Full_e-Proceeding iNUPC 2024

- 40 - (2009) and Manson (2003).The proposed location of the cable car's lower station in the Penang Botanical Garden is particularly concerning. This garden, known as one of the most beautiful places in Penang, is a unique treasure with its primary tropical forest setting. Yet, the cable car project risks altering its peaceful atmosphere and natural beauty, impacting both visitors' experiences and the ecological balance of the area. The potential increase in commercial activities, food stalls, and shops around the lower station could further disrupt the garden's serene environment. To ensure the survival of beloved locations, this research has been made to learn how critical it is to strike a balance between environmental preservation and tourism development in highland ecosystems like Bukit Bendera. References KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA. (2017). Pelan Pengurusan Risiko 2016-2020. 1–154, 1–28. Md.Jahi, J. (2009). Pembangunan Pelancongan dan Impaknya terhadap Persekitaran Fizikal Pinggir Pantai. Malaysian Journal of Environmental Management, 10(2), 18. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/2289/1/MJEM_2009_5_Jamaluddin.pdf Perancangan, P., Perspektif, M., & Bandar, P. (2023). Konseptual Kaedah Pengukuran Risiko Bencana Tanah Runtuh Menerusi ID-71 : Konseptual Kaedah Pengukuran Risiko Bencana Tanah Runtuh. August. Pinang, P., Botani, T., Pinang, P., Bendera, B., Bahang, T., Pinang, P., Pelancongan, K., & Pinang, P. (n.d.). Kereta kabel akan memusnahkan persekitaran Bukit Bendera dan Taman Botani Pulau Pinang. 1–3. Robertson, D., Kean, I., & Moore, S. (2004). Introduction to risk management in tourism: Instructor’s guide. 1–36.

- 41 - ID-10: Analyzing the Influential Factors on Pedestrian Walkability in Puteri Harbour Waterfront Development Area Muhammad Nursyakir Mohd Shah 1 , Gobi Krishna Sinniah 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The concept of walkability, as outlined by Ewing (2006), is explored in relation to specific literary works, emphasizing characteristics influenced by individuals' psychological makeup and perception of their environment. A study in Iskandar Puteri Johor Bahru assesses factors affecting walkability along waterfronts. Six indicators are used to evaluate physical walkability, with scores combined to assess overall walkability. Perceived and physical walkability scores are compared and analyzed. The research, involving 47 respondents, aims to enhance pedestrian planning in Puteri Harbour by proposing targeted improvements. Findings aim to inform strategies for precise pedestrian planning, ultimately creating a highquality pedestrian environment along the waterfront. Keywords: Walkable, Waterfront, Sustainable, Urban Space, Descriptive Analysis Introduction The waterfront is a special and priceless resource, and because it contains largely homogeneous mixed-use development, it might be challenging to draw borders around it. As a result, it can be defined as a location that seamlessly blends land and ocean and has a draw for visitors (Eves, 2011). One way to think of waterfronts is as an urban environment with a strong physical or visual link to the water (Ryckbost, 2005). Furthermore, waterfront properties don't always have to face the sea; they can still be connected to it conceptually or as part of a bigger design (Breen, 1996). The vision of this research is to improve the quality of urban space in general and the walking environment in particular so that people can live active lifestyles in the waterfront areas. Three methods form the basis of this study: analytical, practical, and theoretical research. Theoretical studies begin with the concept of waterfront development and go on to identify walkable waterfront development, including place-making criteria, quality of life indicators, and sustainable development principles. Iskandar Puteri waterfront in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, is the subject of an applied study that analyzes the potential for walkable waterfront development there as well as its context. To accomplish walkable waterfront development, the research finishes with significant recommendations for improving this region and other waterfront developments in Johor Bahru. The deterioration of visitor engagement at Puteri Harbour, situated in Iskandar Puteri, Johor Bahru, presents a pressing concern for various stakeholders closely tied to the destination's economic and social fabric. Foremost among these stakeholders is the broader tourism industry, which relies heavily on attractions such as Puteri Harbour to sustain economic activity. The diminishing number of visitors not only poses a threat to local businesses but also impacts tour operators and related service providers, collectively contributing to challenges within the regional tourism sector (Rosli, 2018). In this research, the problems involving the walkability along Puteri Harbour waterfront area can be concluded into two aspects which are lack of understanding of the factors that influence walkability, and pedestrians being deprived of having enjoyable times at the waterfronts.

- 42 - Literature Review Figure 1: Study Area (Source: Analyzing the Influential Factors on Pedestrian Walkability in Puteri Harbour Waterfront Development Area, 2024) Walkability applies to the urban area that is comfortable with a variety of activities (Lee, 2015). Walkability is the degree of accessibility and protection for pedestrians such as lack of casual observations, gaps between pedestrians and automobiles as well as high-quality linked footpaths (S. Shamsuddin, 2012). Walkability is the degree to which walking is readily accessible as a secure, linked, affordable and fine form of transportation. Walking can be a first-class mode of travel if the surroundings provide the quality of walking conditions, safety, remedy, and convenience (Litman, 2014). Connectivity and accessibility are important courtesy to pedestrians (Rotmeyer, 2006). Connectivity is about the easy movement from origins to destinations and it is the key element affecting the route assignment of pedestrians. To encourage human beings to wander across the area, road networks need to be better linked with appropriate sidewalks to a specific holiday location. A well-planned road network has streets that are well connected to other mode choices. The streets also offer a variety of facilities and spaces, a correct path, sufficient walking distance, and clear signs. The drawing of the road provides artistic pastime for the urban community. Both considerations are important for ease of walking (Southworth, 2005). Accessibility is an essential component of walkability. A community is nice because everyone can access public spaces. A regular citizen can be impaired if connectivity is not accessible. Simultaneously, either a user with a wheelchair, a blind person, or elderly is not affected in an on-site situation. Streets with a frontage of parking makes pedestrians difficult to get inside in any building or structures; it forces pedestrians to get involved in the parking lot (S. Handy L. W., 2005) (S. Handy X. C., 2006). Safety is one of the main factors for walkability. Safe pedestrian environments enable pedestrians to walk safely and reduce incident or crime concern experiences. In 2005, Southworth believed that the exceptional atmosphere of taking walks could affect pedestrian intensity (Southworth, 2005). Pedestrian complexity is needed to improve protection as the places expand to be extra translucent. The thing regarding pedestrian security and safety is correlated with vehicle activity and crossing visibility and protection. Good street network virtually defines better walkability for the pedestrian to create more comfortable and safer circumstances. This research investigated key issues through various approaches and tools. The survey participants posed closed-ended questions concerning the following topics: a. Walkability indicators and pedestrian experience (Land Use, Accessibility, Street Connectivity, Safety, Pedestrian Facility & Comfort and Streetscape Design)) b. Perceived walkability based on a scale as the need for the indicators 1 (least important) to 5 (very important) indifferent aspects: safety, security, comfort, convenience, and interestingness.

- 43 - In this regard, the researcher selected the Iskandar Puteri waterfront as a case study. From the primary source, the data was collected through various techniques i.e. quantitative method detailed survey, questionnaire, personnel observation. Moreover, the quantitative method was used to get the detailed information regarding pedestrian problems faced by people of the study area. The requirement for analysis work has generated a need for an effective method of sample sizing to reflect an undefined demographic condition. Therefore, a Cluster Random Sampling method is used (Cochran, 1963). Figure 2: Conceptual Framework (Source: Adapted from Fattah, 2019) Methodology The study applied the Average Index model developed by Abd Majid and McCaffer which provides means to verify the validity of a criterion by the respondents (M. Z. Abd Majid, 2015) (McCaffer, 1997). State the expectations of the pedestrians and the powerful physicalenvironmental factors. Data analysis was carried out through content analysis to assess the pedestrians' efficacy walking physical-environmental variables and the person's analysis on encouraging them to do walking at the waterfront. Program processing tools were used for data analysis and IBM SPSS was supported as help applications for data interpretation and performance categorization. Levels of the significance of physical-environmental variables for encouraging walking were tabled dependent on the number of responses for every physicalenvironmental attribute. The average index was calculated based on the frequency analyses to determine the ranking of each factor to be considered. The average index modelling is computed to determine the following: Average Index = (Σaixi)/(Σxi) Where, a = constant, weighing factor for i, (i = 1, 2, 3.........n), Xi = frequency of respondent. The classifications of the rating scales are as follows to assess the degree of significance of the constructability concepts considered in this analysis: Extremely effective : 87.5 ≤ I ≤ 100 Very effective : 62.5 ≤ I <87.5 Moderately effective : 37.5 ≤ I < 62.5 Ineffective : 12.5 ≤ I < 37.5 Extremely ineffective : 0.00 ≤ I < 12.5

- 44 - Findings The researcher has conducted a descriptive analysis of 47 responses by percentage and frequency. The research here indicates the pedestrian’s walkability in the Puteri Harbour waterfront. The purpose of the research is to fulfill the needs of the pedestrians and propose the pedestrian in the waterfront of Puteri Harbour. The data were collected from a few residents and visitors of the university. Different techniques were used to analyze the data including the average index model, early finding shows there is a need for walkways, shades, ramps and curbs, garbage cans. Conclusion Descriptive analysis was also done, as a result, pedestrians were facing barriers while walking including, maintenance of walkways, unavailability of footpaths, too far distance, lack of shades on walkways, etc. Policy and investments provide momentum to renovate public facilities, encourage pedestrianization and allow people to enjoy better mobility and quality of life, so there must be valid and authentic policies for the improvement of the pedestrian at the waterfront of Iskandar Puteri. The authority and developer of the Iskandar Puteri waterfront must be involved in the development/improvement of the pedestrian under planning rules and pedestrian standards. Pedestrians' walkability and safety can be achieved by developing pedestrian services including sidewalks, shades, landscaping, Signboards, road marking, Ramps and curbs, Garbage cans, etc. References Breen, A. a. (1996). The New Waterfront: A Worldwide Urban Success Story. North America: McGraw-Hill. Eves, C. Y. (2011). Waterfront Development for Residential Property in Malaysia.” Queensland University of Technology. http://eprints.qut.edu.au. Ewing, R. H. (2006). Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability. Physical activity and health, p.p223- 240. Fattah, D. &. (2019). Perceptional Dimension Towards More Walkable Communities: An Assessment Tool Approach. 33. 172- 183. Lee, H. S. (2015). Residential built environment and walking activity: Empirical evidence of Jane Jacobs’ urban vitality. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 41, pp. 318-329. Litman, T. (2014). Online TDM Encyclopedia. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. M. Z. Abd Majid, Y. B. (2015). Green Highway Development Features to Control Stormwater Runoff Pollution. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 173-175. McCaffer, M. A. (1997). Assessment of work performance of maintenance contractors in Saudi Arabia. Discussion. Journal of Management in Engineering, vol. 13, no. 5. Morgan, V. R. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Education and Psychological Measurement, vol. 30, pp. 607-610. Rosli, Q. (2018). Preferences factors of the customers by choosing Sanrio Hello Kitty Town and Thomas Town at Puteri Harbour from management perspective. Rotmeyer, J. (2006). Can elevated pedestrian walkways be sustainable. e Sustainable City IV: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability, pp. 293-302. Ryckbost, P. (2005). Redeveloping Urban Waterfront Property.” University of Michigan. http//www.umich.edu. S. Handy, L. W. (2005). Driving by choice or necessity? Transportation Research part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 39, no. 2–3, pp. 183-203. S. Handy, X. C. (2006). Self-selection in the relationship between the built environment and walking: Empirical evidence from Northern California. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 55-74. S. Shamsuddin, N. R. (2012). Walkable environment in increasing the liveability of a city. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 50, pp. 167-178. Southworth, M. (2005). Designing the walkable city. Journal of urban planning and development, vol. 131, no. 4, pp. 246-257.

- 45 - ID-11: The Impact of Land Use Changes of MADA’s Rice Cultivation Area on Malaysia’s Food Security Nor Syalwanis Mohd Saad 1 , Mohamad Fadhli Rashid 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The study aims to measure the impact of land use changes of MADA’s rice cultivation area on Malaysia’s food security. This method will apply a quantitative and qualitative approach or a mixed method that will be conducted in Bandaraya Alor Setar, Kedah. The first finding found that 90% of the respondents from paddy field farmers agreed with the impact of land use changes of MADA’s rice cultivation area on Malaysia’s food security through a method of descriptive analysis. Hence, this research aims to not only identify challenges but also provide stakeholders with actionable insights to address them effectively. Future investigations could delve into driving mechanisms and engage diverse stakeholders for collaborative solutions. Keywords: Rice Cultivation Area, Food Security, Land Use Changes, Paddy Field Introduction According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under the auspices of the United Nations (UN), Asia and the Pacific countries with a population exceeding 3.7 billion, the majority of whom depend on the agricultural sector, especially for countries within the LowIncome Food-Deficit Countries (LIFDC) category. The increasing population adds to the demand for food, leading to the Asia-Pacific food demand index growing from 86 points in 1990 to 120 points in 2005, surpassing the global food demand index in the previous decade. However, the author sees that the issue of food security will become more acute if efforts are not made to protect the fundamental sources of the rice cultivation industry, especially paddy fields. A shortage of paddy fields will destabilize domestic rice production, affecting communities within a country striving for self-sufficiency. This research aims to explore these changes and their consequences, focusing on the MADA region, one of the primary rice cultivation areas in Malaysia. It seeks to understand the factors driving these changes, the impact on rice production, and ultimately, the implications for Malaysia’s food security. The findings from this study could provide valuable insights for policymakers, farmers, and other stakeholders in the agricultural sector, helping them make informed decisions to ensure the sustainability of rice production and the food security of the nation. Therefore, this study will highlight the impact of land use changes of MADA’s rice cultivation area on Malaysia’s food security. Literature Review i. Food Security The contribution of rice production by the Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA) and imported rice to Malaysia's food security is important. Local rice production in Malaysia meets between 60% to 70% of the total demand, while rice imports contribute 30% to 40% (Atikah Mohidem, 2022). Although MADA makes a significant contribution to the overall rice production, productivity is always below the expected potential. Therefore, national efforts have been focused on increasing rice yields and achieving the desired level of selfsufficiency to further strengthen food security in Malaysia.

