing on indicators specified by the UI GreenMetric ranking system with the best institutions. Secondary data included information from the UI GreenMetric ranking system and website, sustainability reports from UTM and other universities, and comparative data from top-ranked institutions in the ranking. Quantitative analysis was conducted to evaluate UTM's performance on UI GreenMetric indicators, while qualitative analysis involved content analysis of observational data and sustainability reports. Integration of data sources facilitated the synthesis of findings, leading
- 196 - to actionable recommendations for improving UTM's sustainability performance. This mixedmethods approach comprehensively assessed UTM's sustainability efforts and informed strategic decision-making for future initiatives. Findings Based on a mixed-method analysis, the paper compares UTM with 3 other universities based on sustainability criteria. Table 1 shows the sustainability ranking of UTM 2022 with other universities at a global, national, and local level. Table 1: Comparison between UTM and best universities in terms of UI GreenMetric criteria Rank 2022 235 25 24 1 University Name Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Universiti Putra Malaysia Universitas Indonesia Wageningen University & Research Country Malaysia Malaysia Indonesia Netherlands Total score 7395 8800 8800 9300 Setting & Infrastructure (SI) 1200 1275 1175 1325 Energy & Climate Change (EC) 1110 1700 1875 1825 Waste (WS) 1425 1575 1575 1800 Water (WR) 360 850 950 1000 Transportation (TR) 1550 1625 1425 1600 Education & Research (ED) 1750 1775 1800 1750 (Source: Green metric.ui.ac.id/rankings/overall-rankings-2023, 2023) When analyzing sustainability initiatives across universities, it's crucial to examine specific indicators that reflect the effectiveness of these efforts. For instance, energy and climate change indicators assess strategies to reduce energy consumption, promote renewable energy sources, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Universities like Wageningen University & Research (WUR) have excelled in this domain by implementing renewable energy projects and energy-efficient practices, significantly reducing carbon emissions. Similarly, waste management indicators gauge universities' efforts in recycling, waste reduction, and responsible disposal practices. Institutions such as Universitas Indonesia (UI) have demonstrated effective waste management strategies, emphasizing recycling programs and minimizing environmental footprints. However, UI GreenMetric's assessment might need more clarity in evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of waste management practices at a more detailed level. Transportation indicators focus on promoting sustainable commuting options, reducing vehicle emissions, and optimizing transportation systems. Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) has prioritized sustainable transportation practices by encouraging eco-friendly commuting options and investing in infrastructure for cycling and walking. While UI GreenMetric assesses transportation-related sustainability efforts, it may overlook nuances in transportation infrastructure and policies contributing to overall sustainability performance. Educational programs also play a critical role in promoting sustainability by integrating eco-conscious principles into curricula and research activities. Universities like UTM have incorporated
- 197 - sustainability courses, research projects, and extracurricular activities to raise awareness and foster environmental stewardship among students and faculty. While UI GreenMetric acknowledges the importance of education for sustainability, its assessment criteria may only partially capture educational initiatives' depth and breadth and impact on sustainability outcomes. In comparing sustainability indicators and university performance, it's essential to recognize UI GreenMetric's strengths, such as its comprehensive assessment framework for higher education institutions and its ability to provide standardized benchmarks for global comparison. However, it's equally important to acknowledge potential limitations, such as the lack of granularity in certain indicators and the potential for overlooking specific contextual factors that influence sustainability performance. Ultimately, while UI GreenMetric is a valuable tool for evaluating sustainability performance, universities like UTM should complement its assessment with other methodologies and qualitative analyses to better understand their sustainability efforts. This approach ensures a balanced evaluation that considers both quantitative metrics and qualitative insights, enabling universities to identify strengths, address weaknesses, and advance their sustainability goals effectively. The research findings provide a detailed assessment of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia's (UTM) sustainability efforts. Quantitative analysis highlights successes and areas for improvement in energy usage, waste management, and water conservation. Qualitative insights from the stakeholders reveal strengths, weaknesses, and cultural influences on sustainability practices. Benchmarking against global standards offers a roadmap for enhancement, while tailored recommendations address specific challenges. Ultimately, the findings guide UTM in refining strategies and positioning itself as a model for sustainable campuses. Conclusion In conclusion, the research underscores Universiti Teknologi Malaysia's commitment to sustainability while highlighting opportunities for improvement. By leveraging quantitative and qualitative analyses and benchmarking against global standards, the study provides actionable recommendations tailored to UTM's context. These insights position UTM to enhance its sustainability initiatives and contribute meaningfully to the broader discourse on environmentally responsible practices in higher education. References Din, M.F.M., Alias, N.E., Hussein, N. and Zaidi, N.S. (Ed.) (2022), Sustainability Management Strategies and Impact in Developing Countries (Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management, Vol. 26), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xxv. Din, M. F. M., Omar, W., Taib, S., Sarip, S., & Krishnan, S. (2021). Humanizing the Localizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Education and Research at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). Journal of Sustainability Perspectives, 1, 453-460. Parvez, N., & Agrawal, A. (2019). Assessment of sustainable development in technical higher education institutes of India. Journal of cleaner production, 214, 975994. Melles, G. (2020). Sustainability reporting in Australian universities: A case study of campus sustainability employing institutional analysis. International business, trade and institutional sustainability, 945-974. Mustafa, A., Kazmi, M., Khan, H. R., Qazi, S. A., & Lodi, S. H. (2022). Towards a carbon neutral and sustainable campus: a case study of NED University of Engineering and Technology. Sustainability, 14(2), 794.Najad, P. G., Ahmad, A., & Zen, I. S. (2018). Approach to environmental sustainability and green campus at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: A Review. Environment and Ecology Research, 6(3), 203- 209. .32Sadeli, S., Ismail, R., Ishan, E. S. M., Hamed, S. Z. A., Fadil, M. M., Bahari, R., ... & Arizal, A. F. A. (2023, October). Development of the green mobile application prototype for green campus initiatives. Case study: Diploma SPACE UTM Kuala Lumpur. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2746, No. 1). AIP Publishing. Setyowati, M., Kusumawanto, A., & Prasetya, A. (2018, May). Study of waste management towards sustainable green campus in Universitas Gadjah Mada. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1022, No. 1, p. 012041). IOP Publishing. Sundaram, V. P. K., Shariff, S. H., Daud, A., Muhamed, A. A., Pyeman, J., & Ghapar, F. (2022). Sustainable Transport Practices In An Urban University. A Case Study Approach. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 9767-9791. Syidanova, A., Çağnan, Ç., & Ozsahin, D. U. (2022). Evaluation of the Green Campus and Sustainable Campus: Green Building Rating System and Sustainability Approach in Higher Education. In Decision Analysis Applied to Environmental Health (pp. 37-46). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Zhu, B., Liu, G., & Feng, J. (2022). A comparison of the evaluation standards of sustainable campuses between China and America. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 23(6), 1294-1314.
- 198 - ID-45: Investigative Framework for Assessing Citizen Perception of Drainage Vulnerability to Flash Floods Mohammed Ahmed Salem Saleh 1 , Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin 2 ¹ Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru. ² Centre for Innovation Planning and Development (CIPD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru. [email protected] ¹, [email protected] 2 Highlight: Climate change exacerbates city drainage issues, heightening flash flood risks. Aging systems, inadequate capacity, and lack of flood-resistant infrastructure compound vulnerabilities. A novel framework is proposed to assess citizen perceptions on drainage vulnerability, informing resilience strategies. The study employs a narrative review within a systematic literature review framework, analyzing vulnerability dynamics. Turner Environmental Sustainability Assessment (ESA) framework is utilized, examining exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Citizen input identifies high-risk areas and sensitive groups, guiding maintenance and upgrades. Linking personal flood experience with support for infrastructure improvements aids policymaking and resource allocation for effective flood risk reduction. Keywords: Climate Change, flash floods, vulnerability, Infrastructure, Drainage, Introduction In recent years, the world has witnessed a concerning trend: climate change is exacerbating flood frequency and severity, presenting significant challenges to communities worldwide. This phenomenon encompasses various forms of flooding, from coastal inundation due to rising sea levels and intensified storm surges. It also encompasses the sudden onset of flash floods triggered by intense rainfall or dam breaks. These extreme weather events not only pose immediate threats to lives and property but also expose vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure, particularly drainage systems tasked with managing stormwater runoff in urbanized areas. Tauzer et al defined infrastructure vulnerability is the susceptibility of infrastructure systems to damage or disruption from natural or man-made hazards. These systems, often outdated and lacking maintenance, are increasingly vulnerable to damage and failure. The consequences of such deficiencies are exacerbated by the inadequate capacity of these drainage systems to handle the intensity and volume of rainfall associated with flash floods Zaigham et al., (2023). Furthermore, the lack of investment in flood-resistant infrastructure further compounds the problem by directing water flow toward vulnerable areas ill-equipped to absorb such precipitation Bogis, A. (2021). The framework of vulnerability analysis in sustainability science by Turner et al. (2003) involves assessing the susceptibility of a system or population to harm from a particular hazard or event. It considers factors such as exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity that are measurable indicators. Literature Review The cascading effects of global change, including environmental alterations, pose escalating risks to communities worldwide (Dearing et al., 2007). This necessitates a more sophisticated approach to vulnerability assessment, one that bridges the gap between localized case studies and broader global analyses. Recognizing this limitation, Dearing et al. (2007) propose a novel methodology. It leverages insights from both local case studies and global assessments to create a more nuanced understanding of vulnerability. The accelerating pace of global environmental change, alongside the rise of sustainability science, has propelled the concept of vulnerability to the forefront of scientific inquiry (Turner et al., 2003). Traditionally, vulnerability assessments focused solely on exposure to environmental hazards. However,
- 199 - this limited view fails to capture the full picture. As Turner et al. (2003) argue, vulnerability is also shaped by the inherent sensitivity and resilience of the system experiencing these hazards. The increasing frequency and intensity of floods in urban areas pose a significant threat to communities worldwide. This vulnerability stems from a confluence of factors, including population growth, rapid urbanization, a changing climate, and environmental degradation (Tauzer et al., 2017). This emphasis on citizen perception complements the work of Tauzer et al. (2017), who focused on reducing flood exposure through Early Warning Systems for Floods (EWSFs). Their multi-scalar operational research framework investigates EWSFs, providing valuable insights for institutions and flood-prone communities at local and national levels. Their framework emphasizes the importance of analyzing interventions throughout the disaster cycle – before, during, and after flooding events. This focus on preparedness, response, and recovery allows decision-makers to make informed resource allocation decisions. The Exposure-Sensitivity-Adaptive capacity (ESA) method developed by Turner et al. (2003), illustrated in Figure (1) is well-established and recognized for its comprehensive approach and measurable indicators, making it a valuable tool for informing decision-making and developing effective risk-reduction strategies. Designed to be implemented in a place-based manner, the framework considers the specific context of a particular location, including its environmental conditions, human populations, and social and economic factors, enabling the identification of areas most vulnerable to environmental hazards and the development of tailored strategies for vulnerability reduction. The framework operates at multiple spatial, functional, and temporal scales, allowing for vulnerability assessment from local neighborhoods to global regions. Additionally, it acknowledges the dynamics and variability within human and environmental conditions, recognizing that these factors are not static and can change over time. Figure 1: A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science (Source: Turner et al., 2003) Jeddah City's Vulnerability to Flash Floods These literature reviews encompass three critical components: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, focusing on the vulnerability of Jeddah City to flash floods. Zaigham et al. (2021b) conducted an analysis of historical flood events in Jeddah City, identifying rapid urbanization, particularly the expansion of impervious surfaces, as a significant factor exacerbating vulnerability. Their study underscores the necessity of sustainable urban planning practices incorporating flood risk mitigation measures. Jeddah's urban expansion, depicted in growth trends from the 1930s to 2015s, has led to challenges. Additionally, Hamza et al. (2023) investigated the potential flash flood risk associated with a dam break scenario in Jeddah City, emphasizing the importance of considering such scenarios in flood risk assessment and emergency preparedness planning. Their study on the 2011 dam break
- 200 - underscores the need for understanding complex relationships between rainfall intensity, discharge rates, and flood volume for resilient infrastructure design. Furthermore, Bogis (2021) explored the feasibility of implementing green infrastructure strategies in Jeddah City to mitigate flash flood risks, suggesting that green infrastructure can complement traditional drainage systems and enhance flood resilience. The study highlights the potential of greening Tahliah Channel to improve water management by encouraging rainwater collection and reducing surface runoff, thereby protecting marine life and reducing infrastructure damage. Methodology This study employs a mixed methods approach, specifically an explanatory sequential design. This design allows us to collect quantitative data followed by qualitative data to explain and contextualize the initial findings. This approach is well-suited for understanding complex issues like flash flood vulnerability, where both objective data and community perspectives are vital. To assess vulnerability through the lens of resident perceptions, we adopted the Exposure-Sensitivity-Adaptive Capacity (ESA) framework outlined by Turner et al. (2003). This established framework guides data collection and public engagement to evaluate three key aspects of vulnerability. Moreover, this research adheres to a rigorous six-step framework for conducting a comprehensive literature review as outlined by Templier and Pare (2015). This structured approach ensures a thorough examination and identification of (ESA) key themes in the context of flash floods and infrastructure vulnerability. To gain a comprehensive understanding regarding the vulnerability of drainage infrastructure to flash floods. The following outlines how each step within the systematic literature review methodology contributes to achieving the overall research objectives. Step 1: Define Research Question a. Uncover citizen perceptions of vulnerability to flash floods in Jeddah. b. Identify potentially at-risk groups within the city. Step 2: Systematic Literature Search a. Search relevant academic databases for studies on: b. Citizen perception by Zeng et al. (2023). c. Vulnerability by Dearing et al. (2007). d. Drainage infrastructure by Bogis et al. (2007). e. Flash floods by Hamza et al. (2023). Step 3 & 4: Screening & Quality Assessment a. Evaluate retrieved studies based on predetermined (ESA) criteria by Tauzer et al., (2017). b. Assess the methodological quality of the selected studies using Turner et al. (2003). Step 5: Data Extraction a. Extract key data points related to vulnerability using Shah et al. (2023); and Sofia et al. (2023). Step 6: Content Analysis a. Synthesize extracted data to identify recurring themes and patterns. The overall goal is to gain valuable insights into citizen perceptions and contribute to understanding Jeddah's preparedness for flash floods. By combining the systematic review of existing research on ESA with citizen perception data, this study aims to create a comprehensive picture of Jeddah's preparedness for flash floods. This holistic approach allows for the development of targeted strategies that address both technical vulnerabilities and public anxieties.
