- 90 - iii. Factory owners do not care about initiatives from local authorities The initiative carried out by the Local Authority called the Legalisation of Illegal Factories Programme aims to turn factory or industrial areas from illegal to legal following the law that has been set. Factory workers do not take this program seriously because they are more likely to disobey existing regulations. There may be a few entrepreneurs of the view that this program is an option and not an obligation to comply with it. This prompts them to set up factories illegally without paying attention to the procedures set by the government. Factory operators don't want to take initiative from the authorities because they avoid getting involved with compliance to get licenses or permission for building plans and so on. This is also because the program run by the local authority is usually accompanied by a licensing or registration process that allows entrepreneurs to start or run their businesses legally. However, if entrepreneurs take this program seriously, entrepreneurs may face difficulties in meeting the requirements that need to be done. Therefore, things like this will encourage them to set up a factory or development without a permit and without complying with the rules set to develop a development. In addition, the factory operators do not care about the initiatives taken by the local authorities because they want to get a quick profit without having to spend money to pay certain demands. This is also because the factory operators themselves see the establishment of illegal mills as an advantage for them to get faster profits without having to comply with any regulations or pay any taxes that have been set by the local authorities. In this way, they can save in terms of time, cost, and effort that needs to be done to comply with the rules that have been set. Therefore, this method is one of the factors that cause the establishment of illegal factories that are widespread. Methodology Methodology is an important stage to collect data to achieve the goals and objectives of the study that have been set. This methodology can help researchers understand in more detail the methods used in the research conducted. The methodology used is through a literature review. Where the researcher uses literature studies such as journal articles or research as a reference to obtain additional information. The main purpose of the literature review is to understand previous research that has been done in the same or related fields. The data collected is from the year 2013 until the year 2023 to find out the factors that caused the establishment of illegal factories in Selangor. Apart from the literature review, a qualitative data collection strategy will be used involving the analysis of past documents related to the establishment of illegal factories in Selangor. This can be divided into three factors that cause the establishment of illegal factories, which are economic, social, and physical factors. Findings The findings of this study are the factors that cause the establishment of illegal factories that occur widely every year through economic, social, and physical factors.
- 91 - Figure 2: Factors Influencing the Legalization of Illicit Factories (Source: Bachok, S., Osman, M. M., Abdullah, M. F., & Daniar, N. A. M. (2017)) Conclusion Through this factor, there may be some recommendations or steps that can be continued by the local authorities themselves to overcome the problem of the establishment of illegal factories that occur widely. Among the suggestions that can be made is to create additional premium reductions or land taxes. Doing this additional premium reduction according to certain periods to land owners gradually. In addition, increase advertising and publicity about Programs to make illegal factories legal according to law such as Outreach Programs, Town Halls, and so on. In addition, you can find ways to simplify the land use change process or further simplify the Planning Permission process. With this, it can help further reduce the establishment of illegal factories that have been established for a long time. Overall, addressing the factors influencing the establishment of illegal factories requires a comprehensive approach involving regulatory reforms, financial support for small operators, and effective enforcement of compliance measures. By taking proactive steps, Selangor can work towards mitigating the prevalence of illicit industrial activities and promoting a more sustainable industrial landscape. References Agyeman, S., & Kpamma, Z. (2014, July). Challenges in the Processing of Building Permits in Ghana-a Precursor for Development of Illegal Structures.‘. In Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Applied Research Conference’. held (pp. 07-09). Adnan Ibrahim (2020, 19 Februari).Ada 880 Kilang Haram di Batu Pahat. Diperolehi daripada https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2020/02/546103/ada-880-kilang-haram-di-batu-pahat Bachok, S., Osman, M. M., Abdullah, M. F., & Daniar, N. A. M. (2017). A Review of Legalisation of Illegal Factories Program: Case Study of Selangor, Malaysia. Advanced Science Letters, 23(1), 7-10. Bentinck, J., & Chikara, S. (2001, May). Illegal factories in Delhi: The controversy, the causes, and the expected future. In International workshop on coping with informality and illegality in human settlements in developing cities (July). Falco, E. (2017). Protection of Coastal areas in Italy: Where do national landscape and urban planning legislation fail? Land Use Policy, 66, 80-89. Di Daerah, K. L., & Sairin, E. B. A. (2016). Percanggahan Kategori Gunatanah. Ishak, S. (2023). Kuasa Menghurai Model Goodchild Dan Munton (1986) Dan Van Assen (2009) Dalam Masalah Pembangunan Tanah Wakaf Di Malaysia. Jurnal LAND, 3(1), 1-24. Jie, T. Y., & Burhan, B. (2020). Illegal Factories in Mukim Parit Bakar, Muar: Implications to Residential Properties. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 1(1), 725-740. Kundu, A. (1999). Urban Informal Sector in India: Macro Trends and Policy. Mohsin, A., Firdaus, N. F., & Berahim, N. (2022). The Causes of Unauthorized Residential Plots Development and Implication for Government Agencies. Sains Humanika, 14(1), 26-34. Sun, H. (2019). Legal and Illegal Processes of Building Disposal Under the Vision of Urban Planning. Open House International, 44(3), 44-47. Suliman, S. B., Ariff, A. H. B., & Sahid, S. B. (2023). Undang-undang pembangunan tanah. Jurnal LAND, 7(1), 1-20.
- 92 - ID-22: Factors Impacting Socioeconomic Changes of Rural Communities in the Development of Village Settlements in the KEJORA Region Mohamad Farhan Shah Jasni1 , Mohamad Fadhli Rashid 2 ¹ ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia [email protected] , [email protected] Highlight: The study to evaluate factor impacting socioeconomic changes of Rural Communities in the development of village settlements in the KEJORA Region. Village settlement development is a plan from the authorities or a plan of an administrative area to relocate residents affected by development or disaster in an area. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the socioeconomic level of rural communities before and after resettlement in traditional villages in the KEJORA Region. The study been use the method analysis by quantitative and were do a survey through two villages in the KEJORA region involved in this study, A total of 95 heads of households were selected as a sample divided into 49 respondents from Perumahan Tersusun Kampung Mawai Baru, Kota Tinggi and 46 respondents from Perumahan Tersusun Kampung Punggai, Penggerang and the method of finding used was a questionnaire. The findings of the study will show that the development of village settlements has an impact on the level of socioeconomic change before and after the resettlement of traditional villages in the KEJORA region. Therefore, this study is seen as important to provide a real explanation for socioeconomic changes through the development of village settlements in addition to providing an overview of the factors that influence socioeconomic changes in the population. Keywords: Factor impacting, Socioeconomic Change, Village Settlement Development, Rural Development Introduction According to the Philosophy and Strategy of Rural Development Towards the Year 2020, Ministry of Rural Development (KPLB), KEJORA plays the role of developing organized villages to meet the demands of rural residents from the first generation to the second generation. Nevertheless, the development of traditional village settlements in rural areas has also caused a change in the socioeconomic level which is a measure of the well-being of an area whether it has a good or bad effect based on the content of the Malaysian Well-being 2013- Being Report (Department of Economic Planning, 2013). From the quote (Mcgregor et al., 2007) states that the socioeconomic level affects the physical environment. There are 5 indicators in assessing the socioeconomic level, namely Demographics, Income, Type of Employment, Education Level and Health Level through the study of socioeconomic changes in the indigenous community (Ngah Kah Choon, Yap Sui Chai, 2015). Therefore, this study was produced to see the extent to which the factors that play a role in the change in the socioeconomic level of rural communities in the KEJORA Region are affected by the development of village settlements. Literature Review i. Factors Impacting Socioeconomic Changes Resettlement factors are a measure of socioeconomic change that can be linked to an area. The main factors and secondary factors and the potential for the development of village areas to affect the impact of well-being development on the village community. Several indicators are factors in the change in the socio-economic level of the village community to measure the occurrence of change. Each indicator can be used as a positive
- 93 - and negative factor for rural communities. The development of local areas such as resettlement gives new life to the residents in living social and economic life in continuing the existing way of life to a new way of life. Therefore, these factors become a measure of changes in the socioeconomic level: Table 1: Factors Impacting No. Indicator of Factor Impacting Reference 01 Infrastructure conditions Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun, Nor Aini Hj. Idris, Madeline Berma dan Faridah Shahadan. (2006). Kemiskinan di kalangan Masyarakat Orang Asli. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, (40), 95‒101. 02 Housing environment 03 Level of accessibility and telecommunications 04 A measure of productivity 05 Level of education Samia Elsheikh Abd Rahman. (2004). Determinant of Socioeconomic at Gezira. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 06 Level of Health 07 Community living conditions 08 Job opportunities Nik Hashim Nik Mustapha. (1996). Perancangan Pembangunan Pertanian di Malaysia. Kuala 09 Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Attention from government agencies or ADUN ii. Socioeconomic Aspects of Rural Development The concept of socioeconomics explains the transformation process that involves two elements namely society and economy in order to achieve progress in a place whether in the city or outside the city. The socioeconomic level of rural communities can be assessed based on several main factors.This socioeconomic status is the main pillar in the livelihood of rural communities. The socioeconomic aspects of an individual are exhibited through several components of social variables, namely the core of health and the core of education, while the economic variables are divided into the core of employment and pendapatan. This opinion has been supported by (Couthard, 2012) who states that the socioeconomic background of an individual or community group is based on aspects of income, education, employment and health status. Therefore, the prosperity and well-being of a developing country is not only measured from economic achievements alone- points, but it is also measured by the quality of life and well-being of the people worldwide. Table 2: Indicator of Socioeconomic aspect No. Indicator of Socioeconomic Reference 01 Demographic Ngah Kah Choon, Yap Sui Chai, 2015, Perubahan Sosioekonomi Masyarakat Orang Asli Selepas Penempatan Semula Di Kampung Pertak dan Gerachi Jaya, Selangor. 02 Income 03 Type of Job 04 Level of education 05 Level of Health
- 94 - Study Area The study area chosen to conduct the study is in Perumahan Tersusun Kampung Mawai Baru, Kota Tinggi and Perumahan Tersusun Kampung Punggai, Penggerang in KEJORA Region. While in order to meet the needs of this study, the research area was selected to assess the level of socio-economic changes in rural communities towards the development of village settlements in the KEJORA Region by the method finding as survey. In addition, the width of Perumahan Tersusun Kampung Mawai Baru, Kota Tinggi is 42 acres equivalent to 169 house units while the area of Perumahan Tersusun Kampung Punggai, Penggerang is 30.7 acres equivalent to 139 house units. Figure 1: Study area Perumahan Tersusun Kampung Mawai Baru, Kota Tinggi Figure 2: Study area Perumahan Tersusun Kampung Punggai, Penggerang Methodology This study has used a quantitative method which is a questionnaire and data collection method for data primer is survey on questioner. A total responden are 49 heads of households have been selected in the area Perumahan Tersusun Kampung Mawai Baru, Kota Tinggi while 46 heads of households in the area Perumahan Tersusun Kampung Punggai, Penggerang as sampels. Data analysis collection is used descriptive analysis (mode percentage and median score min). For data secondary is Laporan Pelan Tindakan Khas Lembaga Kemajuan Johor Tenggara.
- 95 - Findings i. Findings of Level of Socioeconomic Change Table 3: Level of Socioeconomic Change B = Before, A= After, LOC= Level of Change = Increased = Descending = Similar No. Indicator of Socioeconomic Kampung Mawai Baru Kampung Punggai B (%) A (%) LOC B (%) A (%) LOC 1 Type of Job Manager 0.00 4.08 4.34 6.52 Technicians and Professionals 4.08 2.04 26.08 20.08 Clerical Support Worker 2.04 2.04 6.52 4.34 Service and Sales Worker 2.04 2.04 10.86 10.86 Skilled Workers in Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries 63.26 53.06 45.65 50.00 Skilled workers and Carpentry 16.32 16.32 0.00 0.00 Basic Worker 12.24 20.40 6.52 2.17 2 Income (RM) <2500 79.60 16.36 58.70 4.34 2501 - 3170 16.32 63.26 39.13 50.00 3171 - 3970 4.08 16.36 2.17 39.13 3971 - 4850 0.00 2.04 0.00 2.17 4851-5880 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.34 3 Level of Education Primary School 67.16 32.84 57.75 42.25 Secondary School 48.05 51.95 42.85 57.15 Higher Education 23.40 76.60 3.12 96.87 4. Level of Health (Have a chronic disease) Yes 0.00 63.26 0.00 32.60 No 100.0 36.73 100.0 67.39 From the table 3, the change experienced by Kampung Mawai Baru is a decrease in the type of work Skilled Workers in Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries while in Kampung Punggai there is an increase in the type of work. The total income also experienced an increase at the income level of RM2501-3170 in both villages and a decrease at the income level of <2500. Next, the level of secondary school and higher education increased in both villages while the level of primary school education decreased in both villages. Furthermore, the level of health also increased after the redevelopment of the village area for both villages.
- 96 - ii. Finding of Factors Impacting Socioeconomic Changes Table 4: Factor impacting Socioeconomic Changes No. Factors Impact Kampung Mawai Baru Kampung Punggai Scale/ Frequency (%) Median Scale/Frequency (%) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Median 1 Infrastructure conditions in residential areas 0.00 0.00 2.04 97.96 0.5 4.35 0.00 0.00 95.65 1 2 Housing environment 0.00 0.00 2.04 97.96 0.5 6.63 0.00 0.00 93.47 1.5 3 The level of accessibility and telecommunications network 4.08 0.00 2.04 93.88 1.5 4.34 0.00 0.00 95.66 1 4 The level of productivity of the local community 2.04 0.00 2.04 95.92 1 8.70 0.00 0.00 91.30 2 5 The level of education among the community 2.04 0.00 2.04 95.92 1 34.78 0.00 0.00 65.22 8 6 The level of Health among the community 2.04 0.00 2.04 95.92 1 6.52 0.00 0.00 93.47 1.5 7 Community living conditions 12.24 0.00 2.04 85.72 3.5 41.30 0.00 0.00 58.69 9.5 8 Job opportunities for the community 51.02 0.00 2.04 46.94 12 56.52 0.00 0.00 43.47 10 9 Receive help and attention from government agencies or elected representatives (ADUN) 51.02 0.00 2.04 46.94 12 76.08 2.18 0.00 21.74 5.5 From to table 4, the factors of change in the socioeconomic level for the two study area villages are infrastructure conditions in residential areas, housing environment, the level of accessibility and telecommunications network, the level of productivity of the local community, The level of Health among the community being the main factors which can be focused on changes in the socioeconomic level. Meanwhile, the factor for Job opportunities for the community has a high median for both study areas which is not a factor of change in socioeconomic level along with the factor Receive help and attention from government agencies or elected representatives (ADUN) which has a high median for both study areas. The difference between the two villages is the community living conditions factor because Kampung Mawai has a low median (3.5) while Kampung Punggai has a high median (9.5). Conclusion In conclusion, this study gives the researcher an impression that the development of village settlements gives a positive picture to the changes in the socioeconomic level caused by factors of village resettlement. The increase in the amount of income and the type of work and the level of education and health give a positive picture to rural development. This study also gives an overview to government agencies and government policies of economic and social patterns in rural development. Therefore, researchers hope that this socioeconomic change gives a good image to rural development and is focused on the government agencies involved.