- 46 - ii. Land Use Changes The phenomenon of changing the land use status of paddy fields to non-agricultural land use is seen to be more and more common in Malaysia, and even the demand for this land is seen to increase as a result of the progress faced in Malaysia. There are several factors that have been identified in changing the land use status of paddy fields in Malaysia. Table 1: Summary of the Factors Affecting the Conversion of Paddy Fields Into other Land Use Statuses Variable Elements References Physical The rising of economic pressures every year Sim Tze Tzin, 2019 Increasing development pressure such as housing, commercial, industry etc. Socio- Economic Overriding political interests development Dr Anjas Asmara Samsudin, 2023 Lack of manpower Property ownership problem Sim Tze Tzin,2019 The demand of real estate market Unprofitable returns and do not align with the invested capital. Tanaka Mustafa, 2021 DIan, 2018 Cultivating rice fields is quite complicated and takes time to harvest Climate Change and Weather Uncertain climate change Dr. Abdul Razak, 2023 iii. Effects of Changes in Paddy Fields on the Nation's Food Productivity, Especially Rice Production The conversion of paddy fields can significantly impact the nation's food productivity, especially in rice production. Paddy fields are valuable assets in the rice farming industry. Among the main effects of the conversion of paddy fields is the assurance of food supply, particularly rice, being compromised. This follows a reduction in rice productivity, leading to decreased crop yields and a dwindling supply of local rice. Consequently, the loss of paddy fields results in decreased crop yields, ultimately affecting the statistics of the nation's local rice production. Furthermore, the country's economy may increasingly rely on imported rice compared to local rice. Malaysia relies heavily on external products, which has adverse effects on consumers if restrictions occur because the prices offered would skyrocket (Saravanan Thambirajah, 2024). This is due to the conversion of paddy fields making it difficult to produce crops and limiting the local rice market in the country. Moreover, the price of local rice will also start to rise. As a result of limited rice production due to the conversion of paddy fields, the country's rice supply will increase, making it difficult for buyers to purchase local rice. Indirectly, this will affect the nation's food security and the staple food for Malaysian citizens themselves (Prof. Dr. Anjas Asmara Samsudin, 2023). Besides, this issue will affect the self-sufficiency level (SSL) in declining local rice supplies. SSL is used as an indicator to assess the extent to which a country can ensure sufficient food supplies for its population, with a primary focus on rice as an essential food in the people's diet. There has been a decline in paddy production, from 65 percent in 2021, while the self-sufficiency level (SSL) in rice supply has decreased to 62.6 percent for 2022 (Datuk

- 47 - Azman Mahmood, 2023). Malaysia has set a goal to achieve a Self-Sufficiency Level (SSL) of 100% in national food security by the year 2020. Methodology Research Methodology and Study Area This study used descriptive qualitative and quantitative or mixed used methods to explore the factors and effects of agriculture land use changes in Alor Setar District. The research involved data collection in natural conditions through interviews, on-site observation, and documentation. The study area consisted of five kampung settlements and 3 government agencies (MADA, MBAS and Department of Agriculture). The researchers conducted interviews with community - Paddy field farmers, as well as government officials responsible for agriculture land use conversion and conducted on-site observations as well as document analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the research subject.From the survey, 40 interview sessions were conducted to verify the data through purposive sampling, including 30 representatives from paddy fields farmers and 10 representatives from relevant agencies. Figure 1: The Land Use Plan of Kota Setar District (Source: Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa Negeri Kedah) Findings Observation, surveys and interviews were carried out in five different villages around Alor Setar City. This village was chosen due to its location closest to Alor Setar Center and likely to receive the highest urbanization spread and land use changes. Figure 2: Paddy Farmers' Agreement with the Factors Affecting the Change of Land Use Status of Paddy Fields (Source: Questionnaire survey, 2024)

- 48 - The pie chart above (figure 2), illustrates the distribution of paddy farmers' agreement with the factors affecting the change of land use status of paddy fields across five different villages. The percentages indicate a relatively even consensus among the villages, with Kg. Simpang Empat slightly led at 21.8%, closely followed by Kg. Hutan Keriang and Kg. Batin, each at 21.2%. Kg. Pengapi Batu and Kg. Anak Bukit are not far behind, with 18.6% and 17.3% respectively. This data suggests that while there is a general agreement on the influencing factors, no single village overwhelmingly dominates the perspective, highlighting a shared concern or experience regarding land use changes among the paddy farming communities represented. Overall, most of the paddy farmers are likely to agree with the factors affecting the change of land use status of paddy fields. Therefore, this study will highlight the impact of land use changes of MADA’s rice cultivation area on Malaysia’s food security. i. Physical From a physical aspect, a spatial mapping of the Jelapang area will be conducted to determine the conversion rate and the amount of loss of land between the 2017 and 2021 datasets to prove that there is physical loss of Jelapang due to the conversion of paddy land activities to other activities, where agricultural land often has to give way to infrastructure development to meet the increasing demands of the population in terms of providing basic needs, especially housing (Muhammad Uzair Azizan, Maryanti Mohd Raid, Khadijah Hussin, 2016). The area of paddy fields in Kedah, as recorded by the National Physical Planning Department, shows a worrying reduction in the area of Jelapang. In 2017, the total area of Jelapang was 214,585 hectares, while the latest data in 2021 shows a reduction to 107,592 hectares, with a difference of 106,993 hectares (Department of Agriculture Malaysia, 2022). ii. Socio-Economic The phenomenon of converting paddy fields to non-agricultural land use is increasingly prevalent in Malaysia, with demand for such land seen to be growing due to the progress faced in Malaysia. Several factors have been identified in the conversion of paddy fields to non-agricultural land use in Malaysia. The first factor is the unprofitable agricultural industry. The trend of converting agricultural land use is seen as unprofitable by farmers and provides inadequate returns, leading them to change the land use status to development with the assumption that it would be more profitable (Abdul Rahim Samad, 2023). Development pressure is one of the factors influencing the shift from agricultural land use to development. Development pressure refers to high demand to convert agricultural land to other more profitable or attractive uses, such as residential, commercial, industrial, or infrastructural purposes. The transformation of agricultural land use into development can have negative effects on the environment, economy, and society. Conclusion The study reveals that paddy fields, crucial for national rice production, are undergoing land use changes due to urban expansion and other factors, potentially impacting food security. It emphasizes the need for concerted efforts to preserve agricultural land to sustain the sector for future generations, advocating for prudent planning to prevent further conversion of agricultural land. Additionally, it urges present-day generations to envision and prepare for potential global challenges, such as food scarcity, by curbing unchecked development that sacrifices valuable assets like agricultural land and natural resources for material gains. Through the findings of this study, it is hoped that it will help the policy makers and the parties

- 49 - involved to ensure that any planning and development decisions that involve changing conditions or changing the land use status of paddy fields are considered accordingly. References R. B. Radin Firdaus, Mou Leong Tan, Siti Rahyla Rahmat & Mahinda Senevi Gunaratne | (2020) Paddy, rice and food security in Malaysia: A review of climate change impacts, Cogent Social Sciences, 6:1, 1818373, DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2020.1818373 FAO (2000) FAO Production Yearbook. http://www.fao.org/catalog/book_review/giii/x8489-e.htm. Rancangan Struktur Negeri Kedah 2035, RSN 2035 (2020). Plan Malaysia @ Jabatan Perancangan Bandar & Desa Malaysia. Rancangan Fizikal Negara Keempat, RFN 4 (2020). Plan Malaysia @ Jabatan Perancangan Bandar & Desa Malaysia. Laporan Guna Tanah Makanan Negara (2021). Plan Malaysia @ Jabatan Perancangan Bandar & Desa Malaysia. (Paddy Statistics of Malaysia) 2015. Department of Agriculture Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.doa.gov.my/doa/resources/aktiviti_sumber/sumber_awam/maklumat_pertanian/perangkaan_tanaman/peran gkaan_padi_2015.pdf Pertanian & Keselamatan Makanan. Majlis Profesor Negara. (2023, January 4). https://majlisprofesor.my/kluster/pertaniankeselamatan-makanan/ Economic Research Service. (2002). Land Use, Value and Management: Urbanization and Agricultural Land. Retrieved from http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/LandUse/urbanchaper.htm Dokumen Laporan Perangkaan Padi Malaysia, (2015, lembaga Kemajuan Pertanian Muda) USDA. World Rice Production 2021/2022. 2022. Available online: http://www.worldagriculturalproduction.com/crops/rice.aspx/ FAO. Crop Prospects and Food Situation—Quarterly Global Report No. 2, July 2021. Rome. 2021. Available online: https://doi.org/10.4060/cb5603en International Rice Research Institute. Rice Consumption with Center Pivots and Linears; International Rice Research Institute: Los Baños, Philippines, 2013; Volume 12. MADA. (2021) Unveiling the history of the Muda agricultural development authority: From policy to implementation project. https://www.mada.gov.my/?page_ id=3959&lang=en.

- 50 - ID-12: Conceptual Framework for Factors Influencing the Increased Use of Online Food Delivery Noor Izzatie Asri 1 , Zuhra Junaida Mohamad Husny Hamid 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The rapid development of online food delivery has led to a change in people's lifestyles (Chai et al, 2019). FDA has become a trend in the market involving various age groups, especially young people. Now, various companies that offer food delivery services are the main choice of the public because they provide a great deal of convenience to the community such as not having to leave the house and can save travel time to get food. The paper proposes a conceptual framework to elucidate the factors driving the increased adoption of online food delivery service. Drawing upon existing literature on factors which include reliability, delivery costs, efficiency, price transparency, and food quality, a conceptual framework that encompasses both internal and external determinants of online food delivery usage has been developed. Although there are many internal factors that have triggered the increase and encouragement, respondents also agree that external factors such as the accuracy of the delivery period also influence the increase in the use of online food delivery. Keywords: Online Food Delivery, Conceptual Framework, Consumer Behaviour, Technology Adoption, Factors Influencing Adoption Introduction Online Food Delivery is an internet-based food delivery service and mobile application where users can order food via smartphone and then deliver it directly to their door (Yeo et al., 2017). Since 2012, several online food delivery service applications have appeared in succession, such as Foodpanda, Grab Food, Uber Eats, Honestbee, Deliveroo, and Yowo. This food delivery service application has rapidly contributed to the market, attracting its users. The proof is that when the COVID-19 phenomenon and crisis hit the world, food delivery increased, which caused people to prefer ordering food online more than before. This is because, when the COVID-19 crisis occurred, the COVID-19 pandemic educated Malaysians to live in a new normal that affects changes in their daily activities. The spread of the COVID19 pandemic is believed to have a diverse impact on the food delivery sector in various aspects, such as time management, health, safety, and convenience. The development of the food delivery sector began to receive attention as early as the COVID-19 pandemic began to spread in Malaysia in 2019. However, there have been some complaints about food delivery services lately. Among them is the delivery service that takes too long and is slow. Traffic congestion in the focal area, especially during peak hours, becomes one of the problems when the rate of food delivery orders increases. In addition, the physical location of the home or address that is difficult for the sender to locate or access will cause delays and difficulties in delivery.Next, this online food service application can be accessed anywhere and anytime using a mobile phone. Accessing food delivery applications is a driving factor in the increased use of online food delivery. The busyness of the user's daily routine is one of the motivations for choosing an online food service application. Therefore, this study needs to be done to identify the factors that influence the increase in online food delivery service application use.

- 51 - Literature Review Various companies have offered food delivery services that are the leading choice of the public because they provide advantages and convenience to the community, such as not having to leave the house and saving travel time to get food. The improvement factor of online food service not only depends on the duration of the journey taken, but it is also closely related to the quality of food offered, customer service, and the variety of menus provided, as well as offering reasonable prices to satisfy customers. Therefore, some basic concepts need to be discussed and clarified so that the research done is in line with the objectives and goals. Food quality is an essential aspect of online food delivery services because it needs to meet expectations regarding taste, freshness, and compliance with orders received (Ferreira et al., 2018). Furthermore, food delivery applications need to ensure that orders made by users arrive at the right time because now food delivery applications such as Foodpanda and Grab Food allow customers to expect the period their order will be received. According to (Yoon, 2002), four critical factors in forming trust are transaction security, the website's nature, and the service's search function. Therefore, custom service in food delivery applications must be responsive to help users facing problems. Efficiency and accuracy in handling complaints and resolution measures consumers face when using food delivery services are essential to meet customer needs (Alalwan, 2020). The majority of online food delivery applications use motorcycle rider services. Therefore, food delivery packaging should be well-packed to maintain food quality during transit. Safe and environmentally friendly packaging adds value to the service. The variety and suitability of the menu offered by food delivery applications should offer a variety of food menu options in addition to allowing adjustments to be made by the customer, such as dietary preferences and various dishes for children that aim to enable customers to make menu choices according to the customer's taste. The variety and suitability of the menu must be transparent and reasonable regarding the price charged and reasonable delivery charges to build trust and loyalty between food delivery companies and consumers (Ismail et al., 2015). Discounts and free food delivery charges will incentivize customers to repeat orders on the app.The increasing use of online food delivery is not only about timely delivery but also touches on aspects of the overall customer experience, from the order placed until the customer receives the order. Factors Influencing the Increased Use of Online Food Delivery Through studies conducted by (Sakaran et al., 2020), users' changing mode of movement to food delivery service applications is due to external and internal factors that have helped increase the use of food delivery service applications. Among the factors that cause an increase in the use of food delivery service applications is the geographical position associated with the location of business premises that are far from consumers. The location of business premises that are less strategic and have limited parking space makes it difficult for consumers to receive services face-to-face. To avoid that situation, users are more likely to choose a food delivery service application to get food immediately and quickly without going to the business premises. In addition, the increasing use of technology through the Global Positioning System helps users know the location of business premises and the whereabouts of food delivery people when sending orders directly to users. IIham's study (2018) found that five factors help increase the use of online food service applications: security, communication, reliability, response, and delivery speed. The speed and speed of the food delivery service are the main factors in the application selection. This is because users are likely to look for applications that offer fast and timely delivery. Next, Yeo