- 201 - Findings By employing a mixed-methods approach that incorporates both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques, the study aims to shed light on two key findings: i. Public Perception of Unequal Vulnerability and Identification of Most At-Risk Groups Thematic and content analysis of survey responses or interview data will reveal how residents perceive the impact of flash floods across different areas. This analysis can uncover valuable insights into public perception of unequal vulnerability. Residents may express concerns about certain neighborhoods or demographics being disproportionately affected by flash floods. This could highlight areas with inadequate drainage infrastructure, low-lying geography, or limited access to resources during flood events. Furthermore, the analysis can identify specific groups perceived as more vulnerable to flash floods. Identifying these groups is crucial for informing targeted interventions. Policymakers can prioritize infrastructure upgrades and resource allocation to areas most in need, while city officials can develop targeted outreach and preparedness programs to enhance the resilience of vulnerable groups during flash flood events. The following are explanations of each component's ESA: a. Exposure from a Public Perspective (Dearing et al. 2007): This facet delves into how citizens perceive the susceptibility of drainage infrastructure to flash flood risks. It involves soliciting public opinions and observations regarding the location and condition of drainage systems, particularly in light of historical flash flood events and individual experiences. Employing the research instrument to measure citizen views on the effects of flash flood risk to reveals community awareness and concerns about vulnerable drainage areas. b. Sensitivity as Perceived by Citizens (Zeng et al. 2023): The sensitivity assessment focuses on the perceptions of city’s residents regarding the capacity and condition of the drainage infrastructure. It involves gathering public opinions regarding drainage systems during heavy rains, observations of maintenance and deterioration issues, and perspectives on construction practices. By emphasizing the community's viewpoint on the resilience and reliability of drainage infrastructure. c. Perceived Adaptive Capacity (Tauzer et al. 2017): This segment evaluates the public's perception of the city's ability to adapt and respond to flash flood risks. This includes assessments of citizen awareness, opinions on the effectiveness of coordination and response mechanisms during flash flood events, and overall confidence in the city's adaptive capacity. Using a citizen-centric approach, this approach highlights the community's confidence in the city's ability to manage flash flood risks ii. Correlation Between Flood Experience and Support for Infrastructure Upgrades Correlation analysis will be used to explore the relationship between a resident's experience with flooding and their level of support for upgrading the city's drainage infrastructure. Flood risk perception is likely to be heightened for residents who have personally experienced the negative effects of flash floods (e.g., property damage, disruption). Consequently, a heightened perception of flood risk could lead to a stronger desire for improvements that mitigate the threat. By analysing the correlation between these two factors, the research can determine if residents with firsthand experience of flooding are more likely to advocate for infrastructure upgrades. This finding can be valuable for policymakers when prioritizing resource allocation and gauging public support for proposed flood risk reduction strategies. Similarly, the analysis might consider the severity of the flood experience (e.g., minor inconvenience vs.
- 202 - significant damage). Socioeconomic factors could also be explored to see if there's a connection between demographics and support for infrastructure investments. By examining both public perception of unequal vulnerability and the link between flood experience and support for infrastructure upgrades, this research offers valuable insights into strengthening community resilience to flash floods. Figure 2: A conceptual framework for vulnerability analysis findings (Source: Tauzer et al., 2017) Conclusion Flash floods pose a significant and ever-growing threat to urban centers worldwide, causing widespread damage and disrupting countless lives. This research introduces a novel framework for assessing urban vulnerability to flash floods, emphasizing the integration of citizen perception alongside technical evaluations of drainage infrastructure. By incorporating the perspectives of residents who have experienced these events firsthand, invaluable insights emerge, offering a pathway to the creation of more resilient cities. The integration of citizen perceptions with technical evaluations presents a powerful approach to enhance urban resilience against flash floods. This framework not only informs targeted infrastructure upgrades and investment decisions but also fosters community engagement and awareness. Through this collaborative effort, cities can proactively address vulnerabilities, strengthen emergency preparedness, and ultimately mitigate the devastating impacts of flash floods on urban centers and their inhabitants. It is imperative to continue leveraging the synergy between public input and technical expertise to build safer, more resilient cities capable of withstanding the challenges posed by flash floods and other extreme weather events. References Bogis, A. (2021, March 5). Are green infrastructure strategies suitable in arid climates? A Design Feasibility Study from Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3836416 Dearing, J. A., Knox, J., & Mathieson, J. (2007). Quantitative analysis of patterns of vulnerability to global environmental change. Progress in Physical Geography, 31(1), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133307076486 Hamza, M. H., & Saegh, A. M. (2023). Flash flood risk assessment due to a possible dam break in urban arid environment, the new UM Al-Khair Dam case Study, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 15(2), 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021074 Hijji, M., Amin, S., Iqbal, R., & Harrop, W. (2013). A Critical Evaluation of the Rational Need for an IT Management System for Flash Flood Events in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.1109/dese.2013.45 Shah, S. M. H., Yassin, M. A., Abba, S. I., et al. (2023). Flood Risk and Vulnerability from a Changing Climate Perspective: An Overview Focusing on Flash Floods and Associated Hazards in Jeddah. Water, 15(20), 3641. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203641 Sofia, G., Yang, Q., Shen, X., et al. (2023). The operational flash-flood forecasting system for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A case study of the 24th November 2022 flash flood in Jeddah. EGU General Assembly 2023. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-7434 Tauzer et al.(2017). Institute for Advanced Development Studies by: A Vulnerability Research Framework for the Development of Early Warning Systems for Floods A Vulnerability Research Framework for the Development of Early Warning Systems for Floods. 10.13140/RG.2.2.20052.50561.
- 203 - Turner et al. (2003). A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(14), 8074–8079.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231335100 Zaigham, N. A., Mahar, G. A., Aburizaiza, O. S., & Nayyar, Z. A. (2021). Historical flood imprints reveal factors causing catastrophic impacts on modern Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: a case of flash floods versus rapid urbanization. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06703-5 Zeng, L., Li, R. Y. M., Zeng, H., & Song, L. (2023). Perception of sponge city for achieving circularity goal and hedge against climate change: a study on Weibo. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-12-2022-0155
- 204 - ID-46: Effectiveness of Geotourism Interpretation in Educating Youth for Sustainable Geopark Development Hui Qing Leow 1 , Syed Muhammad Rafy Syed Jaafar 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This research aims to examine the effectiveness of geotourism interpretation in educating youth about sustainable geopark development. It seeks to identify how different interpretation methods used in geoparks enhance youth understanding of geoparks and conservation efforts. Interpretation is critical in resource management and visitor safety; it guides behaviour and promotes a positive attitude towards policies and sustainability messages, ultimately affecting the quality and satisfaction of a tourist's experience. The findings are important for the sustainable development of the geopark, as they can identify areas with potential for improvement in several interpretation facilities where performance is moderate. Keywords: Geotourism, Geopark, Sustainable Development, Youth Knowledge, Interpretation Introduction Tourism is seeing significant growth as it contributes to globalisation and interconnectedness (Thomas Hinton, 2023). Sustainability is paramount in tourism development, considering the economic, social, and environmental effects. The goal is to cater to the requirements of tourists, businesses, the natural surroundings, and local communities, thereby guaranteeing a long-lasting and environmentally friendly future for the tourism sector (UNEP & UNWTO, 2005). Geotourism has been increasingly popular in recent years as a sustainable form of tourism (Ólafsdóttir & Tverijonaite, 2018). The establishment of geoparks has emerged as an important strategy for promoting environmental conservation and sustainable development. This study demonstrates that the establishment of geoparks and the encouragement of geotourism play a significant role in fostering sustainability within the tourism industry. It is crucial for all parties involved to collaborate in order to uphold a satisfactory level of tourist satisfaction and provide a meaningful experience for visitors. This collaboration is also essential for increasing tourists' awareness of sustainability concerns and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them (UNEP & UNWTO, 2005). Geoconservation incorporates multiple stakeholders, including geotourists. Within the realm of geotourism, youth travellers possess a distinct and exceptional role (Ginting et al., 2020). Youth travellers desire novel experiences, they are the most rapidly expanding demographic of travellers with limited environmental consciousness (Ginting et al., 2020). Education is essential for tourists to understand the origin of geoparks, and it is crucial to offer detailed explanations of the geological legacy inside a geopark to students, tourists, and the local community (Brilha, 2018). Tourism education refers to the acquisition of information and skills by tourists as they comprehend and interact with tourist locations (Narisa et al., 2021). Tourist interpretation materials serve to raise knowledge about sustainable development (SDG 4) and can be utilised as educational resources in both formal and non-formal settings (SDG 4) (Rodrigues et al., 2021). Therefore, this study will specifically examine the significance and requirements of interpretation materials provided in geoparks in influencing youth knowledge on the sustainability of the geopark and geotourism. Literature Review This section will analyze the main findings of the literature review, which are based on previous studies and encompass various aspects investigated in this research.
- 205 - Table 1: Summary of Literature Review Authors Major Findings Scope of Research Brilha (2018) The Geopark concept, developed in Europe in the late 1980s, was integrated into sustainable territorial development strategies and officially approved by UNESCO in 2015, establishing the 'UNESCO Global Geoparks' label. Overview of Geopark UNESCO (2015) Geoparks contain sites and landscapes of global geological importance, managed with a comprehensive approach including protection, education, and sustainable development. Ólafsdóttir & Tverijonaite (2018) Geotourism promotes tourism to geosites, conserves geodiversity, and enhances Earth sciences understanding, aiming for sustainability, satisfaction, meaningful experiences, and awareness of sustainability issues. Concept of Geotourism Nikūʼī Ṣadrī (2020) Geotourism is a crucial element of geoparks and a key component of the UNESCO-recognized global geopark criteria for sustainable development. Rubira-Gómez et al. (2024) Interpreting geological heritage involves guided tours, excursions, and information centres. UNESCO's 2022 checklist for evaluating potential UGGps includes information panels, public infrastructure, exhibition halls, museums, and a website. Geo-interpretation in Geopark Began et al. (2017) Centres in Geoparks must adjust to each site's distinct attributes to enhance visitors' educational and tourism experiences. Wang et al. (2021) Interpretation is vital in preserving resources, guiding visitors, and promoting a positive attitude toward management policies and sustainability messages. Tourists’ Knowledge and Experience in Interpretation S. (Sam) Huang et al. (2015) The quality and satisfaction of a tourist's experience can be influenced by the interpretation provided. Narisa et al. (2021) Young tourists engage in travel with the perpetual aim of acquiring novel knowledge and experiences. Youth Engagement in Geoparks Ginting et al. (2020) Youth tourists play a unique role in geotourism, as they are the fastest-growing demographic with limited environmental consciousness. The literature review can conclude that interpretation plays significant roles in geopark in enhancing visitor’s experience and providing knowledge to promote sustainable development. Methodology This study was conducted at Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark, the first global geopark in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. This research employs a quantitative observational research approach. Specifically, structured observation is implemented to directly observe the geopark's existing performance in terms of developing interpretation materials and infrastructure. A framework was constructed based on existing literature and utilised by the researcher during the site visit. The literature review results identify the methods of interpretation used in geoparks and the criteria for accrediting the performance of geoparks in interpretation facilities and educational program preparation. The measurement criteria for the eight interpretation methods are stated in Table 2.
- 206 - Table 2: Measurement Criteria for Interpretation Methods Variables (Interpretation Methods) Measurement Criteria Source Brochure/ Guidebook 1. Date of update 2. Accuracy of information 3. Readability 4. Attractiveness 5. Language options UNESCO (2022);; Began et al. (2017); Z. Huang et al. (2022) Guided Tour 1. Friendliness 2. Clarity in Providing Information 3. Customer service skills 4. Control of pace 5. Service availability Began et al. (2017); S. (Sam) Huang et al. (2015) Object Displays with Labels 1. Attractiveness 2. Uniqueness 3. Sustainable material 4. Valuable 5. Labelling Availability UNESCO (2022); Rubira-Gómez et al. (2024) Graphic Panels Exhibits 1. Accessibility 2. Educational 3. Accuracy of information 4. interpretive elements 5. Language Availability UNESCO (2022); Began et al. (2017) Digital Labels or QR Codes 1. Labelling Availability 2. QR codes Availability 3. Language Availability UNESCO (2022); Began et al. (2017) Apps or Digital Information 1. Date of update 2. User-friendliness 3. Performance in Variety of Platforms 4. Level of Interactive 5. Informativeness UNESCO (2022); Began et al. (2017) Audio Visual (AV) Presentations 1. Attractiveness 2. Informativeness 3. Audio Quality 4. Graphic Quality UNESCO (2022); Z. Huang et al. (2022) Digital and Hands-on Interactive Exhibits 1. Attractiveness 2. Level of Interactive 3. User-friendliness 4. Graphic Quality 5. Maintenance UNESCO (2022); Z. Huang et al. (2022) According to the above framework, the interpretation facilities are rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being excellent, 4 being good, 3 being moderate, 2 being poor, and 1 being very poor. Findings The research on accrediting interpretation facilities was carried out in two main locations frequently visited by students within Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark (LUGGp): the Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark Discovery Centre (GDC) and Langkawi Research Centre. Based on the observation conducted during the site visit, LUGGp primarily utilises non-personal interpretive media, such as informative panels, exhibitions, brochures, and selfguided walks. The primary interpersonal interpretive service involves hiring a local tour guide. An example of such a service is operated by The Cooperative of Kilim Village Community Langkawi Limited. Based on interviews with the managers, students are normally visited under the school program, and a tour guide will be assigned to guide them. Table 3 displays the accreditation results for the interpretation facilities in two primary locations that students visited within Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark (LUGGp). The results indicate that Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark (LUGGp) is performing well, with potential for improvement in several areas where it performs moderately.