- 97 - References Aki @ Zaki A., Er A.C & Siwar, C. (2015). Penanaman sawit lestari dan impaksosioekonomi. Journal of social Sciences and Humanities10(1):57-80. Courtland L. Smith., (2010). Measuring Subjective and Objective Well-Being: Analyses from Five Marine Commercial Fisheries Human Organization, 69(2). Jabatan Perancang Ekonomi. (2013) Malaysian Well-being Report 2013. Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Putrajaya Kementerian Ekonomi Negara, Meningkatkan kesejahteraan Rakyat, 2016-2017, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Putrajaya Pelan Strategik KEJORA 2021-2025, Lembaga Kemajuan Johor Tenggara Perumahan Kampung Tersusun KEJORA: Pembangunan kampung tersusun di Wilayah KEJORA ,Lembaga Kemajuan Johor Tenggara McGregor, A. (2008). Well-Being, Poverty and Conflict. Briefing Paper 1/08, ESRC Research Group on Well-being in Developing Countries. Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun, Nor Aini Hj. Idris, Madeline Berma dan Faridah Shahadan. (2006). Kemiskinan di kalangan Masyarakat Orang Asli. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, (40), 95‒101. Ngah Kah Choon, Yap Sui Chai, 2015, Perubahan Sosioekonomi Masyarakat Orang Asli Selepas Penempatan Semula Di Kampung Pertak dan Gerachi Jaya, Selangor. Nik Hashim Nik Mustapha. (1996). perancangan pembangunan pertanian di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Samia Elsheikh Abd Rahman. (2004). Determinant of socioeconomic at Gezira. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi
- 98 - ID-23: Identifying Challenges Faced by Elderly Individuals While Driving Private Vehicles Using PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMAScR) Anis Fatinah Noor Azhar 1 , Nabila Abdul Ghani 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Malaysia is experiencing demographic aging, with estimates indicating that more than 15% of the population will be 60 years old or older by 2030. Elderly adults often prefer private automobiles, increasing the likelihood of accidents owing to declining driving skills. Public transportation presents difficulties such as technical obstacles and varying service quality, which in turn restrict the mobility of the elderly. Evaluating potential risks linked to older drivers and applying safety measures is crucial to reducing accidents and promoting safe driving for this age group, considering their diminishing physical and mental abilities. Keywords: Elderly Driver, Private Vehicle, Mobility, Aging Society Introduction The Aging Society era highlights a clear increase in the elderly population, with Malaysia's demographic data showing a consistent rise in individuals aged 60 and over. Predictions from 2010 to 2040 indicate that by 2030, this group will exceed 15% of Malaysia's total population. In 2023, the number of people aged 60 and older reached 3.8 million, up from 3.6 million the previous year, signaling a growth in elderly drivers. Senior drivers prefer using their cars for convenience, allowing easy travel for shopping, medical appointments, and social activities. However, the increase in elderly drivers could lead to more road accidents due to age-related declines in physical abilities. Literature Review The following literature review will provide a comprehensive explanation of the terminology, ideas, and factors linked to the research topic, which focuses on the difficulties experienced by senior individuals while driving private automobiles: Driving Challenges for the Elderly There has been some discussion about the challenges private vehicle driving poses to the elderly. a. Safety Prioritizing safety is crucial for elderly individuals when planning to travel. Effective urban management may enhance the mobility of older people by prioritizing their safety and welfare. This involves constructing well-kept pedestrian walkways, ensuring stations and terminals are easily accessible, installing pedestrian crossings with traffic lights, and enforcing efficient public transit management regulations (Abou-Raya & ElMeguid, 2009; Tournier et al., 2016). The elderly prioritize safety when selecting transportation, as shown by research conducted by Ritter et al. (2002), which revealed that concerns about crime contribute to their hesitance in using public transit. b. Internet Connection Network (ICT) Active and healthy aging supports the use of IoT (the Internet of Things) to build urban settings that allow the old to move easily. However, some researchers (Battarra et al., 2018) point out that poor ICT use can limit mobility gains. Researchers suggest combined
- 99 - methods that span network, component, and management strategies to improve ICT efficiency for the old. Mastery of ICT is growing important, yet the slow uptake rate among the old presents challenges. This calls for a thorough study to find and solve the unique movement difficulties faced by this group. c. Health As elderly individuals age, their cognitive abilities, such as movement speed and memory, naturally decline. This age-related health decline can limit their mobility. According to Siti Zaila and Khadijah (2016), increasing age can lead to physical and psychological changes or declines in their lives. Ho (2016) also emphasized that elderly individuals with disabilities, such as age-related vision and hearing issues and slow movement, are at high risk when driving. This can harm their safety, as well as that of other road users. Studies have also shown that elderly drivers often experience slow reaction times and varying vision problems (USDOT, 1997; Fozard, 1990; Goggin et al., 1989). d. Environment The elderly are particularly impacted by these environmental changes because of their deteriorating health, diminished cognitive abilities, and longer reaction times associated with aging. The US Department of Transportation recommends improving road signs by using bigger text and more apparent colours to help senior drivers with frequent visual issues such as cataracts and glaucoma. Hence, governments should assess the need for administering driving tests and health evaluations to confirm the fitness of senior adults for driving. This approach is already used in industrialized nations such as Singapore, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and Australia. Methodology This study aims to identify challenges in the driving behaviour of private vehicles by the elderly. The researchers utilized the literature review analysis technique introduced by Tricco et al. (2018), specifically the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMAScR): Checklist and Explanation, as the methodological approach for this study. According to Sierra-Correa and Cantera Kintz (2015), using PRISMA allows for the formulation of clear research questions, extensive searching in scientific databases within a set timeframe, and the identification of specific exclusion and inclusion criteria. i. Procedure for Selecting Literature The scoping review's literature selection procedure consists of three stages: identification, screening, and eligibility determination. Figure 1 indicates the literature selection process used in this investigation, following the method provided by Micah et al. (2015). ii. Identification The literature study started in November 2023 to collect ideas for synthesis in this work. The first phase is finding and specifying the keywords for the search focus to prevent confusion while using search engines. The keywords linked to ‘elderly drivers’ are searched in online databases including Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Academia, as shown in Table 1.
- 100 - Table 1: Keyword Selection and Methods of Search Database Keywords Used Dimension “Elderly Driver”, “Private Vehicle”, “Mobility”, “Challenges” & “Aging Society”. Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar & Academia “Elderly Driving Behaviour”, “Elderly Driver”, “Ageing”, “Elderly Driving Challenges”, & “Elderly Travel Behaviour”. (Source: Edited from Micah et al. (2015) iii. Screening The purpose of the initial screening stage is to eliminate duplicate articles. Seven publications were rejected in the first stage, and 106 articles were evaluated based on specific criteria set by the researchers in the second stage, as shown in Table 4. Researchers choose to concentrate only on journal papers since they are the major source of empirical data. Figure 1: Flowchart criteria of inclusion and exclusion. iv. Selection of Qualification 106 journals were screened in the initial phase, sourced from databases like Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Academia. Articles outside the study's scope (not related to the humanities or social sciences) were excluded, resulting in 58 journals for the second phase of screening. During the second phase, publications that did not align with the search criteria based on their title and abstract were excluded, resulting in 34 journals for further evaluation. Only 16 available publications will be reviewed in this study report, as shown in Figure 2.
- 101 - Figure 2: Flowchart for filtering analysis using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. (Source: Edited from Micah et al. (2015) Discussion Based on the qualification selection stage, table 2 will summarize additional information from previous research on the primary criteria used to determine the difficulties elderly people face while driving a personal car. There are 4 variables, 16 authors, and 4 assessment methodologies used as methods. Table 2: Identified related variables by previous authors and evaluation techniques used. Variables Authors / Year Evaluation Techniques Safety Abou-Raya & ElMeguid (2009), Tournier et al., (2016), Ritter et al. (2002), Harifah Mohd Noor et al., (2021), De Jong & Brouwer (2012) Observation, Interview, Behaviour Mapping, Questionnaire Internet Connection Network (ICT) Battarra et al., 2018, Harifah Mohd Noor et al., (2021), Joumard et al., (2010) Interview, Questionnaire Health World Health Organization (2002), Siti Zaila & Khadijah, (2016), Ho (2016), USDOT, (1997), Harifah Mohd Noor et al., (2021), McPhee et al. (2016), Carstairs & Keon (2007) Observation, Interview, Behaviour Mapping, Questionnaire Environment USDOT, (1997); Goggin et al., 1989, Carstairs & Keon (2007), Harifah Mohd Noor et al., (2021) Observation, Interview, Questionnaire Conclusion The research highlights the various challenges elderly drivers face when using private vehicles. The hurdles include safety issues, technological difficulties such as internet access, health issues impacting physical and cognitive capabilities, and environmental aspects influencing driving circumstances. Researchers used the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMAScR) technique to collect and assess pertinent literature methodically. By using methods such as observation, interviews, and surveys, they pinpointed these obstacles and proposed comprehensive remedies. Possible solutions may include enhanced urban design to provide safer roadways, more accessibility to technology, and frequent health assessments for senior drivers. By thoroughly addressing these difficulties, stakeholders can improve the safety and mobility of elderly people on the roadways.
- 102 - References Abou‐Raya, S., & ElMeguid, L. A. (2009). Road traffic accidents and the elderly. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 9(3), 290- 297. Battarra, R., Gargiulo, C., Zucaro, F., & Tremiterra, M.R. (2018). Smart Mobility in Italian Metropolitan Cities: A comparative analysis through indicators and actions. Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 556-567. Carstairs, S., & Keon, W. J. (2007). Embracing the challenge of aging. Ottawa: The Special Senate Committee on Aging. de Jong, P., & Brouwer, A. (2012). Residential mobility of older adults in the Dutch housing market: Do individual characteristics and housing attributes have an effect on mobility? European Spatial Research and Policy, 19(1), 33- 47. Harifah Mohd Noor, Jurry Foo @ Jurry Bt. F. Michael, Jabil Mapjabil, Mohd Azizul Ladin & Chai Ai Jing (2021). Kemudahan mobiliti warga emas ke arah pembangunan mampan: Kajian kes Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Business (IJAFB), 6 (36), 118 - 130. Ho, B. K. (2016). Pencegahan Kecederaan: Pencegahan Bahaya Memandu Untuk Warga Emas. Diakses pada 28 Febuari 2021 daripada laman web: http://www.pencegahanbahaya- memandu-untuk-warga-emas https://www.kpwkm.gov.my/kpwkm/uploads/files/Dokumen/Dasar/Dasar%20Warga %20Emas_2011.pdf Joumard R., Gudmundsson, H., Kehagia, F., Mancebo Quintana, S., Boulter, P., Flokeson, L.,McCrae, I., Boughedaoui,. M., Waeger, P., & Calderon, E. (2010). Transport, environment and sustainability. Bron: European Commission. McPhee, J. S., French, D. P., Jackson, D., Nazroo, J., Pendleton, N., & Degens, H. (2016). Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty. Biogerontology, 17(3), 567-580. Micah, P. et al. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3). Ritter, A.S., Straight, A. & Evans, E. (2002). Understanding Senior Transportation: Report and Analysis of a Survey of Consumers Age 50+. AARP Public Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., United States. Siti Zaila Husin & Khadijah Alavi. (2016). Kerja Sosial di Hospital: Meneroka Pengabaian Dalam Kalangan Pesakit Warga Emas. Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 4(2), 462-484 Tournier, I., Dommes, A., & Cavallo, V. (2016). Review of safety and mobility issues among older pedestrians. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 91, 24-35. Wong, R. C. P., Szeto, W. Y., Yang, L., Li, Y. C., & Wong, S. C. (2018). Public transport policy measures for improving elderly mobility. Transport policy, 63, 73-79. World Health Organization. (2000) (WHO). Home-Based and Long-term Care. Report of a WHO Study Group. WHO Technical Report Series 898. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- 103 - ID-24: Is Fishing Activity Sustainable? Assessing the Sustainable Indicators for Fishing Activity in Malaysia Muhamad Syahir Senu 1 , Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin 2 ¹ Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor ² Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Fishing activity has become a hobby and trend that many people do from morning until evening. However, based on this study it can be seen how far fishing activities among anglers in Malaysia can practice sustainable fishing practices? The aim of this study is to examine the sustainability indicator of fishing activity among angler groups in Malaysia. The indicator of sustainable fishing was constructed within the framework of cognitive the based on three elements: environment, personal factors, and behavior. This study employs the qualitative research technique by doing a systematic literature review on a particular topic. Keywords: Biology Conservation, Freshwater and Saltwater Life, Fishing Activity, Sustainable Practice Introduction Nowadays, it can be seen that fishing activities in Malaysia are increasing. This also makes recreational fishing activities growing rapidly, which is where there is an increase in fishing activities that are done especially for the pleasure of tourists while making this activity a source of side income and a source of food for the community (Cooke & Cowx, 2005). The fundamental principle of recreational fishing requires high effort and low catch compared to commercial fishing (Pereira & Hansen, 2003). In relation to that, the development of recreational fishing activities is able to develop aspects of ecosystem conservation and help the real objective of preservation and conservation, particularly for the marine environment and generally for coastal communities. Recreational fishing activities can reduce overfishing (Cox et al., 2002). Although this fishing activity is considered like a hobby by some anglers, the attitude of anglers who fish unsustainably will have a bad effect on freshwater life. How far fishing activities in freshwater and saltwater areas among anglers in Malaysia can practice sustainable fishing practices? Most anglers prefer to fish in rivers or freshwater areas. This is because there are many animals in the river area, especially fish. But, there are some anglers who like to fish in saltwater areas. In addition, there are also fishing pond competition activities that are practiced unsustainably. Not only that, but this competition has also been used as one of the gambling in fishing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine how far fishing activities in freshwater and saltwater areas among anglers in Malaysia can practicing sustainable fishing practices. Literature Review Fishing activity refers to the activity of catching fish or other species using tools such as rods, fishing rods and baits. It is usually done in areas such as rivers, lakes or seas as a recreational hobby or for commercial purposes (JTHEM, 2023). In addition, fishing activities involve various techniques and strategies, such as choosing a suitable location, understanding the behavior of fish and using the right equipment. Fishing is not just about getting a catch, but also needs to be guided by proper fishing ethics that does not affect the aquatic life ecosystem.