- 52 - et al. (2017) state that online application technology is no longer a new thing in computer technology. This is because the use of technology in the food delivery application involves the reliability of the user towards the delivery application. The availability of strict control by food delivery service companies affects users' trust in the application (Nabila et al., 2018). In addition, adopting the technology in the food delivery application is also easy to use anywhere because the function is easy to understand and learn, and the information provided to the user is precise and accurate. Among the critical factors influencing the increase in the use of online food delivery is shown in Table 1 below. It is divided into five (5) categories of factors that influence the increase in the use of online food delivery applications. Table 1: Critical Factors Influencing the Increase In The Use of Online Food Delivery No. Title Note 01 Food Delivery App Reliability 1) A simple and reliable payment application 2) Refunds in case of dissatisfaction 3) Customer information and privacy are guaranteed 4) The quality of the food offered is guaranteed 02 Delivery Time Accuracy 1) The food order arrived on time 2) The order arrived late due to many orders 3) The location of the store is near the user 4) Food delivery time is in line with the estimated time from the application 5) The user can interact with the sender to know the latest status of the food delivery 03 Price Accuracy 1) Online food delivery apps often offer promotions and discounts to users 2) Shipping charges are reasonable 3) The details of each charge are clear and reasonable 4) Offering a variety of food price options according to the consumer’s financial ability 5) The price offered in the app is expensive compared to restaurants 04 Customer Service 1) Effective and efficient complaint resolution 2) Ease of access in obtaining information is easy 3) Efficiency and promptness in handling complaints 4) Responsive customer service helps users with problems 5) The application provided is easy and simple 6) User-friendly service application 05 Choice and Quality of food 1) The restaurants available in the application suit the user’s taste 2) Selection of quality food packaging 3) The convenience of options and menu options offered allow users to make choices 4) The temperature of the food is still hot when it reaches to customer 5) Fast food preparation process (Source: Questionnaire Survey, 2024) Methodology For this study, the Systematic Literature Review process was used based on "Selected Reporting Items for Systematic Review", which can increase the reliability of the information obtained. This process also serves as a guiding structure that can be used in analysing and interpreting the data to be studied about the research question. The research question raised in this research is about the factors that influence the increase in the use of online food delivery. Where the journal search process has been carried out, which involves four (4) stages, namely identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion, as shown in Figure 1. The

- 53 - journal search in this study requires journal publications between 2017 and 2023 through Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. Through the identification stage, the keywords "Online Food Delivery'' and "Factors Affecting Acceptance" were used to obtain relevant journals to help gather information. Figure 1: Systematic Literature Review Flow Chart Findings The study's results found a relationship between the factors of increasing the use of online food delivery and the effect of choosing a food delivery service if it does not meet the consumer's expectations, as shown in Figure 2 below. Independent variables such as delivery time, delivery quality and price transparency, variety and suitability of the menu offered, and customer service are expected to influence or impact the dependent variable on customer satisfaction if it does not meet customer expectations. For example, faster delivery time and higher quality food are likely to lead to increased customer satisfaction. However, if the delivery period of food takes a long time, it will cause customer dissatisfaction. This is because, in the context of online food delivery services, customer satisfaction is prioritized to reflect the improvement of the service's attributes. Customer satisfaction includes a subjective assessment containing elements such as delivery experience, food quality, order accuracy, price, ease of ordering process, and customer service responsiveness. Figure 2: Conceptual Framework

- 54 - Conclusion In an increasingly high-tech age, food delivery service applications are gaining popularity among the local community. The increase in the use of online food delivery applications is influenced by various attractive factors such as the punctuality of delivery, the reliability of the application, reasonable prices, and customer service, which are widely discussed in the literature. The variety of food options offered in the food delivery app can meet the needs of various tastes of users, which makes this app more attractive. In addition, the development of technology in this application, such as online payment, makes the food delivery application more efficient, simultaneously increasing users' reliability. However, the attraction factors will affect the level of customer satisfaction, which will affect the selection of the application if it does not meet the user's taste. References Yeo, V.C.S, S.-K, Rezaei, S., 2017. Comsumer experiences, attitude and behavioral intention toward online food delivery (OFD) services. J. Retailing Comsum. Serv.35,150-162 Alalwan, A. A. (2020). Mobile food ordering apps: An empirical study of the factors affecting customer e-satisfaction and continued intention to reuse. International Journal of Information Management, 50, 28–44 Ilham, R. (2018). Improve quality of e-loyalty in online food delivery services: A case of Indonesia. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 96(15), 4760 4769. Ismail, Y., Ahasanul Haque, A., & Ahmed, S. (2015). Key success factors of online food ordering services: An empirical study. Malaysian Management Review,50(2), 19–3 Sakaran, S. S., Noor, H. M., & Rosmiza, M. Z. (2020). Ketersampaian penduduk terhadap perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam di Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. GeografiaMalaysian Journal of Society and Space, 16(1)

- 55 - ID-13: Exploring University Students' Satisfaction with E-Hailing Services: Developing a Conceptual Framework Siti Nur Alani Azhar 1 , Zuhra Junaida Mohamad Husny Hamid 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The introduction of e-hailing applications in Malaysia is seen as a solution to alleviate transportation problems in major cities. The public is beginning to choose to use this service because it is said to be easier and faster. Additionally, traffic congestion issues can be minimized. However, as a result of the increased demand for e-hailing services, other problems have arisen. Complaints made by users about e-hailing services have increased dramatically, especially online complaints. This has led to various perceptions and views among users. Thus, this study seeks to explore the determinants influencing Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) students' preferences for e-hailing services and their resultant satisfaction levels. The results of this study will determine the quality level of e-hailing services among companies that can meet satisfaction levels using the SERVQUAL and Kano's User Satisfaction Theory as variables to measure satisfaction levels. The final results of this study will propose suitable recommendations for improving the quality of e-hailing services provided by companies offering e-hailing services. Keywords: E-hailing, User Satisfaction, SERVQUAL and Kano's User Satisfaction Theory Introduction According to the Dewan and Pustaka Dictionary, transportation has been defined as the concept of transferring from one place to another (Pustaka, 2017) or moving the physical location of goods or passengers. Transportation also refers to the movement of humans, goods, or animals from one place to another. It involves the use of various modes such as vehicles, trains, airplanes, ships, and other infrastructure to facilitate the transfer of individuals or cargo. This movement is usually over long distances compared to walking. Technological advancements have improved social development and quality of life (Goh Mei Ling, 2018). People now begin to look towards innovative and new trends that can facilitate their daily activities. The success of technology has led to a change in the trend for public transportation industries. Various mobile applications have been developed to allow people to choose their preferred transportation company. These mobile applications offer channels that combine demand with supply accuracy, which is much easier and capable of attracting customers to use their services (Mohamad Niza Md Nor, 2021). In 2012, the launch of e-hailing applications in Malaysia was seen as a solution to reduce transportation problems in major cities. The demand for e-hailing services in Malaysia has increased based on daily travel demands, with services available such as MyCar, EzCab, MULA DACSEE, Riding Pink, and Grab. The public began to choose these services because they are considered easier and faster. Additionally, traffic congestion issues can also be minimized. However, as a result of the increased demand for e-hailing services, other problems have emerged. Complaints made by users about e-hailing services have increased dramatically (EYC, 2020), especially online complaints. This has led to various perceptions and views among users. There have been online surveys, particularly on social media platforms like Twitter, regarding complaints made by users about the e-hailing services used. Through these surveys, negative Tweets made by users about e-hailing services can be observed.

- 56 - Table 1: Example of Tweet Classification based on Transportation Service Quality Dimension Dimension Example Tweets Availability Salam @GrabMY you suck! Been waiting for 30 minutes. fxxk off! Safety Taking @GrabMY to KLIA and driver decides to drive without using predesignated route and stuck in traffic for more than 20mins. #Grab Price What the FxxK is your pricing system based on @GrabMY, how can a ride be 18 ringgit at 8:18am then be kicked up to //27// ringgit at 8:20am??? And you don’t have enough drivers to support demand?? Good GOD can we just agree that Grab MY is nowhere as efficient as SG (Source: EYC, 2020) Based on the issues, this study needs to be conducted to identify the main factors influencing the level of user satisfaction with e-hailing services and to develop a conceptual framework related to this study. Literature Review To comprehensively assess customer satisfaction with E-Hailing Services, it is essential to examine factors such as service quality, satisfaction levels, and customer loyalty. i. Service Quality Service quality is a critical aspect of customer satisfaction and loyalty towards a product or service. According to (Guido, 2005), customer satisfaction is the consideration made by users regarding their satisfaction related to their choices about purchasing and using specific products and services. Service quality is an aspect that will influence the level of satisfaction of e-hailing service users and subsequently affect their choice and loyalty to the service. There are six (6) dimensions of service quality used as a basis for assessing and improving service quality. Table 2: Dimensions of Transportation Service Quality No. Dimensions of Service Quality Description 01 Availability Availability of transportation services at any time and wherever users need them. 02 Accessibility Ease of use of the service at anytime, anywhere, and in any condition. 03 Information Users are well-informed with all travel information such as fare, waiting time, pick-up location, driver's name, and real-time traffic conditions. 04 Comfort Increased availability of information leads to higher user confidence in using the service. 05 Safety Company efforts to ensure user comfort when using the service. 06 Price Providing additional services to enhance the user experience in using the service. (Source: Guido, 2005)

- 57 - ii. Satisfaction Level Parasuraman et al (1985) developed the SERVQUAL Model, which is a framework used to measure and assess service quality from the customer's perspective. It helps service providers understand customer expectations and perceptions of the service provided, as well as continuous quality improvement that can be made (Fadilah Mat Nor, 2014). There are five dimensions used in this theory: tangibles, reliability, assurance, responsiveness, and empathy. According to (Fadilah Mat Nor, 2014), each dimension provides its assessment, and the descriptions for each dimension are as follows: a. Tangibles: Tangibles refer to the physical facilities, equipment, and personal appearance involved in providing public transportation services. Tangibles are elements that can be seen or felt. In the context of e-hailing services, clean, comfortable vehicles equipped with modern technology are essential elements that affect user satisfaction. Additionally, e-hailing applications need to be well-designed and functional for easy and user-friendly use. b. Reliability: According to (Fadilah Mat Nor, 2014), reliability is the ability to deliver the promised service accurately. The reliability dimension in this study focuses more on the ability of e-hailing drivers to arrive on time at users' destinations. The reliability of e-hailing is also a determinant factor of customer satisfaction. Users want to be confident that the service will arrive on time, the driver will adhere to the travel schedule, and the journey will be conducted safely. c. Assurance: (Fadilah Mat Nor, 2014), defines assurance as personal attributes such as knowledge, courtesy, and the ability to inspire trust and confidence in customers. Assurance depends on communication skills, credibility, competence, politeness, and safety. Indirectly, the assurance aspect can create trust and a sense of comfort in customers towards the services offered and enable them to receive quality service. d. Responsiveness: According to (Fadilah Mat Nor, 2014), the responsiveness dimension refers to the willingness and readiness of staff to assist and provide the necessary service to customers promptly. In other words, responsiveness is the extent to which an organization or service can respond quickly to customer needs, inquiries, or requests. In e-hailing services, this involves the ability to promptly respond to booking requests, provide quick responses to inquiries, or handle them when customers need assistance. e. Empathy: The empathy element is a feeling that arises when public transportation understands customers' feelings by offering satisfying services. Empathy brings a human dimension into e-hailing services. Empathetic drivers will be able to provide better service, such as assisting with luggage or providing advice on the best routes (Fadilah Mat Nor, 2014). iii. Customer Loyalty Customer loyalty refers to the commitment of customers to continue purchasing goods or services from a particular business or store (Rokimah Mohamad, 2015). In other words, loyalty is the emotional willingness of customers to make repeated purchases of desired goods or services from a specific store, which is a key component for the sustainability of a business.

- 58 - In this study, it covers user loyalty to e-hailing services, where users will repeatedly use the service until there are e-hailing companies that become the users' choice. The quality of ehailing services plays a crucial role in determining user satisfaction with the service and ultimately leads to user loyalty to the service. Conceptual Framework To explore university students' satisfaction with e-hailing services, this study employs dimensions of transportation service quality delineating six (6) criteria: availability, accessibility, information, comfort, safety, and price. Figure 2 illustrates the conceptual structure of the study. This framework depicts the following basic sequence: Transportation service quality (independent variable) leads to user satisfaction with the service (dependent variable), subsequently driving user loyalty. Figure 1: Conceptual Framework Source: Prepared by The Researcher,2024 Conclusion In conclusion, this study was conducted to explore the determinants influencing the customers’ preferences towards e-hailing services and their satisfaction levels. The significance of this study lies in its ability to assist various parties in assessing the use of public transportation within the community. The increased utilization of e-hailing services indicates a reduction in private vehicle usage, contributing to alleviating traffic congestion and reducing environmental impacts. Consequently, the level of service quality provided by e-hailing companies can be assessed to determine whether they meet user satisfaction. Through the quality of service offered, users' choices to remain loyal to services that meet their needs, closely tied to their satisfaction, can be influenced. References EYC, C. H. (2020). Online Impressions On E-Hailing Services: A Study On Positive And Negative Sentiments On Grab Malaysia And Go-Jek Indonesia. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 2515-8260. Fadilah Mat Nor, F. M. (November, 2014). TAHAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN TERHADAP KUALITI PERKHIDMATAN PENGANGKUTAN AWAM DI KUIS. Retrieved from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316620175_TAHAP_KEPUASAN_PELANGGAN_TERHADAP_KUALITI_PERK HIDMATAN_PENGANGKUTAN_AWAM_DI_KUIS Goh Mei Ling, K. B. (March, 2018). ResearchGate. Retrieved from A STUDY ON CONSUMER ADOPTION OF RIDE-HAILING APPS IN MALAYSIA: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324528171_A_STUDY_ON_CONSUMER_ADOPTION_OF_RIDEHAILING_APPS_IN_MALAYSIA. Guido, G. (2005). Customer Satisfaction. Università del Salento: ResearchGate. Mohamad Niza Md Nor, S. M. (2021). E-Hailing Service Satisfaction: A Case Study of Students in a Higher Education Institution in Perlis, Malaysia. Jurnal Intelek Volume 16 Issue 2, August.