- 207 - Table 3: Accreditation Results of Interpretation Facilities in Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark (LUGGp). Attraction Interpretation Methods Justifications Rating (Scale 1-5) Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark Discovery Centre (GDC) Brochure/ Guidebook Up-to-date and accurate information; easy-to-read brochure with descriptions using attractive infographics (but only available in Bahasa Malaysia and English). Good 4 Guided Tour Friendly, some information is given, moderate customer service skills, and moderate control of the pace, only on a request basis. Moderate 3 Object Displays with Labels Moderately attractive, less variety of choices, valuable for money, some labelled. Moderate 3 Graphic Panels Exhibits Accessible, very educational that provides accurate information and interpretive elements, available in Bahasa Malaysia and English. Good 4 Digital Labels or QR Codes Well-labelled, QR codes are provided for extra information and further readings, available in Bahasa Malaysia and English. Good 4 Apps or Digital Information Accurate information (but not updated regularly), userfriendly, works well on any platform, interactive, informative. Good 4 Audio Visual (AV) Presentations Moderately attractive, moderately informative, moderate audio and graphic quality. Moderate 3 Digital and Handson Interactive Exhibits Moderately attractive, moderate interaction, moderate userfriendly, moderate graphic quality, moderate maintenance. Moderate 3 Langkawi Research Centre (PPL) Brochure/ Guidebook Up-to-date and accurate information; easy-to-read brochure with descriptions using attractive infographics (but only available in Bahasa Malaysia and English). Good 4 Guided Tour Very friendly, clear information given, very interactive, superior customer service skills and excellent in controlling the pace. Excellent 5 Object Displays with Labels Highly attractive and unique, sustainable materials, valuable for money, well labelled. Excellent 5 Graphic Panels Exhibits Accessible, very educational that provides accurate information and interpretive elements, available in Bahasa Malaysia and English. Good 4 Digital Labels or QR Codes Well-labelled, QR codes are provided for extra information and further readings, available in Bahasa Malaysia and English. Good 4 Apps or Digital Information Accurate information (but not updated regularly), userfriendly, works well on any platform, interactive, informative. Good 4 Audio Visual (AV) Presentations Highly attractive, highly informative, excellent audio and graphic quality. Excellent 5 Digital and Handson Interactive Exhibits Moderately attractive, moderate interaction, moderate userfriendly, moderate graphic quality, moderate maintenance. Moderate 3 (Source: Field Survey, 2024)
- 208 - Conclusion In geoparks, interpretation plays a crucial role in educating tourists about the significance of geoparks in promoting environmental conservation efforts for sustainable geopark development. Langkawi Geopark offers excellent guided tours, object displays with labels, and audio-visual (AV) presentations at Langkawi Research Centre. However, its performance at Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark Discovery Centre (GDC) is only moderate. The overall performance of brochures, graphic panels, digital labels, and apps is good for both attractions, but the digital and hands-on interactive exhibits at both places need improvement as they only achieve moderate performance. These findings are crucial for the sustainable development of the geopark, as they can identify areas for improvement in interpretation facilities. Evaluating geoparks' interpretation methods is vital for delivering messages effectively to tourists. References Began, M., Višnić, T., Djokić, M., & Vasiljevic, D. A. (2017). Interpretation Possibilites of Geoheritage in Southeastern Serbia— Gorge and Canyon Study. Geoheritage, 9(2), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-016-0197-9 Brilha, J. (2018). Geoheritage and geoparks. In Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management (pp. 323–335). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809531-7.00018-6 Ginting, N., Marpaung, B. O. Y., Sinaga, F. A., Narisa, N., & Siregar, N. (2020). Geotourism and stakeholders: An approach to enhance geoconservation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 452(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/452/1/012156 Huang, S. (Sam), Weiler, B., & Assaker, G. (2015). Effects of Interpretive Guiding Outcomes on Tourist Satisfaction and Behavioral Intention. Journal of Travel Research, 54(3), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513517426 Huang, Z., Weng, L., & Bao, J. (2022). How do visitors respond to sustainable tourism interpretations? A further investigation into content and media format. Tourism Management, 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104535 Narisa, N., Ginting, N., & Marpaung, B. O. Y. (2021). GEOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT FOR YOUNG TOURISTS BASED ON EDUCATION ASPECT IN TONGGING, KARO REGENCY. International Journal of Education and Social Science Research, 04(03), 490–503. https://doi.org/10.37500/ijessr.2021.4330 Nikūʼī Ṣadrī, B. (2020). The geotourism industry in the 21st century : the origin, principles, and futuristic approach. Apple Academic Press Inc. https://lccn.loc.gov/2019057667 Ólafsdóttir, R., & Tverijonaite, E. (2018). Geotourism: A systematic literature review. In Geosciences (Switzerland) (Vol. 8, Issue 7). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8070234 Rodrigues, J., Neto de Carvalho, C., Ramos, M., Ramos, R., Vinagre, A., & Vinagre, H. (2021). Geoproducts – Innovative development strategies in UNESCO Geoparks: Concept, implementation methodology, and case studies from Naturtejo Global Geopark, Portugal. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(1), 108–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2020.12.003 Rubira-Gómez, G., Malavé-Hernández, J., Jaya-Montalvo, M., Candell-Soto, J., Caicedo-Potosí, J., Merchán-Sanmartín, B., Aguilar-Aguilar, M., & Morante-Carballo, F. (2024). Sustainable Design for Geotourism Interpretation Centres: Enhancing the Santa Elena Peninsula Geopark Project Experience. Heritage, 7(1), 499–516. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7010024 Thomas Hinton. (2023, April 3). Travel and tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors. Statista. https://www.statista.com/chart/29637/travel-and-tourism-gdp-growth/ UNESCO. (2015). Statutes of the International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000260675 UNESCO. (2022). Checklist Explanatory Notes to Define an Aspiring UNESCO Global Geopark (AUGGp). In The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) . https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000383839 United Nations Environment Programme, & World Tourism Organisation. (2005). MAKING TOURISM MORE SUSTAINABLE A Guide for Policy Makers. www.unep.frwww.world-tourism.org Wang, J., Wang, G., Zhang, J., & Wang, X. (2021). Interpreting disaster: How interpretation types predict tourist satisfaction and loyalty to dark tourism sites. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100656
- 209 - ID-47: A Review on Motivation in Participating Outdoor Sports Event Tourism Airin Azwa Yuzaini 1 , Syed Muhammad Rafy Syed Jaafar 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Through a systematic review, it becomes evident that event tourism with a particular focus on sports events holds increasing importance. The study of motivational factors employing the push and pull framework, emerges as a key area of interest. Understanding the behavior of active sports tourists is crucial for destination marketers and event managers to optimize marketing strategies and event design. This research aims to contribute valuable insights into the selection factors influencing active sports tourists, thereby enriching our understanding of sports event tourism planning and development. Keywords: Event Tourism, Outdoor Sport, Active Sport Tourist, Motivation, Tourism Planning Introduction In the modern era of globalization, tourism has become a key element in driving the economy of a country. Getz and Page (2016) highlight that event tourism supports urban regeneration strategies, brings life to city spaces, communities, attracts tourists (Connell et al., 2015) also creates jobs and revenue (Foley et al., 2012). However, there is limited understanding of how event tourism impacts urban social sustainability (Kelly and Derrington, 2021). Sports events are becoming more important in the tourism industry. Hosting these events is often viewed as beneficial for the local and sometimes regional economy, and usually sparks intense competition (Dixon et al., 2012). The growing use of sporting events is an attempt to expand economic development opportunities and achieve tourism growth (Perić, M. et al., 2019). Studies show that outdoor sports events have become a rapidly growing segment of the sport tourism market (Tzetzis et al., 2014). Although many studies have examined tourists' general expenditure patterns, there are fewer studies focused on the expenditure patterns specific to sport events (Mortazavi, R. 2021). Therefore, motivation has always been an essential topic in sports consumer behavior research as it is conducive to our understanding of event design, including the decision-making processes of the participant (Pu et al., 2022). This research aims to explore the growing trend of tourism focused on outdoor sports events, particularly the motivations driving active sport tourists. By examining why people participate in outdoor sports events, the study seeks to enhance our understanding of sports consumer behavior and event design. The insights gained could help develop future strategies to boost economic development and tourism growth through outdoor sports events. Literature Review In these cases, a comprehensive literature review serves as the foundational basis for constructing a new conceptual model or theory, proving invaluable findings for charting the evolution of a specific research domain over time. This literature review consolidates existing knowledge, identifies key trends and sets the stage for future research. This extensive review delves into emerging trends and existing research on the motivational aspects of event tourism, focusing particularly on outdoor sports events. It methodically examines multiple research to uncover patterns, identify gaps, and integrate findings that contribute to a better understanding of what motivates people to attend or participate in such events. Table 1 provides a detailed summary of the reviewed summary literature, listing authors, methodologies and research scopes, reflecting the diversity of approaches and focal points in the field.
- 210 - Table 1: Summary of Literature Review Author Major Findings Method Scope of Research Mainolfi G. & Marino (2020) Events are now a major attraction in tourism, offering exciting ways to showcase new destinations. Their role in boosting the economy of host regions is increasingly recognized. Tourist push motivation questionnaire (quantitative) Event Getz & Page Tourism (2016) Events enhance destination appeal and serve as powerful marketing tools, helping to counter global competition and attract tourist spending. Therefore, event tourism is seen as an optimal strategy for development and marketing. Thematic review Jiménez-García et al., (2020) Studies on sports event tourism have rapidly increased, drawing tourists who plan their travels around attending these events. WoS Core Collection database Sports Event Tourism Mishra et al., (2022) The sports tourism industry motivates visitors to travel, whether to participate in sports events or to enjoy the destination's attractions. Tourism Motivation Scale (STMS) questionnaire (quantitative) Guan, Z. & Zhang, L. (2024) Sports event tourism involves recreational travel where individuals temporarily leave their communities either to participate in physical activities (active sports tourists) or to watch them (passive sports tourists). Content analysis and a systematic review Jeong, Y et al., (2020) Several authors have suggested that emotions are closely related with before, during, and after trips of active sport tourists. Destination Emotion Scale (DES) questionnaire (quantitative) Active Sports Theodorakis, N. Tourist D et al., (2019) Understanding the needs and preferences of participants is important to enhance participation and satisfaction in the event. Event quality questionnaire (quantitative) Collison, C. (2024) Exercising outdoors boosts mood more than indoors. Brunel Mood Score questionnaire (quantitative) Outdoor sports events Gibson, H. J et al., (2020) Outdoor sports events provide participants with unique experiences, granting access to natural environments. Showcasing five empirical studies Perić, M et al., (2019) More exploration into outdoor sports events is needed to fully grasp the motives of active sports tourists and the unique benefits of outdoor activities. Leisure and sport motivations questionnaire (quantitative) Newland, B. L., & Yoo, J. J.-E. (2021) The tourism motivation framework identifies factors that either push (intrinsic drivers) or pull (extrinsic drivers) a sports event tourist to the destination or event. Identified in the research on active sport event tourism questionnaire (quantitative) Motivation
- 211 - Dolinting, E. E et al., (2015) Travel motivation, push, and pull factors serve as tools to explain why people travel and why they choose one destination over another. Leisure and sport motivations questionnaire (quantitative) Hungenberg, E et al., (2016) The push and pull typology remains an appropriate approach for studying travel motivation. Push and pull travel motives questionnaire (quantitative) (Source: Adapted from Multiple Authors, 2024) Based on the literature review, a conceptual model or theory has been developed to understand the motivations behind participating in outdoor sports events. This flowchart presents a comprehensive overview of "A Review on Motivation in Participating Outdoor Sports Event Tourism," delineating the role of motives as internal drivers for participants and event elements as external factors that attract their interest. The review aims to deepen understanding of participants' needs and desires by analyzing motivational factors and attractions influencing their interest. Figure 1: Theoretical Framework (Source: Adapted from UNWTO, 2020, Mainolfi G. & Marino, 2020, Getz D. & Stephen J., 2016, Getz D., 2008, Guan, Z., & Zhang, L., 2024, Collison, C., 2024, Giddy, J. K., 2018, Honkanen, J., 2024)
- 212 - Methodology Systematic reviews are undertaken to clarify the state of existing research and the implications that should be drawn from this. (Feak & Swales, 2009) The systematic literature review on motivations for participating in outdoor sports event tourism begins with clear objectives and research questions. This study aims to explore and understand the motivations driving individuals to engage in outdoor sports events and to assess the methods used to study these motivations. Specifically, the research addresses three main questions: What events are currently impacting tourism planning? Why is it important to study outdoor sports events? What methods or techniques have been used to understand why people participate in these events? To effectively gather relevant literature, a precise search strategy has been established, focusing on keywords such as "Event Tourism," "Outdoor Sports," "Sport Event Tourism," "Active Sport Tourist," and "Motivation." These keywords direct the search through scientific databases like the UTM Library and Google Scholar, focusing on titles, abstracts, and keywords to ensure thorough coverage. To ensure relevance and quality, specific inclusion and exclusion criteria are applied. Included works are full-text articles available in scientific databases, published between 2015 and 2024, and addressing motivations for participation in outdoor sports events. The selection process begins by creating a database of documents using the specified search criteria. Titles and abstracts are then reviewed to apply the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The primary reviewer selects relevant papers, consulting additional reviewers if necessary. Selected documents are thoroughly read, and reviewers summarize each work to highlight its key findings, methodologies, and implications for tourism planning. This systematic approach ensures that the research is comprehensive and that all relevant literature is considered. The final stage involves summarizing the selected works into a technical report, which includes a qualitative analysis discussing each study’s findings. This structured approach ensures a thorough and systematic review of the literature on motivations for participating in outdoor sports event tourism, providing valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners in the field. Findings The systematic literature review on motivations for participating in outdoor sports event tourism underscores the pivotal role of such events in tourism planning. Marathons, triathlons, and adventure races draw substantial visitor numbers, bolstering local economies and destination branding. Understanding the diverse motivations of active sports tourists, ranging from personal achievement to social interaction; is crucial for crafting effective strategies and enhancing overall tourism experiences. Tailoring event features, promotions, and support services to meet participant expectations can elevate satisfaction, boost repeat attendance, and foster positive word-of-mouth, contributing to the sustainable growth of sports event tourism. The review highlights the push and pull factors framework as a prevalent method for understanding these motivations, delineating intrinsic motivations like personal challenge and social interaction (push factors) and external attributes like event reputation and scenic beauty (pull factors). Utilizing this framework allows for the creation of more participant-centered events, enriching the tourism experience and ensuring long-term success. Conclusion The systematic literature review underscores the critical role of sports event tourism in tourism planning and highlights the necessity of understanding the motivations of active sports tourists. By using the push and pull factors framework, organizers can tailor events to meet participant expectations, thereby enhancing satisfaction, increasing repeat attendance, and fostering positive word-of-mouth. These elements are essential for the sustainable growth of sports event tourism, which significantly boosts local economies and strengthens destination branding.