- 104 - i. Unsustainable Fishing Fishing as a gambling activity is also an unsustainable fishing activity. This is because there is a fishing competition place that introduces a special prize (jackpot). Jackpot is a term often used in fishing pools that mostly offer attractive packages. If the amount of fish obtained is the heaviest or reaches the set target, bonuses or cash will be given according to a certain rate (Sarip et al. 2021). ii. Fishing Technique Fishing requires the right technique so that it is easy to get good results. In addition, by using the right technique, it is also able to prevent unsustainable fishing practices that can affect the fish. The following are some of the techniques that are suitable for fishing: a. Bottom Fishing This fishing technique is the most basic and commonly used technique by anglers (Amang, 2021). To fish with this technique, it only requires bottom fishing equipment which the bait will then be attached to and released into the sea. This fishing technique can use a rod with a spinning reel or overhead. b. Trolling This meaning technique is generally used when the boat is running at a speed of 4-6 knots. The bait used by this technique is artificial bait for fishing mackerel and others (Amang, 2021). Usually, the bait distance from the boat reaches 10 to 30 meters depending on the size of the tow lure. c. Casting Fishing using this casting technique uses artificial bait to get fish. Artificial bait in the form of fish, insects or other marine animals. The trick is to throw artificial bait towards the target using a rod and reel. Based on Figure 1, the appropriate theory used for this study is the Social Cognitive theory. According to Bandura (1977), this Social Cognitive theory is a learning theory that emphasizes the environment in which a person is that contributes to their behavior. This behavior is important in the construction of a person's cognition. (Sokman et. Al, 2022). Figure 1: Social Cognitive Theory (Source: Bandura, 1977)
- 105 - Methodology This study employs a research qualitative technique by conducting a literature review that is related to the study topics. Qualitative research is a method used to explore and understand people’s belief, experience, attitudes and behaviours (Flick, 2021). To get a deeper knowledge of a particular phenomena or research subject, a qualitative approach in the context of a systematic review entails the inclusion and synthesis of the review process, which attempts to gather, integrate, and analyze data from qualitative studies. In this study, a systematic literature review technique is employed (Phillip & Stefan, 2023). A systematic literature review is a strict method used to identify, evaluate and synthesize existing research relevant to a particular topic or research question. To implement the qualitative approach, this study follows the six steps by Phillip and Stefan: ● Defining the research question(s) ● Determining the required characteristics of primary studies ● Retrieving a sample of potentially relevant literature ● Selecting the pertinent literature ● Synthesizing the literature ● Reporting the results In accordance with the research aim, three primary research question have been made: • What are the characteristics of fishing activities among anglers? • Are the anglers practicing aquatic life conservation activities or unsustainable fishing? • Is the practice good or bad? In order to examine the current study case of the systematic method in the built environment, a few prominent documented works have been chosen. This selection is based on that criteria which is illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing impacts. ● Andrew J. Temple, Daniel J. Skerritt, Philippa E.C. Howard, John Pearce, Stephen C. Mangi 2022 Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing Impacts: A Systematic Review of Evidence Proposed Future Agenda ● Francois Bastardie, Sara Hornbog, Friederike Ziegler, Henrik Gislason, Ole Ritzau Eigaard 2022 Reducing The Fuel Use Intensity of Fisheries: Through Efficient Fishing Techniques and Recovered Fish Stocks Findings Fishing activities require practices that can ensure that the fishing is sustainable. This is because unsustainable fishing or fishing activities can have negative effects on humans, marine life and the environment. Unsustainable fishing has been identified as the most widespread of all local threats particularly to coral reefs. Excessive fishing, which means catching more fish than usual, can lead to a decrease in the fish population which simultaneously affects the entire ecosystem and affects humans (Reef Resilience Network, 2024). In this theory, there are three elements used which are environment, personal factor and behaviour as shown in table 1 and figure 2 shows the conceptual framework for sustainability indicator of fishing activity: Table 1: Elements of Sustainability Indicator of Fishing Activity Construct Definition Reference Environment It affects people with the ability to change their own environment. Yusnita et. Al, Personal 2022 Factor Focuses on a person's knowledge, expectations and behavior Behaviour Focusing on skills, training and self-efficacy (Source: Yusnita et. Al, 2022)
- 106 - Figure 2: Sustainability Indicator of Fishing Activity Conceptual Framework Conclusion This study focuses on research related to the practice of sustainability of freshwater fishing activities among anglers in Malaysia. This will especially affect anglers who engage in unsustainable fishing activities and do not think about the adverse effects on aquatic life. The sustainability indicators are based on three elements: environment, personal factors and behavior and constructed within the framework of social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1977). This will also have a negative impact on humans, where seafood sources will be disrupted due to the attitude of anglers who do not practice conservation practices in fishing. Other than that, the fish will also be well preserved to ensure that there are no anglers who fish unsustainably and do not practice conservation practices for aquatic life. Meanwhile, in the planning context, sustainable fishing practices can help create more resilient and environmentally conscious communities.The local authorities also can help in making a zoning for fishing activity or develop the place that cares with sustainable fishing. References Amang (2019, January, 2). Ways to Land Fish and Handle Them. https://www.umpan.com.my/cara-cara-mendaratkan-ikan mengendalikannya/ Amang (2021, June, 21), 6 Popular Fishing Methods in the Sea. https://www.umpan.com.my/kuasai-6-kaedah-mancingpopular-di-laut/ Amang (2018, March, 24), Key Fishing Etiquette That Must Be Followed. https://www.umpan.com.my/4-etika-memancingutama-perlu-dipatuhi/ Andrew J. Temple, Daniel J. Skerritt, Philippa E.C. Howard, John Pearce, Stephen C. Mangi (2022), Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing Impacts: A Systematic Review of Evidence Proposed Future Agenda Flick, U (2021) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection Francois Bastardie, Sara Hornbog, Friederike Ziegler, Henrik Gislason, Ole Ritzau Eigaard (2022) Reducing The Fuel Use Intensity of Fisheries: Through Efficient Fishing Techniques and Recovered Fish Stocks Muhd Musa Sarip, (2021, October, 31), Legal Analysis of Fishing Activities and Packages in Paid Pools file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Downloads/62.pdf Mohd Musa Bin Sarip, (2021, April, 6), Gambling Paying Fish Pond Fishing http://conference.kuis.edu.my/iconsyal/images/eprosiding/1062.pdf Phillip C.Saucer, Stefan S. (2023, May, 12), How to conduct systematic literature reviews in management research: a guide in 6 steps and 14 decisions file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Downloads/s11846-023-00668-3.pdf Reef Resilience Network (2024), Overfishing And Destructive Fishing Threats, https://reefresilience.org/stressors/localstressors/overfishing-and-destructive-fishing-threats/ The Global Goals (2024), Life Below Water SDG 14, https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/14-life-below-water/
- 107 - ID-25: Solid Waste Management Practice in Universities Towards Zero-waste Campus Nadia Hanie Sofea Samsor 1 , Noordini Che Man 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This paper delves into the zero-waste campus strategies implemented by other universities as a blueprint for reducing waste accumulation. It emphasizes the importance of university commitment to zero-waste practices and solid waste management, highlighting the benefits of adopting such strategies. Through qualitative and exploratory research, the study examines how these programs contribute to waste reduction without heavily emphasizing sustainability aspects. Despite the limited number of universities engaged in zero-waste initiatives, their positive outcomes serve as valuable examples for others to follow. Keywords: Zero-waste campus, universities, solid waste management, practice Introduction Universities play a pivotal role in shaping sustainable practices, particularly concerning waste management and environmental conservation. In recent years, the concept of zero-waste campuses has gained traction as a proactive approach to minimize waste accumulation and promote responsible resource utilization. Baba-Nalikant, 2022, mentioned that environmental education is viewed as a requirement for fostering positive attitudes toward environment. The goal of environmental education is to create a society that is environmentally conscious and has the knowledge, skills, attitudes, motivations, and commitment to work towards solutions for the current problems and prevention for the new ones. Thus, suggests that universities are considered the ideal setting for promoting Zero-waste campus especially to overcome the solid waste management problems (Baba-Nalikant et al., 2022). In conventional waste management systems, waste is typically viewed as a product at the end of its life cycle, generated after the consumption phase (Kasam et al., 2018). The concept of zero waste challenges this traditional notion by recognizing that waste represents a transformation of resources occurring during the intermediate stages of the resource consumption process (Kasam et al., 2018). The past decade has seen many researchers motivated to develop new approaches to waste management systems based on zero waste concepts. The major work in zero waste research has been done by Universiti of Malaya (UM) by redirecting around 700 tons of waste away from landfills through recycling and on-site treatment efforts at UM. Then, University of British Columbia (UBC) also able to divert over 70% of waste by 2016 through the implementation of zero-waste concept itself. Through qualitative and exploratory research, this paper delves into the strategies adopted by universities to achieve zero-waste status, focusing on the practical implementation and outcomes of such initiatives. By examining the outcomes of universities already committed to zero-waste practices, this paper seeks to provide valuable insights and guidance for institutions looking to embark on similar initiatives. Literature Review Table below summarizes the initiatives that has been adopted or implemented by the universities in Malaysia and international level university.
- 108 - Table 1: Initiatives adopted or implemented by universities. Year Universities Initiatives Description - Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Pagoh Campus To suggest "Zero Waste Campaign" The main challenges identified include low awareness among the campus community, absence of specific guidelines and policies, lack of SWM specialists, and inadequate waste segregation facilities. A "Zero Waste Campaign" (ZWC) initiative has been introduced, encompassing policy development, facility improvements, 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) campaigns, environmental education, and awareness programs. 2017 Universiti Malaya (UM) Zero Waste Campaign (ZWC) Since 2011, UMZWC has redirected around 700 tons of waste away from landfills through recycling and on-site treatment efforts at UM. Additionally, UM has established a pilot-scale food waste digester capable of converting food waste into liquid fertilizer and biogas, with a daily capacity of 100kg. 2010 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Zero Waste Campus initiative Since 2010, UKM has partnered with Alam Flora Sdn Bhd in a research group that has implemented recycling initiatives successfully. These efforts include the Integrated Paper Recycling Management System, a 2-bin Recycling System, and a Mobile Recycling Centre (truck). These initiatives were specifically designed to reach a campus-wide recycling rate goal of 20%. 2014 University of British Columbia Zero Waste Action Plan Their latest policy, the Zero Waste Action Plan (2014), aims to divert 80% of campus waste by 2020. With improved recycling infrastructure, campuswide engagement, behavioural change campaigns, awareness initiatives, and strategic collaborations, they're confident about achieving this goal, having already diverted over 70% of waste by 2016. (Source: Field Survey, 2024) Based on the table above, waste management from other universities has taken initiatives and a proactive approach towards achieving zero-waste campus such as recycling food waste into fertilizer, paper recycling management, mobile recycling center, behavioural change campaign and strategic collaboration with local waste management services. These initiatives highlight the importance of waste management strategies in reducing waste accumulation in campus. Methodology The research adopts qualitative methods of analysis that include collecting and synthesizing secondary data in the form of facts and theories based on past research. It is made to acknowledge a benchmark on how this study should be conducted and to get the visualizations of the fundamental things needed to achieve the objectives fully. These insights from the literature review could help in decision-making and as a guide for implementation, which emphasized the importance of informed strategies derived from literature in achieving a zero-waste campus. While several universities have implemented the zero-waste concept, I found that two of them stand out due to their significant impact and high feasibility for implementation at UTM.
- 109 - Findings Comparing the research findings from two leading Malaysian universities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), and Universiti Malaya (UM) reveals valuable insights into their respective approaches and outcomes in waste management. This comparative analysis highlights key findings from both institutions and how it can be implemented to other universities. i. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Through literature review, there are many positive results from strategies that is being implemented. UKM introduced a 2-bin system (Recyclable & Trash) within a month, without publicizing it initially. The waste was then weighed and segregated into recyclable and nonrecyclable categories. The university's daily waste generation ranged from 3.02 to 5.70 tons/day (Tiew et al., 2011). However, the 2-bin system required improvement, particularly in faculty areas, as 65.3% of items in the commingled recycle container were recyclable, while the rest were non-recyclable. This indicated that 34.7% of waste in recycle bins consisted of non-recyclable items, highlighting the need for publicity and awareness campaigns to educate the public, staff, and students on proper recycling practices (Tiew et al., 2011). Figure 1: 2-bins system (Source: Tiew et al., 2011) Figure 2: Summary of 2-bins system (Source: Tiew et al., 2011) In this study, vibrant and specially designed recycling bins were strategically placed in easily accessible areas (Figure 1). As depicted in Figure 2, the study effectively diverts waste from landfills at UKM, with the experiments on the 2-bins recycling system showcasing a sustainable approach to waste reduction. The recovery rate for the 2-bin system stands at 49.5%, calculated as the proportion of recyclable items in orange bins. However, due to the lack of awareness about the usage of commingled recycle bins, some users still dispose of recyclable items in mixed waste bins. Implementing the 2-bins system at UKM with robust publicity campaigns on proper recycling practices could divert at least 49.5% of recyclable items from landfills (Tiew et al., 2011) ii. Universiti Malaya Meanwhile, Universiti Malaya Zero Waste Campaign (UM ZWC) is part of the UM living labs within The Sustainability Science Research Cluster, designed to lead the development of a sustainable waste management model at UM and ultimately transform the campus into a zero-waste environment (UM Zero Waste Campaign [UM ZWC], 2020). UM ZWC's primary objective is to boost the current recycling capacity to over 30 tonnes per month, with a target recycling rate of 20% by the year 2020. The initial phase of the campaign focuses on enhancing organic waste composting capabilities, formalizing recycling collection processes, and implementing a robust waste tracking and data collection system. To achieve these goals, UM ZWC will collaborate closely with local and international organizations, government agencies, and private entities to introduce environmentally friendly waste sorting, recovery, and treatment technologies (UM Zero Waste Campaign [UM ZWC], 2020). In 2020, UM has conducted a Waste Diversion From Landfill project which targeted 147,000kg waste diverted from landfill. Based on the Figure 3, and the target
- 110 - has been reduced to 95.5 ton due to Restriction Movement Control Order (RMCO) (Feb 2020 – Dec 2020). However, UM ZWC managed to divert 135,548 kg of solid waste from landfill. This has saved UM about RM27,600.00 of disposal cost and reduced about 263,000 kg of CO2 -eq (UM Zero Waste Campaign [UM ZWC], 2020). Figure 3: Solid waste diverted by type. (Source: UM Zero Waste Campaign [UM ZWC], 2020) The results achieved by the University of Malaya (UM) through its implementation of various programs under the Zero Waste Campaign have been significant. These programs include PRO BIN (2009), the Green Bag Scheme (2010), the Biowaste Composting Center (2011), and the Cowtec Anaerobic Digester (2013). These initiatives have played a crucial role in advancing UM towards its goal of becoming a zero-waste campus. From both findings, implementing a 2-bins system (Recyclable & Trash) at Universiti of Teknologi (UTM) can significantly improve waste management practices on campus. This system encourages students and staff to segregate waste at the source, making recycling more accessible and efficient. By providing clear guidance and education on proper waste disposal, UTM can promote a culture of sustainability and reduce waste sent to landfills. Conclusion By examining the successes and challenges faced by these institutions, this paper aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for other universities seeking to embark on similar zero-waste initiatives. This research is not just about theoretical concepts but aims to offer practical solutions and actionable recommendations based on real-world experiences, making it relevant and valuable to institutions striving for zero-waste campus. References Kasam, F., Iresha, F. M., & Prasojo, S. A. (2018). Evaluation of solid waste management at campus using the "Zero Waste Index": The case on campus of Islamic University of Indonesia. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta Indonesia, 55584. Nalin Chan, Maya. (2023). The Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes, Values, and Technology in Promoting Zero-Waste Pro-Environmental Behaviour in a Zero-Waste Campus Framework. Recycling. 10.3390/recycling8020040. Ali, R., Lim, C. L., Zainun, N. Y., Sunar, N. M., Hamidon, N., Harun, H., Hamid, N. H., & Muhamad, M. S. (2021, February 1). Towards Zero-Waste Campus: Perception of the Community in UTHM Pagoh Campus on Solid Waste Management System. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1051(1), 012060. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757- 899x/1051/1/012060 Tiew, Kian-Ghee & Watanabe, Kohei & Basri, NoorEzlin & Zain, Shahrom & Basri, Hassan. (2011). Reducing Waste Disposal from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Campus By 2-Bins Recycling System. Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology. 2. 31-35. 10.33736/jcest.85.2011. UM Zero Waste Campaign. (n.d.). https://www.um.edu.my/um-zero-waste-campaign Waste (WS) – Sustainability@UKM. (n.d.). https://www.ukm.my/kelestarian/rankings/ui-greenmetric/waste/ Jibril, Jibril & S., Ibrahim & Dodo, Yakubu & S., Sheelah & Shika, Suleiman. (2012). Integrated Solid Waste Management as a Tool for Effective Sustainable Practice.