- 59 - ID-14: Powering Up - Exploring the Willingness to Pay for EV Charging Stations Puteri Nur Sabrina Hamzin 1 , Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin 2 ¹ Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru. ² Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The demand for electric vehicles is rising which has led to significant advancements in EV charging stations. In this research, the problem arised to understand to what extend the charging infrastructure availability of the EV Charging Station influence the willingness to pay (WTP) of the users and aims to understand the factors by utilizes a qualitative approach with narrative literature. According to the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 2005), behavior is influenced by intentions, shaped by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control to ensures that infrastructure development corresponds with customer behavior, hence improving sustainable mobility options. Keywords: Willingness to Pay, EV Charging Station, Demand and Supply, Green Energy Introduction According to Statista Market Insights (2024) the Electric Vehicles market in Malaysia is projected to reach a revenue of US$168.4 increase than the previous year. Annual growth rate of 4.95%, resulting in a projected market volume of US$214.4 by 2028. The ease of recharging an electric vehicle has a big impact on EV acceptance and use. Nevertheless, when determining the overall cost of the EV Charging Station, it's crucial to additionally take running expenses, the charging infrastructure availability, the cost of installation and the willingness to pay from the potential users. For the future of transportation to be cleaner, more effective, and more accessible, these problems must be resolved. Several key issues regarding EV charging stations emerge from the literature. First, the uneven distribution of EV charging infrastructure creates "charging wastelands" and impedes widespread EV adoption (Afshar, 2020). Second, Factors contributing to the cost of charging an EV include the retail price of electricity, capital costs of charging equipment, installation and maintenance expenses, as well as additional operational costs for dedicated charging stations (Borlaug et al., 2020). Third, understanding consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for EV charging stations is critical, which is influenced by aspects including convenience and charging speed (Zhang et al. (2020). Based on the issues, emphasize the need of determining potential users' WTP for EV charging stations in order to facilitate the extension and enhancement of charging infrastructure. Therefore, to what extend the potential users willing to pay for the EV charging station? Literature Review Due to existing worries about the global economic recovery and solutions to alleviate infrastructural constraints while also promoting sustainable and robust community development. In economics, the term "willingness to pay" (WTP) refers to the highest sum of money a person is willing and able to pay for an item or service (Bisbey et al., 2020). It symbolizes the importance that a customer attaches to a specific product, taking into account their preferences, the advantages they see, and their general level of happiness after making the purchase, Noel et al. (2019). In this research, the acceptance and advancement of charging infrastructure can be significantly affected by the willingness to pay (WTP) for EV charging stations (EVCS). Public and private investments in charging infrastructure may be drawn to EV charging infrastructure if consumers have a high WTP for the accessibility and convenience of EV charging. According to the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 2005),

- 60 - behaviors are influenced by intentions, which are determined by three factors which are attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. This research has adapted variables that are used as indicators to find out the needs and wishes of users in the willingness to pay for EV charging station. This review paper is based on a survey of the literature study. Considering the TPB model, it is clear that behavioral intention is an important construct that plays a vital role in predicting consumer purchasing behavior (Yamna Khan,2023). Table 1: Operationalization of variables. Variables Definition Indicator Sources Attitude toward behavior Beliefs about consequences and overall judgment shape behavior's favorability. • Acceptable price range for an EV charging station Krim, (2021) Subjective Norm Social expectations influence behavior based on perceived norms from friends, family, colleagues, and society. • Factors influence willing to pay for an EV charging station Pevec, (2020) & Bao, (2021) Perceived Behavioral Control Self-belief in successfully performing a behavior considers internal and external factors, influencing motivation and action. • Concerns or barriers that might prevent you from using EV charging station Ramachandara, (2023) Intention It shows the person's perceived propensity or willingness to engage in the behavior. • Encourage others to use EVs as well. Peters, (2020) Behavior Behavior is the actual execution of the anticipated activity or the observable performance of the behavior. • Specific features or services when using EV Charging station Huovila, (2023) (Source: Literature Review, 2024) Methodology This research utilizes a qualitative technique, utilizing a narrative review method to analyze the offered themes. The purpose of qualitative research is to improve understanding of certain phenomena or study questions by delving deeper into concepts, thoughts, and experiences. A qualitative approach in a systematic review is gathering, integrating, and assessing data from qualitative studies to gain insight into the subject matter. This research uses narrative review, summarizing and synthesizing current literature without generalizing findings, focusing on thorough examination and key themes. To use the qualitative approach, this research follow to the six general procedures suggested by Templier and Pare,2015 for writing a review article. A six-step approach for reviewing articles is used to strategically deploy charging stations in areas with both demand and willingness to pay for charging services.These stages outline an organized framework for conducting a complete literature review, which includes determining the topic of the study: Step 1 : Formulating the Problem Step 2 : Searching for relevant literature Step 3 : Screening for inclusion which are extracting data from selected research Step 4 : Assessing quality in the selection of studies Step 5 : Extracting data Step 6 : Analyzing and synthesizing data by using content analysis.

- 61 - By taking these methods, this study aims to provide a thorough knowledge of potential users' willingness to pay for EV charging stations based on existing qualitative research in the field. This selection is based on six cluster provides a structured framework for identifying the significant aspects that influence users' willingness to pay for EV charging stations. This method provides a more comprehensive knowledge of the various components at work, allowing researchers to uncover patterns, trends, and probable relationships within each cluster. The six cluster that have been categorized based on the literature review are: 1) Location (Bao, 2021) 2) Charging Speed (Ramachandaramurthy, 2023) 3) Charging Infrastructure (Pevec, 2020) 4) Availability (Peters, 2020) 5) Subscription Plans (Krim, 2021) 6) Time of Use (Huovila, 2023) Findings This conceptual framework illustrates how attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intentions, willingness to pay, and actual usage in shaping the potential user's engagement with EV charging stations. This approach can provide insights into the elements that influence people's propensity to invest in and use EV charging station. According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, the mechanism process will begin with the attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control influence behavioral intentions, which in turn affect willingness to pay and actual usage of EV charging stations. a. Attitudes: Based on (Wang et al., 2020), Various attitude-related factors influence potential users' demand for EV charging stations Those with positive attitudes toward cost savings are more likely to invest in EV charging stations for financial reasons. In addition, the strategic location of EV charging stations influences perceptions. Furthermore, the perceived cost of installation, which includes both initial setup and continuing maintenance costs, influences potential users' views toward investing in EV charging station. b. Subjective Norms: Social influences play an important part in determining potential consumers' willingness to pay for EV charging stations. Social acceptance or disapproval of environmental sustainability and contribution to lowering carbon emissions are important influences on subjective norms.Furthermore, peer influence and community support for electric car adoption contribute to subjective norms, hence influencing individuals' decisions to invest in EV charging station (Khazaei & Tareq, 2021). c. Perceived Behavioral Control: The quality and dependability of EV charging infrastructure are important predictors of perceived behavioral control. Potential users are more likely to be willing to pay for EV charging stations when they believe the infrastructure is of good quality and reliable, ensuring continuous charging station. (Alamin et al., 2020).

- 62 - Figure 1: The factor of the potential user’s willingness to pay for the EV charging station Conclusion The importance of EV charging stations addresses multiple aspects, including environmental, economic, technological, and social considerations. As electric vehicles (EVs) gain popularity in the automotive industry, the need for EV charging infrastructure becomes more apparent. EV charging stations play an important role in promoting the wider adoption of electric vehicles by addressing concerns about range constraints and accessibility to charging facilities. This insight not only enhances the competitiveness of charging infrastructure but also stimulates investment in research and development aimed at enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of EV charging technologies. By examining individuals' willingness to pay for charging services and their approach to the future era of development, stakeholders can better anticipate market trends, tailor their offerings to meet customer demands, and drive strategic decision-making processes. Furthermore, this study program aims to engage consumers who drive hybrid or electric vehicles to determine their demand for and readiness to pay for EV charging stations. By thoroughly evaluating aspects such as installation costs, convenience, intention, and user behavior, stakeholders can better adjust the deployment of charging infrastructure to meet the unique demands of EV drivers in various places. This method not only improves charging facility accessibility, but also helps to expand and diversify the EV charging network, supporting the transition to a more sustainable transportation ecology. References Afshar, S., Macedo, P., Mohamed, F., & Disfani, V. (2020). A literature review on mobile charging station technology for electric vehicles.. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2004.00783 Bao, Z., Hu, Z., Kammen, D. M., & Su, Y. (2021). Data-driven approach for analyzing spatiotemporal price elasticities of ev public charging demands based on conditional random fields. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 12(5), 4363-4376. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3080460 Borlaug, B., Salisbury, S., Gerdes, M., & Muratori, M. (2020). Levelized cost of charging electric vehicles in the united states. Joule, 4(7), 1470-1485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.05.013 Bisbey, J., Li, L., Gu, Q., & Chu, C. (2020). Attracting private financing in cross-border infrastructure investments. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 4(2), 179. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v4i2.1199 Cheikh-Mohamad, S., Sechilariu, M., Locment, F., & Krim, Y. (2021). Pv-powered electric vehicle charging stations: preliminary requirements and feasibility conditions. Applied Sciences, 11(4), 1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041770 Fishbein, M., and Ajzen, I. (1975), Belief Attitude, Intention and Behavior. An Introduction to Theory and Research, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

- 63 - Hisoglu, S., Tuominen, A., & Huovila, A. (2023). An approach for selecting optimal locations for electric vehicle solar charging stations. IET Smart Cities, 5(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1049/smc2.12058Alessandra, A. J., O'Connor, M. J., & Van Dyke, J. (1994). People Smarts: Bending the Golden Rule to Give Others what They Want. Pfeiffer. Khan, Y., Hameed, I., & Akram, U. (2023). What drives attitude, purchase intention and consumer buying behavior toward organic food? A self-determination theory and theory of planned behavior perspective. British Food Journal, 125(7), 2572–2587. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-07-2022-0564 Khazaei, H. and Tareq, M. A. (2021). Moderating effects of personal innovativeness and driving experience on factors influencing adoption of bevs in malaysia: an integrated sem–bsem approach. Heliyon, 7(9), e08072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08072 Pevec, D., Babić, J., Carvalho, A., Ghiassi-Farrokhfal, Y., Ketter, W., & Podobnik, V. (2020). A survey-based assessment of how existing and potential electric vehicle owners perceive range anxiety. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, 122779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122779 Peters, D. R., Schnell, J. L., Kinney, P. L., Naik, V., & Horton, D. E. (2020). Public health and climate benefits and trade‐offs of u.s. vehicle electrification. GeoHealth, 4(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gh000275 Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., Ajmal, A. M., Kasinathan, P., Tan, K. M., Yong, J. Y., & Vinoth, R. (2023). Social acceptance and preference of ev users—a review. IEEE Access, 11, 11956-11972. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3241636 Wang, D., Locment, F., & Sechilariu, M. (2020). Modelling, simulation, and management strategy of an electric vehicle charging station based on a dc microgrid. Applied Sciences, 10(6), 2053. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10062053 Zhang, Q., Hu, Y., Tan, W., Li, C., & Ding, Z. (2020). Dynamic time-of-use pricing strategy for electric vehicle charging considering user satisfaction degree. Applied Sciences, 10(9), 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093247

- 64 - ID-15: Determining Intersection Level-of-Service using Microsimulation Muhammad Faiz Naufal 1 , Muhammad Zaly Shah Muhammad Hussein 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The Level of Service (LOS) at an intersection assumes a pivotal role as a key metric, serving as a measure of its efficacy in accommodating the intricate needs of traffic. This assessment transcends the technicalities inherent in traffic management, evolving into a foundational element for the nuanced orchestration of successful urban planning. This study presents a simulation-based strategy that addresses these constraints by simulating the intricate interactions between automobiles, people, and infrastructure using microscopic or macroscopic traffic simulation software. The simulation model closely represents real-world situations by using precise traffic data such as turning motions, volume, and signal timing. This study suggests a paradigm shift: a simulation-based method that reveals the hidden intricacies of junction performance. Microscopic or macroscopic traffic simulation software acts as a digital doppelganger, painstakingly recreating the real-world behaviour of automobiles and pedestrians at the intersection in question. Keywords: Traffic in Assessment, Simulation, Transport Introduction Traffic analysis is crucial in transportation planning and engineering. It aids in the evaluation of existing infrastructure performance and the development of new systems capable of managing traffic flow efficiently. The simulation approach enables real-time analysis of how traffic conditions evolve, providing insights into congestion patterns and potential bottlenecks. Furthermore, traffic simulation software acts as a time machine, enabling engineers to virtually test the effectiveness of improvements like new lanes or intelligent traffic signals before any construction begins. This minimizes disruption and ensures the chosen solutions truly optimize traffic flow. Traffic analysis even extends beyond historical data, with real-time sensor information allowing for immediate responses to congestion and accidents, keeping commutes efficient and safe. Literature Review i. Detailed Analysis of Traffic Performance Simulation models can generate visual representations of traffic flow, providing insights into areas of congestion, bottlenecks, and queue lengths. Through detailed analysis, simulation models can pinpoint specific locations within the network that contribute disproportionately to congestion. This visual data is easier to understand for stakeholders who may not have a technical background in traffic analysis. (Hoogendoorn & Boyacı, 2001; Liu et al., 2014). ii. Representation of Complexity Numerous elements, such as driver behavior, vehicle kinds, and road infrastructure, all have an influence on flow. Traffic flow is fundamentally stochastic, which means that random occurrences such as driver behavior, accidents, and weather changes may all have a large influence. Simulation models can include random features to imitate the unpredictable nature of real-world traffic. Simulation methods deal for this complexity by adding multiple factors and stochastic aspects, offering a more accurate picture of traffic behavior than analytical models. (Gipps, 1985; P Bendtsen, 2014). The incorporation of