- 213 - Given the strategic goals outlined by Johor’s Menteri Besar, Datuk Onn Hafiz Ghazi, who announced in 2023 that Johor aims to attract 12 million domestic and international tourists by 2026 and one of the initiatives to achieve this target is to position Johor as a hub for sports tourism, especially after hosting several international sports event tournaments. Therefore, understanding the motivations of sports tourists in Johor is crucial for developing effective strategies to attract and satisfy this segment of tourists, ultimately contributing to the broader goal of making Johor a premier sports tourism destination. Further research in this area will provide valuable insights for planning and executing successful sports events. References Allen-Collinson, J., & Leledaki, A. (2015). Sensing the outdoors: A visual and haptic phenomenology of outdoor exercise embodiment. Leisure studies, 34(4), 457-470. Collison, C. (2024). Investigating the psychological effects on mood in university students when comparing different environments settings during low intensity workouts (Doctoral dissertation, University of Central Lancashire). Connell, J., Page, S.J. and Meyer, D. (2015), “Visitor attractions and events: responding to seasonality”, Tourism Management, Vol. 46, pp. 283-298. Dann, G. M. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of tourism research, 4(4), 184-194. Dixon, A. W., Backman, S., Backman, K., & Norman, W. (2012). Expenditurebased segmentation of sport tourists. Journal of Sport Tourism, 17(1), 5–21. Dolinting, E. E., Yusof, A., & Soon, C. C. (2015). Application of push & pull theory in Island sport tourism: A study of Sipadan Island, Sabah. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(2), 295. Feak, C. B., & Swales, J. M. (2009). Telling a Research Story: Writing a Literature. Foley, M., McGillivray, D., and McPherson, G., (2012), Event Policy: From Theory to Strategy, Routledge, London/New York. Gibson, H. J., Kaplanidou, K., & Kang, S. J. (2012). Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism. Sport management review, 15(2), 160-170. Gibson, H. J., Lamont, M., Kennelly, M., & Buning, R. J. (Eds.). (2020). Active sport tourism: Global insights and future directions. Routledge. Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism management, 29(3), 403-428. Getz, D., Page, S.J. (2016), “Progress and prospects for event tourism research”, Tourism Management, Vol. 52, pp. 593-631. Guan, Z., & Zhang, L. (2024). The Study for the Analysis of the Development trend of sports tourism. Academic Journal of Science and Technology, 9(1), 263-265. Honkanen, J. (2024). Sport event visitors’ destination image, motivation to visit and intention to recommend and revisit the event hosting site: IRONMAN 70.3 World Championship in Lahti, Finland (Master's thesis, J. Honkanen). Hungenberg, E., Gray, D., Gould, J., & Stotlar, D. (2016). An examination of motives underlying active sport tourist behavior: A market segmentation approach. Journal of sport & Tourism, 20(2), 81-101. Jeong, Y., Kim, S. K., & Yu, J. G. (2020). Sustaining sporting destinations through improving tourists’ mental and physical health in the tourism environment: The case of Korea. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(1), 122. Jiménez-García, M., Ruiz-Chico, J., Peña-Sánchez, A. R., & López-Sánchez, J. A. (2020). A bibliometric analysis of sports tourism and sustainability (2002–2019). Sustainability, 12(7), 2840. Mainolfi, G., & Marino, V. (2020). Destination beliefs, event satisfaction and post-visit product receptivity in event marketing. Results from a tourism experience. Journal of Business Research, 116, 699-710. Mair, J., Chien, P.M., Kelly, S. J., and Derrington, S. (2021), “Social impacts of mega-events: a systematic narrative review and research agenda”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1870989. Mishra, S., Malhotra, G., Johann, M., & Tiwari, S. R. (2022). Motivations for participation in active sports tourism: a cross-national study. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 13(1), 70-91. Mortazavi, R. (2021). The relationship between visitor satisfaction, expectation and spending in a sport event. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 27(1), 100132. Newland, B. L., & Yoo, J. J.-E. (2021). Active sport event participants’ behavioural intentions: Leveraging outcomes for future attendance and visitation. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 27(1), 32-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766720948249 Perić, M., Vitezić, V., & Badurina, J. Đ. (2019). Business models for active outdoor sport event tourism experiences. Tourism Management Perspectives, 32, 100561. Pu, H., Xiao, S., & Kota, R. W. (2022). Virtual games meet physical playground: exploring and measuring motivations for live esports event attendance. Sport in society, 25(10), 1886-1908. Radicchi, E. (2013). Tourism and sport: Strategic synergies to enhance the sustainable development of a local context. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 57(1), 44-57. Theodorakis, N. D., Kaplanidou, K., Alexandris, K., & Papadimitriou, D. (2019, May). From sport event quality to quality of life: The role of satisfaction and purchase happiness. In Journal of Convention & Event Tourism (Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 241-260). Routledge. Tzetzis, G., Alexandris, K., & Kapsampeli, S. (2014). Predicting visitors’ satisfaction and behavioral intentions from service quality in the context of a small-scale outdoor sport event. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 5(1), 4-21. World Tourism Organization (2021), International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition, UNWTO, Madrid, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284422456. Zhang, Y.; Park, K. How to develop a sustainable and responsible hallmark sporting event? Experiences from tour of Qinghai Lake International Road Cycling Race, using IPA method. Int. J. Tour. Sci. 2015, 15,
- 214 - ID-48: Assessing the Hotel Services Proficiency for Muslim-Friendly Tourism in Kelantan Nurina Izzati Noor Azman 1 , Nurul Diyana Md Khairi 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This study aims to assess the proficiency of hotel services in meeting the requirements of Muslim-friendly tourism in Kelantan, a Malaysian state renowned for its rich Islamic heritage and cultural attractions. In 2024, the Malaysian government unveiled an ambitious plan to strengthen the focus on Muslim-Friendly Tourism in Malaysia. The Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture (MOTAC), through its agency Islamic Tourism Centre (ITC), has embarked on a comprehensive strategy to attract Muslim tourists. As the demand for Muslimfriendly services grows exponentially, it becomes imperative for hospitality providers to align their services with the expectations and needs of Muslim travelers. Hence, this study evaluates various dimensions of hotel services, including halal food offerings, prayer facilities, privacy considerations, and overall compliance with Islamic principles. Data were collected through interviews with hotel managers using snowballing techniques to acquire data and information. The findings reveal that only two elements that fully utilized by the hotel which is rooms and operations. The study will provide practical recommendations for hotel operators to enhance service delivery, ensuring a more accommodating and satisfying experience for Muslim tourists. Keywords: Islamic Tourism, Muslim-friendly, Hospitality Service Introduction The combination between Islam and tourism can be said to be a very interesting concept to be introduced by the world (Hanafiah et al., 2022). This is because Muslims are growing rapidly around the world which causes more Muslims to be willing to travel to other places, whether it is another country or a Muslim or non-Muslim country (Hasanah, 2020). The concept of Islamic tourism is not only focused on Hajj, Umrah, and visits to Islamic countries, but it can also be seen in Islamic Sharia compliance such as halal food, Islamic historical places, and staying in hotels that apply Islamic cultural characteristics (Amir Abdullah et al., 2020). Islamic tourism is divided into three concepts, namely Sharia tourism, halal tourism and Muslimfriendly tourism destinations. Muslim consumers are a market segment that is growing very fast (Oktadiana et al., 2016). Because of that, it has given opportunities to traders to provide products and services based on compliance with Islamic Sharia where emphasis is placed on the importance of values that exist in Islam (Mohsin et al., 2016). Although the Muslim community is different in terms of politics, social and background, but they still believe and adhere to the concept of Halal (something permitted) and Haram (something prohibited) (Ghadami, 2012; Mohsin et al., 2016). It is in line with the development of halal tourism which is the highest choice of foreign tourists. According to Mohsin et al. (2016), non-OIC countries such as Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, France, and Great Britain have been identified as potential destinations to offer halal tourism where they promote this tourism concept from various perspectives. For example, Japan has tried to attract Muslim tourists by offering Halal tourism packages and organizing the Halal Expo in November 2014 to make the country a Halal tourism destination of choice (Kamarudin & Nizam, 2013). This study was conducted to see the extent to which Shariah concept hotel services are applied in the state of Kelantan and to identify how to achieve Muslim-friendly hotel services in Malaysia by highlighting Muslim-friendly elements in the hospitality service sector.
- 215 - Literature Review i. Muslim-Friendly Tourism Muslim-friendly tourism is an attempt to make the tourist experience enjoyable for Muslim tourists and enable them to perform their religious duties easily (Mohamed Battour, 2016). According to Pew Research Center (2011), the world's Muslims are expected to increase by about 35% in the next 20 years and it will increase from 1.6 billion to 2.2 billion by 2030. With the increase in world Muslim tourists, the Government has taken initiatives by supporting the development of hospitality and Muslim-friendly services to meet demand and achieve the Vision of “The best Muslim-friendly destination” (The Star, 2023). Malaysia is also the leading Muslim tourist destination in the world along with Indonesia and Singapore as its main market countries (Dinar Standard and Crescentrating LLC, 2012). In the Government's efforts to further improve the quality of the vision, there are several basic matters that need to be paid attention to such as transport, food premises, finance, tourism packages, and hotels, and these matters must be managed and meet the requirements of Shariah compliance (Ariff Irshad et al., 2022). Not only that, promotion, and marketing also play an important role in empowering Malaysia as a Muslim-friendly destination by involving the use of social media, tourism websites optimized for Muslim tourists, as well as collaboration with influencers and well-known personalities from the Muslim community (Malaysia Gazette, 2023). ii. Services Muslim-friendly tourism has been identified as all tourist-related services and facilities that comply to Shariah law, with a focus on hotels, food and beverages, and travel events (Abdul Aziz A., 2018). Muslim-friendly products and services should be included in tourism destination planning (e.g., prayer rooms in airports and public places, Ramadan meal plans), while preserving the quality of experience that the location provides to other visitors (Cetin & Zeki Dinçer, 2016). So, a few elements of Muslim-Friendly tourism destinations that comply with Islamic Sharia such as transportation, travel agencies, human capital, spas and beauty centers, sports events, food and beverages, services, and tourist destinations. One of the steps in promoting Muslim-friendly tourism destinations in Malaysia is to pay attention to services such as hospitality, food and beverage activities, and facilities. Even in Malaysia, Muslim-friendly tourism is very famous for its services and facilities that comply with Sharia (Ariff Irshad et al., 2022). This is because Malaysia is recognized as the number one Muslimfriendly destination in the world due to its leading facilities and unparalleled hospitality (Islamic Tourism Center, 2023). iii. Hotel Services Hotel services are the most prominent activity that should act according to Syariah principles (Jamil et al., 2019). In most scenarios, hotel amenities are designed to be accessible to both male and female guests and they must be separated such as gymnasiums, spas, and swimming pools. This is important to avoid any misunderstanding or issues that may arise later (Ariff Irshad et al., 2022). The table below shows the elements and characteristics of hotel services to achieve the main objective of this study:
- 216 - Table 1: Elements and characteristics of hotel services based on Muslim Friendly hotel services requirements Elements Characteristics Rooms • The room must be kept clean and in good condition. • Ensure that the rooms have a clear Qibla and are confirmed by the authorities. • The rooms should have enough space for prayer in the room. • The bathroom should be equipped with a bidet, and hand shower. • Ensure that the facilities and / or personal care products provided in the bathroom are suitable for Muslim use. • Alcohol and liquor cannot be stored in the room's refrigerator. • Provide sajjada for use in the room or upon guest request. • Information about prayer times should be available in the room or upon request. • Has al-Quran translated or available upon guest request. Food and Beverage • The organization's kitchen must be recognized as halal by the authorities. Prayer Room • There is a public musolla reserved for Muslims in or around the area. Facilities & Recreation Center • Recreational and health facilities must be kept clean. • Organizations should provide Muslim-friendly facilities if appropriate. (Source: Muslim-friendly Hospitality Services Requirements (MS 2610:2015)) Table 2: Elements and characteristics of Muslim Friendly hotel services in Shariah-Compliant Hotels in Malaysia Elements Characteristics Operation • No alcoholic beverages and sell only halal food. • Most staff are Muslim. • Conservative television service. • Al-Quran and mats are provided in each room. Design and Interior • Qibla sign (direction of Makkah). • No red-light entertainment. • Beds and toilets should not be placed facing Makkah. • Decorations and art should not depict human and animal forms. • Separate Health Facilities for men and women. • Separate floors for single men, single women, and families. Financial • The hotel is financed through Islamic financial arrangements. • Hotels should follow the principles of zakat (Source: Challenges in Implementing Muslim-friendly Hospitality Services (MFHS) in Shariah-Compliant Hotels in Malaysia (2019)) Datuk Seri Hajah Nancy Shukri is the former Minister of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia (MOTAC) also said that: Islamic tourism and the concept of Muslim Friendly Tourism and Hospitality is an effective branding and marketing way to attract the Muslim market in a new tourism situation where health and safety become a priority (Mstar, 2021). Therefore, the emphasis on Muslim-friendly hotel services will be focused to see if the Government's vision has been achieved or is still at a less than satisfactory level. Methodology The selection of the state of Kelantan as the study area is because the state takes Syariah very seriously, whether in terms of religion or tourism. Even the enforcement of banning alcohol, nightclubs and so on is also a classification of ideas that is easier to explain the concept of Islamic tourism.
- 217 - As a result of the initial findings of the study, there are 8 hotels in Kelantan that will be studied by looking at the extent to which the management of hotel services is implemented and the use of the concept of Islamic tourism is applied. In fact, the 8 hotels listed are only three-tofour-star hotels. This is because the existing hotel does not achieve a high star rating based on the overall quality, facilities and services provided by the hotel, and it will make the results of the study difficult. Table 3: List of hotels in Kelantan State No. Hotel Star Rating 01 Perdana Hotel 4 Star 02 Grand Renai Hotel 4 Star 03 Grand Riverview Hotel 4 Star 04 Holiday Villa Hotel and Suites Kota Bharu 4 Star 05 Villa Danialla Beach Resort 4 Star 06 Crown Garden Hotel 3 Star 07 Fully Inn 3 Star 08 Royal Guest House 3 Star (Source: Tourism Kelantan, 2019) This study will use qualitative by conducting interviews with hotel managers to gather detailed views and perspectives. It will help in obtaining and producing more detailed information on matters that are questions and problems for this study. Findings The analysis was carried out based on elements of Muslim-friendly hotel services in Kelantan by observing the use of those elements in hotel management. Table 4: Elements of Muslim-Friendly hotel services based on selected hotels Hotel Rooms Foods & Beverage Prayer Room Facilities & Recreation Center Operation Design & Interior Financial Hotel A Hotel B Hotel C Hotel D Hotel E Hotel F Hotel G Hotel H (Source: Field Study, 2024) Based on Table 3, only Hotel A fully used the elements of Muslim-friendly hotel services compared to other hotels. It is because Hotel A has a vision to make the hotel under Syariahcompliant hotel. In fact, there are two elements that all hotels achieve the characteristics of elements of Muslim-friendly hotel services, which are rooms and operations where they are controlled by the authorities. The approach implemented by the authorities can help the state achieve the MOTAC vision by making it the best Muslim-friendly tourist destination. However, the lack of demand and the arrival of tourists to the state of Kelantan is the reason for the lack of income of this Muslim-friendly hotel.