- 111 - ID-26: Exploring Factors Influencing Micro-Mobility Adoption among University Students: A Comprehensive Literature Review Nurul Athira Sapri 1 , Zuhra Junaida Mohamad Husny Hamid 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Micro-mobility is becoming more widely acknowledged as a viable urban transportation option, especially because it might decrease the reliance of private vehicles for short-distance transportation. Therefore, we carried out a thorough analysis on micro-mobility modes with an emphasis on university students' use of these modes in order to better guide the development and promotion of these services and suggest areas for further study. This paper aims to explore the various factors that impact university students' decisions to use micro-mobility options. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, several key factors have been identified and these include user behaviours, weather-related concerns, institution policies, safety, and environmental considerations. By addressing these factors and implementing targeted strategies, universities and local authorities can play a pivotal role in promoting sustainable transportation practices and fostering a culture of mobility innovation on campus. Keywords: Sustainable Transportation, Micro-mobility, Alternative Mode, Sustainable Campus Introduction Nowadays, transportation development is seen to be growing and progressing which has become one of the significant factors that contribute to the rapid change of transportation system. Micro-mobility is an innovative urban transport solution aimed at providing shortdistance travel options including first and last kilometre trips. The appeal of micro-mobility is that it provides flexible, sustainable, cost-effective and on-demand transport alternatives (Shaheen et al., 2020). There are a few examples of micro-mobility such as bike, electric bike, scooter and electric scooter which can give a positive impact on the environment and the society. The vehicles are known for its low reliance on gasoline consumption due to its 100% use of human power to move it. In many cities, governments and mobility providers introduce multiple modes (e.g., both electric carsharing and e-bike sharing) to reap the maximum benefits from shared e-mobility service (Liao & De Almeida Correia, 2020). One of it is to reduce pollution. Micro-mobility can move using only human energy and does not use any fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel where it can reduce air pollution. Electric vehicles save about 35-40% more energy than conventional automobiles due to their higher overall efficiency. The e mobility system produces up to 46% fewer greenhouse gases than vehicles with thermal propulsion i.e., vehicles that run with internal combustion engines (4 Benefits of E Mobility That Helps the Environment, n.d.). Besides, micro-mobility also helps to reduce traffic congestion due to its small and practical shape to carry and use which only takes up a little space allows it to be interspersed behind a motor vehicle that has a relatively large size such as cars, buses and trucks. By promoting the use of e-scooters, bicycles and other micro-mobility options, urban areas can give users the initiative to move from cars to this more efficient and space-saving alternative. This transition can have a big impact in reducing congestion, especially during peak hours. Considering all the benefits, it has proven that micro-mobility offers a lot of benefits other than motorized vehicles. However, the results of a study conducted at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) recorded that about 36% of students use buses as their primary mode of transport to their faculty, 24% preferred walking and the rest using private vehicles. (Norsyuhadah Norzalwi and Amiruddin Ismail, 2011). This clearly shows that the private vehicle transport is preferred to be the main
- 112 - mode of transport compared to the use of micro-mobility which is seen to still be less popular among students. Furthermore, the use of motorized vehicles such as cars and motorcycles will certainly contribute to increased parking especially during peak hours. It will be causing the community to have to take quite a long time to get empty parking thus impacting their travel time. This issue becomes more serious especially for developing countries such as Malaysia, which has an increasing population growth from year to year. Consequently, lack of parking will cause congestion and there is research that shows that the average amount of traffic related to parking during peak hours can reach 30%–50% of the total traffic (Shoup,2006). As such, it will cause feelings and attitudes of dissatisfaction among road users to reach their destination within the time. Therefore, the main goals of this paper are to discuss the several factors that influence micro-mobility adoption among university students and analyse significant factors that may be the element that impact university students' perspective of micro-mobility. Literature Review Currently, the rapid development of the use of sustainable transportation has caused a lot of research on the use of this mode of transport that also has grown rapidly in recent years. Therefore, increasing demand for micro-mobility, and for fleets that can rent these small vehicles, has led to an increase in technical and academic studies on this subject (Bai et al., 2021). Some of the studies focussed on the factors that influence the use of micro mobility and one of it is the weather-related concern. According to Faghih-Imani et al. (2017), the arrival and departure rates are negatively impacted by factors such as humidity and precipitation. Micro-mobility users are less likely to ride during rainy or extremely humid conditions. Moreover, Gebhart & Noland, 2014 also found out that in Washington, DC, unfavourable weather conditions include extreme cold temperature, rain, high humidity, and stronger winds lead to fewer bikeshare journeys. Though one may anticipate that temperatures in the 90 °F range (32.2–37.2 °C) would be too hot for cycling, it was unexpected to see that the number of trips rose considerably for temperatures in this range as compared to the 50 °F range (10– 15 °C). Since these temperature effects maintain while other factors, like humidity, remain constant, it may be concluded that while high temperatures have less of an effect, higher humidity reduces travel. Thus, the findings generally indicate that although low temperatures, precipitation, high humidity, strong winds, and snow inhibit user behaviour like the intention or likelihood of using micro-mobility, warm temperatures—as long as they are not excessively high—are favourable. Safety influences micro-mobility adoption among people as in Sun et al., (2017) research, where they found out that facilities such as road infrastructure play a vital role in safety. This can be proven by the length of bike lanes appearing to make people use micro-mobility more frequently and this implies that adding more bike lanes that are isolated from motorized vehicle traffic will probably result in more people using it. Furthermore, there is also study regarding clear marking and sign which are significant tools that are included in micro-mobility facilities. According to Ma et al., (2019), enhancing the safety of the riding environment and road nonmotorized vehicle lane transit facilities may greatly increase the use of bicycles. The findings also show that the everyday riding environment variables, which are symbolized by complete and clear markings and signs significantly influence the mode of transportation and frequency of riding. It is due to the users being able to understand the structure of the road or micromobility lane, as well as any possible rule or regulations that they need to obey. Next, Cerutti et al., (2019b) has discovered in her research that the majority of respondents in Passo Fundo, Brazil have chosen bicycle as a transportation to go for a work and the significant factor is environment due to sense of contribution towards environment and health. Variables that represent the public's perception of bicycle use as a less polluting mode of transportation than other modes of transportation make up this category. Moreover, due to the
- 113 - residents utilizing bicycles cost-effectively and according to necessity, they contribute to alternative transit through healthy and economical habits. (Shaheen et al., 2010). As the users concerned regarding the environment such as emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, they took an alternative step to promote micro-mobility as it does not produce any pollutant like motorized vehicles do. Additionally, Eccarius & Lu, (2020) stated that while environmental values do have an impact on these intentions, it's more indirect compared to other factors. There's a recognition of potential biases in responses, such as a tendency to respond in socially desirable ways, and the existence of a "green hypocrisy" where people may not always act in line with their environmental beliefs. There is also a study about user behaviour that has become one of the factors that influence adoption of micro mobility, which was conducted by Ma et al., (2020) that the majority of micromobility users stated that time saving has become a greatest motivator for them to use the mode of transportation. It is due to the shape of micro-mobility that is more practical and has a small shape rather than motorized vehicles such as cars and buses that enable the users to save more time to avoid traffic congestion. Other than that, Martin and Shaheen, (2014) also discovered that the user, who prefers to avoid the effort involved in walking, makes biking a preferred mode of transportation for short journeys. Lastly are institution policies. In addition, universities also play a role in educating the future leaders, therefore, sustainability issues need to be emphasized in universities to guarantee the sustainability of the community in the future (Ryan et. al. 2010). There are many studies on the university's initiative in applying micro-mobility in their respective campuses and one of it is in University of Wisconsin (USA), where this university practices the 5E policy, which is education, enforcement against the rules and safety of riders, (enforcement), the provision of infrastructure involving engineering works (engineering), campaigns (encouragement) and evaluation continuous (evaluation) (Mohd Noor et al., 2019). It is due to an initiative to encourage people to use micro-mobility as an alternative transportation and contribute to sustainability efforts. Methodology A systematic literature review method was adopted to synthesize the existing studies, thus providing insights into the factors that are influencing micro-mobility adoption among university students. In this study, we have conducted an online search by using Google Scholars and Research Gate to gain more understanding about the topic. The journal search involves publications between 2010 and 2023, where at the level of identification, the keywords search of “Micro-mobility” was used. i. Conceptual Framework A skills and conceptual framework for factors that influenced micro-mobility adoption among university students is proposed based on a literature review that has been carried out taking into account several aspects. Among them are weather related concerns, safety, environmental consideration, user behavior and institution policies.
- 114 - Figure 1: Conceptual Framework Conclusion In conclusion, based on the analysis of the research, micro-mobility is expected to have a more environmentally sustainable future and a lower risk of damage. These days, micromobility is more convenient than cars, quicker than walking, less expensive and ecologically friendly than driving, and fun to use. They are the go-to option for short-distance transportation, particularly among youth. In certain research, they are said to be the greatest method of transportation for college students making quick trips to and from the campus. The results of this study may be useful to urban planners as they develop plans for promoting similar shared mobility projects. For instance, policies or marketing campaigns aimed at increasing precontemplators' awareness are likely to be more effective if they take compatibility with current transportation patterns into account. References 4 Benefits of E Mobility that helps the Environment. (n.d.). https://www.amomobility.com/blog/4-benefits-of-e-mobility-that-helpsthe-environment-1890635304 Cerutti, P. S., Martins, R. D., Macke, J., & Sarate, J. A. R. (2019). “Green, but not as green as that”: An analysis of a Brazilian bike-sharing system. Journal of cleaner production, 217, 185-193. Eccarius, T., & Lu, C. C. (2020). Adoption intentions for micro-mobility–Insights from electric scooter sharing in Taiwan. Transportation research part D: transport and environment, 84, 102327. Faghih-Imani, A., Eluru, N., & Paleti, R. (2017). How bicycling sharing system usage is affected by land use and urban form: analysis from system and user perspectives. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 17(3). Gebhart, K., & Noland, R. B. (2014). The impact of weather conditions on bikeshare trips in Washington, DC. Transportation, 41, 1205-1225. Liao, F., & De Almeida Correia, G. H. (2020). Electric carsharing and micromobility: A literature review on their usage pattern, demand, and potential impacts. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 16(3), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2020.1861394 Ma, S., Zhou, Y., Yu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2019). College students’ shared bicycle use behavior based on the NL model and factor analysis. Sustainability, 11(17), 4538. Martin, E. W., & Shaheen, S. A. (2014). Evaluating public transit modal shift dynamics in response to bikesharing: a tale of two US cities. Journal of Transport Geography, 41, 315-324. Mohd Noor, H., Azlima, M., & M.Z, R. (2019). Aktiviti berbasikal: Pemangkin kelestarian kampus [Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]. https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2018-1403-07 Norsyuhadah Norzalwi & Amiruddin Ismail (2011). Public approach towards sustainable transportation in UKM’s campus. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267556885_Public_Approach_Towards_Sustainable_Transportation_in_UKM's _Campus Ryan, A. Tilbury D., Corcoran, P. B., Abe, O., & Nomura, K. 2010. Sustainability in higher education in the Asia-Pacific: developments, challenges, and prospects. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 11 (2): 106-119 Shaheen, S., Cohen, A., Chan, N., & Bansal, A. (2020). Sharing strategies: carsharing, shared micromobility (bikesharing and scooter sharing), transportation network companies, microtransit, and other innovative mobility modes. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 237–262). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815167-9.00013-x. Shaheen, S. A., Guzman, S., & Zhang, H. (2010). Bikesharing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia: past, present, and future. Transportation research record, 2143(1), 159-167. Shoup, D. (1997). The high cost of free parking. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235359727_The_High_Cost_of_Free_Parking Sun, Y., Mobasheri, A., Hu, X., & Wang, W. (2017). Investigating impacts of environmental factors on the cycling behavior of bicycle-sharing users. Sustainability, 9(6), 1060.