- 65 - stochastic features in simulation models enables a more nuanced and realistic depiction of traffic behaviour. These models can better depict the complexities of real-world traffic flow by accounting for the unpredictable nature of driver behaviours such as rapid lane changes, fluctuations in driving speeds, and unexpected braking manoeuvres. Furthermore, stochastic modelling allows engineers to analyse the probable influence of random occurrences or disturbances, such as accidents, road closures, or inclement weather, on traffic operations and congestion. Figure 1: Photo Example (Source: Field Survey, 2023) Figure 2: Photo Example (Source: Field Survey, 2023) Table 1: Table Example No. Variables Type of Research Approximately Data 1 Peak Hour Timeline (07.00-8.30), (17.00-19.00) 2 Vehicles heading from Pulai Jaya 1/1 to East Jalan Kangkar Jaya Units of Vehicle 25-65 vehicles (17.00-19.00) 3 Vehicles heading from Pulai Jaya 1/1 to West Jalan Kangkar Jaya Units of Vehicle 150-350 vehicles (17.00-19.00) 4 Vehicles heading from West Jalan Kangkar Jaya to Jalan Pulai Jaya 1/1 Units of Vehicle 50-100 vehicles (17.00-19.00) 5 Vehicles heading from East Jalan Kangkar Jaya to Jalan Pulai Jaya 1/1 Units of Vehicle 100-150 vehicles (17.00-19.00) 6 Vehicles that remain straight from West to East Jalan Kangkar Pulai Units of Vehicle 30-70 vehicles (17.00-19.00) 7 Vehicles that remain straight from East to West Jalan Kangkar Pulai Units of Vehicle 150-350 vehicles (17.00-19.00) (Source: Field Survey, 2023) Methodology i. Simulation Model PTV Vissim is a powerful traffic simulation software that can be used to model and analyze traffic flow in a variety of settings, PTV Vissim can be integrated with real-world traffic data collected from sensors and other sources. This integration enhances the accuracy and applicability of simulations, ensuring the solutions proposed are grounded in real-world conditions (PTV Group, n.d.). Additionally, the software offers robust data analysis and visualization tools, allows engineers to properly convey their results to users.

- 66 - ii. Scenario Analysis Sensitivity testing is included in the technique, which investigates how changes in signal timings, geometric configurations, and traffic volumes effect LOS, guaranteeing adaptation to changing urban situations. Overall, scenario analysis plays a crucial role in informing transportation planning, design, and management decisions. By systematically exploring a range of possible scenarios and conducting sensitivity testing across key parameters, engineers can optimize the performance and efficiency of transportation systems, enhance the quality of service for road users, and ensure the long-term sustainability and resilience of urban mobility infrastructure. Findings Addressing traffic congestion on Kangkar Pulai Road requires a multi-pronged approach informed by robust data. Drone footage and high-resolution traffic cameras act as digital eagles, soaring over the road and revealing bottlenecks, accident-prone areas, and inefficient lane utilization patterns. This visual evidence, combined with traffic data from platforms like Google Maps, paints a comprehensive picture of the problem. Google Maps allows us to pinpoint peak hours and congestion hotspots with pinpoint accuracy. By analyzing historical traffic flow information, we can identify the most critical times and locations that demand immediate attention. Furthermore, advanced traffic simulation software like PTV Vissim can be employed to create virtual models of Kangkar Pulai road. This software is akin to a time machine for traffic engineers. By incorporating real-world traffic data and proposed infrastructure changes, they can virtually test the effectiveness of various solutions, such as adding new lanes, modifying intersections, or implementing synchronized traffic signals. This approach allows them to optimize solutions and minimize disruption during construction phases, ensuring a smoother transition to a more efficient traffic flow. Ultimately, by combining these resources, we can develop targeted improvements that not only optimize traffic flow but also ensure the road's functionality for all users, be it car drivers, large trucks, motorcyclists, or even cyclists. A datadriven approach paves the way for a more efficient and safer Kangkar Pulai road for everyone. Conclusion This research adds to the current debate on improving urban mobility, safety, and efficiency by addressing the limits of existing methodologies and incorporating ideas from relevant studies. The findings are likely to have far-reaching ramifications for practitioners, politicians, and researchers working in the broad field of transportation engineering. Simulation models offer a flexible and adaptable approach to traffic analysis. They provide a realistic representation of traffic behavior, enabling evaluation of different scenarios, detailed performance analysis, and improved communication between stakeholders. However, data requirements, the need for calibration and validation, and computational costs are limitations that need to be addressed. References Bendtsen, P. (2002). Microscopic traffic simulation for real-time traffic management. In Traffic Congestion and Traffic Management: Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory (pp. 3-17). Pergamon. Miska, M. P. (2006). Microscopic online simulation for real time traffic management. Netherlands TRAIL Research School.

- 67 - ID-16: Analyzing Sentiments Surrounding the Indonesian Presidential Election and Its Three Contending Candidates Rizal Ramadhan Zulkarnaen 1 , Noradila Rusli 2 ¹ Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor ² Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This study aims to understand public opinion on the three Indonesian presidential candidates, Anies, Prabowo, Ganjar, and Pemilu, using social media data, specifically tweets. The research uses approximately 8,016 tweets from Twitter, focusing on the keywords "Anies, Prabowo, Ganjar, and Pemilu". The data will be analyzed to identify differences based on sentiment. The study emphasizes the importance of quick and affordable social media data analysis for gaining insightful knowledge about public opinion and viewpoints on specific subjects. The research underscores the value of social media data analysis in gaining valuable insights into public opinion and viewpoints. Keywords: Twitter, Public Opinion, Sentiment, Urban Planning, Indonesia Presidential General Election Introduction Indonesia is the 15th largest country in the world with a total area of 1,904,569 square kilometers and ranks as the 4th most populous country below India, China, and the United States with a total population of 279,072,446. Indonesia is also known as an archipelagic nation with a total of 17,508 islands, and it consists of 38 provinces. Indonesia is recognized as a democratic nation under the provisions of the 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945), particularly elucidated in Article 1 section (2). This constitutional provision embodies two fundamental principles: the principle of People’s Sovereignty, synonymous with democracy, and the principle of a state governed by law (Budiardjo, 2013). Presidential general elections (Pemilu Presiden), often known as the electoral process, is the method that allows Indonesian people every 5 years to choose their president and vice president. Social media platforms have become crucial arenas for political discourse worldwide, serving as hubs for discussions, debates, and the dissemination of information (Wang et al., 2012). In Indonesia, where the next general election is slated for April 17, 2024, these platforms have taken on added significance. The impending election has sparked lively conversations and predictions about potential presidential candidates among Indonesian citizens. Social media has provided a space for individuals to voice their opinions, share insights, and engage with political issues, shaping public discourse and influencing perceptions. As such, these digital platforms play a vital role in shaping the political landscape and fostering civic engagement in Indonesia and beyond (Budiharto & Meiliana, 2018). Literature Review Presidential Election General election basically is the realization of the principles of democracy which cover the guarantee of the implementation of principles of individual freedom and equality, particularly in political right. Therefore, general election is one way to choose people’s representatives democratically. Therefore, for countries which call themselves democratic countries, general election is one important characteristic that must be held periodically in certain time. General elections are an essential component of every country that incorporates democratic ideas into its political structure. In a democracy, widespread participation in general elections serves as the foundation for legitimizing political power. It provides for the

- 68 - transfer of people's sovereignty to specific candidates, allowing them to take up political positions based on popular interest and opinion (Syafei & Darajati, 2020). The increase in social media sites such as Twitter has led to the internet becoming a place of increased expression and opinion sharing on a vast range of topics (Pak & Paroubek, n.d.). Twitter is the most popular micro-blogging tool among other existing equivalents and has been extensively featured in the public media (Zhao & Rosson, 2009). For example, it has been used by political campaigns, news organizations, and for business communications. Twitter is a platform that allows users to broadcast text updates about their thoughts or opinions. As of 2016, Twitter has an average of 330 million monthly active users in over 100 countries, providing scholars with a significantly large dataset that is easily accessible using Twitter APIs (Hawelka et al., 2014; Java et al., 2007). Twitter's real-time nature requires academics to utilize geospatial analytic tools to analyze geolocated data posted by users. This data can indicate how individuals react to their surroundings and movement patterns, in addition to text analysis. Twitter allows users to broadcast their geographic locations in tweets using GPS or IP address. In 2015, over 80% of Twitter users used mobile devices (Hawelka et al., 2014; Brandt & Richter, 2015). Sentiment analysis describes the field of study concerned with analysing the opinions, attitudes and emotions of individuals towards entities such as products, services, organisations, locations and events (Liu, 2012). Sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining, is a dynamic research area within natural language processing that examines individuals' opinions, sentiments, evaluations, attitudes, and emotions through the computational analysis of subjectivity in text (Hutto & Gilbert, 2014). VADER is a lexicon and rule-based sentiment analysis tool designed to accurately capture sentiments commonly found in social media content. This tool is freely available as an open-source resource. Additionally, VADER incorporates word order and degree modifiers in its analysis process (Elbagir & Yang, 2019). VADER has been particularly effective in analyzing social media texts, movie reviews, and product reviews. Its success stems from its ability to provide not only positivity and negativity scores but also nuanced insights into the intensity of sentiments (Bonta et al., 2019). Methodology We chose the entire Indonesian country as the study region. Indonesia has a population of about 279 million. Using Python to get public opinion from specified geo-points in Indonesia. Google Colab is a hosted Jupyter Notebook service that requires no setup and offers free computing resources. It enables us to create and run Python code straight in the browser while also providing access to Google Drive for notebook storage and sharing. Tweets were gathered over 74 days, from November 28th, 2023 to February 10th, 2024, using Python code created in Google Colab. A Python code set for extracting data from specific places within a specified radius in order to cover a whole region in Indonesia. We selected 8,016 tweets with four keywords: "Anies, Prabowo, Ganjar, and Pemilu". The tweets were listed on Excel and split by keyword to make it simpler to translate and validate before being analyzed using VADER sentiment analysis via Python code on Google Colab.

- 69 - Figure 1. Research Methodology Findings The Indonesian public's thoughts on Indonesia's three presidential contenders and their presidential election have been gathered and evaluated, revealing an interesting distribution of emotion. Figure 2 reveals that 58.53% of the gathered data is considered positive, 21.85% represents neutral, and 19.62% remains negative. Figure 2. Percentage of Sentiment Conclusion This study attempted to evaluate social media data from Twitter to understand the context of Indonesian people towards four terms "Anies, Prabowo, Ganjar, and Pemilu" during the presidential election campaign period, which began on November 28, 2023 and ended on February 10, 2024. The statistics indicate that 58.53% of 8016 tweets are positive, 21.85% are neutral, and 19.62% are negative. Understanding the distribution of popular attitudes regarding presidential candidates and elections in Indonesia is useful information. A large share of positive emotion indicates that the public is pleased or approves of the candidates or events. On the other hand, a high degree of negative emotion may reflect concerns or dissatisfaction with certain parts of urban life or management. Urban planners may use this information to find potential areas for improvement or to address specific issues that are negatively influencing public perception. 0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% Positive Neutral Negative Sentiment Percentage Sentiment

- 70 - This study emphasizes the possibility for using big data from social media to measure public opinion on certain subjects or events. The presidential election highlighted the need of realtime information and quick, efficient decision-making. Social media networks provide large volumes of real-time data that may be studied to gain valuable insights. Data mining is a costeffective alternative to traditional data collecting methods, providing researchers with significant information without the problems and time limits of previous approaches. References Budiardjo, M. (2013). Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Politik, 2012. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, edisi revisi. Bonta, V., Kumaresh, N., & Janardhan, N. (2019). A Comprehensive Study on Lexicon Based Approaches for Sentiment Analysis. In Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology (Vol. 8, Issue S2). www.rottentomatoes. Brandt, M., & Richter, F. (2015, April 29). Statista. 80% Of Twitter’s Users Are Mobile. https://www.statista.com/chart/1520/number-of-monthly-active-twitter-users/. Budiharto, W., & Meiliana, M. (2018). Prediction and analysis of Indonesia Presidential election from Twitter using sentiment analysis. Journal of Big Data, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-018-0164-1 Elbagir, S., & Yang, J. (2019). Twitter Sentiment Analysis Using Natural Language Toolkit and VADER Sentiment (Vol. 122). Hawelka, B., Sitko, I., Beinat, E., Sobolevsky, S., Kazakopoulos, P., & Ratti, C. (2014). Geo-located Twitter as proxy for global mobility patterns. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 41(3), 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2014.890072 Hutto, C. J., & Gilbert, E. (2014). VADER: A Parsimonious Rule-based Model for Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Text. http://sentic.net/ Java, A., Song, X., Finin, T., & Tseng, B. (2007). Why We Twitter: Understanding Microblogging Usage and Communities. http://www.pownce.com Liu, B. (2012). Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. Pak, A., & Paroubek, P. (n.d.). Twitter as a Corpus for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining. http://tumblr.com Syafei, M., & Darajati, M. R. (2020). Design of General Election in Indonesia. Wang, H., Can, D., Kazemzadeh, A., Bar, F., & Narayanan, S. (2012). A System for Real-time Twitter Sentiment Analysis of 2012 U.S. Presidential Election Cycle. Association for Computational Linguistics. http://t.co/qEns1Pmi Zhao, D., & Rosson, M. B. (2009). How and Why People Twitter: The Role that Micro-blogging Plays in Informal Communication at Work. Association for Computing Machinery.