- 218 - Conclusion The result of this study found that the hotel services in Kelantan still not achieve on Muslimfriendly based on what the government wants because most of the hotels only follow basic requirement from the authorities, for example no alcoholic beverages and no red-light entertainment. Based on observations, Muslim-friendly hotel services in Malaysia also not so growing as other countries because they still being emphasized by the government. In fact, not so many people aware of this Muslim-friendly concept on hotel services is a unique and interesting to implementing because of the process and low of demand. But the uniqueness of this concept actually what the tourist from local or international are looking for. It is because the experience from this concept is not the same as hotels that not apply the Muslim-friendly concept. References Abdul Aziz, A. H. 2018. Muslim Friendly Tourism: Concept, Practices and Challenges in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(11), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i11/4908 Amir Abdullah, A., Daud Awang, M., & Abdullah, N. (2020). Islamic Tourism: The Characteristics, Concept and Principles. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v4i9.7326 Ariff Irshad, Z. F., Sahari, N. H., & Abdul Halim, A. H. (2022). The Concept of Muslim Friendly Tourism and Its Implementation in Malaysia. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, 27(2-SE), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol27no2-se.484 Battour, M. (2016). Muslim Friendly Tourism. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4915.6084 Cetin, G., & Zeki Dinçer, M. (2016). Muslim Friendly Tourism (MFT): A Discussion. Journal of Tourismology 2(1), 65-67. Ghadami, M. (2012). The Role of Islam in Tourism Industry. Management Arts. 52, 11204-11209 Hanafiah, M. H., Hasan, M. R., & Mat Som, A. P. (2022). Managing Modern Muslim Travellers: Emerging Trends and Issues for Islamic Tourism Destinations. Tourism and Hospitality, 3(4), 908–918. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3040058 Hasanah, S. (2020). MUSLIM FRIENDLY TOURISM AND WESTERN CREATIVE TOURISM: THE CONCEPTUAL INTERSECTION ANALYSIS. International Journal of Islamic Business Ethics, 5(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.30659/ijibe.5.1.21-32 Islamic Tourism Centre, 17 December 2020, Launch of Muslim-Friendly Accommodation Recognition https://itc.gov.my/launchof-muslim-friendly-accommodation-recognition/. Jamil, N., Mohd Reazal, S., i Haziz, I., & Md Sawari, S. (2019). Rethinking the Strategies of Islamic Tourism Development in Malaysia. An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences, 184-187. Kamarudin, L. M., & Nizam, H. (2013). Islamic Tourism: The Impacts to Malaysia’s Tourism Industry Malaysia Gazette, 10 Jun 2023, Malaysia sebagai peneraju pelancongan mesra Muslim dunia https://malaysiagazette.com/2023/06/10/malaysia-sebagai-peneraju-pelancongan-mesra-muslim-dunia/ Mohsin, A., Ramli, N. dan Alkhulayfi, B. A. (2016). Halal Tourism: Emerging Opportunities. Tourism Management Perspectives. 19, 137-143. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211973615001002 MStar, 16 November 2021, Malaysia terokai pelancongan Islam sebagai strategi rancakkan kembali industri pasca pandemic https://www.mstar.com.my/travel/destinasi/2021/11/16/malaysia-terokai-pelancongan-islam-sebagai-strategi-rancakkankembali-industri-pasca-pandemik Oktadiana, H., Pearce, P. L. dan Chon, K. (2016). Muslim Travellers’ Needs: What Don’t We Know? Tourism Management Perspectives. 20, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.08.004 Pew Research Center, 28 August 2011, The Digital Revolution and Higher Education https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2011/08/28/main-report-17/ The Star, 1 Jun 2023, Malaysia announced best Muslim-friendly destination by OIC. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/06/01/malaysia-announced-best-muslim-friendly-destination-by-oic
- 219 - ID-49: Potential Of Astrotourism In Tropical Countries Audrey Osman 1 , Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Astrotourism is a growing trend that appeals to a wide range of travelers, from amateur astronomers and space enthusiasts to nature lovers and adventure seekers. Astrotourism in tropical countries offers a unique opportunity to experience stargazing and astronomy in exotic and diverse environments. While tropical regions may face challenges such as high humidity, cloud cover, and light pollution, there are still many destinations in these countries that provide excellent conditions for observing the night sky. Therefore, this study is to highlight the potential of astrotourism in tropical countries. The research method used is a qualitative method which is the by past research from the literature review. The study evaluates how the potential of the astrotourism can lead to a new type of economic generator for the local communities in the area. The findings reveal that not only new types of tourism can be introduced but also new sources of income can be made. While tropical countries may face challenges in terms of weather conditions and light pollution, there are still many opportunities for astrotourism enthusiasts to explore the night sky and experience the wonders of the universe in these unique and vibrant environments. Keywords: Astrotourism, Sustainable Tourism, Astronomical Tourism, Dark Sky Tourism Introduction Astrotourism has gained popularity in recent years as more people seek escape in rural areas to connect with nature. Astrotourism is considered ecotourism in a modern form as it encourages the preservation of dark sky environments and promotes sustainable tourism practices (Kanianska et al.,2020) where the night sky is exceptionally clear, and the stars are more visible. Tropical countries are the best places for astrotourism among the many other appropriate locales. As a subtype of nature-based tourism, astrological tourism caters to travellers' particular interests in sky-related pursuits including astrophotography and sky watching (Cater, 2010; Weaver, 2011; Khan & Guleria, n.d., 2021). As one of the most popular tourist industries due to its climate and geographic location, astrotourism in tropical countries is still relatively new. The purpose of this study is to raise awareness of tourism industry by highlighting the potential of astrotourism in these countries and by exposing the public the potential of astrotourism. Astrotourism area relatively related to dark sky tourism where astrotourism is a tourism activity that aims to explore objects and astronomical phenomena in areas such as observing planets and stars without the help of optics (Luísa et al., 2017). Because of its association with the maintenance of the night sky, astronomical tourism is viewed morally as a sustainable and eco-friendly tourism activity (Khan & Guleria, n.d., 2021). Astrotourism contributes to environmental awareness and protection while also giving visitors an unforgettable and informative experience. Astrotourism promotes sustainable methods that save the natural beauty of the night sky for future generations to enjoy by emphasising the value of maintaining dark skies and minimising light pollution. Astrotourism is becoming a more and more popular option for tourists who want to see the marvels of space since it provides a singular and rewarding travel experience that blends science, nature, and adventure.
- 220 - Literature Review Astronomical tourism has been introduced in many nations throughout the world, including the United States, Egypt, Japan, South Africa, and France. The advancement of scientific technology and the growing interest in astronomy among the public all contribute to an increase in the number of observatories around the world, and Malaysia is no exception in ensuring that economic progress based on astronomical tourism is comparable to other countries, particularly in the Southeast Asian region. This contributes to the development of the tourism sector by constructing infrastructure such as planetariums, national science centres, and Petro science across the country, establishing Malaysia as a world-class astronomical tourism centre recognised by a variety of groups, particularly nature lovers interested in stargazing activities for leisure or stargazers. i. Sustainable Tourism Form: Astrotourism As the world becomes increasingly fascinated with the wonders of the universe, a new form of sustainable tourism has emerged which is astrotourism. This unique and educational form of tourism combines the thrill of stargazing with the pursuit of environmental sustainability. Astronomy tourism may also be classified as adventure tourism that incorporates the notion of sustainability, as well as cultural and educational tourism (Văduva et al., 2021). By fostering a deeper appreciation for the night sky, astrotourism encourages responsible travel practices that minimise the environmental footprint of tourism. Astrotourism is a type of tourism that is included in the sustainable tourism and scientific tourism categories. It is the process of planning travel to, lodging at, and engaging in novel and varied astronomical experiences that are unavailable where one inhabits (Khan & Guleria, 2021). Astrotourism can help to showcase the night sky as one of the main attractions and their natural beauty, cultural legacy, and environmental conservation initiatives by promoting astrotourism. Astrotourism destinations can draw a specialised market of tourists interested in astronomy, stargazing, and nature-based experiences by adding sky-related activities to their tourism offers.This niche market can be cultivated by providing unique and engaging opportunities for visitors to observe and learn about the night sky. The location for astrotourism is typically connected to untouched natural areas that have low levels of air pollution and are located far from sources of light pollution (Tapada et al., 2021) because stargazing does not require specialist equipment to look at the star and it takes the eyes about 15 minutes to adapt to the darkness (Pocock, 2023) when observing stars in the dark sky. By adopting astrotourism's principles and best practices, we can usher in a new age of sustainable tourism that fosters a greater appreciation for the marvels of the universe while conserving our planet for future generations. ii. The Potential of Astrotourism Astro Tourism can be used as a vital niche market in developing countries with the potential to stimulate other tourism offerings and entrepreneurial opportunities (Du Preez & Fairer-Wessels, 2018). Astronomy tourism is recognised as one of the most effective strategies to attract people to nature and rural regions while giving economic advantages (Bjelajac et al., 2021). More collaboration between tourism stakeholders, local communities, and scientific organisations can be facilitated by astronomy tourism. Like any other industry, astronomy tourism depends on small-scale entrepreneurs to provide basic services like lodging, transportation, and tour packages (Fayos Solá et al., 2014; Rodrigues et al., 2015; Joseph et al., 2022). It is easy to understand why astronomy tourism is growing in popularity and nothing is more enchanting and breathtaking than being able to observe the stars, constellations, planets, meteors, and Milky Way up close in a dimly lit tourist destination (Singh et al., 2020). But on the other hand, planning and construction of necessary facilities and land resources that provide services to visitors by
- 221 - enhancing and enabling the viewing experience are required to boost astrotourism (Fernández-Hernández et al., 2022). Figure 1: Literature Framework (Source: Developed for this study) Methodology This research will be conducted to identify the potential of astrotourism in tropical countries. For this paper, the method used is a systematic literature review. Systematic literature review is a comprehensive and structured approach to analysing and synthesising existing research studies, articles, and publications on astrotourism topic or research question. This type of review involves a systematic and thorough search of relevant literature, followed by a rigorous evaluation and analysis of the selected studies to identify patterns, gaps, and inconsistencies in the existing research. An in-depth examination and study are done by studying every article related to astrotourism dan dark sky tourism in tropical countries. Various databases for journal references used to study this literature include Google Scholar, Mendeley, Research Gate Dan Science Direct. Findings Results from previous studies found that astrotourism related to the intersection of astronomy, tourism, and sustainability. After making a lot of evaluation based on previous paper, this research reaches a conclusion to agree that astrotourism is a tourism activity that maintain the stability of the nature as it encourages the preservation of the dark sky and promote the sustainable, yet eco-friendly tourism (Kanianska et al.,2020) by encouraging tourism that focussing on relaxing activity such as stargazing and star observation with naked eyes. Apart from guaranteeing the expansion of the tourism industry, astrotourism also contributes to the creation of new capital economies by motivating local communities to take on new ventures like lodging and other services that travellers might require, particularly in rural areas that are remote from the city centre and where astronomical tourism destinations ought to be more likely to be mountainous and free of light pollution. because there is a strong chance that the mountainous area will enjoy a brilliant night sky. The development of astronomical tourism in tropical nations, particularly Malaysia, has enormous potential. Malaysia is well-known for its ecosystems and natural biodiversity. Furthermore, ecotourism is one of the most important contributors to Malaysia's tourist industry. In addition to leveraging current items, new forms of economic catalysts can be increased by marketing and promoting remote places that are still underdeveloped and polluted with light. The rural and hilly area is ideal for astrotourism because it can serve as a "open air museum" for stargazing activities (Sulaiman, 2021). By combining tourism activities on the surface of geography with the character of the dark but clear night sky, a new type of tourism can be formed, resulting in a new economic source that will not only benefit the country but will also help to generate new sources of income for
- 222 - communities located far away in the countryside and hilly areas. If efforts are made to deepen understanding of astronomical-based tourism products by different organizations, astronomical tourism can be promoted and expanded, which is an opportunity to bring Malaysia's astronomical tourism to the forefront of tourism development by increasing efforts to enhance the knowledge and understanding of tourism products related to astronomy among various organizations, so that the promotion and expansion of astronomical tourism can be achieved. Conclusion In a tropical country, astrotourism might be a well-liked and distinctive travel experience. Tropical locations offer perfect circumstances for stargazing and witnessing celestial events due to their beautiful night sky. Furthermore, the varied ecosystems and topographies found in tropical nations can provide a stunning setting for astrotourism pursuits. Additionally, because it emphasises the need of maintaining dark skies and lowering light pollution to preserve the night sky's natural beauty, astrotourism can help raise environmental consciousness and conservation in tropical countries. In summary, astrotourism in a tropical nation may support the travel and tourism sector, encourage environmental sustainability, and generate new economic potential. In addition to the ideal astronomical conditions, tropical countries offer a unique cultural experience. Many tropical countries have a rich cultural heritage, with a deep understanding of astronomy and the night sky. Astro tourists can immerse themselves in local traditions and customs, learning about the significance of celestial bodies in the regional folklore. This blend of astronomy and cultural exploration creates a holistic experience, making astro tourism in tropical countries an unforgettable adventure. Some of the most popular tropical destinations for astrotourism include Hawaii, Costa Rica, Malaysia and Indonesia. These countries offer a range of astrotourism activities, from stargazing sessions to astronomy workshops and astro-photography excursions. Many resorts and tour operators in these regions have also started to cater specifically to astro tourists, providing specialized services and facilities to enhance the overall experience. In conclusion, tropical countries offer the perfect blend of ideal astronomical conditions, rich cultural heritage, and exciting outdoor activities, making them the best option for astro tourism. Whether you are an astronomy enthusiast, a thrill-seeker, or simply someone looking for a unique travel experience, tropical countries are the perfect destination for an unforgettable astro tourism adventure. References Kanianska, R., Škvareninová, J., & Kaniansky, S. (2020). Landscape Potential and Light Pollution as Key Factors for Astrotourism Development: A Case Study of a Slovak Upland Region. Land. Asiangeo. (2018, April 2). asiangeo. https://asiangeo.com/travel-and-adventure/astrotourism-takes-off-in-asia/ Faid, M., Nawawi, M., Norman, M., Masbah, D., Saadon, M., & Nizam, N. (2022). The Capability of Astrotourism on Preserving Sustainability: A Case Study in Malaysia. Journal of Contemporary Islamic Studies. Fernández-Hernández, C., Araña, J., León, J., & León, C. (2022). Tourists’ Preferences for Stargazing Land Resources. Land. Blundell, E., Schaffer, V., & Moyle, B. (2020). Dark sky tourism and the sustainability of regional tourism destinations. Tourism Recreation Research, 45, 549 - 556. Butar-Butar, A., Putra, S., Hidayat, M., & Putraga, H. (2022). The feasibility study of Barus city as the new astrotourism destination from astronomical and meteorological aspect. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2214. Kunjaya, C., , M., Sukmaraga, A., & Arsono, T. (2019). Possibility of astronomical phenomena to be used to support tourism industry. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1231. Štreimikienė, D., Švagždienė, B., Jasinskas, E., & Simanavicius, A. (2020). Sustainable tourism development and competitiveness: The systematic literature review. Sustainable Development, 29, 259 - 271. Soleimani, S., Bruwer, J., Gross, M., & Lee, R. (2019). Astro-tourism conceptualisation as special-interest tourism (SIT) field: a phenomonological approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 22, 2299 - 2314. Jacobs, L., Du Preez, E. A., & Fairer-Wessels, F. (2020). To wish upon a star: Exploring Astro Tourism as vehicle for sustainable rural development. Development Southern Africa, 37(1), 87-104. Pásková, M., Budinská, N., & Zelenka, J. (2021). Astrotourism–exceeding limits of the earth and tourism definitions?. Sustainability, 13(1), 373. Escario-Sierra, F., Álvarez-Alonso, C., Moseñe-Fierro, J. A., & Sanagustín-Fons, V. (2022). Sustainable tourism, social and institutional innovation—the paradox of dark sky in astrotourism. Sustainability, 14(11), 6419. Iwanicki, G. (2022). Astro-tourism in the Czech-Polish Izera Dark Sky Park. In Handbook of Niche Tourism (pp. 2-13). Edward Elgar Publishing.