- 115 - ID-27: Discrete Event Simulation of Passenger Queuing at Public Transport Izzatun Nisa Khairul Khubaidillah 1 , Muhammad Zaly Shah Muhammad Hussein2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] Highlight: Queuing is an everyday phenomenon where people must form a line to get a service. Queuing studies are often associated with the need for management efficiency. Public transport is widely used as a mode of travel for long-distance trips. However, a lack of queue system management in terminal can cause passengers dissatisfaction—long waiting time. The need to assess and analyse queuing is crucial to facilitate decision-making for system management for the terminal. Simulation is known for its advantages in utilising resources to make decisions based on data-driven processes. This paper will propose using the simulation as a tool to optimize passenger queuing management in the context of a bus terminal. Keywords: Queuing, Simulation, Transportation, Discrete Event Simulation, Anylogic Introduction Public transportation is essential for a city as it enables people to travel by a service provided to reach their destination. Therefore, public transport terminals are crucial in outlining the service for long or short distances. The terminal handles the passengers' travel on a fixed schedule, such as the bus terminal, train station, and airport, and the travel is based on the time fixed by the ticket. Facilities of the terminal will assist the process of travel from the point of the ticketing process to boarding process. Efficiency in public transportation management is crucial for ensuring the passengers' satisfaction using the terminal. The system management needs to ensure the flow of the passengers in the terminal is accordingly and well-managed. Queuing is a daily routine of people waiting in line to get served. Public transportation is associated with queuing studies, which involve the passenger ticketing process. The passenger ticketing process can affect the flow of the passenger to the terminal. Many queuing processes are essential for ticketing, such as buying at the ticket counter and checking in to boarding. The easier the process handled, the easier the passenger can travel with satisfaction. Queuing studies are essential in optimizing passenger flow and terminal management. This might affect a few aspects, such as the passenger flow and the terminal's capacity. In order to optimize the terminal queuing system, a few studies have been conducted, such as the pedestrian flow of the airport, which involves queuing at a few checkpoints that passengers need to go through. Generally, simulation models are often used to predict and understand the impacts on pedestrian movement within and around an airport terminal building, allowing policymakers to make better decisions. Regarding queue modelling simulation, many simulation-based approaches to queuing analysis are common for airport terminals. These existing simulation models can simulate and analyse passenger flow, mainly used for planning and design (Wu & Mengersen, 2013). The scope of research of this paper is the passenger queuing at the Larkin Central Terminal. Larkin Central Terminal is one of the main bus terminals operated in Southern Malaysia. Larkin terminal consists of three levels where the first floor is the bus platform, ticketing counter, waiting counter, waiting area and departure hall. The second and third floors are the retail shop and the mosque. Due to its layout, various activities, businesses operated and limited space, the passenger movement in the terminal has been crowded and bustling. This paper
- 116 - will focus on the simulation at the departure hall of Larkin terminal, where there is limited space and is crowded for passengers, while a queuing system occurs. Literature Review i. Queuing Theory A subfield of mathematics known as queuing theory examines how waiting lines or queues behave. The queuing theory is a model that calculates the waiting time, average queue length and utilises the service facility for the queuing system. The queuing theory originated from Agner K. Erlang's research, he discovered the theory through its application in reducing waiting time for a company for phone service, which has been widely used in various fields. The study suggests that the shorter the waiting time, the higher the customer satisfaction. It shows how the waiting time is associated with customer satisfaction. Hence, managing the queuing system for terminals is vital to enhance customer satisfaction with the public transportation service. Several queuing system components include the arrival process, service mechanism and queue discipline. ii. Arrival Process The first element of the queuing structure is the arrival process. This correlates with the arrival of the population, which may occur individually or in groups. The passenger's arrival time is when the passenger arrives at the service system. In designing the queue, the passenger's arrival input is needed for the simulation. The passenger arrives at the system, which is described as the arrival process. Interarrival time also happens when the time between following passenger arrivals. When the passenger queues for and the other passenger waits in line for the service. There are several bases from which the arrival of the population can be specified as, the arrival of the process according to source, numbers, and time. The arrival process according to the source, is considered finite and infinite. Meanwhile the arrival according to numbers is the customer arrives either in groups or individually, and according to time, the time interval is categorized as a deterministic model. It usually uses the Poisson Distributed for the customer's arrival. However, the arrival time of passengers depends on the scheduled departure time (Barron & Tomber, 2007) and varies according to their destination and time scheduled. iii. Service Mechanism The server of the Queuing system is known as the service mechanism. The number of servers in the queuing system is known as the service facility. The service facility is an essential element in the queuing system, which serves the passenger process queueing, such as the check-in counter. The system's structure is also an essential aspect of the service facility. The configuration or the server layout affects the queuing system's flow. The number of servers available, the rate of customer arrival and the distribution of processing service times are the primary factors influencing the service quality at the checkin stations (Stolletz, 2011). The service facility is associated with the number of servers in the system. A single service facility is the queuing that only needs the process for a single server, while multiple is the service with several servers. The service process depends on the server processing speed which refers as the service time. The server's speed is also associated with the waiting time for the passengers in the queue system. Passengers’ satisfaction is highly related to the waiting time for the queue in managing the queue system (Davis, 1994). Hence, it is important for the service quality of the server performance in ensuring the queuing management.
- 117 - iv. Queue Discipline Queue discipline is the principle used in handling incoming processes from the agents. For example, the sequence of waiting to pass through a checkpoint or served. The common queuing discipline used is First In First Out or First Come First Served, in which passenger arrival is endogenous and served based on arrival order and as soon capacity becomes available. The first passenger to arrive is the first to be served or egress from the line (Larry L., 2022). FCFS is considered to have the highest level of fairness regarding system performance (Platz, 2017). However, it may lead to long waiting times due to low utilization and low priority for urgent customers. It depends on the speed of the server and the passenger’s behaviour. v. Passenger Behaviour The passengers' actions while they wait for the service in line are referred to as passenger behaviour. There are common possibilities that customer behaviour will balk, renege and jockey. Balking is when the passenger refuses to join the queue due to a long waiting line, while reneging is when the passenger leaves the queue after a long waiting time in line (Anker Jr et al., 1963). Jockeying is when the passenger may switch between queues if there are several, hoping to get the service quickly. Passengers attempt to shorten the wait time when changes from one queue to another. Understanding passenger behaviour facilitates the optimization of passenger flow and handling queuing management. vi. Queuing simulation Simulation is considered the common approach in analysing the intercommunication of service facilities and passenger behaviour (Yamada et al., 2017). Queuing simulation is related to pedestrian flow simulation and is commonly incorporated with pedestrian microsimulation. One of the research projects regarding queuing processes in pedestrian microsimulation is related to the queuing behaviour and recognised that when congestion happens, the conventional queuing theory is ineffective (Okazaki and Matsushita, 1993). When there is an error in the conventional approach, the simulation can be used for multiqueue models (Nafees, 2007). Several simulation studies use tools such as AnyLogic. AnyLogic simulation software visualizes the queuing, incorporating the building layout and parameters using simulation modelling. A study used the queuing theory method to establish an evaluation model for ticketing equipment layout and configuration (Jiang, 2013). Using simulation is beneficial to optimize through the analysis and the visualization of the scenario for predictive analysis in optimizing the resource. Discrete event is a method to simulate a real-world scenario and has been widely used in various fields. Discrete event simulation modelling the sequence of events that occur in a system over time. Queuing analysis has been apprehended by using DES in the operational efficiency of queuing. Therefore, this research will be using in introducing the use of simulation as analysis tool for queuing processes. Methodology This research will analyse the queuing system at the departure hall of Larkin Terminal. The understanding through literature review and identify the parameters and data needed for the analysis. The analysis requires empirical data such as the arrival time of passengers, waiting time, number of operation units or servers for boarding, service time of the operating unit at the departure hall, etc. An observation will be held at the departure hall for the data collection using video recording. Data collection will be supported with the passenger questionnaire for the variables and understanding of the experience and service quality of the queue management. The data collected will be used to develop the simulation for the queuing at the departure hall Larkin terminal using the AnyLogic Personal Learning Edition version. However,
- 118 - the AnyLogic PLE has its limitations compared to other versions. A framework for the simulation coding and validation process will be created. The simulation will be using agentbased modelling for the queuing analysis where the passengers as the individual agents interacting with the operational units, the servers. Lastly, the software will analyse and assess the queuing system using the 3D scenario's visualization and the statistical data for the performance. Figure 1: Example of 3D simulation in AnyLogic (Source: Index and Match,2022) Findings The study will use the data collected to propose a framework for the queuing system of the Larkin terminal departure hall. The queuing analysis will be presented with a 3D visualization of the queuing and the findings on the performance of the queuing system. At the end of research, the paper will have its findings on the analysis using AnyLogic with different scenarios of queuing of at the departure hall with the variables of the queuing system. The survey conducted will analyse the satisfaction and expectation of the passenger regarding the queuing management by the Larkin terminal. The findings will propose the suggestions for the queuing management using the simulation and suggestions. Conclusion The queuing management is essential for transportation planning in enhancing the service for customers or passengers. The operational efficiency of queuing allows the terminal operates at higher productivity with a better resource allocation. An effective queue management creates a positive viewpoint thus improving the passenger satisfaction. The use of simulation for analysis provides better data insight such as the data for the wait times, service time and the passenger behaviour that assist in identify the congestion or bottleneck to guide the operational decisions for management improvements. The paper intended to contribute to respectful stakeholders through its data collection and findings. The study will propose using simulation as a tool for queuing analysis for the Larkin terminal as the key to enhancing their queue management and assisting in the design and planning for the terminal performance.
- 119 - References de Barros, A. G., & Tomber, D. D. (2007). Quantitative analysis of passenger and baggage security screening at airports. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 41(2), 171-193. Stolletz, R. (2011). Analysis of passenger queues at airport terminals. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 1(1), 144–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2011.06.012 Wu, P. P. Y., & Mengersen, K. (2013). A review of models and model usage scenarios for an airport complex system. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 47, 124–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.10.015 Davis, M. M., & Heineke, J. (1994). Understanding the Roles of the Customer and the Operation for Better Queue Management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 14(5), 21-34.doi:10.1108/01443579410056777 Platz, T. T., & Østerdal, L. P. (2017). The curse of the first-in–first-out queue discipline. Games and Economic Behavior, 104, 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2017.03.004 Larry L. Peterson, Bruce S. Davie. (2022). 6 - Congestion Control. In The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking, Computer Networks (Sixth Edition), 460-553, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818200-0.00017-2. Ancker Jr, C. J., & Gafarian, A. V. (1963). Some queuing problems with balking and reneging. I. Operations Research, 11(1), 88 100. Yamada, H., Ohori, K., Iwao, T., Kira, A., Kamiyama, N., Yoshida, H., & Anai, H. (2017). Modelling and managing airport passenger flow under uncertainty: A case of Fukuoka Airport in Japan. In Social Informatics: 9th International Conference, SocInfo 2017, Oxford, UK, September 13-15, 2017, Proceedings, Part II 9 (pp. 419-430). Springer International Publishing. Okazaki, S. and Matsushita, S., 1993, March. A study of simulation model for pedestrian movement with evacuation and queuing. In International Conference on Engineering for Crowd Safety (Vol. 271, p. 2). Nafees, A. (2007). Queuing theory and its application: analysis of the sales checkout operation in ICA supermarket. Department of Economics and Society University of Dalarna, 2, 20. Jiang, Y., & Lin, X. (2013). Simulation and Optimization of the Ticket Vending Machine Configuration in Metro Stations Based on Anylogic Software. ICTE 2013. doi:10.1061/9780784413159.110 [Index and Match]. (2022, July 24). Creating Model Animation and Collecting Statistics in Anylogic [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGAGsi1K2Zo&t=22s
- 120 - ID-28: Exploring the Drivers of Memory Retention in Children’s Conservation Narratives Nur Farah Sakirah Shahrudin 1 , Nadzirah Hosen 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This study involves children forming, storing, and telling their memories through story books. Children's narrative memory is detailed after reading a storybook. The importance of keeping children's memories of river conservation story books is to develop awareness of dealing with river issues. This method involves qualitative interviews with children aged 5 to 12 years. The researcher was able to identify factors to several themes according to the interviews. Therefore, the river conservation story book needs to be given attention by the school so that children have an interest in the environment. Indirectly, the author can produce more story books about river conservation. Keywords: Memory, Reading, Storybook, Children, River Conservation Introduction In Malaysia, rivers are the main source of raw water supply. It contributes approximately 97% of the percentage of raw water supply sources compared to underground water, which only contributes 2% (WECAM, 2016). However, in Malaysia, 5% of our river basins are severely polluted and 42% are polluted, leaving only 53% of all rivers classified as "clean." Lack of public education and awareness about our water resources and how they are managed is a major factor leading to the current state of Malaysia's overall water quality (Global Environment Centre, 2023). Therefore, river preservation and conservation programmes need to be maintained and improved over time for future generations. However, if efforts are made without follow-up and periodic monitoring of the river, the level of water quality will continue to be affected, even worse than before (Sulong, 2005). Educational materials were chosen as the subject of this study because they are not only an intermediary to gaining knowledge but are also capable of building the strength of acceptance of one's identity. Rohaida (1998) stated that educational materials are actually capable of influencing children's moral education. Therefore, researchers believe that reading materials such as books, magazines, and newspapers have the potential to have a positive influence on a person's morals and identity. In addition, children at this age are also more receptive and influenced by the content of the reading materials they read. Children's reading material, such as storybooks, is a delivery of knowledge that is very important to educate children to ensure the effectiveness of understanding what they learn. According to Tad-kiroatun Musfiroh (2005), several studies conducted show that children are very easily influenced in their development through storybooks. Therefore, the way the storybook is processed plays an important role in conveying positive values to children, even though the content contains negative character elements (Che Yaacob, Abd Rahid, 2021). City planners focus on restoring the ecosystem of the Skudai River through the initiative of delivering storybooks about river conservation to children to foster awareness of caring for the environment. Children should be encouraged to learn about aspects of life by actively engaging in the process of reading and developing an interest in quality art experience books. Children's exposure, involvement, and experience in exploring stories open up space for new understanding and interpretation in their daily lives.