- 71 - ID-17: Enhancing Sustainable Pedestrian Networks through Urban Network Analysis Navina Ganesan1 , Gobi Krishna Sinniah 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Pedestrians use the street the most intensely and cover less ground in the same period of time as other users. Because of this, the design of a street network requires the creation of a friendly atmosphere that may link pedestrians throughout the city.This study will highlight on the usage of the Urban Network Analysis(UNA) to establish a pedestrian network which is suitable for the entire community in term of urban infrastructure, including roads, walkways, and open spaces. The findings of the study emphasize on how crucial it is to integrate the urban network analysis into community development approaches to promote sustainable mobility and establish pedestrian friendly space. Keywords: Street Network, Connection, Environment, Sustainability, Mobility Introduction Enhancing the street network could lead to an increase in people's walkability. Walking is an essential physical activity which is connected to community wellbeing by promoting good health and reducing cardiovascular related diseases. In recent studies, walking has been defined as a healthy physical activity suitable for different ages, different athletic abilities, and different exercise goals, which could promote social communication, avoid obesity, and enhance immunity (Yang et al., 2022). Therefore, a thoughtfully planned pedestrian network is necessary to improve the general quality of life for locals, encourage active and sustainable modes of transportation, and strengthen community connections (Marek, n.d.). The street network functions as a mobility to connect the people to various main urban elements such as parks, schools, malls, religious buildings and neighbourhood areas by foot. The pedestrian network in Iranian cities worked as a city skeleton and there were main urban elements and activities included the bazaar complex, school, and neighbour centres (Jabbari et al., 2023). Therefore, it is very important to create a well-connected and user-friendly network which supports sustainable transportation as achieving a sustainable and liveable environment is the prime goal of urban design. The application of urban network analysis (UNA) on establishing a community conscious pedestrian network is the main focus of the study. By integrating the urban network analysis, it is believed to evaluate the efficiency and pedestrian connectivity, determined on enhancing the pedestrian connectivity and infrastructure and also creates a framework that considers aspects of land use,roadway design in creating a sustainable pedestrian network (Nathan, n.d.). It also emphasizes the importance of creating walkable landscapes that provide accessibility and infrastructures for pedestrians. This helps in contributing to the development of low carbon and liveable communities by analyzing the current urban network, bringing forth the framework of sustainable pedestrian network. By offering smooth transitions between integration with pedestrian network and community will improve connectivity and community engagement which involves in the planning process with the community makes it more likely that the street network will suit local requirements and preferences, fostering a more cohesive and liveable environment.

- 72 - Literature Review One of the most important factors in city planning and design is street network connectivity. The efficiency is focused in promoting a community conscious pedestrian network through the creation of urban settings and street environments. The ability for pedestrians to move around and go from one place to another on foot is the main purpose of the pedestrian network. A useful framework for comprehending the functional relationships and spatial organization of urban environments is offered by urban network analysis. It is achievable to evaluate the effectiveness, connection, and accessibility of urban infrastructure, such as streets, walkways, and open spaces, by using network analysis techniques. Urban network analysis can direct the creation of sustainable pedestrian networks in the context of community planning, which will promote active transportation and improve community liveability (Yang et al., 2022). Table 1 illustrates how the study concentrated on various facets of urban networks that improve community-based pedestrian networks. The goal of the research is to offer an extensive understanding of the state of knowledge and best practices in these categories, which will serve as the basis for the analysis and suggestions made in the case study. Table 1: Literature Review Most of the studies focusing on developing the urban network through sustainable urban design framework to enhance the community wellbeing. Therefore, different approaches were conducted for the purpose of a well-connected and sustainable mobility in city.However, the urban network analysis provides characteristics of the residents and neighbor connectivity that emerge from the modeling of the community pedestrian network which contributes in designing a successful pedestrian which supports the enhancement of community both physically and mentally.Overall, through the integration of few studies, this research aims to offer useful suggestions for the planning of a sustainable pedestrian network Methodology The community pedestrian network is examined through the application of Urban Network Analysis (UNA). Using the concept of quantitative calculations, UNA may be used to anticipate the age-group walking behavior of the community's population as well as conduct an objective Authors Concerns Major Finding (Yang et al., 2022) A community pedestrian network design technique based on Urban Network Analysis will be implemented in order to raise awareness about low-carbon and green cities The characteristics of the residents and the neighbours’ accessibility that are calculated from the simulation of the community pedestrian network. This method's adaptability and limitations were discussed about. The suggested approach may be crucial to creating liveable, sustainable communities. (Nathan, n.d.) The study evaluates the current urban network, points out areas for development, and suggests a framework for designing a sustainable community pedestrian network. The importance of implementing the urban network research analysis into the community design process which support the sustainable mobility and develop pedestrian-friendly environment. (Marek, n.d.) Implementing active transportation by emphasizing pedestrian-friendly design that can establish a walkable, linked street that enhance the community live. Evaluate the accessibility and connectedness of current pedestrian infrastructure by analyzing urban networks strategies to improve the community connectivity.

- 73 - and accurate research of the street vitality (Yang et al., 2022). The tools urban network analysis for pedestrian networks evaluates and examines the attributes, connectivity, and effectiveness of pedestrian infrastructure in urban environments.It also provides a organized structured for accessing the functional linkages and spatial arrangement of sidewalks, crosswalks and pedestrian routes and other components that promote the pedestrian mobility. Findings The principle behind urban network analysis for pedestrian networks is the realization that walkability, accessibility, and the overall pedestrian experience are all significantly affected by the way pedestrian infrastructure is designed and set out. Urban network analysis looks at the pedestrian network as an intricate system of interconnected pathways and nodes. Its goal is to find opportunities for improvement and areas of strength and weakness so that pedestrian connectivity can be maximized, ultimately improving the pedestrian experience in urban environments.Therefore,it is identified that the urban network analysis provides an organized method to evaluate the pedestrian network in urban settings and it supports the improvisation of the safety, connectivity and livability.The enhancement of walkability also achieved in this method as several elements that come together to produce a pedestrian-friendly setting. Infrastructure for pedestrians, connection, mixed land use, security, convenience, services, and attractiveness are some of these elements. Communities can develop settings that promote and encourage active transportation, encourage healthier lifestyles, lessen traffic congestion, and improve the general quality of life for citizens by giving importance to these elements in urban design and planning. Conclusion In summary, the establishment of walkable, sustainable communities that support active transportation is essential to the creation of healthy, ecologically responsible and liveable urban settings. Numerous factors, such as physical amenities, construction and layout, security and stability, social and cultural features, policy and planning concerns and safety and security all have an impact on walkability. Communities may develop pedestrian-friendly settings that highlights the requirements and preferences of pedestrians by including these considerations into the design and urban planning process. This involves establishing well-kept public spaces and sidewalks, putting traffic calming measures into place, offering amenities and public spaces, and encouraging mixed land use, creating interaction networks and putting supportive laws and regulations into place. There are several advantages to walkability and active transportation, such as better public health results, lower carbon emissions, more social interaction, and less reliance on vehicles. In addition, walkable communities also encourage accessibility to facilities, services, and green spaces, they also support social equity, a sense of place, and aliveness. In overall, this study attempts to support in the creation of walkable and sustainable communities by incorporating urban network analysis into the community's planning process. References Jabbari, M., Fonseca, F., Smith, G., Conticelli, E., Tondelli, S., Ribeiro, P., Ahmadi, Z., Papageorgiou, G., & Ramos, R. (2023). The Pedestrian Network Concept: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Urban Mobility, 3, 100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbmob.2023.100051 Marek, Z. (n.d.). Zofia Marek. (2023). Enhancing Community Connectivity through Pedestrian Network Design in Dadong. Enhancing Community Connectivity through Pedestrian Network Design in Dadong. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8146150 Nathan, C. (n.d.). Clara Nathan. (2023). Urban Network Analysis for Sustainable Community Pedestrian Network Design. Urban Network Analysis for Sustainable Community Pedestrian Network Design. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8146021 Yang, X., Sun, H., Huang, Y., & Fang, K. (2022). A Framework of Community Pedestrian Network Design Based on Urban Network Analysis. Buildings, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060819

- 74 - ID-18: Role of Regional Development Authority on Physical Development of Township in Malaysia Riski Afifah Paryanto 1 , Mohamad Fadhli Rashid 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: The study aims to measure the extent of physical development in Bandar Penawar according to the planned master plan 2005 with the role of regional development authority which is Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA). The methods applied are qualitative and quantitative approaches using field study and questionnaire in Bandar Penawar. The study will use content analysis to evaluate the factors and impacts of the physical development towards the community. Hence, the study helps the authorities to monitor the progress and development based on development policies to solve issues towards better development in rural areas based on the identified factors and impacts. Keywords: Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA), Physical Development, Regional Development Authority Introduction Regional development is one of the strategies used by the government in dealing with imbalance development issues (uneven development) in Malaysia since the 1970s (Ibrahim Ngah,1989). Bandar Penawar is one of the 6 areas planned under Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA) for development in the southeast region of the state of Johor. The role of regional development authority in Bandar Penawar is to reduce economic imbalances, to create job opportunities and to accelerate economic growth in the southeast Johor region (New Economic Policy). So, one of the strategies in Bandar Penawar is to ensure better physical development towards society and to achieve the main goals of the regional development authority. Physical developments in Bandar Penawar are seen as "adhoc" and due to land use conflicts (Zuraida, 2023). The regional development authority that has succeeded in developing Bandar Penawar. Unfortunately, there are some physical developments that cannot be fully developed as planned based on the master plan. Therefore, the study aims to measure the extent of physical development in Bandar Penawar according to the planned master plan 2005 and how important the role of regional development authority towards the study area. . Literature Review i. Role of Regional Development Authority Under the New Economic Policy (1970-1990), regional development planning was regarded as one of the most important means of achieving the goals of poverty eradication and societal restructuring in terms of social, economic, and spatial components. The development of new growth centres in Peninsular Malaysia's resource frontier regions was based on Friedmann's resource frontier strategy, which had been applied to South America in the 1960s (Friedmann, 1966). Several statutory regional development authorities (RDAs) such as Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA) were established to carry out the development strategy in resource frontier areas, primarily virgin forest, in less developed parts of Peninsular Malaysia, such as Southeast of Johor. According to Hashim & Abdullah (2009), the goal of a development indeed needs to be supported by the implementing agency continuously with the role which is clear. Therefore,

- 75 - Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA) is a body agency statutory under the Ministry of Rural and Regional Development of Malaysia which functions as a regional development agency for the Southeast region of the State Johor. KEJORA's achievement is to create 6 new cities that have been built with as many as 6,547 housing units and 423 business spaces due to all the city has been equipped with various public and social facilities. The role of Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA) in Bandar Penawar are to promote and stimulate on economic and social development in the Southeast Johor area; to facilitate and work on residential, agricultural, industrial and commercial development in the Southeast Johor area; and to control and coordinate the implementation of the aforementioned activities in the Southeast Johor area. KEJORA focused development on village, economic, industrial, entrepreneur, human capital, tourism, agriculture, infrastructure and utility in developing regions such as Bandar Penawar. ii. Physical Development of Township In order to achieve the Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA)’s goals, the effort carried out is to ensure that the physical development in the Bandar Penawar has a positive impact on the surrounding population. The Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA) has built many physical developments according to land use classes such as institutions, public facilities and housing in order to play their role as regional development authority in the study area. In the context of physical development of the district Kota Tinggi, Bandar Penawar is classified as equivalent to the Town of Kota Tinggi, which is a Semi-Regional Center State. The three main functions of Bandar Penawar that have been outlined in the Draft Kota Tinggi District Local Plan 2020 is as a tourism city coastal, high-class service or trade centers and also as an education cluster (Draft District Local Plan). The location close to the coastal tourist area gives Bandar Penawar the advantage of being developed as a city supporting activities and tourism in its surroundings. However, some of the physical development planned in the masterplan could not be followed as several driving and hindering factors. Table 1: Driving Factors and Hindering Factors for Physical Development in Bandar Penawar No. Indicator factors Literature Review 01 Existing resources Factor-specific competitiveness is based on the main core sectors such as the agricultural sector, the tourism sector, oil, gas, and petrochemical, the manufacturing sector, and the education sector (Remali Yusoff et al,. 2009). 02 Balancing development Balance development in Malaysia now matters seriously because though various efforts have been implemented by the government, imbalance still cannot guarantee the well-being of society (Noor Serihamsa et al,. 2021). 03 Rearrangement settlement Development which done needs to take into account some needs like facility residence and provision of employment opportunities (Norainah, 2009). 04 Economic situation High economic growth is synonymous with wealth and improving the welfare of life people and becomes a prerequisite for the progressive country (Brekke 1997). 05 Planning plan Planning plan also to control planning in order aspects of public and social facilities are taken into account while planning something scheme Development (Halmi Zainol, 2010). 06 Location Strategic location plays an important role in physical development because it affects the success or effectiveness of a project or area (Halmi Zainol, 2015).

- 76 - 07 Eliminate poverty The problem of poverty is following the race with the highest poverty rate among Malays who are focused on activities of traditional agriculture (New Economic Policy). 08 Infrastructure The rural community is a village community that enjoys a large variety of infrastructure modernization as a result of rapid development in the core area (Suliana, 2018). 09 Migration In-migration-related demographic shifts, as well as the development as a result of transition processes, with a focus on the identification of "excluded groups" who suffer from poverty and economic and social exclusion vulnerability (Choon et al., 2011; Rashid and Ngah,2018). 10 Culture and heritage Cultural heritage plays a significant role in promoting economic development and fostering cross-cultural understanding (Suliana, 2018). Methodology Study Area and Methodology The study area is one of the 6 cities under the Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA) which is Bandar Penawar. It is because Bandar Penawar is the first new city of 6 cities developed by KEJORA around the 1970s. The administrative center of KEJORA is also located in the Bandar Penawar, which is the location of the study area. Looking at the concept of settlement hierarchy, Bandar Penawar is a State Regional Center through more land use planning and comprehensive. Figure 1: The boundaries of study area (Source: Johor Southeast Development Board) The methodological approach used in this research is depending on the objectives and research questions of the study. The study used a mixed method which are quantitative and qualitative methodology.The survey components were thought to address several main objectives concerning the driving factors and hindering factors for physical development in Bandar Penawar. Next, to evaluate the accuracy and appropriateness of the survey questionnaire, an inventory was conducted. The inventory is to test the reliability of all the questions in a research instrument to be conducted during a field study. The purposive sampling including 68 respondents is used in order to achieve questionnaire survey for the sample are chosen consciously based on the knowledge and understanding of the research question at hand and goals.

- 77 - Findings As a result of the inventory survey, some of the physical development in the city of Penawar complies with the master plan that was based on the master plan of 2005. Through the inventory shows it is also possible to identify whether a successful development is being carried out or not, what are the driving factors that cause a successful development to be carried out and what are the hindering factors that cause a development to not be able to follow the master plan. Finding of Factors Influencing the Physical Development in Bandar Penawar Table 2: Finding on Factors Influencing the Physical Development in Bandar Penawar. No. Indicator factors Scale/ Frequency 1 2 3 4 1 Existing resources 0 0 0 4 2 Balancing development 0 0 0 4 3 Rearrangement settlement 0 0 0 4 4 Economic situation 0 0 0 4 5 Planning plan 0 0 0 4 6 Location 0 0 0 4 7 Eliminate poverty 0 0 1 3 8 Infrastructure 0 0 0 4 9 Migration 0 0 0 4 10 Culture and heritage 0 1 0 3 The study targets the agencies which are Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA), Kejora Development Holding Sdn Bhd (KDHSB), Pengerang Municipal Council (MPP) and Kota Tinggi District Council (MDKT) to achieve objective 2 which is factors influencing the physical development in Bandar Penawar. Based on the table, most agencies approved the list of indicator factors influencing the physical development in Bandar Penawar. Other than that, KEJORA said the hindering factor was land use that is not suitable based on the master plan. Furthermore, development is also made based on current demand so it requires the development change not follow the master plan provided. However, Pengerang Municipal Council (MPP) gives the driving factors that cause physical development is the existence of the 2020 Kota Tinggi District Local Plan. The Kota Tinggi District Council said that physical development in Bandar Penawar was based on the demand of population that kept increasing because of the Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex (PIC). It requires a high number of houses to be built and more commercials in the centre of Bandar Penawar to help the community live their daily life. Based on the findings, it clearly shows that the regional development authority plays an important role in order to achieve the physical development in Bandar Penawar. Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA) plays an important role because it was their responsibility to achieve the aims and objectives of establishing the regional development authority. The finding on those factors will influence physical development as it is approved by the agencies. Conclusion After obtaining data and making analysis, the study succeeded in achieving all objectives regarding physical development in Bandar Penawar. It is because the purpose of this study is to see the achievement role of regional development authority on physical development in rural areas and how the development can be successful following the master plan. The significance of the study based on the theory resource frontier relates to the physical

- 78 - development in the study area. It also can help the stakeholders to ensure the physical development is followed by a master plan. The study conducted on the role of regional development authority in Bandar Penawar as this area is one of the cities developed by Johor Southeast Development Board (KEJORA). Therefore, the study can be the direction to apply in other regional development areas in Malaysia. The study is able to conduct the factors influencing the physical development not only in the regional development area but also in the regional development growth corridor. References Abdul Rahim Bin Haji Ramli. (2007). Kesan Pembangunan Perindustrian di Kawasan Pasir Gudang Terhadap Tahap Sosioekonomi Penduduk Perkampungan Tradisional di Sekitar. Brekke, K.A. 1997. Economic Growth and the Environment: On the Measurement of Income and Welfare. United Kingdom: Edward Elger. Nurul Suliana binti Yusoff (2018). Rural Community Wellbeing in Iskandar Malaysia Economic Development Growth Region Ridzuan Zaidi. (2020). Persepsi Penduduk Terhadap Penempatan Semula Akibat Pembangunan Di Rapid Pengerang. Shafii, H., and Miskam, N. (2011). Pembentukan penunjuk dan indeks kualiti hidup bagi mengukur kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat di Pekan Parit Raja, Johor. Yazid Saleh et al., (2016). Analisis Susunan Hierarki Kefungsian Pusat Penempatan Daerah Batang Padang, Perak.

- 79 - ID-19: Impact of Family Business on Tourism at The World Heritage Site Nurul Hafiza Ab Kadir 1 , Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Family business, which are generally distinguished by their long-term focus, personal devotion, and intergenerational continuity, plays an important role in the tourism industry, particularly in the context of tourism in the World Heritage Sites. These monuments, which are acknowledged for their exceptional universal worth, attract millions of tourists each year, giving both opportunities and challenges for local economies and communities. The Impact of Family Business on Tourism at World Heritage Sites is an important topic that explores the complex interaction between familial enterprises and the protection and promotion of cultural and natural resources. This expanded abstract sheds light on the phenomenon's multidimensional nature. Keywords: Family Business, Tourism Industry, World Heritage Sites Introduction Family enterprises, defined by familial ownership, management, and intergenerational continuity, have long played an important role in the global economy. Their relevance goes far beyond economic transactions to include social, cultural, and environmental dimensions. In the context of tourism at World Heritage Sites, family businesses wield significant power, contributing to both the local economy's vitality and the preservation of the site's heritage. The significance of family business remained a focus of scholarly research and practical attention. According to study undertaken by De Massis et al. (2019), family businesses remained a major force in the global economy, accounting for a significant amount of employment, innovation, and GDP across varied industries and regions. This study emphasized the enduring resilience and adaptive capacity of family businesses, highlighting their ability to navigate complex economic landscapes while preserving their core values and heritage. Furthermore, family firms make a significant contribution to the economic landscape, accounting for a sizable proportion of global businesses and creating a sizable percentage of employment and GDP in many economies (Astrachan & Shanker, 2003). In addition to their economic influence, family businesses frequently play an important role in maintaining cultural heritage, building social cohesion, and promoting environmentally friendly practices in their communities. Tourism in the World Heritage Site according to Chris Cooper and Claudia Jurowski, the authors of the article, "World Heritage and Tourism: Managing for the Global and the Local" (2018), "Family businesses play a crucial role in the sustainable development of tourism at World Heritage Sites, blending entrepreneurial vigour with a deep sense of stewardship for the cultural and natural treasures entrusted to their care. Literature Review The literature review on the Impact of Family Business in Tourism at World Heritage Sites provides a thorough grasp of the complex dynamics at work in this field. Numerous scholarly publications have examined the significance of family enterprises in the tourism industry, particularly in relation to renowned places designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These studies, which draw on a variety of academic disciplines such as business management, tourism studies, and heritage conservation, highlight the importance of family businesses in shaping the visitor experience, preserving cultural heritage, and driving economic development in these unique locations.

- 80 - Family business play an important role in the global economy, providing unique benefits while experiencing unique problems. Their capacity to prosper and survive across generations is frequently dependent on their adaptability, governance, and careful balancing of family and commercial interests. By capitalizing on their natural strengths and tackling their specific problems, family firms can continue to make substantial contributions to economic growth and development. Building on this foundation, Spence et al. (2017) examine the role of family businesses in promoting sustainable tourism practices and building community participation within World Heritage Sites. This study highlights the ability of family businesses to serve as cultural heritage custodians, leveraging their intimate knowledge of local customs and resources to ensure responsible preservation of these renowned places. The most recent research on family-owned businesses and tourism at World Heritage Sites sheds insight on their interdependence and ramifications. Wang et al. (2023) investigate the subtle dynamics of family businesses functioning within UNESCO World Heritage Sites, focusing on their strategies for long-term development and resilience in the face of external constraints. This study emphasizes family businesses' adaptability, showing their ability to use familial relationships, local expertise, and historical values to handle complicated challenges while capitalizing on rising tourism prospects. Furthermore, Durand and Fenwick (2023) conduct a detailed evaluation of the literature on family enterprises in tourism and cultural protection. Using a variety of empirical studies and theoretical frameworks, the authors investigate the diverse effects of family businesses on destination management, tourist experiences, and sustainable development outcomes. Their findings highlight the need of recognizing the unique strengths and problems that family companies face in the tourism sector, as well as pushing for collaborative approaches that combine cultural protection with economic prosperity and social inclusion. As the global tourism environment evolves, family businesses continue to play a critical role in establishing the identity and authenticity of destination experiences, emphasizing the importance of ongoing scientific research and practical engagement in this dynamic industry. Family Business A family business is a commercial organization in which decision-making is affected by many generations of a family which related by blood, marriage, or adoption and someone who are strongly tied to the company. (Family Enterprise USA, 2023.) Tourism The ability of family businesses to serve as cultural heritage custodians. (Spence et al., 2017) World Heritage Site Designated areas on Earth that have exceptional universal importance to humanity. (World Heritage Centre UNESCO, 2023) Impact of Family Business on Tourism in The World Heritage Site Family businesses play a critical role in establishing the identity and authenticity of destination tourism experiences Figure 1: Literature Framework (Source: Spence et al., 2017, Family Enterprise USA, 2023 and World Heritage Centre UNESCO, 2023)

- 81 - Methodology Qualitative research methods are a set of ways for gathering, analysing, and interpreting nonnumerical data, with a focus on understanding social processes through the eyes of those involved. Unlike quantitative approaches, which focus on numerical data and statistical analysis, qualitative methods seek to investigate the complexities, conceptuality, and subjective meanings that underpin human experiences and relationships. (Kamarul Azmi, 2012). Findings This research in the impact of family businesses on tourism in Melaka's World Heritage Site could provide insights into how these businesses contribute to the destination's authenticity, sustainability, and economic vitality, enhancing the overall tourism experience for visitors while preserving its cultural heritage for future generations. Family businesses play an important role in preserving Melaka's cultural history. They promote the intergenerational transfer of knowledge and skills, ensuring that traditional traditions stay alive and accessible. By actively participating in community-based conservation activities, these businesses help to preserve both tangible and intangible history, protecting Melaka's World Heritage Site for future generations. Family business play an important role in improving the authenticity, sustainability, and economic viability of Melaka's tourism industry while also conserving its rich cultural history. Melaka's family businesses, which frequently employ many generations, are inextricably linked to the local culture and traditions. These businesses, which range from traditional craft stores and local cafes to heritage hotels, are vital in preserving and promoting the region's distinct cultural identity. Their long-term dedication to the community guarantees that cultural practices and historical tales are authentically preserved and presented to guests, giving the whole tourism experience a personal touch. Family businesses help to ensure the ongoing success of Melaka's tourism industry. Their operations are often consistent with sustainable development objectives, with a focus on environmental protection and cultural preservation. For example, family-owned hotels may implement eco-friendly methods to decrease trash and conserve energy, contributing to the overall effort to maintain the site's natural balance. Furthermore, by obtaining goods and services locally, these enterprises promote sustainable economic practices that benefit the community, resulting in a network of economic activity that decreases the carbon footprint of transportation while supporting local suppliers. Conclusion As the conclusion, this study emphasizes the critical significance of family businesses in determining tourism dynamics at Melaka's famous World Heritage Site. Because of their profound ties to local customs and cultures, these family business function as cultural guardians, providing immersive experiences that genuinely mirror the destination's rich legacy. Their capacity to adapt and develop enables them to respond to changing guest demands while maintaining Melaka's cultural identity. Furthermore, family business are critical drivers of sustainable tourism, promoting economic prosperity and social solidarity while mitigating negative environmental effects. Finally, their presence enhances the entire tourism experience, providing visitors with unforgettable experiences that highlight Melaka's unique attractiveness. Looking ahead, it is critical to strengthen support for these firms through more study.

- 82 - References Astrachan, J. H., & Shanker, M. C. (2003). "Family businesses' contribution to the U.S. economy: A closer look." Family Business Review, 16(3), 211-219. Cooper, C., & Jurowski, C. (2018). World Heritage and Tourism: Managing for the Global and the Local. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 13(3), 175-185. De Massis, A., Kotlar, J., Campopiano, G., & Cassia, L. (2019). "Family firms and the community: A review and agenda for future research." *Journal of Family Business Strategy*, *10*(4), 100315. Durand, A., & Fenwick, J. (2023). A detailed evaluation of the literature on family enterprises in tourism and cultural protection. *Journal of Tourism Research*, *15*(2), 123-140. Jasmi, K. A. (2012). Metodologi Pengumpulan Data Dalam Penyelidikan Kualitatitif -Researchgate. Metodologi Pengumpulan Data dalam Penyelidikan Kualitatitif. Spence, M., Cordina, R., & Font, X. (2017). "Adapting tourism to climate change: A pioneering approach." *Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability*, 402-420. Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, X., & Li, J. (2023). Investigating the subtle dynamics of family businesses functioning within UNESCO World Heritage Sites. *Journal of Heritage Tourism*, *18*(1), 45-63.