- 223 - ID-50: Investigating the Trend of Cafe Establishment in Non-Commercial Areas in Johor Bahru Nur Fatini Farrahin Muhd Azmi 1 , Syed Muhammad Rafy Syed Jaafar 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This study investigates the growing number of café establishments in noncommercial lands in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. With the growth of cafés beyond typical commercial districts, this research aims to investigate the fundamental causes and trends of this phenomenon. The study uses a qualitative approach that includes surveys, interviews, and observational analysis to investigate factors such as socio-cultural shifts, economic dynamics, and urban development patterns that contribute to the rise of cafés in residential neighbourhoods, suburban areas, and industrial zones. Furthermore, the study investigates the effects of non-commercial café venues on community dynamics, social connections, and local economy. This study provides valuable insights for urban planners, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and residents seeking to understand and harness the potential of this trend for sustainable urban development and community well-being. Keywords: Café Establishment, Urban Development, Social Interactions, Local Economies, Sustainable Urban Development. Introduction In recent years, Johor Bahru, Malaysia's café culture has seen a noticeable transformation, moving outside of conventional business districts and into non-commercial neighbourhoods. This shift is emblematic of broader socio-cultural changes and urban development dynamics occurring within the city. While cafés have long been synonymous with bustling commercial hubs, their emergence in residential neighbourhoods, suburban enclaves, and industrial zones signifies a paradigmatic transformation in the city's social and economic fabric. The context for examining the development of café establishment in Johor Bahru's noncommercial areas is established by this introduction. Investigating this topic will allow us to better understand the socio-economic consequences, underlying drivers, and effects on urban development of the expansion of cafés outside of commercial areas. Understanding this trend is crucial for comprehending the evolving landscape of urban leisure and social spaces and its impact on community dynamics, economic vitality, and overall urban livability. Through a multi-faceted research approach encompassing surveys, interviews, and observational analysis, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive exploration of the factors driving the expansion of café culture into non-commercial areas. By investigating the interactions of socio-cultural transformations, economic forces, and urban development strategies, we can understand the mechanisms that shape the spatial distribution and growth of cafés in Johor Bahru. Furthermore, this research can provide insights that could guide urban planning strategies, policy interventions, and entrepreneurial endeavours aimed at fostering sustainable urban development and improving the quality of life in Johor Bahru by clarifying the role of cafés as social hubs, drivers of neighbourhood revitalization, and catalysts for economic activity. Literature Review The trend of café establishment in non-commercial areas of Johor Bahru reflects broader shifts in urban leisure preferences and urban development dynamics. This literature review
- 224 - examines key themes and findings from existing studies to provide a theoretical framework for investigating the trend of café establishment in non-commercial areas of Johor Bahru. This study aims to investigate these trends by exploring the factors that influence café establishment in non-commercial areas, the implications of this trend, and its relevance for urban planning and community development initiatives. The scope of the study includes a qualitative research approach, utilizing interviews, observational analysis, and literature review to gain insights into the motivations, challenges, and impacts associated with café establishment in non-commercial areas. The materials and methods employed involve conducting semi-structured interviews with café owners to understand their perspectives on the trend. Additionally, observational analysis of café spaces and their surrounding environments provides contextual insights into the spatial dynamics and community interactions facilitated by cafés in non-commercial areas. The main findings of the study highlight the growing demand for community-oriented café experiences in non-commercial areas, driven by changing consumer preferences and lifestyle trends. These cafés function as community centers, encouraging a feeling of connectedness and belonging among the local population. The study also identifies economic benefits associated with café establishment in non-commercial areas, including job creation, local economic activity, and neighbourhood revitalization. However, challenges such as regulatory barriers, infrastructure constraints, and competition from commercial districts are also observed. On the other hand, constraints like infrastructure limitations, regulatory challenges, and competition from commercial districts are also addressed. Table 1: Factors Trend of Cafe Establishment In Non-Commercial areas No. Title Note 01 Urban Leisure and Social Spaces Enhancing quality of life, fostering community cohesion, and promoting well-being. Cafés play a crucial role as social hubs, providing venues for social interaction, cultural exchange, and leisure activities beyond traditional commercial settings. 02 Consumer Preferences and Lifestyle Trends Evolving consumer preferences and lifestyle trends driving the demand for café experiences in non-commercial areas. 03 Urban Development These café establishments contribute to urban revitalization efforts, transforming underutilized spaces into vibrant, inclusive hubs of economic and social activity. 04 Spatial Planning and Policy Implications Zoning regulations, land use policies, and strategic planning initiatives can play a critical role in fostering the growth of café culture in non-commercial areas while ensuring sustainable urban development and equitable access to leisure opportunities. 05 Economic Impact and Local Development The economic significance of café establishments in noncommercial areas, generating employment opportunities, supporting local supply chains, and stimulating ancillary businesses. (Source: Prepared by the Researcher, 2024) Thus, cafés have become a commodity as part of urban tourism experiences. Café culture has risen within modern society through globalized local cafés, café districts and various rich artifacts used for production, processing, roasting, preparing, and serving. Cafés as a resource for coffee-related tourism encourage the development of a cultural destination image. By understanding the motivations and impacts of this trend, policymakers, urban planners, and entrepreneurs can develop strategies to support the sustainable growth of café culture in noncommercial areas, enhancing the vibrancy, inclusivity, and livability of urban communities in Johor Bahru. List of Cafe In Non-Commercial areas are:
- 225 - i. Keijometo ii. Nimmies Pastry Café iii. Eden by Wizards iv. Rowan and Parsley v. JWC, The Factory 30 vi. The Founders Cafe Figure 1: Nimmies Pastry Café, Johor Bahru (Source: Google) Figure 2: Conceptual Framework (Source: Adapted from Douglas, Jacqueline & Douglas, Alex & Cano, Michele & Moyes, David. (2019), Ilakya, S., Sandhya, S., and Vijayalakshmi, D. (2020)) Methodology This qualitative study uses an interpretive, naturalistic method to understand the trend of café establishment in non-commercial areas of Johor Bahru. By analysing the feedback of young entrepreneurs through semi-structured interviews, the study aims to identify the factors influencing the decision to establish a local café in these uncommon locations. This study provides a nuanced understanding of the socioeconomic dynamics shaping urban leisure spaces by investigating the perspectives and experiences of young entrepreneurs. It also has important implications for urban planning, policy development, and entrepreneurial initiatives aimed at fostering sustainable urban development and community well-being in Johor Bahru's non-commercial areas.
- 226 - Findings An important shift in consumer preferences and social behaviours may be indicated by one of the studies finding, which shows that people in Johor Bahru prefer their café experiences in non-commercial locations over those in typical commercial areas. The results of this study indicate that increasingly value the relaxed atmosphere, local charm and sense of community provided by cafés in residential areas, suburban communities, and industrial zones are becoming more valued by locals and tourists. This preference highlights the importance of considering non-commercial areas as viable and attractive locations for café entrepreneurs and urban planners aiming to create vibrant, inclusive, and sustainable urban environments. This finding highlights that people in Johor Bahru are increasingly drawn to cafés located in non-commercial areas, seeking community-oriented experiences closer to home, away from hectic commercial areas. These cafés serve as social hubs, fostering a sense of belonging and connection within local neighbourhoods. This trend reflects a broader shift toward the popularity of cafés as neighbourhood hubs is indicative of a growing desire for environments that value social interaction and cross-cultural exchange. This emphasizes how important it is for café owners and urban planners to view non-commercial areas which are becoming important locations for café entrepreneurs and urban planners catering to evolving urban leisure preferences in Johor Bahru. Conclusion In conclusion, the study on the trend of café establishment in non-commercial areas has provided valuable insights into the evolving urban leisure landscape and its implications for socio-cultural dynamics, economic vitality, and urban development. The trends of cafés in noncommercial areas reveals a complex phenomenon driven by socio-cultural dynamics, economic variables, and urban development patterns. Key insights were gained through a qualitative research approach that included interviews with café owners, highlighting the importance of community engagement, local partnerships, and local support in shaping the success and sustainability of café ventures in unconventional urban environments. These findings highlight the potential of café establishments to serve as catalysts for neighborhood revitalization, economic diversification, and social cohesion in non-commercial areas, as well as the importance of comprehensive urban planning strategies that prioritize inclusivity, placemaking, and community empowerment. This trend highlights the importance of understanding and adapting to changing leisure patterns and preferences in urban planning and entrepreneurship. The economic impact of café establishment in non-commercial areas is significant, with cafés serving as drivers of local economic activity, job creation, and neighborhood revitalization. Lastly, the trend of cafés establishment in non-commercial areas provides opportunities and challenges for urban planners, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and residents. Strategic interventions that promote café culture in a variety of urban contexts while addressing concerns such as zoning rules, infrastructure development, and community participation are critical to realizing this trend's full potential. References Omar, A., Dahlia, P., & Rashid, A. (2023). The Influence of Ambience and Social Interaction on Young Adults’ Intention to Patronize Coffee Shops. ESTEEM Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7. Mohamud, Suad & Khalifa, Gamal & Abuelhassan, Abuelhassan & Kaliyamoorthy, Sivakumar. (2017). INVESTIGATING THE ANTECEDENTS OF COFFEE SHOP CUSTOMERS' BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS IN KUALA LUMPUR. International Journal on Recent Trends in Business and Tourism. 1. 1-14. Douglas, Jacqueline & Douglas, Alex & Cano, Michele & Moyes, David. (2019). Investigating the Success of Independent Coffee Shops and Cafes in the UK: Findings from a Pilot Study. AbuThahir, S. B. S., & Krishnapillai, G. (2018). How does the ambience of the café affect the revisit intention among its patrons? AS on the cafes in Ipoh, Perak. MATEC Web of Conferences, 150, 1- 16. Ilakya, S., Sandhya, S., and Vijayalakshmi, D. (2020). A study on influence of store ambience on consumers purchase behaviour. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 6 (4), 680 – 686. Lee, S., Lee, K. S., Chua, B. L, & Han, H. (2017). Independent café entrepreneurships in Klang Valley, Malaysia–challenges and critical factors for success: does family matter? Journal of DestinationMarketing & Management, 6(4), 363-374. Mishra, H. G., Sinha, P. M., Koul, S. (2014). Impact of Store Atmospherics on Customer Behaviour: Influence of Response Moderators. Journal of Business and Management, 20 (1), 45 – 65.
- 227 - ID-51: Exploring the Luxury Tourism Segmentation in Malaysia Muhammed Shazwan Zarul Ahmad 1 , Syed Rafy Syed Jaafar 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Malaysia, with its rich cultural heritage, lush landscapes, and modern urban centers, has emerged as a prime destination for luxury tourism in Southeast Asia. This thesis explores the diverse segments within Malaysia's luxury tourism industry, examining how various demographic and psychographic factors contribute to these segments' distinct characteristics. The research focuses on identifying and analyzing key luxury tourism segments in Malaysia, such as high-end resorts, exclusive eco-tourism, luxury cruises, and cultural experiences tailored for affluent travelers. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, industry reports, and market data, the study delves into the preferences, behaviors, and expectations of luxury tourists visiting Malaysia. Furthermore, the study discusses the challenges and opportunities within the luxury tourism industry, such as the need for sustainable practices, the impact of global trends on luxury travel, and the role of technology in enhancing luxury experiences. By exploring these dynamics, the thesis provides actionable insights for stakeholders in Malaysia's luxury tourism sector, including hoteliers, tour operators, and government agencies, to better understand and cater to the evolving demands of high-end travelers. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the luxury tourism landscape in Malaysia and offers a strategic framework for enhancing the country's appeal to discerning tourists seeking unique and memorable experiences. Keywords: Luxury Tourism, Sustainable Practices, High-end Travel Experiences Introduction The luxury travel experience has become increasingly popular in the tourism business worldwide in recent years. Malaysia has been a popular destination for luxury visitors looking for immersive and distinctive experiences because of its stunning landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and growing hospitality industry. Understanding the segmentation of luxury travelers is becoming more and more important for destination marketers, legislators, and industry stakeholders to successfully customize their services as the tourism landscape changes. The purpose of this research is to examine the finer points of luxury tourist segmentation in the context of Malaysia. Through a detailed analysis of the tastes, habits, and driving forces of luxury travelers, this research seeks to identify discrete market niches that will facilitate the creation of customized experiences that meet the exacting demands of high-end tourists. Malaysia's tourism industry has experienced exponential growth in recent years, with luxury tourism emerging as a key driver of economic prosperity and sustainable development. Secondly, the evolving preferences of luxury travelers, characterized by a desire for authenticity, exclusivity, and personalization, necessitate a deeper understanding of their psychographic and demographic profiles. Thirdly, amidst increasing competition from neighboring destinations, such as Thailand and Singapore, Malaysia must strategically position itself to attract high-spending luxury tourists and enhance its global competitiveness in the luxury travel market. With practical insights and innovative recommendations to strengthen Malaysia's standing as a top luxury vacation destination, this research seeks to add to the knowledge in the field of luxury tourism. This research also aims to empower industry players to develop exceptional experiences that appeal to luxury travelers by understanding the complexities of luxury tourism segmentation. This will ultimately promote sustainable growth and competitiveness in Malaysia's luxury tourism sector.