- 121 - Literature Review Based on neurological research studies of memory, researchers have proposed several "types" of memory (see figure 1.3). Sensory memory is the first stage of the memory system, and it stores sensory input in simple form for a very short period of time. Basically, it takes long enough for the mind to store and start processing information. Sensory memory studies have found that sensory memory traces for tone features last about one second in 2-yearolds, two seconds in 3-year-olds, more than two seconds in 4-year-olds, and three to five seconds in 6-year-old children (Glass, Sachse, & vob Suchodoletz, 2008). Other researchers have found that young children retain sounds for a shorter period of time than older children and adults, and that this deficit is not due to differences in attention between these age groups but reflects differences in the performance of the sensory memory system (Gomes et al., 1999). The second stage of the memory system is called short-term memory or working memory. Working memory is the component of memory where the mind is aware when a reading activity is taking place. Figure 2: Memory Development Proses (Source: Hunnerkopf’s, 2009) Sujud et al. (2014) have conducted a study to analyse children's emotional expressions detected through children's literary reading materials that apply Arnold-Ellis and CannonBard's Theory of Emotions (1934). In this study, it was found that children need reading materials that can stimulate emotions and feelings so that their emotional growth and development are in line with and balanced with physical, spiritual, intellectual, and social development. The findings of this study show, through Arnold-Ellis and Cannon-Bard's Theory of Emotion (1934), the importance of the evaluation and interpretation of an event rather than a stimulus that causes an emotion. Events in the story can have an emotional impact on children. Using this model, a body of work by Zacks and colleagues suggests that in real life, in verbal narratives and moving image narratives, we attend to the same dimensions (goals of characters with objects and their locations) using the same mechanisms that increase attention to event boundaries at a range of time scales (Speer et al. 2007, 2015). Figure 3: Narrative Theory of Children's Age Limits (Source: Bruce (2012)
- 122 - Methodology Qualitative data analysis is used to answer research questions in this objective. This study uses qualitative methods to collect data. The main subjects of the study are children aged 5 to 12 years, according to the regulations of the MBIP. In addition, the involvement of parents was also involved in this study to find out the changes after their children read the story book. The results of the interviews with the children about the children's narrative memory through the Puteri storybook used were analyzed whether it showed a positive impact or otherwise. The first process that is done after the interview is conducted is to transcribe the results of the interview as described by the children. At the beginning, the children were given time to read a story book about river conservation, the story book "Princess". Children are given 1 week to keep remembering the stories contained in the story book. After that, the researcher will interview the children about the elements in the storybook that are still remembered and the factors. Researchers identified several factors that children remember that can be divided into several categories such as physical characters, experiences, living conditions and storybook visuals. The categories are listed according to the sentences expressed by the children during the interview. Findings Analysis from children's interview studies shows several categories that are divided as a form of theme in the factors that influence children in a storybook. Among the factors involved are the physical animation of the storybook, the experiences of the children, the condition of the home area, and the visuals of the storybook. This factor will show the importance of sketching and writing a storybook so that it will attract children to read storybooks more often. The physical factor that children remember in the "Princess" storybook is beautiful and cute. This factor is influenced by the element on the front page of the story book, which shows the princess's face. Among the factors of experience told by the children are related to their activities during the week at home, such as watching TV related to river pollution. Children's experience of seeing people throwing garbage in an area is a factor in their remembering this story book. The next factor is the condition of the child's home area. They see drains and ditches that have garbage, like in storybooks, and then they remember the story they read. These factors are among the influences that can be remembered in children's memory throughout the week when the study was conducted. This study finds that this factor is also influenced by the elements in the storybook and whether they can be accepted by children or vice versa based on the type of storybook. Conclusion The purpose of this study is to see the effectiveness of river conservation storybooks storybook with children's narrative memory. The researcher found that river conservation story books are more effective if encouraged by adults who are able to set an example for children. Children need to be exposed to more story books that benefit daily life, especially environmental care. The visuals of a storybook also play an important role in attracting children's interest in reading and are easy to remember and imitate. The hope for this study is that by involving many parties, it can provide an opportunity for writers to increase the number of story books that can provide knowledge to children as well as interesting sketches without being boring when read by children. References Glass E, Sachse S, von Suchodoletz W. Development of auditory sensory memory from 2 to 6 years: an MMN study. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2008 Aug;115(8):1221-9. doi: 10.1007/s00702-008-0088-6. Epub 2008 Jul 8. PMID: 18607525. Yaacob, Mohd Firdaus Che. "Cerita Rakyat Sebagai Simbol Kekayaan Nilai Ketamadunan Masyarakat Melayu." Jurnal Peradaban Melayu 16.2 (2021): 1-12. Arumugam, K., & Md Ali, R. (2019). Buku kanak-kanak: Analisis unsur Estetika: Children’s Books: Analysis Of Aesthetic Elements. PENDETA, 10, 151–165. https://doi.org/10.37134/pendeta.vol10.11.2019
- 123 - ID-29: Factors of Rainy Weather Towards the Choice of Public Transportation Modes in Johor Bahru City Nurnazifa Syafiqah Zamzam 1 , Safizahanin Mokhtar 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] Highlight: Rainy weather can affect the public transport system in various ways including causing delays in delivering public transport services as well as reducing the comfort of public transport such as longer waiting time. Therefore, this study is to identify the factors that influence the choice of public transport mode during rainy days. This study was conducted in Johor Bahru City. Questionnaire survey was distributed to public transport users. This study is seen as important to increase user confidence in choosing public transport as a daily mode of transport in rainy weather conditions. This study also provides guidance to the authority to improve the public transport infrastructure in Johor Bahru City. Keywords: Rainy Weather, Public Transport, Comfort Introduction The National Energy Policy (2022-2040), Malaysia has a target of 50% use of public transport modes by the year 2040. Highly dependence on private transport, led major environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions and traffic congestion (Majumder et al. 2019). In order to reduce this impact, it is necessary to encourage people to change their behavior in mode choice from private vehicles to public transport (Ercan et al. 2017). However, the weather conditions in Malaysia also have an impact on the preferences to use of public transport. According to Ahern et al. (2017); Etminani- Ghasrodashti et al. (2018); Outwater et al. (2011), the general effect of good weather tends to increase the use of public transport. However, a study by Anta et al. (2016) showed different results with the conclusion that in favorable weather conditions, individuals are less choose public transport. Previous studies shown different preferences among the users to use public transport in overseas. Less studies in Malaysia were conducted to understand users’prefernces to use public transport during rainy weather. Therefore, this study aim to understand user behavior towards the use of public transport during rainy days. Literature Review i. Public transportation users Previous studies using specific demographic variables such as an age to evaluate the effect on the usage of public transport during rainy weather. Böcker et al. (2017), successfully shown positive effect on the use of public transport as the age increase. However, others researcher showed the opposite effect with income level. Passengers are less likely to choose public transport as a mode of transport regardless of weather conditions for high income people. Further, the study shows the same effect that foreign workers are more likely to use public transport than locals. Raveau et al. (2014) emphasized that it is important to understand demographic behaviour in public transport planning. Generally, when individuals like public transportation more, they will be highly motivated to take public transportation. However, along with the effect, a positive evaluation of using a car or private vehicle can also produce a negative effect on the use of public transport (Schoenau & Müller 2017).
- 124 - ii. Weather and transportation Weather affects the choice of transport mode, transport demand and travel behavior (Zhou et al. 2017). Studies confirm that weather dominates transportation decisionmaking and explains most of the variation in demand on a daily basis, particularly for active transportation (An et al. 2019). Users also have the potential to perceive weather as "extreme" beyond the specific boundaries of public transport mode, day and time, or travel purpose, it becomes a distraction that affects travel decisions (Koetse and Rietveld 2009). The climate in Malaysia is hot and humid throughout the year. There is no distinct difference between one season and another. However, the characteristics of rainfall are influenced by two monsoon seasons, namely the North East and South West. November to March is the period of time that marks the occurrence of the Northeast Monsoon. From April to October, Malaysia experiences an inter-monsoon period, where weather conditions are inconsistent. During these months, the country generally experiences diverse weather conditions, including occasional rain, thunderstorms and dry weather periods. The country receives a large amount of annual rainfall during the monsoon season, ranging from 2000 to 4000 mm with 150 to 200 rainy days. The relationship between weather and transport has been investigated at various scales and involving different modes of transport. According to Heinen et al. 2010, transportation behavior is based on an individual's socioeconomic status. These may include attitudes towards certain modes of transport, their accessibility and affordability, views on the relevance of specific journeys, or social norms (Gössling 2022; Schwanen and Lucas 2011). Some past studies have concluded that travel behavior during rainy weather has implications for public transport demand. However, there is still a lack of evidence showing how rainy weather affects individual travel behavior. According to Liu et al. (2017), the study through methodological differences shows that there is still a lack of theoretical understanding of how the weather is seen to be able to influence travel decisions. The study also concluded that it is difficult to estimate the relevance of weather in the demand for various transports. iii. Travel behaviour Travel characteristics can also be contributing factors to each person's travel behavior. For the purpose of travel, Currie and Delbosc (2011) and Meloni et al. (2013), found that a significant reason for the positive use of public transport is for work purposes, while other researchers found that the negative use of public transport is for shopping trips (Chikaraishi et al. 2011). The characteristics of the public transport system can also affect an individual's choice to use public transport or not. Previous studies have shown that good quality, comfort, safety and reliability are some of the quality attributes of public transport services that will encourage more use of public transport. Individuals will be more inclined to take public transport if the public cost is lower, (Desai & Joshi 2016) through the financial discount method (De Vos et al. 2016), or according to the use of public transport cards (Hasnine et al. 2018). Additionally, a person will take public transport regardless of the quality of public transport if car ownership, accumulated costs of car use such as parking, fuel rates, congestion charges may drive a person's decision to switch to cheaper options such as public transport (Delsaut 2014; Levin et al. 2017). Therefore, the use of public transport is an alternative form of traveling for those who want to reduce the cost of travel regardless of the weather condition.
- 125 - iv. Infrastructure of public transport This research emphasizes an approach that integrates strategies developed by local authorities, which allows the development of more sustainable transport alternatives. This alternative tends to produce system efficiency and reliability, passenger comfort and the implementation of sustainability and safety policies (Mahmood A., 2017). In addition, the provision of facilities to public transport users including those with disabilities in rainy weather conditions presents a challenge because they need a special route to access public transport. However, most of the previous studies explain the need for infrastructure quality, especially for public transport users. Therefore, accessibility to the public transport during raining weather need to be understand for comprehensive public transport planning. Methodology Johor Bahru was selected as study area due to the infrastructure focus as the city is ongoing development project and infrastructure and it makes it an ideal location for examining the effectiveness of current transport infrastructure for improvement. Not only that, Johor Bahru's accessibility facilitates data collection and engagement with participants, enabling a comprehensive understanding of public transport dynamics in the area. This study collected data from primary dan secondary sources. Secondary data refers to the data that is collected from books, previous journals, government reports and from online references. For primary data collection, a questionnaire survey was conducted for 100 bus passengers. The questionnaire design in this study supported by previous research consist of demographic profile, factors influence the choice of public transport mode during rainy days, and evaluation of public transport mode selection. The questionnaire was distributed to the targeted public transportation’s users within Johor Bahru City area. In addition, daily travelers, commuters, and students are the target population for this study. 30 respondents have answered the questionnaire survey. In addition, observation has been carried out at a selected bus stops in Johor Bahru City. The observations were made during rainy days for the purpose of identifying in detail on the behavior of public transport users during certain weather. Conclusion At the end of this study, the researcher was able to analyze the important factors that influence individual behavior as well as how rainy weather affects to the selection of public transport modes in Johor Bahru City. With the help of references from past studies, further enlightenment on the research will be carried out by the researcher. Therefore, with the findings of the study, the researcher can to some extent contribute to the improvement needs to be carried out by the authorities to improve the comfort level of the public transport infrastructure for the users. References Aaheim, H., Hauge, K (2005). Impacts of Climate Change on Travel Habits: A National Assessment Based on Individual Choices, CICERO Report. Albert, P.S., Rosen, L.N., Alexander, J.R., osenthal, N.E (1991). Effect of daily variation of weather and sleep on seasonal affective disorder. Aultman-Hall, L., Lane, D., Lambert, R.R. (2009). Assessing the impact of weather and season on pedestrian traffic volumes. Coolsa, M., Creemersb, L (2013). The dual role of weather forecasts on changes in activity-travel behavior. Barnston, A (1988). The effect of weather on mood, productivity, and frequency of emotional crisis in a temperate continental climate. De Palma, A Rochat, D (1999). Understanding individual travel decisions: results from a commuters survey in Geneva. Karjalainen, S (2012). Thermal comfort and gender: a literature review. Indoor Air 22 (2), 96–109.