- 83 - ID-20: Factors Influencing Women's Fear at the Bus Terminal Yasmin Afiqa Tajuddin 1 , Nabila Abdul Ghani 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Women are a demographic that is more vulnerable to risks or becoming victims, so progress has been made in recognizing the aspects that affect women's travel safety. According to Hanlon (1995), earlier research has shown how important it is for women to have access to safe and dependable public transport, particularly for those who live in metropolitan regions. It takes into consideration a variety of variables that affect women's safety, such as age, time, lighting, CCTV monitoring, signage, restrooms, parking lots, and terminal amenities. Women utilizing the terminal completed surveys as part of the research process to provide background data and factors influencing their fears at the bus terminal. Keywords: Terminal Safety, Safety of women, Gender-based Violence Introduction The safety of women during travel, especially in public transportation in urban areas, is the primary focus of safety studies. Previous studies have shown that the risk of crime for women not only occurs on buses but also around bus stops and the roads leading to them. Environmental factors such as infrastructure design also play a role in creating safer conditions and reducing women's fear of movement. The need to understand each location and individual safety requirements more deeply is emphasized. Therefore, a holistic approach and strategic actions are required to enhance the safety of women's travel in urban areas. Compared to men, women have a higher risk of becoming victims of crime. According to Rohana et al (2012), although crime in Malaysia is not seen as directly related to transportation, the chances for women to become victims of crime remain high if crime rates in specific areas are high. A study at bus terminals in Los Angeles by Sideris (2005) showed that women often feel afraid due to the presence of strangers around bus terminals, including homeless individuals who use vulgar language and so on. In a previous study by Rohana Sham et al., most respondents reported that they had been victims or witnessed crimes while using bus services (80%). This indicates that crime rates play a role in increasing women's fear at bus terminals. Literature Review The following will be elaborated in-depth concerning the meaning, concept, and relevant aspects of the research field addressing factors that affect women's fear levels at bus terminals. i. Women as Crime Victims Women are at a greater risk of being victims of crime compared to men, as indicated by statistics showing 1,582 rape cases and 267 incidents of sexual harassment involving women in Malaysia in 2017. Although crime rates are not directly tied to transportation, areas with high crime rates pose a heightened risk for women. For instance, Kuala Lumpur is among the top 3 cities for sexual crimes according to 2022 statistics, underscoring the elevated vulnerability of women to crime.

- 84 - ii. Fear of Crime Research conducted at Los Angeles bus terminals by Sideris (2005) uncovered that woman exhibit elevated levels of fear or apprehension when encountering strangers loitering at the terminals, homeless individuals using offensive language, and similar circumstances. Additionally, Ferraro and La Granes have developed indicators to gauge fear of crime. Figure 1: Indicators Fear of Crime. iii. Age Previous research findings, as explored in Joanne's 2001 study, examined varying risks faced by crime victims based on age. In her main study focusing on women and their experiences with crime, she concluded that although all women are potentially susceptible to being victims of rape, sexual assault, groping, harassment, and verbal abuse, it was discovered that certain women are at a higher risk than others. According to Evan (1995), the elderly is at risk of becoming victims, but concerning sexual crimes like rape, sexual assault, and attacks by strangers, younger women are more prone to being targeted. iv. Time According to a previous study by Lynch and Atkin (1998) in Southampton, 16% of respondents felt fearful during the daytime, while 35% of them felt fearful at night. The majority of women living in urban areas feel afraid to travel not only at night but also during the day, as stated by Rohana Sham (2013). v. Lighting Condition Poor lighting and dark areas, especially in the early morning or late evening, lead to concerns and increase feelings of fear regarding crime. According to a study conducted by Think City Sdn Bhd in 2021, women surveyed were willing to change or take longer routes to avoid poorly lit areas. Safety audits in Delhi also show that women feel afraid due to inadequate lighting and low visibility at entry and exit points. vi. Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) Women find comfort in knowing that their actions are under surveillance and recorded, a factor that discourages potential wrongdoers from committing acts like harassment or theft. This heightened level of monitoring also leads to a swifter reaction from security or law enforcement in response to any concerning events, boosting women's feelings of security and diminishing their anxiety. The presence of patrols, CCTV cameras, and easy access to emergency services such as police booths provides women with the reassurance that assistance is readily available when required (Think City Sdn Bhd, 2021). This underscores the importance of CCTV as a vital safety measure in establishing a terminal that is welcoming and secure for women.

- 85 - vii. Signage Signage comprising maps and directions aids pedestrians in navigating to their destination and provides information about the area (Nabors et al., 2008). Inadequate and imprecise upkeep of signage can cause bus passengers, particularly those unfamiliar with the surroundings, to encounter hazards and feel insecure, thus heightening fear at bus terminals, especially among women. To improve the safety of bus passengers, informational and directional signage is essential for them to be aware of boarding and alighting times and to receive guidance accordingly. viii. Toilet Facilities Everyone requires access to toilets and privacy, but as Jason Brook pointed out in 2023, women and young girls face risks related to gender-based violence. According to a study, one out of five women encounters harassment, threats, or attacks while travelling to the restroom. Women are particularly vulnerable to assault when they venture out at night to use the restroom (Riddhi, 2012). This underscores the significance of restroom facilities as a factor influencing women's sense of fear. The positioning of restrooms plays a pivotal role in ensuring women's safety, with locations farther from public areas posing increased safety risks for women. ix. Parking Facilities Parking facilities are one of the primary transportation systems for managing vehicles. Providing parking spaces specifically for women is aimed at minimizing the risk of becoming victims of crime and improving safety levels. Generally, these designated parking areas for women are positioned near building entrances to shorten walking distances, thereby reducing the potential for criminal incidents (Muzani Bin Zainon, 2013). This underscores the vital role of parking areas in alleviating the fear experienced by women when using bus terminals. x. Environment According to Jacobs (1961), people tend to experience fear when they are alone or in poorly lit places. There are distinctions between how women and men encounter 'catcalling' and feeling as though they are being followed. A survey found that more than two-thirds of women (38%) aged 16 to 34 have faced incidents like these (Opinions and Lifestyle Survey). Additionally, the presence of intoxicated individuals and homeless people can induce fear in women. This suggests that women are more likely to become victims of crime when they are in intimidating environments. xi. Services In 1972, Pagano and Robert highlighted several aspects of bus services that can impact women's fears. They discovered that among all service features, punctuality or adherence to schedules was intuitively identified as the most effective quality that would enhance women's safety levels. Changes in arrival times or bus delays can lead to extended waiting times for women at bus terminals.

- 86 - Table 1: Indicator of fear in women at the bus terminal Journal Indicator Time Lighting CCTV Signage Toilet Parking Environment Services S. Chowdhury et al.., 2020 / / / / Annie Freeda Cruez, 2003 / / / Muzani Bin Zainon, 2013 / / / Tay Suet Yi, 2017 / / / / Rohana Sham et al., 2013 / / / Rohana Sham et al., 2012 / / Rutuja Kolekar et al.., 2023 / / Rohana Sham et al., 2012 / Giz-India / / / WaterAid, (2018) / / Lamija Perenda et al.., 2021 / / / / Based on previous studies, a list of indicators has been formulated as shown in Table 1. There are eight indicators used to identify the factors influencing fear in women at the bus terminal. Methodology Determination of indicators for women's fear factors at the bus terminal using PRISMA, or Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. PRISMA includes a flow diagram to make sure that researchers provide accurate and thorough information about their methodology, review processes, and findings. Figure 2: Framework in determine fear in women at the bus terminal

- 87 - The search key used for this study is terminal safety, safety of women, gender-based violence. Only 11 articles were eligible and met the researcher's requirements in analysing the literature study. Discussion Numerous factors influence the fears that women have at bus stations. In order to improve women's safety and comfort at bus terminals, these issues highlight the significance of women's fear measures that address infrastructure design, signage, lavatory facilities, parking arrangements and environmental conditions. Various initiatives have been implemented at local and international levels to create women-friendly environments and reduce women's fear. For the example, Japan has implemented women’s friendly facilities by provide the baby changing facilities in most public toilets. Other than that, Mumbai also has launched a "womenfirst" bus service, where female passengers are given priority in boarding the bus. We can take into account the indicators that have been found to imply a women-friendly terminal to reduce the fear of women at the bus terminal. Conclusion The article delves into the significant concern of women's apprehensions in public transportation. In summary, the article highlights the significance of tackling women's fears in public transportation through comprehensive strategies and targeted initiatives. It stresses the necessity for upgraded infrastructure, improved lighting, explicit signage, convenient restroom amenities, designated parking zones, and enhanced services to establish safer surroundings for women commuters in urban settings. References Ahsan Ullah, M. A. (2019). Enhanced Women Safety And Well-Suited Public Bus Management System In Bangladesh Using Iot. Advances In Internet Of Things . Aid, W. (2018). Female-Friendly Public And Community Toilets: A Guide For Planners And Decision Makers. Chowdhury S, V. W. (2020). Examining Women's Perception Of Safety During Waiting Times At Public Transport Terminals. Transport Policy. Cruez, A. F. (2003). Priority For Women’s Safety. India, G. (N.D.). Gender Sensitive Reforms In Public Transport-A Case In Kerala. Khairuzzaman, Z. (2019). Women's Safety In Public Transport: A Case For The Would-Be City Father. Lamija Perenda, A. K. (2021). Understanding Women’s Perception And Experience Of Safety In Downtown Kuala Lumpur. Think City Sdn Bhd. Rutuja Kolekar, P. R. (2023). A Technology-Based Safety Travel Companion For . Sham, R. H. (2013). A Dilemma Of Crime And Safety Issues Among Vulnerable Travellers In Malaysian Urban Environment. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences. Sham, R. H. (2013). Routine Activities And Crime In The City: Cases Of Working Women. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences. Sham, R. O. (2012). Hot Spot Urban Crime Area For Woman Travellers. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences. Sham, R. S. (2012). Travel Safety Fear Factor Among Vulnerable Group Of Travelers: The Urban Scenario. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences. Vaira Gromulea, I. Y. (2016). Safety And Security Of Passenger Terminal: The Case Study Of Riga . Yi, T. S. (2017). Users Safety Perception On Bus Stop Design And Location. -. Zainon, M. B. (2013). Perception Of Women Drivers Towards Women-Only Parking

- 88 - ID-21: Factors Influencing the Legalization of Illicit Factories in Selangor Nurul Aqifah Othman 1 , Gabriel Ling Hoh Teck 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This research paper aims to look at some of the factors that cause the establishment of illegal factories in Selangor among factory operators themselves. This assessment will be based on the factors that will be identified through a literature review on why this is done. This study will involve factory operators in Selangor who set up factories without permission. This study was conducted to assess the factors that caused the establishment of illegal factories in Selangor and to suggest some suitable strategies to reduce the establishment of these illegal factories in the state of Selangor. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of carrying out the Legalisation of Illegal Factories Programme by knowing the factors that cause the development of these illegal factories to overcome the problem of the widespread establishment of illegal factories in Selangor. Keywords: Illegal, Industrial, The Legalisation of Illegal Factories Programme, Factories Introduction In Malaysia, many more factories or industrial areas are still illegal where they misuse the function of the land to carry out industrial activities and cause the local authorities to be unable to identify the trend of this illegal establishment and unable to take legal action. This also happens because there is no specific survey of the informal sector conducted and the amount is used indirectly (Yie Jie & Burhan, 2020). It can also be seen that most developing countries face difficulties in controlling land use and whether it is in line with the status-established laws. According to the Menteri Besar, Datuk Seri Amirudin Shahri in Harian Metro (2020) this factory that is declared illegal is a factory that still has a temporary business license but has not yet met the technical requirements such as land condition status, zoning, or planning permission. In addition, these illegal factory enterprises can also cause problems for the environment and also for the community, especially in terms of environmental pollution and land use that is not compatible with the zoning of an area that has been set by the Local Authority (PBT). (Bachok, S., Osman, M. M., Abdullah, M. F., & Daniar, N. A. M., 2017) For the number of illegal factories in the state of Selangor in 2021, there are 5,755 factories involving 4,728 lots. Based on this news, Selangor Local Government, Public Transport, and New Village Development Committee Chairman Ng Sze Han stated that there are approximately 2,885 unlicensed factories, of which 2,638 operate on agricultural land based on the records of 2013. While in 2021 as many as 5,755 illegal factories involving 4,728 lots. This study aimed to find out the factors that caused the establishment of illegal factories in Selangor through a literature review. This study can also help to identify ways or methods to reduce the establishment of illegal factories that are increasing in the state of Selangor. Literature Review i. Contradiction of land use categories According to Section 2(1) of the Interpretation of the Town and Country Planning Act 1976, it is stated that land development or development can be defined as "building, engineering, mining, industrial or any other similar work on, on, next to or in underground, or make a material change about the use of land or building. In Malaysia, there are three categories of land which are agricultural, building, and industrial. The concept here means that when a plot of land is granted by the State Authority (PBN) and the title is registered, then the

- 89 - land category will only be dedicated to one land use. It is in line with section 120 of the National Land Code (KTN); under sub-section (2), that is the type of land use to be specified according to sub-section (1) above the title document of any land shall be determined by PBN at the time when the land is approved for ownership. Study in Selangor itself in 2021, there are as many as 1,093 factories established outside the land category as industrial land which is 637 land lots. Therefore, it can be seen that every development activity cannot escape from complying with the three main stipulations stated in land ownership are categories, conditions, or express conditions, as well as restrictions of interests that need to be in line with the actual land use. It is enshrined under section 104 of the KTN, where every condition or restriction of interest must be attached to the land to which it relates and must bind the owner of the land at that time and every person or entity that has an interest or claims any interest in the land, no matter how it was acquired. Through this KTN, landowners who want to develop their land need to make an application to change the land use category, or make an application to change the land conditions from the original category to a new category that will be developed if the land is in a category that conflicts with the type of land use that will be developed. Figure 1: Flow Chart of Land Conversion Application (Source: Ir.Dr. Justin LAI Woon Fatt, 2020) ii. The factory owner experienced financial problems. For the factory operators who are small or do not have a large area will cause problems from a financial point of view for them. This is said because many things need to be done if you want to establish a factory or any company. Among the things they do is that they need to apply for a business license for any business they want to do, need to submit an application and a site plan or layout plan for an application to change conditions where they need money to hire a consultant and need to apply for Planning Permission which is subject to Act 172. In addition, some factory operators may also feel desperate to find a quick solution to ensure that the company can last longer and can help in increasing profits, causing one of the factors of lack of finance to establish illegal factories. In this way, it can help to reduce the financial expenditure to pay for production, avoid paying land tax, and avoid paying for conditions for changing land categories, plans for Planning Permission, and so on.