- 228 - Literature Review To understand the future potential of luxury tourism in Malaysia, it is crucial to assess the current state of the industry. Malaysia has established itself as a popular tourist destination, attracting millions of visitors each year. However, the luxury segment remains relatively underdeveloped compared to neighboring countries such as Thailand and Singapore. Existing luxury offerings in Malaysia primarily cater to mainstream tourists, with limited options for discerning travelers seeking exclusive experiences and high-end amenities (C. Michael Hall & Jarkko Saarinen (2010). Several factors influence the development of luxury tourism in Malaysia. Firstly, infrastructure plays a crucial role in attracting high-end travelers. While Malaysia boasts modern airports, highways, and hotels in urban centers like Kuala Lumpur and Penang, there is a need for further investment in luxury accommodations, transportation, and tourism-related infrastructure in other regions to diversify the luxury tourism product offerings. Secondly, marketing and branding efforts are essential for positioning Malaysia as a premier luxury destination. Effective destination marketing campaigns, strategic partnerships with luxury travel agents, and participation in international luxury travel events can elevate Malaysia's profile among affluent travelers and differentiate it from competing destinations in the region. Thirdly, sustainability and environmental conservation are increasingly important considerations for luxury travelers. Malaysia's natural beauty, including pristine beaches, lush rainforests, and diverse wildlife, presents a unique opportunity to attract eco-tourists and conservation-minded travelers. By implementing sustainable tourism practices and promoting responsible luxury experiences, Malaysia can appeal to affluent travelers seeking authentic and environmentally conscious experiences. Figure 1: Key Factors Describing Luxury Tourism (Source: Iloranta (2022) / European Journal of Tourism Research 30, 3007) The most significant categories for describing the luxury tourism context, approached luxury tourism from the perspective of the product (n=76) or the experience (n=69). In these studies, luxury was defined from both perspectives in 48 cases. Luxury tourism from the perspective of a luxury product was seen as a hotel or restaurant with certain material features, physical surroundings, where the aesthetics, atmosphere and the décor of the facilities were the main criteria describing the context. In these cases, luxury tourism referred to a product which offered excellent quality, exclusivity, and full or customized high-quality service and food. Additionally, features such as security, amenities, and location were mentioned. When the context of luxury tourism was defined as an experience, the approach was to view consumers as obtaining different benefits and memorable experiences when using the product (Ariffin, Maghzi, Soon, & Alam, 2018).
- 229 - Figure 2: Key approaches in the theoretical frameworks of the studies (Source: Iloranta (2022) / European Journal of Tourism Research 30, 3007) The findings of the systematic literature review can be summarized as follows. The current state of luxury research concentrates on countries and contexts that represent quite traditional luxury tourism products. However, the variety of what is considered luxury tourism is wide, and research in luxury tourism is broadening in academia. Furthermore, the amount of quantitative research is tending to dominate the research field, which indicates that assumptions about what is considered a luxury is market-led. However, in the contemporary discussion the consumers’ perspective of luxury is essential, as luxury is a subjective and multidimensional concept. The findings are in line with Wirtz et al. (2020), who argue that a considerable amount of luxury service research is conducted in luxury contexts, but the luxury service itself is not studied, as the focus is rather placed on other factors. Therefore, more research on luxury services and experiences itself is needed. In addition, more research on the service provider’s perspective would be beneficial as it could also provide perceptions about the heterogeneity of the luxury tourism consumer which is not currently very visible in the research. The findings support the view of Conejo et al. (2020) that more studies are needed about service provision and value formation to properly understand luxury service consumption. Furthermore, the systematic literature review findings indicate that luxury consumption theories, such as consumption habits and purchasing patterns and conspicuous consumption, are still in the main emphasis of the literature. Consequently, more research is needed about other factors as Wirtz et al. (2020, p. 675) argue “for luxury services conspicuous consumption may be of lower relevance compared to luxury goods and are less often chosen for conspicuous consumption due to their lack of a tangible good that is owned and can be easily shown”. The next section, with a synthesis of theoretical research streams, concentrates on describing, in more depth, different approaches and paradigms of the current state of luxury tourism research. Methodology This research employs a mixed-method approach to investigate luxury tourism segmentation in Malaysia. Primary data collection involves semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, such as government officials, industry professionals, hoteliers, tour operators, and luxury travellers, focusing on qualitative insights regarding perceptions, preferences, motivations, and barriers in the luxury tourism sector. Concurrently, secondary data collection involves a comprehensive review of existing literature, reports, articles, and industry publications, providing contextual background information, historical trends, and comparative analysis to
- 230 - complement the primary data findings. By triangulating qualitative insights from interviews with quantitative data from secondary sources, this study aims to construct a nuanced understanding of luxury tourism segmentation in Malaysia. Findings One of the findings from the research paper "Exploring the Luxury Tourism Segmentation in Malaysia" indicates that sustainability is becoming a significant factor influencing the choice of luxury tourism experiences. As affluent travellers increasingly prioritize eco-friendly and responsible travel, there is a growing demand for high-end accommodations and activities that demonstrate a commitment to environmental preservation and social responsibility. This trend is particularly evident in the segment of exclusive eco-tourism, where travellers are seeking luxury experiences that allow them to connect with nature without compromising comfort or contributing to ecological degradation. In response, luxury resorts in Malaysia are incorporating sustainable practices, such as using renewable energy sources, reducing plastic waste, and supporting local communities, to meet the expectations of these discerning tourists. These findings suggest that for Malaysia to remain a competitive luxury tourism destination, stakeholders need to embrace and promote sustainable practices as a core component of their offerings. By doing so, they not only attract a more conscious segment of luxury travelers but also contribute positively to the preservation of Malaysia's unique natural and cultural heritage. Conclusion In summary, the investigation into the segmentation of luxury tourism in Malaysia provided significant insights into the complex dynamics of this emerging industry. This study has shed an understanding of the various preferences, motivations, and obstacles influencing the experiences of luxury visitors in Malaysia through a mix of in-depth secondary data source reviews and in-depth interviews with important stakeholders. Industry stakeholders can leverage the insights gained to tailor their marketing strategies, product offerings, and service delivery to better cater to the diverse needs of luxury travelers. Additionally, policymakers can utilize these findings to inform policy decisions and infrastructure investments aimed at enhancing Malaysia's competitiveness as a premier luxury travel destination. However, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations of this study, including sample size constraints, potential biases in participant responses, and the dynamic nature of the luxury tourism market. Future research endeavors could address these limitations by expanding the scope of inquiry, incorporating quantitative analysis methods, and exploring emerging trends and disruptions in the luxury tourism landscape. The study of luxury tourism segmentation in Malaysia is a necessary step in realizing the full potential of this thriving industry. Malaysia may position itself as a top destination for discriminating tourists seeking exceptional experiences by creating a deeper awareness of their tastes and habits, resulting in long-term growth and competitiveness in its luxury tourism business. References Iloranta, R. (2021). Luxury tourism – a review of the literature. European Journal of Tourism Research, 30, 3007. Kaur, S. (n.d.). Opportunities for property developers in the tourism industry in the post-pandemic era. Hallot, A. (n.d.). (rep.). The future potential for developing luxury tourism and hospitality in Lapland . Leong, F.-P. (n.d.). Tourism Development in Malaysia: The Role of Domestic Tourism in National Integration.
- 231 - ID-52: Exploring the Accommodation Business Cluster Phenomenon in Gunung Berembun, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan Faiq Najmi Mohd Azmi 1 , Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] , [email protected] Highlight: This study investigates business clustering in the accommodation sector in Gunung Berembun, Negeri Sembilan. It aims to uncover the factors driving this phenomenon, assess its impact on the local economy and tourism, and provide recommendations for sustainable development. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study seeks to offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in fostering regional growth and enhancing the tourism experience. Keywords: Business, Gunung Berembun, Local Economy, Introduction The business clustering phenomenon has garnered significant attention in economic and tourism studies due to its potential impact on local economies, industry competitiveness, and the fostering of innovation, collaboration, and economic growth within interconnected businesses and supporting institutions (Williams,2020). In the context of tourism, accommodation business clusters have emerged as focal points for enhancing visitor experiences, promoting destination attractiveness, and generating economic benefits for host communities. This research delves into the accommodation business cluster phenomenon in Gunung Berembun, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan. Gunung Berembun, known for its natural beauty and cultural heritage, has seen a clustering of accommodation businesses including hotels, resorts, homestays, and guesthouses This clustering trend prompts questions about the factors driving this phenomenon, the benefits experienced by businesses within the cluster, the challenges they face, and the broader impact on the local economy and tourism sector By exploring the dynamics of the accommodation business cluster in Gunung Berembun, this study aims to contribute valuable insights to rural tourism development, business clustering, and regional economic planning Understanding these intricacies can inform policymakers, tourism stakeholders, and entrepreneurs on strategies for sustainable development, business collaboration, and enhancing the overall tourism experience in Gunung Berembun and similar rural destinations.(Brown, A., & Green, C. 2019). Literature Review Business clusters have garnered significant attention in the field of economic and tourism studies due to their potential to drive innovation, competitiveness, and economic development (Porter, 1998). A business cluster is defined as a geographically concentrated group of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and supporting institutions in a particular industry or sector. Clusters are known to facilitate knowledge sharing, collaboration, and resource pooling among businesses, leading to increased productivity, efficiency, and market growth (Dwyer & Kim, 2024). In the context of tourism, accommodation business clusters have emerged as critical components of destination development and competitiveness (Prideaux et al., 2000). Clustering of accommodation businesses such as hotels, resorts, homestays, and guesthouses within a specific geographical area can create synergies and complementary offerings that enhance the overall visitor experience (Williams,2020). Research by Enright an Newton (2004) suggests that accommodation clusters can lead to increased tourist satisfaction, repeat visitation, and positive destination image perceptions.
- 232 - The benefits of accommodation business clusters extend beyond visitor experiences to include economic impacts on local communities and regions. Clusters can stimulate job creation, income generation, and investment attraction, contributing to overall economic growth and development (Dwyer & Kim, 2024). Additionally, clustering can lead to the development of tourism-related infrastructure, services, and amenities, further enhancing the destination's appeal and competitiveness. While business clusters offer numerous advantages, they also face challenges and potential drawbacks. Competition within clusters can intensify, leading to pricing pressures and differentiation challenges for businesses. Moreover, issues related to infrastructure capacity, environmental sustainability, and community integration may arise as clusters expand and evolve.Previous studies on accommodation business clusters have primarily focused on urban and coastal destinations, with limited research on rural areas such as Gunung Berembun, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan. Understanding the dynamics of accommodation clustering in rural settings is essential for sustainable destination development, community engagement, and tourism planning. In summary, the literature highlights the significance of accommodation business clusters in tourism destination development, economic growth, and visitor satisfaction. However, there is a need for further research to explore the specific factors driving clustering in rural areas like Gunung Berembun and assess their overall impact on the local economy and tourism. Figure 2: Conceptual Framework (Source: Developed for this study) Methodology The methodology employed in this study outlines the techniques utilized to explore the correlation between accommodation business and cooperation. A comprehensive analysis is conducted by reviewing all articles pertaining to entrepreneurship within the tourism sector. Various databases, including Academia and ResearchGate, serve as references for this literature review. As noted by Xiao & Watson (2019), search queries drive the selection of articles, data extraction, and reporting processes. The significance of formulating a thorough research question is underscored in Systematic Literature Review methodology (Nordiyana et al., 2024). Academia and ResearchGate are utilized as part of a systematic review approach, employing keywords to locate relevant articles and journals related to entrepreneurship in tourism and short-term rental accommodations. Academia serves as a platform for sharing academic research, housing over 55 million papers, and attracting 103 million readers monthly. Conversely, ResearchGate hosts a community of 20 million researchers from diverse sectors and geographic locations, facilitating collaboration and knowledge sharing. Leveraging these databases aids in generating an effective literature review. The research focuses on keywords associated with cooperation and business accommodation in the literature review, marking the initial step in the process (Nordiyana et al., 2024). Consequently, these databases
- 233 - are instrumental in identifying articles and journals that contribute to understanding the relationship between accommodation business and cooperation. Findings Driving Factors of Accommodation Business Clusters: The research identifies several driving factors contributing to the clustering of accommodation businesses in Gunung Berembun, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan. Geographic advantages, such as proximity to tourist attractions and accessibility, play a crucial role (Brown, A., & Green, C. 2019). Additionally, supportive local policies and initiatives aimed at promoting tourism development and entrepreneurship contribute to the clustering phenomenon. Benefits to Clustered Businesses: The study reveals that clustered accommodation businesses experience various benefits. These include increased visibility and recognition due to proximity to other businesses and tourist hotspots. Cost efficiencies are also observed, as businesses within the cluster can share resources and collaborate on marketing and promotional activities, leading to improved competitiveness. Challenges Faced by Clustered Businesses: Despite the benefits, clustered businesses encounter challenges. Intra-cluster competition may arise, leading to pricing pressures and differentiation challenges. Infrastructure limitations, such as inadequate transportation and connectivity, can also hinder business operations and visitor experiences. Moreover, regulatory hurdles related to zoning, licensing, and environmental regulations may pose challenges to business growth and expansion Impact on Local Economy and Tourism Sector. (Williams,2020). The research highlights the significant impact of the accommodation business cluster on the local economy. Job creation is a notable outcome, as the cluster generates employment opportunities across various sectors, including hospitality, retail, and services. Revenue generation through tourism-related activities, such as accommodation, dining, and leisure, contributes to the economic vitality of the region. Infrastructure development, spurred by the presence of the cluster, further enhances the overall tourism infrastructure and amenities available to visitors. Sustainability Considerations: The study emphasizes the importance of sustainability within the accommodation business cluster. Eco-friendly practices, such as waste management, energy conservation, and water efficiency, are identified as key areas for sustainable development. Community engagement initiatives, such as cultural preservation efforts and local participation in tourism planning, foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among residents. Responsible tourism initiatives, including education campaigns and ethical tourism practices, contribute to the preservation of natural and cultural resources while enhancing the visitor experience (Dwyer & Kim, 2024). Conclusion Based on the research conducted on the accommodation business cluster phenomenon in Gunung Berembun, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, several conclusions emerge. Firstly, the clustering of accommodation businesses significantly boosts the local economy by creating jobs, generating revenue, and fostering infrastructure development. However, it also brings challenges like intra-cluster competition, necessitating differentiation strategies. Moreover, the cluster greatly enhances the tourism sector, attracting tourists with varied offerings and extending their stays. Sustainability practices within the cluster, including eco-friendly initiatives and responsible tourism, are crucial for long-term success. Effective policymaking, collaboration among stakeholders, and strategic planning are recommended to harness the benefits while addressing challenges. Continued research and monitoring are also advised to track the cluster's evolution and ensure its positive impact on regional development and tourism.
- 234 - References Brown, A., & Green, C. Rural tourism development strategies: A review of the literature. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 173-183.https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/jght/vol3/iss1/7/ Dias, A. and Azambuja, T. (2022), “Fostering destination creativity through tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship: exploring the moderating effect of financial orientation”, Creativity Studies, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 420-434. Dwyer & Kim,. (2024). The Litigator’s Guide to Short-Term Rental Opposition. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4722691 Smith, J., & Johnson, R. (2015). The benefits and challenges of business clustering in rural areas. Journal of Rural Studies, 38, 34-46. Williams, D., & Thompson, K. (2020) Enhancing rural tourism experiences through business collaboration: A case study of XYZ region. Journal of Tourism Research, 45(2), 145-160. T. Dzholdosheva (Eds.), International scientific Siberian transport forum (Vol. 402).
- 235 - ID-53: Click, Ride, Go: A Closer Look at E-Ticket Accessibility in Larkin Bus Terminal Nureen Solehah Hisham 1 , Gobi Krishna Sinniah 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , sgobi.utm.my 2 Highlight: The highlight of this research revolves around a comprehensive examination of the accessibility of e-ticketing systems within the Larkin Bus Terminal, shedding light on usability, affordability, and inclusivity factors, particularly in catering to diverse user needs, including individuals with disabilities or limited access to technology. Through rigorous analysis, it aims to unveil insights into the efficacy of e-ticketing in enhancing the overall transportation experience while pinpointing potential avenues for refinement to ensure equitable access for all passengers. Keywords: E-ticketing, Technology, User Experience, Usability Introduction In an era marked by rapid technological advancements, the integration of electronic ticketing (e-ticketing) systems within transportation hubs has revolutionized the way passengers access and utilize public transportation services. Among these hubs, the Larkin Bus Terminal stands as a pivotal node in the transportation network, facilitating the movement of thousands of commuters daily. However, as e-ticketing becomes increasingly prevalent, ensuring its accessibility and inclusivity for all users, including those with disabilities or limited technological proficiency, becomes paramount. This extended abstract delves into the examination of e-ticket accessibility within the context of the Larkin Bus Terminal, aiming to illuminate the intricacies of usability, affordability, and inclusivity inherent in these systems. By exploring the intersection of technology and transportation accessibility, this research endeavours to unearth valuable insights that can inform the enhancement of e-ticketing systems, fostering equitable access and enhancing the overall transportation experience for all passengers. Literature Review Electronic ticketing (e-ticketing) systems have emerged as indispensable components of modern transportation infrastructure, promising enhanced convenience, efficiency, and accessibility for passengers worldwide. Within the realm of public transportation, the integration of e-ticketing technologies has revolutionized ticket purchase processes, reduced waiting times, and improved overall service quality. As transportation authorities continue to prioritize digitization initiatives, ensuring the accessibility and inclusivity of e-ticketing systems for all passengers, particularly those with disabilities or limited technological proficiency, remains a critical concern. i. Usability and User Experience Recent studies have underscored the pivotal role of usability and user experience (UX) design principles in shaping the effectiveness and acceptance of e-ticketing systems among diverse user groups. Research by Kim et al. (2019) emphasizes the importance of intuitive interface design and streamlined ticket purchase workflows in enhancing the usability of mobile e-ticketing applications. Similarly, studies by Lee and Koubek (2020) and Park et al. (2022) highlight the significance of personalized user interfaces and context-aware recommendations in optimizing the user experience of e-ticketing platforms. These findings suggest that user-centric design approaches, grounded in
- 236 - empirical user feedback and usability testing, are essential for ensuring the accessibility and usability of e-ticketing systems for all passengers. ii. Accessibility and Inclusivity In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the importance of accessibility and inclusivity in the design and implementation of e-ticketing systems, particularly with regard to meeting the needs of individuals with disabilities or special needs. Research by Sánchez et al. (2018) explores the accessibility features of e-ticketing kiosks and mobile applications, highlighting the importance of features such as screen reader compatibility, voice input support, and customizable display settings for users with visual or motor impairments. Moreover, studies by Chen et al. (2021) and Yang et al. (2023) investigate the effectiveness of inclusive design strategies, such as universal design principles and participatory design approaches, in ensuring equitable access to e-ticketing systems for diverse user groups. These findings underscore the necessity of proactive measures to address accessibility barriers and promote inclusivity within the digital transportation ecosystem. iii. Affordability and Digital Divide Despite the numerous benefits offered by e-ticketing systems, concerns regarding affordability and the digital divide persist, particularly among underserved or marginalized populations. Research by Ma et al. (2017) examines the economic implications of eticketing adoption, considering factors such as ticket pricing, transaction fees, and the affordability of mobile data plans for low-income users. Similarly, studies by Choi et al. (2019) and Wu et al. (2020) investigate the impact of digital literacy and technology access barriers on e-ticketing adoption rates among different demographic groups. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and policy measures to address affordability concerns and bridge the digital divide, thereby ensuring equitable access to e-ticketing services for all segments of society. iv. Technological Innovations and Future Directions Looking ahead, emerging technological innovations hold the potential to further enhance the accessibility, efficiency, and inclusivity of e-ticketing systems in the years to come. Research by Li et al. (2022) explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms to personalize ticket recommendations and optimize travel itineraries based on user preferences and historical data. Additionally, studies by Zhang et al. (2023) and Liu et al. (2024) investigate the integration of blockchain technology to enhance the security and transparency of e-ticketing transactions, mitigating fraud and ensuring the integrity of ticketing data. These technological advancements signal exciting opportunities for improving the accessibility and user experience of e-ticketing systems while addressing longstanding challenges in the transportation industry.
- 237 - Figure 1: Kiosk for self-service ticketing system (Source: iPack Travel, 2024) Methodology To gather quantitative data on user perceptions and experiences with e-ticketing, a structured survey instrument is administered to passengers at the Larkin Bus Terminal. The survey includes questions related to usability, affordability, accessibility features, and overall satisfaction with the e-ticketing system. Surveys are conducted both online and onsite to reach a diverse sample of passengers, including regular commuters and occasional travellers. Findings The research findings also shed light on the technological challenges users face when utilizing e-ticketing kiosks within the Larkin Bus Terminal, particularly concerning various types of payment methods. Participants encountered issues related to intermittent network connectivity, software malfunctions, and interface complexities during ticket purchase attempts, irrespective of the chosen payment method. However, specific challenges emerged concerning the usability and reliability of certain payment options. For instance, participants using credit or debit cards reported instances of transaction failures or delays due to connectivity issues or card reader malfunctions. Similarly, individuals opting for cash payments encountered challenges related to kiosk unresponsiveness or the inability to process cash transactions during peak hours. Moreover, concerns regarding the security of payment data were heightened among participants using contactless payment methods, such as NFC-enabled cards or mobile wallets, amidst apprehensions about potential data breaches or fraudulent activities. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining robust infrastructure and conducting regular maintenance to address technical glitches that may impede various payment methods. Additionally, ensuring seamless integration and compatibility with a diverse range of payment options, including credit/debit cards, cash, and contactless methods, is crucial in enhancing the accessibility and usability of e-ticketing kiosks. By addressing these technological challenges and optimizing support for different payment methods, transportation authorities can improve the reliability, security, and user experience of e-ticketing kiosks at the Larkin Bus Terminal, thereby facilitating smoother and more inclusive ticketing processes for passengers. Conclusion In broad terms, the research's findings emphasize the need of resolving usability, affordability, and inclusion issues in e-ticketing systems at the Larkin Bus Terminal. The observed technological challenges, such as network connectivity concerns and interface complications, underline the need for strong infrastructure and user-friendly designs to improve the dependability and accessibility of e-ticketing kiosks. Furthermore, issues about price and
- 238 - payment methods need personalised solutions that fit different financial situations and offer a variety of payment alternatives. Transportation authorities may improve the overall user experience and foster higher adoption of e-ticketing systems by focusing on user-centric methods and investing in technology developments. Furthermore, aggressive initiatives to close the digital gap and provide equal access for all passengers are critical to creating a more inclusive transportation sector. References Chen, Y., Wang, Y., & Liu, C. (2021). Inclusive design of mobile e-ticketing systems for older adults: A participatory approach. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 37(8), 775-789. Choi, H. S., Kim, H., & Lee, H. H. (2019). The influence of digital literacy on mobile ticketing adoption: A focus on the moderating effect of age. Information Systems Frontiers, 21(3), 537-551. Goodale, P., & Chadwick, D. (2019). Mobile apps and ticketing for public transportation: A review of current systems, adoption and use. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 130, 173-185. Kim, Y., Lee, J., & Kim, Y. (2019). Usability and accessibility of mobile ticketing applications: A case study of Korean users. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 35(8), 694-706. Lee, J., & Koubek, R. (2020). Context-aware recommendation system for mobile ticketing applications. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 34(5), 04020069. Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Chen, L. (2022). Personalized recommendation of transportation tickets based on AI algorithms. Information Technology and Management, 23(1), 15-26. Liu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Wu, J. (2024). Blockchain-based secure e-ticketing system for public transportation. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 25(3), 1296-1307. Ma, X., Xu, B., & Lin, X. (2017). An empirical study of e-ticketing adoption in public transportation. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 77, 178-189. Park, S., Lim, Y., & Jung, J. (2022). Enhancing user experience of mobile e-ticketing applications through personalized interface design. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(6), 679-692. Sánchez, J., López, S., & Moreno, L. (2018). Accessibility of mobile applications for the visually impaired: An analysis of eticketing platforms. Universal Access in the Information Society, 17(3), 537-548. Wu, H., Li, X., & Hu, Y. (2020). The influence of digital divide on e-ticketing adoption: A focus on the moderating role of income level. Journal of Business Research, 116, 267-276. Yang, L., Liu, L., & Zheng, Y. (2023). Inclusive design of e-ticketing systems: A case study of metro stations in China. Journal of Urban Technology, 30(1), 73-86. Zhang, Q., Xiong, H., & Wang, X. (2023). Blockchain-based secure e-ticketing system for public transportation. Future Generation Computer Systems, 129, 192-204.
- 239 - ID-54: Heritage Tourist and Smart City Approach in World Heritage Site Azriel Iskandar Jaharul Ariffin 1 , Hairul Nizam Ismail 2 1, 2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This research focuses on the impacts of Smart Tourism for heritage tourists in World Heritage Site. The study was conducted to explore the components of Smart Tourism with possibility for application in World Heritage Site and improve heritage tourists experience. According to previous studies, the emergence of Smart City concept poses a challenge towards the field of heritage tourism, prompting worries over its inexperience with historical value and authenticity. Therefore, the components of Smart Tourism should be explored to help develop heritage sites and its tourism activities. Malacca is being used as a case study due to its status, historical importance and cultural significance in the global scale which aligns with the main objective of the study. Keywords: Smart City, Heritage Tourism, World Heritage Site, Malacca Introduction Smart City can be defined as the use of cutting-edge information and communication technology (ICT) and technology to handle local issues and difficulties in order to enhance the local economy, quality of life, and environmental sustainability while also guaranteeing efficient and effective urban administration (Malaysia Smart City Framework, 2019 - 2025). With the recent release of framework such as the Johor Smart City Blueprint 2030 and Malaysia Smart City Framework 2019 - 2025, it shows that Malaysia is heading towards being a smart nation. Smart Tourism is one of the most practical applications of Smart City Concept (Gretzel, 2015). Smart Tourism considers to be the intersection of ICT and tourism, signifying the technological revolution of the travel industry (Lee et al, 2020). Gretzel (2015) also states that, the term "Smart Tourism" describes the integration of different forms of information technology into the tourism industry, industrial development, and administrative management. Heritage tourism has been the one of fastest growing tourism sector which offers authentic value and experiences across the globe. Regardless of that, urban heritage should be been given greater importance in promoting heritage tourism because of the intense population pressure and strong urbanization trend in developing Asian countries. A new tendency that has emerged recently emphasizes the protection of urban history while valuing its historical importance and emotional connection to heritage sites (Nabendu Sekhar Kar et al. 2022). Plus, tourism industry in Malaysia has been growing since 1960 and being considered as main economy sector until 1970. The core idea behind the smart city concept is to employ technologies to build efficient, sustainable, and better urban settings. Fundamentally, the idea emphasizes on how information and communication technology (ICT) may be integrated to improve infrastructure and service management in cities. Mohd Noor Isa et al. (2017) has stated that, IoT has a high volume of data that can used in manufacturing, medical, and even smart city situations. This statement is supported by Liu (2018), stated that it functions to support traffic monitoring, and detection methods in the provision of healthcare. In general, it prioritizes the improvement of public services through digitization and innovation.