- 126 - ID-30: Landscape Plants Selection and CO₂ Emission along Roadside An Nur Najihah Mohd Faisal1 , Safizahanin Mokhtar2 ¹ Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor ² Institution CiPD-Center for Innovative Planning & Development [email protected] 1 , [email protected] Highlight: The transportation sector significantly contributes to CO₂ emissions, affecting air quality and climate change. The main issue highlighted was the increase in vehicle ownership and traffic congestion contributing to CO2 emissions, especially at the main roads. Urban sprawl further intensifies private car usage, impacting city sustainability. Moreover, the increasing of private car ownership and the usage due to urban sprawl affects the sustainability of the city from the aspect of air quality. This study aims to identify effective roadside landscape plants for CO₂ sequestration based on size, species, and absorption capacity. Through interviews, thematic analysis, and desktop studies, the types of landscape trees chosen by Local Authorities (LAs) will be identified. The findings will guide local authorities towards achieving low-carbon cities and city sustainability. Keywords: Landscape Plants, CO₂ Emission, Transportation, Climate Change, Sustainability Introduction Greenhouse emissions have an impact on climate change which is affected by air pollution from high CO₂ emission rates following the rapid development of cities including Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur, Georgetown, and Ipoh. Gonçalo Marques et. al, (2020) stated that the sustainability of a city includes the monitoring of air quality management. Moreover, increased vehicle ownership contributes to increased CO₂ carbon emissions. Kharbach and Tarik (2017) stated that vehicle ownership is the main source of CO₂ emissions. This indirectly affects the city's air quality exposure to the use of private vehicles. The issue of limited public transport use is common in urban areas generate more traffic congestion to the major cities during peak hours. In 2013, Iskandar Malaysia launched the Low Carbon Society Action Plan 2025 to tackle climate change and promote low-carbon living. It includes 12 actions, one of it focusing on "Clean Air Environment" through landscape planting to cut carbon emissions. Furthermore, similar effort appeared in Johor Bahru 2030 Plan which aim to create Johor Bahru a sustainable city. However, for its 2030 plan, a review is needed to assess CO₂ emissions due to the rise of vehicles and traffic congestion. According to Ren et al. (2023), planting landscape trees along roads one of the alternatives that can help reduce CO₂ emissions during traffic congestion. Nevertheless, the effectiveness is highly depending on the types of tree and vehicle. Land use percentage on roads also affects emissions. Johor Bahru City Council has the highest proportion of road infrastructure land of 3.18%. Aini and Shen (2019) suggested that landscape trees have the ability to absorb CO₂ based on their characteristics. But, Nor Azah (2015) pointed out the challenges in selecting roadside tree species due to lack of expertise. Iskandar Malaysia reduced carbon emissions by 19.7% through various initiatives (GHG Inventory Report 2019). Action Plan 12 aims to achieve a Clean Air Environment by planting landscape trees in urban areas and along roads, supporting sustainable development. According to Monika et al. (2020), urban tree planting reduces traffic congestion, improves visuals, and enhances psychological well-being. Based on Table 1, most studies focus on reducing CO₂ emissions in achieving urban sustainability was engineering-based solutions such as traffic speed, green infrastructure, EVs, and efficient energy use (Barth, 2010; Isiaka, 2016; Zhao, 2023). However,
- 127 - there is a lack of research on using natural elements like landscape plants as an alternative towards sustainable cities. Therefore, this study aims to understand suitable landscape plants based on its specific factors in CO₂ absorption. Table 1: Engineering-based past studies toward sustainable cities No. Researcher Title Method Objective Finding 01 Matthew Barth and Kanok Boriboonsomsin, 2010 Real-World Carbon Dioxide Impacts of Traffic Congestion CMEM Identifying the impact of traffic congestion on carbon dioxide emissions through traffic operations. Traffic speed affects carbon emissions. To reduce emissions, improve traffic flow, especially by reducing congestion. 02 Isiaka, 2016 Measuring and Monitoring Carbon Emission to Promote LowCarbon Development in Johor Bahru MUCET Identifying ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation and electrical sectors Proposals for more effective monitoring of carbon dioxide emissions from transportation to achieve lowcarbon cities. 03 Xiaolei Zhao a et al. 2023 How does adoption of electric vehicles reduce carbon emissions? Evidence from China Spatial Econometric Models Examining the effects of electric vehicle (EV) usage on carbon dioxide emissions. Reevaluate the use of EVs as there are negative impacts involving carbon dioxide emissions through energy and technology usage. (Source: Prepared by researcher, 2024) Literature Review Selection of Landscape Tree Species on the Roads Trees serve various purposes and benefits, but selecting suitable and specific tree species for planting, especially in urban areas, is important to maximize its benefits. The selection of tree species had to be certified that the chosen species are suitable and compatible with relevant stakeholders based on the Local Authorities (LAs) motives or reasons. In Malaysia, LAs are the association responsible on beautifying places or areas (Sreetheran et al., 2006). In this regard, The City of London Urban Forestry Strategy (2014), Orange & Rockland. (n.d.), Wee (2003), and Kuser (2007) have listed four (4) important parameters to consider when selecting tree species for planting, namely; (1) tree species, (2) tree functions, (3) tree characteristics, (4) site conditions and location. a. Tree species on Malaysian roads Landscape trees along roadsides play a vital role in urban environments, offering benefits such as shade, aesthetic appeal, air purification, noise reduction, and erosion control. These trees are typically planted along streets, highways, and rural roads to enhance visual appeal, provide shade for pedestrians and drivers, and contribute to the overall comfort of the area (Eisenman et al., 2021). Therefore, selecting suitable tree species for roadside planting is crucial to ensure their compatibility with local conditions, minimize maintenance needs, and enhance overall effectiveness. Among the tree species stated in the National Landscape Guidelines 2008 (Malaysia), suitable species to be planted on
- 128 - a 30m-wide road are species like Samanea Saman, Melaleuca leucadendron, and Tabebuia rosea. Meanwhile, on a 12-20m wide road, suitable species include Gardenia carinata, Cananga odorata, and Tabebuia pallida. As for trees suitable for planting in roadside and road divider areas, species like Mussaenda spp, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, and Ixora sunkist are recommended. b. Functions of the Tree Characteristic (shape, size and colour) The function of trees is to provide various benefits to the environment, community, and economy. According to Andrew et al. (2020), trees cool the environment by shading surfaces and absorbing pollutants such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide through their leaves (Figure 1). Tree canopy shading prevents sunlight from heating urban surfaces that resulting in glare reduction for road users especially during traffic congestion or peak hours. The trees also release oxygen and store carbon, helping to mitigate climate change and achieve the clean air quality purpose. Exposure to greenery, enhances individual attention levels and overall well-being (Nelly et al. (2023). Also, green-filled roadways create a calming environment for road users and reducing the risk of accidents. Figure 1: Experimental plot layout of roadside tree ecological shading (Source: Yan et.al, 2022,) c. Tree characteristic (shape, size and colour) Each tree possesses unique characteristics such as shape, size, and color, acquired from its branching pattern and species. Some trees lack branches, while others have multiple lower branches or lateral branches beneath the main trunk. Figure 2 shows an example of Pterocarpus indicus and Samanea saman trees as popular and best urban landscaping duie to their characteristic.Pterocarpus indicus has become a popular urban planting tree due to its beautiful, round, and cascading crown and ease of propagation. It remained popular until the 1990s in Malaysia and Singapore (Philip, 1999). Samanea saman is an excellent shade tree with its wide-spreading crown reaching heights of up to 25m (Sreetheran et al., 2011). According to the National Landscape Guidelines 2008 (Malaysia), the crown shape of a plant, whether umbrella-shaped, hand-shaped, spherical, or conical, is influenced by the plant's height.
- 129 - Figure 2: Photographs of the (a) Pterocarpus indicus and (b) Samanea saman trees (Source: Sheikh et.al, 2020) d. Suitability of site conditions and locations to reduce CO₂. Roadside trees are pivotal in diminishing CO₂ and pollutants. Studies by Aini et al. (2019) and Ozdemir et al. (2019) confirm its role in reducing CO₂ and pollutants like fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Dugaya et al. (2020) stress the importance of selecting highdensity wood species for optimal pollution reduction, echoed by Brantley (2014), who emphasizes canopy configuration's influence on pollutant reduction. Tree planting along roadsides aids CO₂ reduction, especially in congested areas. Jorat et al. (2017) highlight the potential of roadside reserves in capturing CO₂, particularly with calcium-rich materials. Areas with fewer roadside trees experience more CO₂ dispersion, as noted by Aini et al. (2019). Senanayake et al. (2017) advocate for green corridors to mitigate CO₂ concentrations, stressing the significance of road layout. Unplanned road networks contribute to increased traffic problems. Moreover, Moussa et al. (2021) suggest that straighter routes and higher vehicle speeds lead to lower CO₂ emissions, underscoring the importance of strategic planning in reducing roadside CO₂. Also, carefully selecting tree species, optimizing canopy configurations, and ensuring comprehensive roadside coverage. Urban planners and policymakers can maximize the potential of roadside trees to create cleaner, healthier urban environments while addressing the challenges of climate change and pollution. Methodology This study aims to determined which landscapes plants are most effective in reducing CO₂ emission along main roads. This study engaged with secondary and primary data collection. Primary data collection was done through interviews with urban planners and landscape officers to gather their views and suggestions regarding location, plant selection criteria, traffic congestion, vehicle types, and urban sustainability challenges. The number of urban planners and landscape officers was determined to obtain accurate responses during the interview sessions. All transcripts from the interviews will be recorded and analysed using thematic analysis. This analysis will identify recurring themes, factors, and facilitate comparisons more easily. The study will also highly refer to the secondary data and case studies to understand how existing tree species absorb the CO₂ in urban areas. Conclusion In conclusion, this research aimed to understand the best landscape plants for reducing CO₂ emissions along roadsides based on size, species, and absorption capacity. It revealed that certain plants are more effective in CO₂ sequestration than others, emphasizing the importance of species selection. Plant size and suitability to roadside conditions were also
- 130 - crucial factors. The study underscores the need for strategic planting to maximize CO₂ absorption. Considering these aspects, urban planners can make informed decisions to enhance roadside environmental quality and reduce CO₂ emissions effectively towards achieving a sustainable city. References Aini, N. and Shen, Z. (2019) ‘The effect of tree planting within roadside green space on dispersion of CO2 from transportation’, International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp.97–112. Chiu Chuen, Mohamed Rehan Karim, Sumiani Yusoff, "Mode Choice between Private and Public Transport in Klang Valley, Malaysia", The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, Article ID 394587, 14 pages, 2014. Determination Factors of Roadside Tree Species Selection Model for Sustainable Smart City. In BIO Web of Conferences (Vol. 73, p. 03007). EDP Sciences. Eisenman, T.S., Coleman, A.F. and La Bombard, G. Street trees for bicyclists, pedestrians, and vehicle drivers: A systematic multimodal review. Urban Science, 5(3), p.56 (2021) Glaeser, E.L., & Kahn, M.E. (2008). The Greenness of Cities: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Urban Development. Urban Research eJournal.Alessandra, A. J., O'Connor, M. J., & Van Dyke, J. (1994). People Smarts: Bending the Golden Rule to Give Others what They Want. Pfeiffer. Hannani Ruziman, I. Asmida, Azian Mohti, & Pardi, F. (2023). Toward Healthy Urban Streets: Richness of Roadside Tree Species in Industrial Area of Shah Alam, Selangor. ResearchGate; IOP Publishing. Hasan, R., Mohamad, S., Ayub Awang, & Ruzaini Zahari. (2023). Determination Factors of Roadside Tree Species Selection Model for Sustainable Smart City. ResearchGate; EDP Sciences. Hasan, R., Mohamad, W. S. N. W., Awang, A., Sulaiman, F. C., & Zahari, R. (2023). Ho et al, (2007). Planning for Low Carbon Cities - The case of Iskandar Development Region, Malaysia. Jamshed, S. (2014). Qualitative research method-interviewing and observation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 5, 87– 88. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.141942 Kanniah, K. D., Tan, K. P., Cracknell, A. P., Huete, A. R., Idris, N. H., Meng, A., … Ahmad, A. (2018). Assessment of biophysical properties of Royal Belum tropical forest, Malaysia, 39, 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12215 Kanniah, K.D. et al., (2015). Satellite Images for Monitoring Mangrove Cover Changes in a Fast Growing Economic Region in Southern., (Im), pp.14360– 14385. Marques, G., Saini, J., Dutta, M., Singh, P.K., & Hong, W. (2020). Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Systems for Enhanced Living Environments: A Review toward Sustainable Smart Cities. Sustainability. Smirnov, A., Smolokurov, E., Mazhazhikhov, A., & Gareeva, L. (2023). Changing Trends in Personal Vehicle Use. Transportation Research Procedia, 68, 197–204. Sreetheran, M., Adnan, M., & Azuar, A. K. K. (2011). Street Tree Inventory and Tree Risk Assessment of Selected Major Roads in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 37(5), 226–235. Sreetheran, M., Elizabeth, P., & Mustafijur Rahman, A. (2006). A Historical Perspective of Urban Tree Planting in Malaysia. Unasylva 223, 57(January) Tarran, J. People and trees, providing benefits, overcoming impediments. In Proceedings of the 10th NationalStreet Tree Symposium 2009, Adelaide, South Australia, 3 September 2009; Lawry, D., Gardner, J., Bridget, M.,Eds.; The University of Adelaide Australia: Adelaide, Australia, 2009; pp. 63–82. Tomaszewski, L., Zarestky, J., & Gonzalez, E. (2020). Planning Qualitative Research: Design and Decision Making for New Researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 160940692096717. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920967174 Turner-Skoff, J. B. & Cavender, N. The benefits of trees for livable and sustainable communities. Plants People Planet 1, 323– 335 (2019). Vatani, A., & Idris, A. (2012). An estimation of traffic-related CO2 emissions from motor vehicles in Iran's capital city. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 9, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-9-13
- 131 - ID-31: Measuring the Location Criteria Level on the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) for Seafood Products Nurul Nornabila Mohamad Sukor1 , Mohamad Fadhli Rashid 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of location criteria in the development of small and medium industries (SMEs) of seafood products for rural areas. To achieve the research objectives and answer the research questions, quantitative research methods will be applied, and secondary data collection will be done through existing sources from reading as well as surveys and interviews that will be conducted in Mersing, Johor. The study will use descriptive analysis to assess the level of location criteria in the development of SMEs. Hence, the results of the study can guide entrepreneurs and parties involved to choose a strategic location for SMI development, increase the chances of success, and plan a more effective business strategy. Keywords: Location Criteria, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Seafood Products, Development Introduction Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are crucial contributors to the country's economic development and play a significant role in strengthening the country's industrial foundation. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) formed the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Corporation (SMIDEC) in 1998 to oversee the manufacture, processing, and production of raw materials. Furthermore, the food, beverage, and tobacco sub-sector saw a significant increase in growth, with a 4.6% growth rate in 2021 compared to 1.9% in 2020. We can attribute this growth to heightened demand and improved domestic household spending, especially since most households faced phased movement restrictions (Economic Performance and Prospects, 2021). Several factors, including the location element, influence the expansion of small and medium industries in Malaysia. The majority of economic activities in emerging countries are currently more centralized in urban areas. According to a 2020 report by Harian Metro, numerous small and medium-sized industries in Malaysia face challenges in sustaining their operations and achieving success, primarily due to considerations related to their location. An important concern revolves around accessibility and infrastructure. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) situated in distant regions or locations with inadequate infrastructure may have challenges in the transportation and delivery of raw materials and finished goods. Furthermore, it will offer methods for assessing and improving the process of choosing an appropriate location. Moreover, this study will highlight the main findings, providing a useful understanding of the importance of location in the success of small and medium-sized firms operating in the marine products market. Literature Review Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are manufacturing companies or organizations that provide manufacturing-related services. These entities have an annual revenue that does not exceed RM25 million and employ no more than 150 full-time staff members (Selangor State Council Official Portal, 2018). Malaysia categorizes SMEs into various sectors. The activities of IKS include resource-based industry, metal-based industry, plastic-based industry, automotive component industry, electrical and electronic component industry, food processing industry that utilises local raw materials for products such as preserved food, biscuits, and sweets, and finally, the chemical and pharmaceutical industry (Mashitah Shaari, 2015). This
- 132 - study exclusively focuses on the examination of food-related activities. The aim of the programme is to expand and fortify the segment of small and medium-sized industries that specialise in food production, processing, and distribution (Doe et al., 2021). The primary goal of food SME development is to improve small entrepreneurs' capacity, competitiveness, and economic impact in the food industry. Small enterprises frequently have difficulties, particularly in the areas of finance, administration, and operations. Insufficient capital, which might impede the efficiency of day-to-day operations, is a primary issue. Consequently, it is imperative for entrepreneurs to meticulously strategize in order to secure adequate financing prior to commencing a new venture. Entrepreneurs may seek alternative financing sources, and investing in stocks is one possibility worth considering (Mahersaham, 2019). The business's geographical location also holds significant importance. Choosing to locate factories in non-strategic locations, such as backyards, can result in difficulties related to logistics and transportation. As a result, choosing a strategic location is critical for facilitating product distribution and transportation. An efficient plan is necessary to address marketing challenges, particularly in tiny local markets. Enhancing marketing skills and exploring the possibility of exporting items to international markets can effectively expand market penetration (Mahersaham, 2019). In order to tackle these issues, it is necessary to use a holistic approach that encompasses financial planning, human resource development, successful marketing techniques, and efficient management. By tackling these challenges, small enterprises can improve their competitiveness in the market. This study will focus in more detail on how these location factors affect the effectiveness of SMEs development. i. Location Theory Affecting the Effectiveness of SMEs Development Theoretical and empirical approaches are used to study location factors in industries. The theoretical approach aims to develop a general theory of industrial location, explaining its structure and changes. The empirical approach provides a list of important factors in specific locations, but often lacks a general theory. Factors influencing industrial location decisions include labor quality, transportation, site and premises, government assistance, and environmental considerations. Key determinants include transportation, labor costs, agglomeration factors, services, utilities, taxes, and political stability. However, other factors like services, utilities, taxes, and political stability also play significant roles. Location selection for Small and Medium-sized Food Industries (SMFIs) is critical for business success. These factors impact production costs, customer convenience, and competitive advantage. SMFIs often favor locations with affordable labor, reliable utilities, and convenient transportation access to optimize operations and market reach. Table 1: Criteria (variables) for location in the development of SMEs No. Variables Definition Source 01. Availability of a workforce Labor cost is crucial in making location selection decisions, receiving more attention when searching for suitable locations. MacCarthy (2003); McCubbrey (2016); Jackson (2010) 02. Electricity rate Stable and sufficient electricity and water supply for production needs play a crucial role in location selection. Barnard, et al. (2011) 03. Location proximity to customer: Locating a business near customers is a key factor for customer-focused businesses. Eze et al. (2015)
- 133 - 04. Location proximity to suppliers Being close to raw materials and suppliers saves transportation costs and ensures product resilience. Fuchs et al. (2011); Barnard et al. (2016); Heizer, Barry (2014) 05. Location proximity to competitors Clustering supports the concept that being near other premises or competitors is an indicator of competitive attraction. Render dan Heizer (2014); Chen dan Tsai (2015); Thumawongchai dan Huang (2011) 06. Distance from City Center Proximity to the city center increases customer accessibility as it is in a strategic area frequently frequented by the public. Fuchs et al. (2011); Barnard et al. (2016); Heizer, Barry (2014) 07. Distance from Main Road Being close to main roads increases customer visits and provides convenience in shopping or using services. Fuchs et al. (2011); Barnard et al. (2016); Heizer, Barry (2014) 08. Factors related to policies Compliance with zoning policies applicable to the food industry ensures legal adherence and efficient distribution. Muhammad Arif Borani (2011) (Source: Prepared by researcher, 2024) ii. Study Area The study area will be conducted specifically in the small and medium industrial regions of Mersing, Johor. This district has an area of 700,805 acres making it the third largest district in Johor covering 14% of the state's area. The strategic coastal location of Mersing, Johor, lends itself to abundant marine resources and offers great potential for the seafood industry's growth. The seafood product processing industry exclusively occupies Mersing, which is renowned for its tourism assets and abundant marine resources. Figure 1: Study area Mersing, Johor. (Source: Prepared by researcher, 2024) Methodology This study has used a quantitative method which is a questionnaire and data collection method for data primer is survey on questioner. A total respondent are 30 SME owners in the seafood products sector as samples. Data analysis collection uses descriptive analysis percentage and average mode. The survey included questions on various location factors and their perceived importance to the business. Findings The findings of this study will focus on the vital importance of geographical considerations in
- 134 - the expansion of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the seafood industry. The objective of this study is to evaluate the level of location criteria in the development of SMEs of seafood products for rural areas. The table below shows location criteria on the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Table 2: Level of Location Criteria on the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) No. Location Criteria Scale Average Rating Percentage of SMEs 1 2 3 4 Rating It as Important 1 Availability of a workforce 0 0 17 13 3.4 100% 2 Electricity rate 0 0 4 26 3.9 100% 3 Location proximity to customer: 0 0 0 30 4 100% 4 Location proximity to suppliers 0 0 8 22 3.7 100% 5 Location proximity to competitors 1 2 16 11 3.2 90% 6 Distance from City Center 0 0 0 30 4 100% 7 Distance from Main Road 0 1 11 18 3.6 97% 8 Factors related to policies 0 2 13 15 3.4 93% (Source: Prepared by researcher, 2024) The analysis of 30 participants' responses revealed that they judged 5 out of the 8 criteria for selecting a small and medium industry (SME) development location as important. According to Table 2, the most significant criteria are the location's proximity to customers, with an average rating of 4 and 100% of SMEs considering it important. Similarly, the distance from the city center also has an average rating of 4 and is considered important by 100% of SMEs. The average rating for the electricity rate is 3.9, and 100% of SMEs consider it important. Additionally, the location's proximity to suppliers has an average rating of 3.7 and is considered important by 100% of SMEs. Lastly, the distance from the main road has an average rating of 3.6 and is considered important by 97% of SMEs. Three out of the eight location criteria in Table 2 are not predominant. The location criteria include workforce availability, which has an average rating of 3.4 and is considered important by 100% of SMEs. Factors related to policies also have an average rating of 3.4 and are considered important by 93% of SMEs. The lowest location criteria is proximity to competitors, which has an average rating of 3.2 and is considered important by 90% of SMEs. The report highlights several elements that influence the site decisions of SMEs, including the availability of manpower, infrastructure, closeness to markets, and regulatory concerns. Comprehending these variables is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to establish a conducive environment for the growth and longevity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity for customized assistance mechanisms to tackle the distinct requirements and difficulties encountered by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in various sectors and geographical areas. Conclusion This study successfully measured the level of location criteria used to decide if the growth of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) is in the best place or not. These 8 location criteria are: availability of workers, electricity rate, proximity to customers, proximity to suppliers, proximity to competitors, distance from city center, distance from main road, and policy-related factors. This location criteria are very important when determining the location
- 135 - for SME development. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can improve their competitiveness and market sustainability by assessing several phases in the process of selecting a site. This research aims to provide guidance and assistance to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and policymakers in their site selection process. The goal is to promote economic growth and development in the marine products industry and other related sectors. Therefore, this study will provide guidance for other SMEs that extend beyond the food industry. References Anggadwita, G., & Mustafid, Q. Y. (2014). Identification of factors influencing the performance of small medium enterprises (SMEs). Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 115, 415-423. Harris, J., et al. (2019). The Impact of Food Industry Development on the Local Economy: A Case Analysis in Coastal Areas. Journal of Community Economics, 30(4), 567-589. Lumbwe, A. K., Anyadiegwu, E. N., & Mbohwa, C. (2018). The impact of location decision on small, micro, and medium enterprises’ performance in Johannesburg. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 1205-1216). Muhammad Arif Robbani. (2011). Factors Influencing the Location and Distribution of Small Informal Industries in the City of Dhaka, India. Muzayanah. (2015). Application of Industrial Location Theory (Case Example of Industrial Area Development in Kragilan, Serang Regency). Shujiro Urata. (2000). The Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment by Japanese Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Smith, A., & Brown, J. (2020). Location Factors and Success in Small-Scale Food Industry: A Comprehensive Analysis. Journal of Rural Development, 25(2), 45-62. World Bank. (2016). Rural Development and Sustainable Livelihoods: Lessons from Global Practices. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
- 136 - ID-32: Users’ Satisfaction Level of Express Rail Link (ERL) Services: Literature Review Atira Sofia Muhamad Nasri 1 , Zuhra Junaida Mohamad Husny Hamid 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Technologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Majority of job opportunities for residents from sub-cities like Putrajaya and Sepang are concentrated in urban centres like Kuala Lumpur, leading to increased commutes to work. Public transport, like the Express Rail Link (ERL), helps reduce traffic congestion, but ridership has decreased by 66.8% since 2020. This indicates Malaysians continue to use alternative transportation for daily commutes. User satisfaction is crucial for businesses, thus public transport services should prioritize user feedback to enhance service quality. A systematic literature review is conducted to establish a baseline and examine the research issue. On that note, this study seeks to identify various indicators of user satisfaction with ERL services. The SERVQUAL model, which consists of five elements: tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy was used in this study to measure user satisfaction. This research presents a conceptual framework based on these five metrics. Understanding these indicators is crucial for promoting public transport for sustainable development planning. Keywords: User Satisfaction, Service, Public Transport Introduction Public transit is a successful way to move people from one location to another (Sundara Sakaran & Noor, 2020). As a result, a city's public transport network must be efficient and effective in order to support economic expansion, population growth, and the diversity of activities in the city. Over the years, Malaysia has embraced a range of public transport choices. Paratransit and transit are the two categories of public transportation. Transit encompasses all modes of transportation with scheduled schedules and itineraries, including public buses, light transit, trains, and commuters. Paratransit, on the other hand, is made up of taxis and vans that run on a flexible timetable and route. Express Rail Link (ERL) is categorised under transit. Even with the availability of a variety of rail services today, including the Light Rail Transit (LRT), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), Electric Train Service (ETS), and ERL service, some Malaysians continue not to take advantage of them. Economic success in transport agencies is measured by a range of indicators, including passenger volume, income, cost, productivity, efficient use of public funds, and public image (Toan and Brian, 2005). As a result, user satisfaction with a service is commonly emphasised since it has a direct impact on public perception. Furthermore, user satisfaction is an important component in determining the quality of services provided by a company. User satisfaction and service quality are frequently the focus of studies. However, most studies have focused on service industries such as banking, insurance, hotel services, and tourism (Dandis, 2018). Although studies on the transportation industry are out there, the aviation sector has been given priority (Belizzi et al., 2020). Meanwhile, there has been little research on rail transit services. Thus, the purpose of this study was to discover indicators of user satisfaction with the quality of public transport, which are the ERL services. Putrajaya is reachable by the rail transport system known as Express Rail Link (ERL). The train services covered a 57-kilometre route that offers two types of services, namely KLIA Express and KLIA Transit. It is a rail link from KL Sentral to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA and KLIA 2). KLIA Transit offered four transit stations between KL Sentral and KLIA 2, which are Bandar Tasik Selatan station, Putrajaya & Cyberjaya station, Salak Tinggi station, and KLIA station. The Putrajaya and Cyberjaya stations are the ones that connect Cyberjaya via train services. The service quality of ERL in Malaysia has been under scrutiny for years as it does not meet the standard that it proposes to achieve. There are several issues that have been highlighted
- 137 - regarding the ERL services (Utusan, 2023). Issues such as ticket fare, punctuality, and trip experience have carved a bad name for ERL. This study is to identify the indicators influencing users’ satisfaction with ERL services. Literature Review Service quality is the evaluation of users after using a service by comparing their expectations to the available service. Meanwhile, the service quality that is meant in this study is the quality of service provided by ERL Sdn. Bhd. to users. Sustainable transport is defined as a transport system that successfully provides quality services while minimising negative consequences for society and the environment (Rahman, 2017). The quality of public transport services is also an important factor to consider when assessing transport equity (Litman, 2018). The quality of public transport services has a significant impact on user satisfaction. The degree of quality service will be determined by measuring the quality of services provided to satisfy customers (Hill et al., 2003). User satisfaction will arise if the service meets users' expectations. Fulfilling user needs is fundamental in the service business, such as transportation, because user satisfaction is an enabling element that influences a company’s success. Furthermore, well-received service makes the consumer feel appreciated, which improves the probability that they will use the same service again. The basic theory of this study is based on the SERVQUAL Model (1985) developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry. The SERVQUAL model has been employed because it has a strong correlation with user satisfaction (Saumi & Zolkepli, 2017). Since users are the ones who directly utilise the service, measuring public transport services is more user-focused (Noor & Marzuki, 2016). The SERVQUAL method is also flexible, as the SERVQUAL tool may be altered in response to studies carried out to evaluate user satisfaction with public transport or assess service quality. The SERVQUAL paradigm includes five dimensions: tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. This model is also appropriate because it can be applied to any service situation, providing the level of performance experienced by the customer, customer comments and suggestions, and employee responses to customer expectations and satisfaction. Figure 1: SERVQUAL model (Source: Adopted from Parasuraman et al.) The SERVQUAL model in Figure 1 is useful for assessing service quality in these transport sectors. However, it is vital to select the most relevant indicators to provide trustworthy and meaningful findings. In this regard, the researcher will employ this model since it takes into consideration the user's satisfaction of the service, which is the best approach to assessing service quality in the sector.
- 138 - Table 1: Five broad dimensions of service quality (SERVQUAL) Dimension Definition References Tangibles Appearance of physical facilities, as well as attractive facility conditions. Zaid & Sudarmo, 2019 Reliability Ability of the company to fulfill its promises on time Al Mubarak & Hennayake, 2017 Responsiveness Readiness of staff to assist and provide prompt services to users at an instant rate. Ability to respond quickly and provide input if users have problems with service quality. Jamal et al, 2018 Gulc, 2017 Assurance Employees’ knowledge and courtesy and their ability to inspire trust and confidence. Alias et al, 2020 Comfort and trust through the services provided. Ismail et al., 2016 Empathy Companies need to show concern for their users and make them feel appreciated. Alias et al, 2020 (Source: Adapted from Zeithaml et al.) i. Tangibles The tangible dimension describes physical facilities, equipment quality, and personal appearance. This dimension describes all of the actual and visible qualities. Physical facilities include maintaining public transport or vehicles in good condition and providing optimal customer service. ii. Reliability Reliability refers to the capacity to deliver on promises with accuracy and perfection. This includes ensuring that workers on duty adhere to the customer charter and offer exceptional service. This also covers the supply of public transportation timetables to help users with travel comfort and safety concerns. iii. Responsiveness The willingness to support users and provide services in a timely manner. According to Dam et al. (2021), responsive staff provide prompt service, have flexible schedules, and cater to clients' needs equitably and effectively. In other words, the company strives to deliver the finest service to its users. iv. Assurance The employee's expertise and civility, as well as his ability to inspire trust and confidence in the consumer. Assurance also implies that an organization should ensure that its employees are competent, generous, and capable of providing a sense of security to users when using the services provided. To provide assured service, staff must have excellent communication skills as well as be efficient, competent, pleasant, and dependable. v. Empathy The personalised concern and attention that service providers show to their users. Another definition of empathy is immersing oneself in the user's predicament. The organisation makes every effort to pay attention, solve difficulties, and satisfy the demands of its clients. Empathy allows employees to comprehend clients' emotions and give heartfelt service. This factor assesses how the service given is significant to the customer's wishes (Dam et al, 2021).
- 139 - Methodology The approach of this study emphasises a systematic literature review as the foundational step, which serves to define the theoretical foundations and develop the conceptual framework for user satisfaction.The data collection phase plays a role in obtaining more accurate research results and answering research questions. A literature review is done to obtain information in the form of facts and theories based on past research. Data is collected through articles and journals. Official sources are referred to, such as Express Rail Link Sdn Bhd, the Ministry of Transportation Malaysia, and the Land Public Transport Agency (APAD). The literature review focuses on five dimensions of SERVQUAL, which are tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy that serve as indicators for assessing user satisfaction with ERL services. Findings The Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1985) dimension of service quality measurement, which consists of five dimensions; tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy are used in this study to assess users' level of satisfaction with ERL services. The conceptual framework for the study is shown in Figure 2. This framework provides an illustration of the following essential order: Figure 2: Conceptual framework of the impact of service quality on user satisfaction (Source: Fida et. al, 2020) According to the conceptual framework above, independent and dependent variables are important in this study. The independent variables are the five dimensions of Service Quality (SERVQUAL); tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, whereas the dependent variable is user satisfaction. These five indicators of SERVQUAL assess the level of user satisfaction with ERL services. The contentment of users with the quality of public transport services is known as user satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is the primary focus of this research because it is a prime indicator of customer loyalty. The outcome of this conceptual framework is the level of user satisfaction. For example, if the link between user satisfaction and service quality is positive, it means that users will be content and happy when they perceive greater service quality, and vice versa. This degree of satisfaction is due to perceived service quality. As a result, user satisfaction is shown to be significantly dependent on the five indicators of service quality, namely tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy.