- 290 - recycling behavior. Barr (2003) argues that psychological factors show a significant influence on recycling behavior. In addition, Valle et al. (2005) said the Theory of Planned Behavior (TOPB) is a good theory to understand the factors that influence recycling behavior. This theory sees that communication is not a behavior that affects significantly, it is intuitive using different methods of recycling by the occupants. This theory is proven based on recycling studies by Sidique et. al., (2010) that is, the study found that the price of waste disposal, regulations, and government bodies that mandate recycling can constrain recycling services and delivery centers increase recycling rates significantly. In this regard, Table 1 shows some several studies of work related to Reverse Vending Machines (RVM) covering various aspects such as environmental impact, uses behaviour, technology, intention, and external conditions. Table 1: Operationalization of variables. Various aspects Aim Indicator Sources Environmental impact To boost recycling rates, particularly addressing the issue of plastic waste, and contributes to reducing the volume of water bottles ending up in landfills The system not only minimizes energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions but also plays a role in job creation and conserving valuable resources through plastic recycling. Arjun Anand, Hiran. H, Rahul. R & Sooraj. K.S (2024). User behaviour Researchers talk about the need for plastic waste management and how RVMs could help. The report also offers a thorough evaluation of RVMs environmental effect and cost-benefit ratio. RVMs may be an efficient tool for managing plastic waste and that they need to be used more widely. Sambhi, S., & Dahiya, P. (2020). Technology Provide a concise overview of the advantages of RVMs, design and installation n of a Plastic EcoRedeemer Vending Machine (RVM) for recycling plastic bottles. Researcher provides a detailed description in drawing of the plastic bottle recycling workflow, along with an examination of the hardware and software elements integrated into the RVM. Mariya, Usman, Nimmy Mathew, PH, & Azeez. (2020). Intention Used beverage containers and other recyclable materials are accepted by the RVM, a kind of vending machine, in return for rewards like cash, vouchers, or loyalty points. The Plastic EcoRedeemer Vending Machine (RVM) is a creative way to promote recycling and outlines the advantages of the RVM. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle with the Plastic EcoRedeemer Vending Machine – USC Viterbi School of Engineering. (2021). External conditions Focused on the influence of external conditions on people’s recycling behaviours in China. Showed that government interventions such as the improvement of segregation infrastructure and the provision of recycling bins, had positive influences on recycling intention. Xu et al. (2017).
- 291 - Methodology The mixed methodology, which combines quantitative and qualitative approaches in the collection and analysis of data, as well as integrating results into a single study, has been adopted. The aim of this research choice was to develop strength and compensate for the disadvantages inherent in both approaches at the same time, which is a fundamental principle of mixed method research (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004). Both survey and interview methods offered comprehensive answer to the key research objective. The survey data use (Systematic Literature Review) while interview data were analysed via narrative analyses. Therefore, the quantitative and qualitative data were analysed separately as they had different sets of questions to answer. Finally, all the data in the embedded design were mixed during the interpretation process. All these characters distinguished the embedded design from the other five mixed method designs, namely convergent parallel, explanatory sequential, exploratory sequential, transformative, and multiphase designs (Creswell, 2014). Instead of taking that method, this study aims to optimize the use of RVM among residents and increase the interest of affordable housing residents in waste disposal in an effective and sustainable manner. The researcher found that there are several factors that influence the use of RVM in waste disposal management in residential areas, namely waste disposal behaviour (Cialdini et al. 1990), sociodemographic (Al-Khatib et al. 2009), internal facilitators and external facilitators (Hornik et al. 1995). These factors stimulate the level of effectiveness of residents using RVW in managing solid waste by category as well as increasing understanding of sustainable environmental care. These factors are also used as variables or gaps in the formation of the conceptual framework in this study. Findings This conceptual framework is used as a symbol to explain the type of use of the variables studied, which are independent variables and dependent variables. The independent variables of this study are attitude, social, perceived behavioral control and willingness aspects. The dependent variable is the use of RVW in solid waste management in affordable housing areas. The use of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TOPB) shows that these factors have a clear relationship to the use of RVW in solid waste management in affordable housing areas. This theory covers aspects of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991) and readiness as a gap or new factor. Providing attractive incentives such as RVW use helps increase residents' participation in successful recycling. According to Momoh and Oladebeye (2010), the willingness of individuals to participate in the household solid waste program is determined by their level of cooperation and dedication. Research shows that sociodemographic and economic factors do not necessarily explain a person's tendency to recycle. i. Attitude: According to Olson et al., (1993), consumer attitude means self-tendency to respond systematically in a favorable or unfavorable manner. Environmental attitudes are seen in terms of environmental care and daily solid waste handling. This attitude is closely related to individual beliefs and subjective evaluations of their existence beliefs consequence. Past studies have also identified factors that affect recycling or miscellaneous attitude beliefs environmental behavior such as Terry et al., (1999) and Vining et al., (1990). Based on TOPB, individual attitudes towards behavior and individual subjective towards the assessment of occupant characteristics in solid waste management and the consequences of using RVWs in solid waste management. ii. Subjective norm: Studies have found that subjective norms do not shows a strong relationship with behavior due to previous studies using the wrong measurements to capture concepts. A study by Armitage et al (1999) found subjective usefulness the norm in the theory of planned behavior is mainly “single use item measure, as opposed to the more reliable multiple items scales”. However, Ajzen et al., (1991) attitudes and
- 292 - subjective norms predict behavioral intentions that are directly related to the performance of the effectiveness of the use of RVWs and the behavior of occupants. iii. Perceived behavioral control: Behavioral Control is an individual's level measurement of behavioral ability, it is one of the explanations variables in TOPB is claim that intention alone will directly predict behavior in situations where an individual feeling in complete control of behavior, i.e. powerful perceived behavioral control (Ajzen et al., 1991). In this case, individuals feel uncertain about their control over situations in which perceived behavioral control has a direct relationship with behavior. However, Bagozzi et al., (1989) the existence of a gap between individual evaluations of perceived behavior real control and control over the situation of solid waste management and the use of RMVs among affordable housing developers. iv. Willingness: Residents' willingness to comply with Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSW) terms and rules. This MSW management is influenced by education, occupation, income, monthly expenses for MSW management, MSW management rules and expected benefits of the rules. Figure 1.1: Factors that affect the use of RVWs in solid waste management in affordable housing areas. Source: (Adapted from Ajzen, 1991). Conclusion In conclusion, this study focuses on behavioral, social factors, perception of behavioral control and willingness of residents in dealing with solid waste in housing. The researcher has conducted a questionnaire survey and face-to-face questionnaire activities in affordable houses in Desa Mutiara, Johor. The use of the Theory or Planned Behavior model (Valle et.al. 2005) can also be explored with the consumer behavior model about how recycling behavior and the effectiveness of RVM use among the population (Andreasen, 1995; Geller, 1989). In this case, the use of Reverse Vending Machines (RVM) has been used by various countries because it can help deal with solid waste, the environment by recycling material and reducing the need for raw materials to make new beverage containers (Tomra, 2017). By promoting and encouraging recycling using RVW, it increases people's awareness of their responsibilities and the importance of sustainable practices. Accordingly, this RVM has the potential to be used in global implementation because it can integrate smart and sustainable city initiatives and care about the environment for waste management. Behaviors That Influence the Use of RVW in Solid Waste Management in Affordable Housing Areas. Subjective norm Perceived Behavioral Control Attitude Intention of the use of RVWs in Solid Waste Management Willingness
- 293 - Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) of Malaysia through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2022/SS10/UUM/02/5). References Ajzen, I. (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50 (4), pp. 179-211 Al-Khatib, I.A.; Arafat, H.A.; Daoud, R.; Shwahneh, H. Enhanced solid waste management by understanding the effects of gender, income, marital status, and religious convictions on attitudes and practices related to street littering in Nablus—Palestinian territory. Waste Manag. 2009, 29, 449–455. Andreasen, A.R., 1995. Marketing social change: Changing behavior to promote health, social development, and the environment (p. 101). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Barr, S. Strategies for sustainability: Citizens and responsible environmental behaviour. Area 2003, 35, 227–240. Bagozzi, R. and Yi, Y. (1989) The Degree of Intention Formation as a Moderator of the Attitude–Behaviour Relationship. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52 (2), pp. 266–79 Cialdini, R.B.; Reno, R.R.; Kallgren, C.A. A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1990, 58, 1015–1026. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. (4th edn.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Haney, H. (2020). Plastic Is Killing the Camels of Dubai. Retrieved from plasticoceans.org: https://plasticoceans.org/plastic-iskilling-the-camels-of-dubai/ Hoornweg, D. and Bhada-Tata, P., 2012. What a waste: a global review of solid waste management (Vol. 15, p.116). World Bank, Washington, DC. Hornik, J.; Cherian, J.; Madansky, M.; Narayana, C. Determinants of recycling behavior: A synthesis of research results. J. Socio Econ. 1995, 24, 105–127. Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed Methods Research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), pp. 14–26. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033007014 Mariya, Usman, Nimmy Mathew, PH, & Azeez. (2020). Plastic Eco-Redeemer Vending Machine for Plastic Bottle Recycling. International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST), Volume 8 Issue 2, 65–70 Momoh, J.J. and Oladebeye, D.H. (2010). Assessment of Awareness, Attitude and Willingness of people to participate in household solid waste recycling program in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, 5(1) Mwanza, B. and Mbohwa, C. (2017). Drivers to Sustainable Plastic Solid Waste Recycling: A Review. Procedia Manufacturing, 8, pp.649-656. Olson, J. M., & Zanna, M. P. (1993) Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 44 (2):117–154. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle with the Plastic Eco-Redeemer Vending Machine – USC Viterbi School of Engineering. (2021). Reduce, Reuse, Recycle with the Plastic Eco-Redeemer Vending Machine – USC Viterbi School of Engineering. https://illumin.usc.edu/reduce-reuse-recycle-with-the-reverse-vendingmachine/ Readfearn, G. (2020). Deadliest plastics: bags and packaging biggest marine life killers, study finds. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/14/deadliest-plastics-bags-andpackagingbiggest-marine-life-killers-study-finds. Sambhi, S., & Dahiya, P. (2020). Plastic Eco-Redeemer Vending Machine for managing plastic waste. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, 11, 635-640. Sidique, S.F., Joshi, S.V. and Lupi, F., 2010. Factors influencing the rate of recycling: An analysis of Minnesota counties. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(4), pp.242-249. Strydom, W. Applying the theory of planned behavior to recycling behavior in South Africa. Recycling 3.3 2018, 3, 43. Terry DJ, Hogg MA, White KM. (1999) The theory of planned behaviour: self-identity, social identity and group norms. British Journal of Social Psychol, 38(3), pp. 225–44 Tomra, “Reverse Vending 101: A beginner’s guide,” Tomra, August 15, 2017. Available: https://newsroom.tomra.com/reversevending-101-a-beginners-guide/ Tomari, R., Kadir, A.A., Zakaria, W.N.W., Zakaria, M.F., Wahab, M.H.A. and Jabbar, M.H., 2017. Development of reverse vending machine (RVM) framework for implementation to a standard recycle bin. Procedia Computer Science, 105, pp.75-80. Valle, P.O.D., Rebelo, E., Reis, E. and Menezes, J., 2005. Combining behavioral theories to predict recycling involvement. Environment and behavior, 37(3), pp.364-396 Vasarhelyi, K. (2021). The Climate Impact of Single Use Plastics. Xu, L.; Ling, M.; Lu, Y.; Shen, M. External influences on forming residents’ waste separation behaviour: Evidence from households in Hangzhou, China. Habitat Int. 2017, 63, 21–33.
- 294 - ID-65: Creating Regenerative Agrotourism With 4A Component for Sustainable Development in Banyuputih Village Hafizd Akbar Istnaeni Navireza 1 , Kanindya Nooringsih 2 1,2 Center for Participatory Planning (P5) Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Regenerative tourism, as a concept that focuses on sustainable tourism development and is oriented towards the welfare of the environment and local communities, has become a very relevant topic in the global tourism industry. This research paper aims to analyze the application of the regenerative tourism concept in the 4A tourism component, case study of creating a Banyuputih Village agrotourism area. The descriptive qualitative method is used incorporating regenerative principles into each 4A tourism component. This research paper finds that the fulfillment of the 4A tourism components is based on regenerative principles, thereby creating tourism that has 4A components based on the principles of the regenerative concept. Keywords: Regenerative, Agrotourism, Sustainable, 4ATourism, Key drivers Introduction Tourism is now one of the leading sectors in Indonesia. By becoming a leading sector, tourism must be developed while still paying attention to the carrying capacity of the environment. In its development, tourism must apply a regenerative approach so that natural resources are maintained. The regenerative concept emphasizes encouraging long-term environmental improvement and preservation and developing ecological and social systems (Brown, 2011). Tourism that applies regenerative principles can influence natural regeneration, preservation of place and cultural heritage, long-term local economic growth and local community contributions. Agrotourism is a tour utilizing agricultural potential in the form of scenery, atmosphere, and production activities. Regenerative tourism adopts agricultural principles and regenerative economic models and designs (Day et al., 2021) so that agrotourism can be used as one of the right tourism models to carry out the concept of regenerative tourism. Regenerative tourism is not only limited to aspects of restoration or repair of existing ones, but also includes the creation and development of new tourist destinations with regenerative concepts. This shows that when establishing a new tourist destination, the regenerative concept will ensure that the project is designed and managed in a way to improve the sustainability of the ecosystem and the welfare of the local community. Banyuputih Village is located in Banyuputih Subdistrict, Batang Regency, Central Java. Banyuputih village has natural resources in the form of sengon and corn crops. Banyuputih Village has the potential for tourism development as follows. Table 1: Banyuputih Village Potential No. Sector Indicator 01 Physical Attribute The crop area in Banyuputih Village is 386 ha or 77% of the total village area. Sengon wood in Banyuputih Village is used as raw material for the timber industry in Batang Regency. 02 Location Banyuputih Village is traversed by arterial roads, collector roads. 03 Policy Banyuputih Village is part of the Gringsing development area unit, one of whose functions is tourism. (Source: Field Survey, 2024) Corn in Banyuputih Village is processed by drying in the sun, then sold to collectors to be used as animal feed. Banyuputih Village is traversed by arterial roads, collector roads and has a type B terminal. This means that Banyuputih Village has a trading area in the form of a market and rows of shops along the collector road. Based on the Batang Regency Spatial Plan Document 2017-2022, Banyuputih Village is part of the Gringsing development area unit, one
- 295 - of its functions is tourism. This potential can be used to develop agrotourism with a regenerative concept based on sengon and corn crops.By promoting the regenerative concept, agrotourism in Banyuputih Village can conserve sengon and corn crops through tourism. This conservation is being carried out to maintain the availability of resources so that they remain sustainable in the future. In addition, conservation is carried out to prevent the negative effects of the conversion of non-built land into built-up land. From an economic perspective, sengon and corn crops will have added value by being used as tourist attractions. People who own land in sengon and corn plantations get additional income through land leases that are used as tourist attractions. The community can also be involved in planning and management in the implementation of agrotourism activities. Literature Review The concept of regenerative tourism is a basis for tourism development so that tourism activities can run for a long time (sustainable) and still maintain the quality of natural resources utilized. Regenerative tourism seeks to ensure that tourism activities reinvest in people, places, and nature and support the long-term renewal and development of our socialecological systems (Dredge, 2022). The development of social-ecological systems in regenerative tourism involves developing balanced and sustainable living systems, engaging multiple stakeholders, understanding local potential, optimizing the capabilities of tourism living systems, and applying a "regeneration" approach to improve the quality of life and sustainability of tourism. The developing social-ecological system shows that there will be contributions from people who care about nature preservation by managing tourism.Regenerative tourism recognizes that visitors and destinations are part of a living system embedded in the natural environment, and operate according to natural rules and principles. The concept emphasizes the interconnectedness of various natural and social environments and is designed to contribute back to the land and society (Hussain, 2021). In this context, visitors not only interact with the natural environment, but also within the associated social environment. They interact with the local community, influencing and being influenced by the local culture and traditions. Dredge (2022) describes seven principles of regenerative tourism as follows i. Holistic A holistic systems approach is multisectoral, multidisciplinary, multi-scalar and multifaceted. Tourism does not stand alone, it has a fractal structure that impacts, directly and indirectly, various sectors and communities of interest. ii. Nature as a teacher Design principles can be drawn from nature including supporting diversity, resource optimization, replenishment and circularity and recognition of the role of nature through form and function, e.g. nodes, edges, paths, areas, diversity, specialization, etc. iii. Care and respect Mutual respect and harmlessness between humans and nature are the basis of all actions. Responsible behavior is aimed at the ethics of human care for nature. iv. Agency All actors have their own expertise, roles, and functions that must be supported and maintained.
- 296 - v. Dynamic and Evolutionary The tourism system is part of a more complex, dynamic and evolutionary system. The regenerative concept must have best practices, standards, and criteria that are dynamic and keep up with the times. vi. Collaborative Trusting collaboration and transparency drive systemic change and innovation. Instrumental public-private partnerships that reflect the self-interest of the parties involved often raise suspicion at the community level. vii. Continuous Learning Reflection and continuous learning are critical to evolution. Building the capacity to evolve thinking is key to innovation. With the regenerative concept, sustainable tourism will be created. It is shown by the regenerative principle that is by the sustainable principles described in the World Tourism Organization (2005) that sustainable principles refer to the environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and an appropriate balance must be established between these three dimensions to ensure its long-term sustainability. Sustainable tourism can have an impact on local economic growth based on inclusive principles. Sustainable tourism can enhance the development of related sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, and other tourism-related industries. This can increase the ability to develop the local economy and increase community income. In designing and organizing tourism, regenerative tourism involves various stakeholders with a common interest in preserving nature. This reflects the sustainability and harmony expected in regenerative tourism. Agrotourism combines tourism with agriculture or plantations combined into an attractive destination for the community to do activities in a plantation environment. According to Jamilah (in Tia Metanfanuan et al., 2021) Agrotourism is interpreted as an activity of traveling to agricultural areas. In this case, the tourist attraction is agricultural potential in the form of natural panoramas in agricultural areas as well as the uniqueness and diversity of production activities and agricultural technology and the culture of the agricultural community. The form of tourism that carries the agro concept can be in the form of closed room tours (museums), open spaces (parks or landscapes), or a combination of the two (Indonesian Agro Tourism Directory in Puspitasari (2010)). According to Muchlis (2017), the criteria in the development of agrotourism areas are 1) Has potential in the agro sector which can be in the form of agriculture, horticulture, fisheries and animal husbandry. For example, the primary agricultural business subsystem (on farm), the agricultural industry sub-system, and the agricultural service sub-system. 2) The existence of community activities that are dominated by agricultural and tourism activities with high linkages. 3) There is intensive interaction and mutual support for both agricultural activities and tourism activities in the unity of the region. The criteria for the development of agrotourism according to Kathryn Joanne Lack (1997), as follows: i. Attractions In the form of a stretch of garden or farmland, natural beauty, garden beauty, farmer culture or agricultural activities. ii. Facilities Have public facilities such as telecommunications, hotels, restaurants, and markets. iii. Infrastructure
- 297 - There are clean water networks, communication networks, health facilities, transportation terminals, electricity networks, sanitation networks, road networks, and equipped with a security system. iv. Transportation Supported by public transportation that has a passenger security system, bus terminals, travel information systems, labor, tariff certainty, and tourist attraction maps. v. Accessibility Proximity of the location to the main road and urban center to provide easy access for visitors to tourist attractions. vi. Type of agriculture In the form of agricultural land included in the class of food crops, horticulture, garden crops, and others. Tourism has components that must be fulfilled in its journey. Tourism components that must be owned and developed by a tourist attraction according to Cooper et al. (1995) are Attractions, Accessibility, Amenity, and Ancillery Services. In agrotourism, the four components are very important to apply. Its application in agrotourism includes the following. i. Attraction Is the most dominant component in attracting tourists to a destination. In agrotourism, attractions can be in the form of natural beauty, cultural uniqueness, or activities that can be done at that location. ii. Accessibility Is the ease of accessibility needed by tourists to reach a destination. In agrotourism, accessibility can be in the form of good roads, available public transportation, or other facilities that make it easy for tourists to reach the location. iii. Amenity Are facilities owned by tourist attractions. In agrotourism, facilities can be in the form of lodging, restaurants, toilets, or other facilities that make it easier for tourists to enjoy the location. iv. Ancillary Is a component related to the management, service, and maintenance of tourist sites. In agrotourism, ancillaries can be in the form of environmental management, information services, or security guards that ensure the safety and comfort of tourists. Methodology This article discusses how to create regenerative tourism with the 4A components of tourism in Banyuputuih Village, Banyuputih District, Batang Regency. Data collection was conducted through observation and interviews with relevant stakeholders for tourism development in Banyuputih Village. Literature review related to the theory was used as a basis to analyze how the regenerative concept is applied in the 4A components of tourism. The data obtained was processed and analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach to interpret the data according to the results of observations in the field. The descriptive qualitative method is used
- 298 - to describe social phenomena by providing an overview of the values of the variables studied, without making relationships or comparisons with other variables. This approach involves active participation with interactive and flexible strategies (Mapasere & Suyuti, 2019). Data analysis is carried out by compiling information and descriptions based on the results of observations, interviews and literature reviews that have been conducted. Findings Regenerative tourism is not only limited to the aspect of restoring or repairing existing ones, but also includes the creation and development of new tourist destinations with regenerative principles. This suggests that when establishing a new tourism destination, a regenerative approach will ensure that the project is designed and managed in a way that improves the health of local ecosystems and the well-being of local communities. In the context of creating new tourist destinations, regenerative tourism focuses on: i. Environmental Restoration or Conservation Creating destinations that support the restoration of natural habitats and biodiversity. ii. Community Engagement and Empowerment Ensuring that local communities are involved in planning and management, and benefit from tourism activities. iii. Visitor Education and Awareness Educate visitors about the importance of preserving the local environment and culture. iv. Economic Sustainability Develop business models that support local economic growth without harming the environment. v. Positive Social Impact Improve the quality of life of local communities through decent work and access to social amenities. Indeed, regenerative tourism with the form of Agrotourism has the mandatory 4A tourism components, the principles of the regenerative concept must be involved in fulfilling the 4A tourism components. The involvement of regenerative principles in the 4A tourism components is done by incorporating regenerative principles into each 4A tourism components. This is done so that the fulfillment of the 4A tourism components is based on regenerative principles so as to create a tourism that has 4A components based on the principles of the regenerative concept. The model to illustrate the fusion of regenerative principles into the 4A tourism components can be seen in Figure 1. Figure 1: Incorporating Regenerative Principles into Each 4A Tourism Components (Source: Analysis result, 2024)
- 299 - The Attraction component applies the principle of Nature as our teacher by carrying out designs that are inspired and adapted to the existing landscape. Attractions that are made must dynamically adjust to current and future conditions and trends as described (Sanjaya, 2022). This can be achieved by reflection according to the principle of continuous learning. In its journey, visitors must care and be able to maintain the attractions in the tourist area. The Accessibility component applies the principle of Nature as our teacher by adjusting the visitor's mobility mode and road design to and within the tourist area. Public transportation modes in Banyuputih Village must collaborate and be integrated with the tourism area to make it easier for visitors to access the tourism area. Fifiyanti & Taufiq (2022) also explained that existing modes of transportation must be interconnected with tourist areas to make it easier for visitors. The tourist area is also supported by facilities such as food courts as a trade sector and lodging as a service sector which shows that tourism has Amenity consisting of various sectors. Supporting facilities in the tourist area must also have good operational standards to make it easier for tourists to enjoy tourism. According to Spillane (1994) tourist facilities are facilities and infrastructure that are considered to support the operation of tourist attractions to accommodate all the needs of tourists. In the Ancillery component, tourism must have a manager who is engaged in management, service, and security. Each stakeholder has expertise in their field and has their respective roles and functions (Redyanto et al., 2018). These stakeholders must have a clear structure with holistic principles, collaborate, have operational standards, and always reflect on the course of tourism. Stakeholder collaboration will have an economic impact in the form of employment, social impact in the form of awareness for the surrounding community to organize their social environment so that it can be well controlled, so that the environment around the area can develop following the growth of the tourism area (Berliandaldo et al., 2021).The model in Figure 1 can be applied to the agrotourism development plan in Banyuputih Village by utilizing the sengon plantation. The 15 ha sengon plantation will be developed into a nature tourism site with various attractions. Visitors can enjoy the attractions provided while enjoying the cool atmosphere of the shady sengon plantation. Attractions that will be built in the form of outbound areas, educational areas in the form of harvesting and processing corn, horse riding areas, atv arenas, and several gazebos equipped with photo spots. Attractions that are built adjust to the trends and favorites of nature tourism visitors today. Regarding accessibility, Banyuputih Village agro-tourism will be integrated with the Banyuputih District Type B Terminal. This is done considering that the location of the sengon plantation is behind the terminal. Later, the main entrance of this agrotourism is located in the terminal area so that visitors from within the area and outside the area of Banyuputih Subdistrict have the option of public transportation modes to visit Banyuputih Village agrotourism. This is done so that the tourist area is integrated with public transportation modes, making it easier for visitors to access the tourist area. Supporting facilities at Banyuputih Village agrotourism will be a food court equipped with stalls of Banyuputih Village umkm products. The food court will be equipped with toilets and a prayer room. In addition to the food court, a shuttle will be provided to help tourists get around the 15 ha sengon plantation tourism area with all its attractions. Completeness of facilities with good standards in Banyuputih Village agrotourism will increase comfort and make it easier for visitors to enjoy the tourist area. In relation to ancillaries, Banyuputih Village agrotourism will be managed by a Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDES) that is responsible to the Banyuputih Village Government. In addition, there is a Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) as a medium for advocacy from the community to BUMDES and the Village Government or vice versa. Each stakeholder has its own role and function and must collaborate with each other to maintain the sustainability of Banyuputih Village's agrotourism activities.
- 300 - Conclusion The plan to develop agrotourism with a regenerative concept in Banyuputih Village must be in accordance with the existing potential. The development of agrotourism attractions utilizes the potential of the 15 ha sengon woods owned by Banyuputih Village. Banyuputih Village agrotourism will be integrated with the Banyuputih Sub-district type B terminal, making it easier for visitors to access the tourist area. This takes advantage of the location of Banyuputih Village, which is traversed by arterial roads and has a type B terminal. Agrotourism in Banyuputih Village can be supported by service activities as well as trade and services around the tourist area. This utilizes the market and rows of shops along the collector road. Based on the Batang Regency Spatial Plan Document 2017-2022, Banyuputih Village is part of the Gringsing development area unit, one of whose functions is tourism. This indicates that the village government is indirectly permitted to develop new tourism areas. The village government can form BUMDES as the manager and Pokdarwis as an advocate to the community for agrotourism in Banyuputih Village.In implementing regenerative tourism, there are several challenges as explained by Hussain (2021) that the challenges for regenerative tourism are destination management and marketing, as well as the development of tourism products that intervene in the recovery process of natural tourism. In regenerative tourism, destination management and marketing, as well as tourism product development, must be carried out in a way that is sustainable and damaging to the environment. Banyuputih Village agro-tourism does not yet have a BUMDES as a manager and Pokdarwis as an advocate to the community. Therefore, the Banyuputih Village Government must start preparing for agro-tourism development by creating BUMDES and Pokdarwis so that planning activities related to development and management can begin. To answer these challenges, key drivers are needed to answer these challenges and make tourism use the regenerative concept. King (2022) explains that there are five principles as key drivers of regenerative tourism as follows. i. Centering community needs first Centering community needs means that the initiative seeks to maximize the benefits of tourism potential for the community. ii. Improving ecosystem integrity and biodiversity Tourism management systems need to be transitioned to consider social and environmental factors as well as economic factors. The business structure should reflect the business prioritization of ecosystem integrity and biodiversity. iii. Embracing diverse and inclusive business models This principle focuses on how to apply nature-based solutions in tourism, arguing that diversity in tourism businesses including funding streams, employment opportunities, and marketing channels is important for the successful scaling of nature-based, as is biodiversity in the application of nature-based. iv. Governing tourism in a transparent and just manner Tourism is implemented, managed and governed by specific stakeholders. In many cases, these actors have greater power, wealth and agency than the average member of the public. Addressing this power imbalance often requires that management structures prioritize transparency and recognize their roles and functions. v. Enhancing conservation partnerships Through strategic partnerships, these efforts can leverage knowledge gained from partners as best practice and garner investment. And most importantly, a large group of stakeholders can claim ownership of the outcome.
- 301 - In its implementation plan, the Banyuputih Village Government will seek to maximize the tourism potential for the community by involving the community to manage and earn additional income through land leased for tourism. Banyuputih Village Agrotourism must apply the nature-based principle in running a tourism business by paying attention to the effects of tourism development on the environment and maintaining that tourism does not cause damage to nature. Banyuputih Village Agrotourism will implement the "Take Only Photograph, Leave Only Footprint" Marketing Campaign: This campaign focuses on educating tourists about the importance of preserving nature and the environment. Tourists are encouraged to take pictures and not leave excessive footprints in nature such as littering or damaging attractions. Tourism will be managed by a BUMDES that is accountable to the Village Government and a Pokdarwis was formed to bridge community aspirations to the BUMDES and Village Government. This creates a clear tourism management structure and has certain functions. Agro-tourism managers will collaborate with nature conservation organizations to develop sustainable nature conservation programs. The implementation plan aims to ensure that the development of Banyuputih Village Agrotourism can run while maintaining sustainable nature conservation. References Berliandaldo, M., Chodiq, A., & Fryantoni, D. (2021). Kolaborasi dan Sinergitas Antar Stakeholder dalam Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Sektor Pariwisata Di Kebun Raya Cibinong. INOBIS: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis Dan Manajemen Indonesia, 4(2), 221–234. Brown, A. S. (2011). Sustainability. Mechanical Engineering, 133(11), 36–41. Cooper et. al. (1993). Tourism Principles &Practice.England: Longman Group Limited Day, J., Sydnor, S., Marshall, M., & Noakes, S. (2021). Ecotourism, regenerative tourism, and the circular economy: Emerging trends and ecotourism. Routledge Handbook of Ecotourism, 23–36. Dredge, D. (2022). Regenerative tourism: transforming mindsets, systems and practices. Journal of Tourism Futures, 8(3), 269– 281. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-01-2022-0015 Fifiyanti, D., & Taufiq, M. L. (2022). Identifikasi Pengelolaan Destinasi Pariwisata Di DPD Segoro Kidul Kabupaten Bantul. TOBA: Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Destination, 1(2), 89–98. Hussain, A. (2021). A future of tourism industry: conscious travel, destination recovery and regenerative tourism. Journal of Sustainability and Resilience, 1(1), 1–25. Joanne Lack, K. 1997. Agri-Tourism Development in British Colombia. Canada: Simon Fraser University King, C. (2022). Beyond sustainability: A global study of nature-based solutions in regenerative tourism. Mappasere, S. A., & Suyuti, N. (2019). Pengertian Penelitian Pendekatan Kualitatif. Metode Penelitian Sosial, 33 Muchlis, S. (2017). Arahan Pengembangan Agrowisata Berdasarkan Potensi Sumber Daya Lokal di Probolinggo, Jawa Timur. Tugas Akhir; Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 1–440. Puspitasari, Silvia. 2010. Kajian Potensi Wisata Agro di Kabupaten Badung Berdasarkan Aspek Permintaan dan Sediaan. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung Sanjaya, P. (2022). Peran Generasi Muda Sebagai Agent Of Change Guna Membangun Kearifan Budaya Lokal Dalam Ajaran Tri Hita Karana. Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu, 186–196. Tia Metanfanuan, Herlambang, Teguh, Agus, M., Krishernawan, Indra, Lestari, Puji, N., Ginting, Seriwati, D., Eddya, Eko, Supriyanto, & Nugroho, L. (2021). Pengantar Manajemen Potensi Desa: Aku Yakin desaku Punya Sejuta Potensi. Agrapana Media. World Tourism Organization. (2005). Making Tourism More Sustainable, A Guide for Policy Makers. UNEP & WTO
- 302 - ID-66: The Role of Tourism Elements in the Development of Singosari Temple Tourism Inayah Widya Nita ¹ Holi Bina Wijaya ² 1,2 Center for Participatory Planning (P5), Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University [email protected] ¹, [email protected] ² Highlight: History and all cultural activities that developed in the past can be a cultural heritage that can be enjoyed until now as a lesson from the past. Cultural heritage in the form of temple buildings is a potential for the development of cultural heritage tourism. But in developing this tourism, it is necessary to pay attention to the existence of tourism elements. This study aims to identify the role of tourism elements in the development of Singosari Temple tourism. The research method used is qualitative with data analysis using qualitative description. The results obtained from this study are the provision of tourism elements has a role in the development of Singosari Temple tourism. However, there is still a need to increase the provision of tourism support facilities for the convenience of tourists. Keywords: Tourism, Cultural Heritage, Tourism Elements Introduction Indonesia has a rich culture and history attached to this country. This is inseparable from the history, culture, traditions, and ethnics that existed and developed in Indonesia, especially in the past. History, culture, traditions, and ethnics that existed in the past then become heritages that can be enjoyed and utilized as one of the tourism and educational potentials related to the development of history, culture, and other diversity. So Indonesia is often one of the destinations for cultural and historical heritage tourism for foreign and local tourists. Some regions present a variety of tourist attractions that come from existing cultural and historical heritage with their own characteristics. History and all cultural activities that developed in the past can be a cultural heritage that can be enjoyed today as a lesson from the past. The Singosari Kingdom was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom established in the 12th century in Eastern Java. The kingdom was built by Ken Arok by seizing power from Tunggul Ametung. Then it developed into a large kingdom in East Java with the name Singosari Kingdom which was proposed by the last king, Kertanegara. However, the rebellion by the Kediri Kingdom during the leadership of Kertanegara caused the Singosari Kingdom to be destroyed and now only leaves sites in the form of temple buildings, sculptures, and inscriptions. This temple was built during the reign of Raden Wijaya, king of Majapahit I as a place of worship for the last king of the Singosari Kingdom and ShivaBuddhist prayers. Since the restoration in 1934-1937 until now the temple building is still standing firmly maintained and has become a place of prayer for Hindus from inside and outside the city. The visits from Hindus who pray at Singosari Temple, especially visitors from outside Malang, certainly require several needs to support their activities during the prayer. This encourages the provision of needs by the local community in order to facilitate the activities of visitors. From this business, the community gets a source of income. In time, Singosari Temple is not only used as a place of prayer for Hindus, but also as a tourist attraction for tourists who want to know the heritage of the Singosari Kingdom. The local government is also trying to make the Singosari Kingdom cultural heritage area into a cultural heritage tourism area. In the development of Singosari Temple area as cultural heritage tourism, there are tourism elements that need to be considered. The elements in tourism are the provision of amenities, accessibility, attractions, ancillary services, institutions and promotions. The availability of these elements has a role in the development of Singosari Temple tourism. Therefore, the author conducted this research to determine the role of tourism elements in the development of Singosari Temple tourism so that it can be a consideration for the government in tourism development efforts.
- 303 - Literature Review Tourism is a variety of activities carried out by individuals or masses outside the home with various purposes of entertainment, religion or prayer, business, education, cultural exchange, or exploring nature. Tourism also encapsulates the mobilization activities of a person towards the tourist destination to be visited. This is in line with Leiper's in (Ismayanti, 2010) opinion that there are three main components that make an activity referred to as tourism, namely the existence of tourists as the main actors in tourism activities; geographical elements related to tourist origin areas, transit areas, and tourist destinations that trigger the creation of demand to travel from tourist origin areas to tourist destinations; and the tourism industry which is a business unit providing services, services, attractions, attractions and tourist facilities to support the sustainability of tourist activities while traveling. The existence of demand from tourists for tourism destinations depends on the motive or purpose of their tourism trip. In practice, the motive or purpose of this tourism so that various types of tourism are also created. According (Spillane, 1987) to six specific types of tourism, as below: i. Pleasure Tourism Tourists who travel for pleasure have a tourist purpose or motive like getting fresh air, curiosity, finding serenity, enjoying a new atmosphere, and releasing their stress. This type of tourism usually offers the experience of walking around a tourism destination so that tourists can feel happy and get new experiences in the new places they visit. ii. Recreation Tourism This type of tourism is often visited during the holiday season with the motive for tourists to release stress and entertain themselves. This tourism usually presents a variety of attractions and various tourist facilities as an option for tourists to spend their vacation period. So this recreational tourism usually needs to be supported by facilities and attractions that support tourism activities. iii. Cultural Tourism Basically, this tourism is created from the curiosity of tourists about the culture and historical heritage that exists in an area. This tourism is based on a mosaic of places, traditions, arts, and experiences that illustrate the diversity and identity of a region. Cultural tourism can be divided into two main components, namely material culture which includes real human creations in the form of archaeological excavations or historical items. Meanwhile, non-material culture is an abstract creation inherited by ancestors in the form of stories, tales, songs, and traditional dances. iv. Sports Tourism This tourism is based on sports activities which are an attraction for tourists. This tourism can be divided into two, which are active sports tourism which involves tourists to participate in body sports and passive sports tourism which makes sports activities or competitions a tourist show. v. Business Tourism This tour is a form of professional travel that has a specific purpose or mission. Business travelers have main activities in the form of consultations, conventions, meetings and inspections. While supporting activities are eating, enjoying entertainment, recreation, shopping, and other accommodations.
- 304 - vi. Convention Tourism This tourism is related to the implementation of conventions or large gatherings that are often held between countries. Usually the implementation of large conventions between countries is also a venue for the host to introduce tourism and culture that they have to other countries or in other words become an indirect promotional media. The implementation of this tour is very attractive to the host because it has a considerable impact on the economy and marketing of local tourism. In this research, the type of tourism that will be developed in Candirenggo Village is cultural heritage tourism of the Singosari Kingdom such as temple buildings and all activities in it. Heritage from the remnants of the past in the form of both material and non-material which is now recognized as cultural heritage, norms, monuments, artifacts, traditional ceremonies, and traditional arts are cultural heritage that has its own history and value. Now many people have more curiosity and interest in learning about cultural heritage. One of the mediums that can be used to get to know history and cultural heritage is by traveling historical and cultural heritage tourism. Cultural heritage tourism can be defined as tourism that offers both physical and non-physical sensations from the heritage of the past that has historical value to be displayed in the present (Graham et al., 2000). Cultural heritage tourism uses cultural heritage and historical relics as tourism potential that can be divided into three forms, which are ideas, activities or actions, and artifacts. Ideas are ideas, values, norms that are abstract. The form of this cultural heritage can be in the form of thoughts, stories, and books. Activities that become historical tourism and cultural heritage can be in the form of human patterned actions. This activity can be formed from interaction, contact, and getting along between humans. While artifacts are a physical form of historical and cultural heritage. Basically, historical tourism emphasizes more on the spatial aspect which implies that tourism activities must be carried out on certain heritage sites (in situ) (Kausar, 2019). While cultural tourism does not emphasize the spatial aspect because tourism activities can be in the form of observing, studying, and enjoying a culture that can be done ex situ or outside its place of origin. The development of cultural heritage into tourism is inseparable from the provision of the main elements of tourism. These tourism elements are an attraction for visiting tourists. According to tourism, there are four elements of tourism, which are Amalgams (Attractions, Amenities, Ancillary services, and Accessibilities), cultural assessments, production and consumption linkages, multiple use of destinations, and destinations as loosely bounnded networs of organizations (Cooper, 2016). If there are no four elements of tourism, tourism activities will also not be formed or carried out. So this research will take the Amalgams element according to Cooper as a tourism forming element. i. Attractions Attractions are everything that can meet the needs of tourists and become the motive for tourists to travel. Tourist attractions can also mean elements in the form of tourism products presented by tourist destinations as an attraction for tourists. As for the kinds of tourist attractions, namely attractions in the form of natural attractions, artificial attractions, cultural attractions, and a combination of these attractions. The requirements of a tourist attraction in order to be developed into a tourist activity, that is the attraction can be seen (Maryani, 2019). This means that a tourist attraction will be attractive if its tourist attractions can be seen visually. The second requirement is that tourist attractions can be purchased, which means that a tourist attraction should have a product that can be sold to tourists. This is considered important to create a distinctive feature for the area so that tourists have memories on their tour. Then the tourist attraction should be in the form of activities that can be done in the tourist area. Tourists are not only passive in tourism activities, but also
- 305 - active in the tourism activities provided. This can affect the duration of the length of time tourists stay at tourist sites. ii. Amenities To support the activities in the tourist area, the provision of facilities is needed to increase the use value and aesthetics of tourist attractions. Amenities can be in the form of facilities that support tourist activities while traveling. Amenities are required to provide complete tourist facilities so that tourists feel at home in the area. The provision of these facilities is multi-sectoral and interdependent from the tourism sector (Utama, 2018). These facilities are accommodation, places to eat, public bathrooms or toilets, and other supporting facilities. These facility services usually have a tendency to be located in areas that are close to tourist sites (Cooper, 2016). iii. Ancillary services Ancillary services are things that need to be provided to support the tourist experience while traveling. This form of service can be in the form of the availability of tourism marketing, legislation, and additional accommodation in tourism. In reality, this service can be in the form of tour guides, tool rentals, and other services that can increase tourist satisfaction during tourism activities. In this study, the additional services available are services in the form of information provision and additional accommodation, such as security services, health, banking, and so on that can support tourist activities during visits. iv. Accessibility Accessibility is the ease for tourists to access or reach tourist attractions. This accessibility can be in the form of transportation facilities, selection of travel routes, and adequate infrastructure during tourist trips. This accessibility is also needed to connect the area of origin of tourists to tourist destinations. In this tourism development, accessibility is related to the ease of transportation for tourists. The provision of transportation facilities and infrastructure is expected to facilitate tourist visits and increase the number of visitors to travel (Soekadijo, 1997). Physical access and creative service provision to tourism sites are very important to add to the quality of the tourist experience of an object (Cooper, 2016). Methodology In this study, a deductive approach was used to identify the role of tourism elements in the development of Singosari Temple tourism. The deductive approach is an approach used to answer research questions by collecting several variables obtained from the synthesis of literature as the basis of research. In practice, this approach requires researchers to look for theories to be used and then the theory is used to determine the variables to be used. The research approach that will be used is an approach with qualitative methods. The design of this approach uses qualitative data to answer research questions. This approach also involves assumptions from relevant sources to support data that has been obtained from observation or document review. The data obtained will be analyzed descriptively to provide an overview of Singosari Temple tourism development. In the final stage, the data will be interpreted to draw conclusions or answers to research questions. Conclusions are obtained through qualitative descriptive analysis and then harmonized with the results of observations of existing conditions. Findings The existence of the Singosari Kingdom in the past left a valuable inheritance such as temple buildings and several statues. One of these heritage is Singosari Temple. This heritage is then seen as a potential that can be developed as a tourist attraction. The existence of visits from Hindus in order to hold annual rituals became the beginning of the tourism development of the
- 306 - cultural heritage of Singosari Temple. Apart from being a place of prayer or doing rituals, Singosari Temple is also quite attractive to tourists to travel and learn about the cultural heritage of the Singosari Kingdom. The attractions highlighted in the development of Singosari Temple cultural heritage tourism are four elements of tourism, which are attractions, accessibility, amenities, and ancillary services. The results of this study indicate the role of tourism elements in the development of Singosari Temple cultural heritage tourism. i. Tourism Attractions The attractions presented in the tourism development of the cultural heritage of Singosari Temple are the existence of the temple building and the cultural values attached to the building. This cultural heritage is what attracts tourists to visit and even to hold rituals for Hindus. This potential has existed since the restoration of the temple building which was then developed as a tourist attraction that can be enjoyed by tourists. The main tourist attraction is the view of Singosari Temple which stands firmly facing west. The beautiful scenery of Singosari Temple is not only to be enjoyed, but also used to support commercial activities such as taking pictures and videos for related businesses. Singosari Temple not only presents a view to be enjoyed, but is also still actively used for religious tourism or a place of prayer for Hindus. This temple is a destination for Hindus, especially Hindus from Bali who regularly perform routine rituals, namely Mejamuan. In addition, as a series before Nyepi Day, the Tawur Kesanga ritual is usually held in the courtyard of Singosari Temple. Singosari Temple, which is full of religious and historical values, is also one of the attractions presented to tourists, especially for students, researchers, or the general public who want to learn the history related to the relics of the Singosari Kingdom. Along with its development, the local community and government began to innovate by organizing artificial attractions, in the form of the Singosari Tempo Doeloe event held along the road in front of the temple to the road leading to another tourist attraction, the Kendedes bath. The event is an exhibition of local product; batik fashion show; reog, wayang, traditional song, and traditional dance performances. In addition to attracting tourists, this event can also be an economic turnover activity for the Candirenggo community. ii. Accessibility Accessibility in Singosari Temple area have good accessibility. The local road in front of the temple area has been paved and widened over the past 2 years. This road widening aims to support tourism activities that are being developed by the local government. In addition, the widening and improvement of the road also supports the establishment of the Singhasari Special Economic Zone which also includes Singosari Temple tourism as part of the economic development plan in the area. The temple area has also been equipped with a pedestrian path that makes it easier for tourists to walk to this temple attraction. Unfortunately, there is no parking lot that meets the standards and can accommodate tourist vehicles so that for parking needs tourists have to put their vehicles on the side of the road and even take up part of the road. This often creates a traffic jam. This area already has access to temple in the form of public transportation, delmans, becak, and ojek. These public vehicles can be found by tourists at the starting gate to Candirenggo Village. The choice of traditional transportation such as delman and becak can be a memorable experience for tourists who will visit Singosari Temple. iii. Amenities The provision of amenities in the Singosari Temple tourist area is in the form of places to eat, hotels, souvenir shops, pharmacies, and public accommodations such as public toilets and places of worship. In the Singosari Temple tourist area there are various kinds of places to eat, namely food stalls, street vendors, cafes, and restaurants. The provision of food stalls and street vendors usually comes from the local community around the tourist
- 307 - area. Tourists from out of town can also stay at some of the available inns. But currently there are only hotels that are quite far from the tourist attraction with a distance of about 2-5 kilometers from Singosari Temple. The provision of hotels is considered to be less supportive of tourism activities, because tourists usually only visit Singosari Temple for a short period of time so they do not need to stay overnight. But if tourists want to stay overnight and visit other attractions around Candirenggo, tourists are directed to lodging outside the Singosari Temple tourist area. iv. Ancillary Service Additional services provided in the Singosari Temple tourist area are carried out by the local government and the community. This additional service can be in the form of providing information in the form of guard posts and Singosari Temple information. The existence of a guide can provide information related to the temple for tourists. In addition, the government also plans to provide a Tumapel information room "Widya Karajyan Tumapel" which contains information and knowledge of the Singosari Kingdom. Additional services in the security sector have also been provided in the form of a police station located 500 meters from the Singosari Temple. The provision of additional services can also be in the form of the availability of ATMs and banks to facilitate tourists in their transaction activities while traveling. Conclusion The development of Singosari Temple tourism needs to pay attention to the existence of the main elements of tourism in the form of tourist attractions, accessibility, amenities, and ancillary services. After analyzing this research, it is concluded that the tourism elements that are the variables of this research show a role in the development of Singosari Temple tourism. The potential that Singosari Temple has become the main highlight in the provision of tourist attractions. The beautiful view of the temple and standing firmly in the temple complex area is the main attraction for tourists to visit. In addition, Singosari Temple is used as a place of prayer for Hindus. Along with the development of tourism, the local government and the community are trying to create innovations to add tourist attractions and attract visitors to travel. One of them is by holding the Singosari Tempo Doeloe event in the temple area with various cultural performances and performances of local products. In addition, the provision of other tourism elements that support tourism development also plays a big role in the development of Sngosari Temple tourism. Road widening carried out in the last two years around the temple area can facilitate the accessibility of visitors who will travel. In addition, the existence of supporting facilities, such as restaurants, souvenir shops, and other accommodations are supporting elements that can provide the needs of tourists during their visit. But there are still some elements of tourism whose provision has not been maximized. One of them is the problem of the nearest hotel that is not available. This can be an obstacle for foreign tourists who come, especially annual foreign tourists who pray in the Singosari Temple area. In addition, the limited availability of parking lots is a problem that can interfere with the comfort of tourists visiting the temple. There needs to be a solution from the government and the community in solving this problem. So with this research, it is hoped that it can be a suggestion for related parties to continue to develop Singosari Temple cultural heritage tourism by maximizing the provision of the main elements of tourism. References Cooper, C. (2016). Essential Of Tourism. www.pearson-books.com Graham, B., Ashworth, G., & Tunbridge, J. (2000). A Geography of Heritage Power, Culture and Economy (1st ed). Routledge. Ismayanti. (2010). Pengantar Pariwisata (D. Herfan (ed.)). PT Grasindo. Kausar, D. R. K. (2019). Warisan Budaya, Pariwisata dan Pembangunan di Muarajambi, Sumatra. Journal of Tourism Destination and Attraction, 1(1), 13–24. https://journal.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jtda/article/view/350 Maryani, E. (2019). Geografi Pariwisata (1st ed.). Ombak. Soekadijo, R. (1997). Anatomi Pariwisata (2nd ed.). PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Spillane, J. J. (1987). Ekonomi Pariwisata : Sejarah Dan Prospeknya (Ed.1). Kanisius. Utama, I. G. B. . (2018). Statistik Penelitian Bisnis & Pariwisata Dilengkapi Studi Kasus Penelitian (Ed. 1). Andi.
- 308 - ID-67: Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) as Drivers of Regenerative Tourism to Create Sustainable East Rejosari Village in Indonesia Khamelia Belvazaria 1 , Zukruf Novandaya 2 ¹ ² Center for Participatory Planning (P5) Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Regenerative tourism focuses on restoring the environment and ensuring sustainability with involves local communities. East Rejosari Village has Ciblon as the water tourism potential which is managed by Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). This study was carried out to determine the role and capabilities of BUMDes as drivers of regenerative tourism in East Rejosari Village. The method used is a qualitative method with data collection techniques are observation, interviews, and documentation. The study results show that BUMDes can achieve sustainability in East Rejosari Village by developing Ciblon without destroying the environment and still preserving rice fields. Keywords: BUMDes, Regenerative Tourism, Sustainable Introduction At this time, Indonesian government makes tourism sector as one of the priority development sectors (Fafurida, 2023). As a priority, tourism in every region needs to be developed optimally. Attractive dan interactive tourism will attracts more tourists to visit. The existence of tourism will have an impact in terms of regional development, social, economic, cultural, and environmental (Nurlena, 2021). The impact can be positive or negative. So, the tourism needs to be managed well to makes it sustainable. Regenerative tourism is one of a concept that can implemented to develop tourism in a region. Regenerative tourism create a positive impact by actively regenerating the environment, communities, cultures, heritage, places, and landscapes. Regenerative tourism can be a tool for local well-being, revitalization, and sustainability. Regenerative tourism focuses on microscale regeneration initiatives (Duxbury, 2020). Regenerative tourism will supports the longterm renewal and flourishing of our social and ecological systems (Dredge, 2022). East Rejosari is a tourist village located in Batang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The village has now transformed from a common village into tourism destination. This village has a potential tourism object, especially water tourism. East Rejosari has swimming pool called Ciblon. Another potential attraction of tourism in East Rejosari is the beauty of rural natural atmosphere and extensive rice fields with rice as the primary commodities. East Rejosari tourism object is managed directly by Village Owned Enterprises named BUMDes. BUMDes Rizqi Barokah Mandiri is the name of village owned enterprises in East Rejosari Village. This BUMDes manages tourism potential, especially Ciblon with guidance from the village government. The development of tourism in East Rejosari Village can be seen from the number of tourists visiting these attractions. Based on interview with BUMDes administrator, the number of visitors to East Rejosari Tourism Village is around 32.000 people in a year. East Rejosari Village also has culture that is still preserved and celebrated today, such as village birthdays, barongan festivals, and angklung performances. Regenerative tourism approach is suitable and can be implemented in East Rejosari Village. Natural resources, tourism potential, local community, and cultures are existed there. Until now, BUMDes plays an important role in the development of tourism in East Rejosari Village. Therefore, BUMDes has a capability to be a driver of regenerative tourism there.
- 309 - Literature Review i. Tourism Tourism is a basic human need until now. Tourism can be a prima donna and attraction for regions to increase their sources of income (Amilia, 2020). According to Koen Meyers (2009), tourism is a trip activity that is carried out temporarily to satisfy curiosity, have fun, spend free time at a destination. The trip activity is not for settle down purposes (Oktaviana, 2021). Tourism also defined as a tourist activity carried out by a person or group of people by visiting certain places for entertainment, personal development, or to learn about the uniqueness of tourist attractions visited in the past (Hidayatullah, 2021). ii. Regenerative Tourism Regenerative tourism is a approach to developing tourism. Regenerative tourism pays attention to sustainability in the future. This approach should prevents the growth of tourism to unsustainable levels. Regenerative tourism contributing to the proactive regeneration of communities, cultures, heritage, places, landscapes, and so forth. Regenerative tourism can be a tool for local well-being, revitalization, and sustainability. Regenerative tourism focuses on micro-scale regeneration initiatives rather than large-scale regeneration plans (Duxbury, 2020). The biggest challenge for regenerative tourism is how to manage and carried out the destination without intervening the natural tourism recovery processes (Hussain, 2021). Another main aspect of Regenerative Tourism is its commitment to fostering active community engagement and ownership (Qua, 2024). Regenerative tourism can not work without commitment of decision-makers like government and local agents or local community regarding a local development strategy (Duxbury, 2020). Regenerative tourism considers the well-being of the people live there. Regenerative tourism can provide understanding to the community that management of tourist villages must have long-term benefits (Edison, 2023). According to Duxbury (2020), regenerative tourism is an approach that gives attention to some aspects, such as holistic development, community well-being, cultural vitality, and sustainability. According to Dredge (2022), there are seven principles for regenerative tourism, such as holistic, nature as our teacher, care and respect, agency, dynamic and evolutionary, collaborative, and continuous learning. iii. BUMDes BUMDes is a village owned enterprises institution formed by the village government. BUMDes is managed by the local community together with the village government. The establishment of BUMDes is regulated in the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2021. Based on this regulation, the objectives of BUMDes include carrying out economic business activities by managing businesses, developing investment and economic productivity, and exploring village potential, carrying out public service activities for village communities by providing goods and services and meeting the general needs of village communities, obtaining profits to increase the village's original income, optimally utilizing village assets so as to create added value to village assets, and developing a digital economic ecosystem in the village. The establishment of BUMDes needs to pay attention to local potential and policy support from the government. The characteristics of BUMDes business management is openness, honesty, participation, and fairness. BUMDes management is carried out with the principles of professionalism, openness and responsibility, participatory, prioritization of local resources, and sustainability. BUMDes has function as a social institution and economic institution
- 310 - (Ridlwan, 2014). BUMDes as social institution need to support the interest of local community. BUMDes as economic institution was created with the aim of gaining profits to strengthen Original Village Income (Dewi, 2014). The existence of BUMDes is expected to help manage village potential independently, creatively, and innovatively so that it can open new job opportunities and improve the village economy (Hailudin, 2021). Methodology This study aims to find out how the tourism potential in East Rejosari village can be driven by BUMDes with the concept of regenerative tourism so the tourism can becomes sustainable in the future. Therefore, research method uses in this study is qualitative research method. Qualitative research is useful for understanding phenomenon that exist in a place and explain the behavior, beliefs, and action of people there (Hennick, 2020). Data collection technique in qualitative research is observation, interviews, and documentation (Moises, 2020) so that the data obtained is the form of words. The data was collected through making direct observations in East Rejosari Village. Observation aims to obtain primary datas, includes total surface area, total populations, and total area of rice fields. Data also collected through conducting interviews with the village government and BUMDes administrators. Interviews are conducted to find out their opinions about tourism development in East Rejosari Village. Secondary data was collected by documentation, for examples the management accountability report from BUMDes, journal, article, and organizational website that related to the topic. After the primary datas and secondary datas were collected, the data then analyzed and processed descriptively. Findings East Rejosari Village is a village located in Batang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Based on data from Statistics Batang Regency in 2022, East Rejosari Village has a land area of 121,63 hectares with a population of 1.466 people. East Rejosari Village is one of the tourist villages that has water tourism potential. The water tourism is in the form of a swimming pool called Ciblon. Ciblon was founded in 2016, but until now it has not been fully completed. The water source used for the swimming pool is a pure spring from the village of East Rejosari. The Ciblon swimming pool is quite busy with visitors. Data from interviews with BUMDes administrators states that the number of visitors each year is around 32.000 visitors. The existence of tourism give a positive impact on the economy. The profits obtained from the Ciblon swimming pool are currently between 400-500 million per year. Water tourism in East Rejosari Village is supported by beautiful views of rice fields and hills. However, the rice fields in East Rejosari Village are protected rice fields. Based on data from the Spatial Planning Division, Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning of the Batang Regency in 2022, the area of protected rice fields in East Rejosari Village is 46.04 hectares. This protected rice field must be conserved and must not be used as built-up land. In the front area of Ciblon, there is also a café managed by BUMDes. The café serves a variety of food and drinks. Tourists can enjoy time relaxing in the swimming pool while enjoying the surrounding views and enjoying delicious dishes at the cafe. Once the construction of the Ciblon swimming pool is 100% complete, it is hoped that it can increase tourist attraction, increase the number of tourists, and improve the village economy. Tourism in East Rejosari Village is not only managed by the local government. East Rejosari Village has a community containing local villagers in the form of a BUMDes. BUMDes in East Rejosari Village was established in 2016 and was named BUMDes Rizqi Barokah Mandiri. BUMDes Rizqi Barokah Mandiri has a mission to develop contemporary management principles, realize independence in developing the village economy, realize transparent, honest and fair management, and create a prosperous society. Until now, BUMDes has
- 311 - focused on managing two main activities in East Rejosari Village. The first activity is that BUMDes members actively manage the Ciblon swimming pool, café, and assist in developing tourism in East Rejosari Village. The second activity is that BUMDes helps in waste management. At this time, BUMDes has only created waste retribution activity. Waste retribution are a business unit developed by BUMDes and the aims is to aware peoples about environmental cleanliness and do not pollute the environment. BUMDes also contributes to village income so that villages can carry out optimal development. The development of tourism by BUMDes can provide employment opportunities and help reduce the unemployment rate in rural communities. The existence of BUMDes is expected to be able to assist village governments in meeting the needs and services of the community. The existence of tourism potential and BUMDes as managers means that tourism in East Rejosari village in the future can be developed using a regenerative tourism approach. Based on the theory in Dredge (2022), East Rejosari Village has fulfilled the principles for developing tourism with a regenerative tourism approach. The principles of regenerative tourism will be linked to the potential of BUMDes as a driver of regenerative tourism. i. Holistic: Tourism development in East Rejosari Village involves various sectors, such as economic, social, cultural, and environmental. In tourism management, BUMDes must pay attention to these aspects and involve related multisector organizations or institutions. With this integration, tourism development can be carried out more effectively and efficiently and it can improve the welfare of local village residents. ii. Nature as our teacher: East Rejosari Village has extnsive protected rice fields. The existence of these rice fields needs to be maintained and protected. BUMDes as drivers of regenerative tourism can engage in conservation efforts. BUMDes can carry out conservation efforts by conserving and preserving rice fields. This is implemented by not using rice fields as land for expanding or developing existing tourism. Protected rice fields must continue to be used as agricultural land and not converted into built-up land. Efforts from BUMDes to preserve the protected rice fields can impact on environmental sustainability in the East Rejosari Village. iii. Care and respect: To show a sense of protection, preservation, and concern for nature in East Rejosari Village, BUMDes can do sustainable resource management efforts. These efforts are made to reduce negative impacts on the environment. BUMDes will be the pioneer of the movement to reduce the amount of paper and plastic waste in tourist areas. The use of paper entrance tickets has been replaced with online tickets and the use of eco-friendly bags can be implemented there. Regarding plastic, BUMDes can collect plastic waste in tourist areas and buy plastic waste from local people to then press the plastic. The existence of a plastic press machine will make the process of selling plastic from waste banks to the plastic industry more efficient (Syahbana, 2022). Existing waste retribution activity can still be continued. The collected waste can be processed at the integrated waste processing site. iv. Agency: BUMDes are local community actors who support and empower the local economy. BUMDes tries to explore the potential in East Rejosari Village to then develop it and become an economic driver. BUMDes can be the right forum for the indigenous people of East Rejosari Village to provide ideas and concepts related to tourism development.
- 312 - v. Dynamic and evolutionary: Tourism is a dynamic and complex system. This characteristic is same as culture. Regenerative tourism is carried out as one of the cultural conservation efforts. BUMDes can help and play an active role in holding cultural festival celebrations in East Rejosari Village. East Rejosari Village has cultural events held every year, such as village birthdays, barongan festivals, and angklung performances. This festival celebration in Ciblon can attract more visitors and increase village income. Apart from that, festival activities are carried out to preserve local culture in East Rejosari Village. vi. Collaborative: The principle of collaboration can be created between BUMDes and other local communities. BUMDes can participate in conducting education related to agricultural management for tourists. Farming simulation can be an educational tourism that is suitable to be implemented in agriculture based rural areas. Tourists will feel closer to nature and gain insight into agriculture. In terms of this education, BUMDes can collaborate with local farmer community (Gapoktan) in East Rejosari Village. Education does not only take the form of agricultural management for tourists, but education can also take the form of agricultural waste management. Until now, agricultural waste in East Rejosari Village has not been managed properly because there is still agricultural waste being burned. Burning produces air pollution and reduces the beauty of the village view. In fact, agricultural waste can be processed into cattle feed ingredient. BUMDes can help the village government to conduct outreach to the local farmer community (Gapoktan) regarding education on agricultural waste management. vii. Continuous learning: BUMDes are expected to be able to continue to develop and adapt to existing advances. It is hoped that the development of regenerative tourism in the village of East Rejosari can increase knowledge for BUMDes so that they can generate new ideas and innovations in the future. Conclusion East Rejosari Village is a village in Batang Regency that has potential to be developed into a tourist village with the concept of regenerative tourism. The development of regenerative tourism will be more directed and helped by the role of BUMDes in it. BUMDes is a form of strengthening institutions and communities in East Rejosari Village that are able to drive tourism development while still paying attention to environmental sustainability, preserving rice fields, reducing negative impacts on the environment, and improving the village economy. BUMDes can also do cultural conservation efforts by holding cultural festival celebrations. In its implementation, BUMDes can collaborate with other stakeholders and communities such as the village government and Gapoktan. Based on its potential and capabilities, BUMDes will be the right driver for regenerative tourism to create sustainable East Rejosari Village. References Amilia, W., Rokhani, R., Prasetya, R. C., & Suryadharma, B. (2020). Pembangunan Desa Wisata Gadingan dan Kebutuhan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Pendekatan Community Based Tourism. JPPM (Jurnal Pengabdian Dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat), 4(1), 93-102. Dewi, A. S. K. (2014). Peranan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) Sebagai Upaya Dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Desa (Pades) Serta Menumbuhkan Perekonomian Desa. Journal of rural and development, 5(1) Duxbury, N., Bakas, F. E., Vinagre de Castro, T., & Silva, S. (2020). Creative Tourism Development Models Towards Sustainable And Regenerative Tourism. Sustainability, 13(1), 2. Dredge, D. (2022). Regenerative tourism: Transforming mindsets, systems and practices. Journal of Tourism Futures, 8(3), 269- 281. Edison, E., & Kartika, T. (2023). Pendampingan Pengelolaan Desa Wisata Alamendah Melalui Pendekatan Regeneratif. Jurnal Pemberdayaan Pariwisata, 5(1), 53.
- 313 - Fafurida, F., Purwaningsih, Y., Mulyanto, M., & Suryanto, S. (2023). Tourism Village Development: Measuring the Effectiveness of the Success of Village Development. Economies, 11 (5): 133. Hailudin, H. (2021). Peranan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDES) Dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat Desa Labuhan Haji Lombok Timur. Elastisitas: Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 3(1), 1-9. Hennink, M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2020). Qualitative research methods. Sage. Hidayatullah, T., Noor, M., & Dyastari, L. (2021). Strategi Dinas Pemuda, Olahraga dan Pariwisata Dalam Mengembangkan Sektor Pariwisata di Kota Bontang. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 9(3), 92-99. Hussain, A. (2021). A future of tourism industry: Conscious travel, destination recovery and regenerative tourism. Journal of Sustainability and Resilience, 1(1), 5. Moises Jr, C. (2020). Online Data Collection as Adaptation in Conducting Quantitative and Qualitative Research During The COVID-19 Pandemic. European Journal of Education Studies, 7(11). Nurlena, N., Taufiq, R., & Musadad, M. (2021). The socio-cultural impacts of rural tourism development: A case study of Tanjung Tourist Village in Sleman Regency. Jurnal Kawistara, 11(1), 62-74. Oktaviana, R. F., Muhammad, A. S., Kurnianingsih, F., & Mahadiansar, M. (2021). Internal Condition Analysis on Tourism Development of Bintan Regency 2019. Indonesian Journal of Tourism and Leisure, 2(1), 51-61. Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2021. Ridlwan, Z. (2014). Urgensi BUMDes dalam Pembangunan Perekonomian Desa. Fiat Justicia Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Fakultas Hukum Universitas Lampung, 8(3), 424-440. Syahbana, D. F., Nurmianto, E., Arifin, I., & Priambodo, D. (2022). Implementasi Mesin Press Sampah Plastik Untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat di BUMDES Mitra Sejati, Kecamatan Gandusari Kabupaten Trenggalek. Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Bina Darma, 2(3), 171-184. Qua, M., & Zolletb, S. (2024). Regenerative Creative Tourism and Community Revitalization.
- 314 - ID-68: Determine Social Element for Residential’s People Housing Programme (PPR) Towards Sustainable Affordable Housing in Kedah Mohamad Zaidi Sabri 1 , Nor Suzylah Sohaimi 2 ¹ Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government (GSGSG), Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06050, Kedah ² Department of Planning & Property Development, School of Government, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06050, Kedah [email protected] , [email protected] Highlight: This study to evaluate the relationship in social aspects with the formation of sustainable affordable housing in the People's Housing Programme (PPR), Sungai Petani, Kedah. This study arises when there are social problems that arise with residences in PPR. The issue of housing in Malaysia is realised with the existence of COVID-19, because the house is cramped, with the household confined to the house as well as the lack of residential greenery which leads to pressure on the household. Ultimately, sustainable affordable housing research will contribute to the formation of sustainability and have the potential to strengthen the country's housing policy. Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainable Affordable Housing, Social Housing Introduction Housing is one of the most important components in the social aspect and the formation of sustainable affordable housing. This is also supported by Norazmawati, MD. Sani & Nurul Syafiqah Mohd Nori (2021) explain that affordable housing is one of the basic needs of human life and is a priority as a shelter. Among the low-cost housing programmes is the People's Housing Programme (PPR). PPR is low-cost housing built in large urban areas and suburbs by the government to own or hire to low-income households (B40) for RM3,000 and below (Department of Statistics, Malaysia, 2020). The PPR is built with the feature of a home-type house between 5 and 18 levels of not less than 700 kps (Noor Adilah Abdul Rashid et al., 2020). Each house is provided with three bedrooms, one living room, a kitchen area, and two bathrooms (Noor Adilah Abdul Rashid et al., 2020). From a social point of view, social problems that arise that affect the well-being of PPR cannot toward a home that meets household needs. This is also supported by Karuppannan& Sivam, (2011), who states that most households claim to be dissatisfied with the physical and social facilities provided and have continued social problems. In addition, the issue of less sustainable housing in Malaysia has begun to gain attention, especially during COVID-19. This is because all households are in the house simultaneously. This social aspect often causes various problems, not only the issue of residents, but also the imperfect residential structure that affects sustainable affordable housing. There are still physical problems in the house that cause concern for the residents. In addition, social aspects that often occur in lowcost houses, such as attitude problems, the culture of PPR residents synonymous with dirty, no civic awareness, no neighbourhood spirit and individualism, are among the things that need to be focused on. Therefore, this study is based on the wider framework of urban sustainability, and its discoveries have significant implications for academia, urban policymakers, and housing developers. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights for the development of environmentally friendly and attractive housing options that cater to the specific demands of this key demographic. This study contributes to the overarching objective of improving the sustainability and resilience of urban areas in response to rapid urbanization and decrease social issues.
- 315 - Literature Review Integrating the concepts of affordable housing with sustainability is considered novel, and others claim that combining the two concepts is uncommon (Ezennia & Hoskara, 2019). There hasn’t been much research done on particular crucial success criteria for measuring sustainable affordable housing (Chan & Adabre, 2019). Figure 1 depicts studies on sustainable housing from around the world, based on data from the Connected Paper website and a search using the keywords "sustainable affordable housing," demonstrating that LR1 is the most accurate portrayal of a study on sustainable affordable housing. Meanwhile, LR2 is a collection of studies related to green building and sustainability but excluded from the standpoint of affordability. LR3 is public-private cooperation that differs significantly from this study (see Figure 1). Based on this data as shown in Figure 1, it is obvious that studies on sustainable affordable housing are still inadequate. There have been no studies shown specifically on development of a sustainable affordable house model in Malaysia. Figure 1: Studies on sustainable affordable housing around the world from years 2014 to 2021 (Source: Research Rabbit) In fact, in Malaysia, the concept of sustainability is still in its infancy (Jamaludin et al., 2020). Housing affordability in Malaysia has been vastly discussed and an established approach namely median multiple is applied but, the housing affordability concept is rarely integrated into the framework of sustainability. A few sustainable affordable housing studies in Malaysia have emerged from 2016 to 2020. Some of the studies only aim to determine the best location to build sustainable affordable housing (Said et al., 2017), and some have examined the issue of integrating affordable housing and sustainable practices (Jamaludin et al., 2018). Interestingly, a study by Qin et. al., (2020) has reviewed the current sustainability assessment and criticised that it has excluded the vulnerability and resilience aspects such as income level and ignored the social aspect. Meanwhile, a study by Rizal et al., (2019), has to enhance the model to measure the sustainability level of affordable housing by using spatial analysis. However, his study suggested to applied the Malaysian Family Welfare Index developed by Lembaga Penduduk & Pembangunan Keluarga Negara (LPPKN), which comprises eight domains. However, his own study was not clear which indicator has been adopted as his study aims to enhance the spatial framework to measure the sustainability level of affordable housing, where this is reflected in his research problem statement that there is no suitable spatial measurement as an indicator of the affordable housing area. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap to evaluate the social factors that influence the toward of sustainable affordable housing with indicators of demographic factors, housing standard & quality, household satisfaction, affordable housing, community well-being, security& safety and housing stress.
- 316 - Methodology This study uses a deductive approach to solve the research problem by obtaining a new conclusion to prove the hypothesis and determine the social aspect of the People's Housing Programme (PPR) residence in the formation of sustainable affordable housing in the state of Kedah. Quantitative methods are used to answer the three objectives. In this research, to identify socioeconomic background of low-cost housing residents in the state of Kedah is explored based on descriptive analysis. Next, hypotheses are developed and variables will be released and changed according to the concept of the framework in the form of a questionnaire. Then a questionnaire will be conducted to evaluate social factors toward sustainable affordable housing. The data were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The main data in this research is a questionnaire. The results of this PLS-SEM analysis will be explained to assess the social factors that influence the formation of sustainable affordable housing in the state of Kedah. Next, suggest improvements in the social aspects of sustainable affordable housing in the state of Kedah to answer the third objective. The implementation of this study focuses on affordable housing areas in PPR Paya Nahu, PPR Amanjaya and PPR Sinar Intan 3 in the Sungai Petani district in the state of Kedah Darul Aman. As this study used stratified sampling, therefore the sample size for each group was selected based on their proportion of population. The population of the three PPRs is 2352 and 327 sample sizes are required for the survey (Krejcie & Morgan, 1970), where each PPR shows a different proportion of sample size with the highest being PPR Paya Nahu (287), followed by PPR Amanjaya (29) and PPR Sinar Intan 3 (11). Findings This conceptual framework is used as a symbol to explain the type of use of the variables studied, which are independent variables and dependent variables. The independent variables in this study are demographic factors, housing standard & quality, household satisfaction, affordable housing, community well-being, security & safety and housing stress. The dependent variable is sustainable affordable housing. This study also included three new factors that became research gaps from a social aspect, namely well-being, safety and housing stress. Therefore, this study takes into all the new social factor variables without ignoring the previous variable factors. i. Housing Standard & Quality: This residential structure is an overall housing development that includes government and private housing projects. Housing standards and quality also aim to drive the country's housing construction sector by emphasizing aspects of quality housing planning, design, and construction towards creating sustainable, resilient and inclusive neighborhoods for the people (CIDB, 2019). The standards and quality of this housing are evaluated in several studies that touch on aspects of design and space in the house, the conditions of the households that inhabit it, building design and comfort. The quality of this housing involves the size of the household, the quality of building materials, the design in the house and the accessibility of the household, is the main factors in determining sustainable affordable housing (CIDB, 2019). ii. Housing Satisfaction: Housing satisfaction is related to a person's feelings towards the environment and physical housing and this varies according to the demographics and socioeconomics of the housing occupants (Kellekci & Berkoz, 2006). Housing satisfaction affects the order, health and academic achievement of children. Housing satisfaction is divided into two, physical and non-physical. Physical housing satisfaction is the design of the house, the area of the house and the location. Meanwhile, in terms of non-physical factors, the crime rate and
- 317 - socio-economic status of the population. Housing satisfaction is closely related to the quality of the housing. iii. Housing Affordability: Affordability refers to an individual's ability to do something. The affordability to own a house is about the ability of households to manage the cost of paying for housing while maintaining the ability to meet other basic needs (Gan, Q., & Hill, R. J. 2009). Housing affordability affects the ability to pay back housing loans consistently. A high monthly income increases the ability to own a home, on the other hand, a low income makes it difficult to access the ability to own a housing. iv. Community Well-Being: One of the common ways to deal with defining and measuring the "good life" is to use the concept of community wellbeing. Well-being is a broad term that refers to a psychological and emotional condition that has intrinsic worth. High spirits, exuberance, joy, elation, contentment, ease, confidence, “in the zone,” purpose, and satisfaction with one’s life are just a few of the psychological and emotional states that could be argued to be valuable in and of themselves (Clapham et al., 2018). Some debated that community well-being includes not only residents’ overall satisfaction with the community’s physical, social, and environmental aspects, but also communities of place linked by geography, governance, or other features that bind people together, whether implicitly or overtly (Sung & Philips, 2018). v. Security & Safety: Safety is classified as a condition that is preserved, awakens or avoids any harm, disaster or disruption until the occurrence of an accident (Abdullah, 2011). The safety of the housing environment is categorised as an important thing that every population needs to be presented with by co-existing prosperity (Azita et al., 2015). Affordable housing often ignores the safety factor of housing that causes the problem of housing. Therefore, there is a need to fill the previous study gap taking into account the security factors in measuring sustainable affordable homes. This situation is an indication of the physical condition of housing, which does not guarantee perfect safety. vi. Housing Stress: Housing stress often refers to the problem of financial constraints in managing the cost of housing expenses. However, these financial problems are not the only contributors to housing pressure. On the other hand, housing stress is divided into two types, namely physical stress and emotional stress (Yusof, N. 2019). Physical stress includes the low quality of the house, the characteristics of the place of residence, while emotional stress includes the impact, lack of control and cost of housing. Housing pressure is further enhanced by the social aspect in the formation of sustainable affordable housing which was neglected in previous studies. This research gap underscores the need to understand housing stress.
- 318 - Ezenia & Hoskara (2019) New path Chan & Adabre (2019) Ezenia & Hoskara (2019), Chan & Adabre (2019) New construct Figure 2: National Sustainable Affordable Housing Proposed Framework (Source: Adapted from Ezenia & Hoskara 2019, Chan & Adabre, 2019) Conclusion In conclusion, the goal of toward sustainable affordable housing is the basis for directly contributing to ensure that the community receives sufficient resources while this is also a prerequisite for the community to live in sustainable affordable housing by building a continuous social network. The importance of this study is also suitable to be used as an initial guideline to study the current situation and problems faced by PPR owners. The National Housing Policy (2018-2025) has five (5) key focuses, including Focus 1; Ensuring quality housing for all, Focus 2; Improving accessibility and ability to own a home, Focus 3; Ensuring quality and cohesion neighborhoods, Focus 4; Improving housing development and transportation cooperation for the better quality of life, and Focus 5; Strengthening institutional capacity to implement National Housing Policy (2018-2025). Reflecting on this research, it is in line with the National Housing Policy’s goals of ensuring that housing is not only affordable but achieves sustainability and includes well-being. Finally, this research could also aid in the improvement of current housing policies. References Abdullah, A. A. L. (2011). Pengurusan Keselamatan Menyeluruh di Tapak Bina (Doctoral dissertation), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Azita Ali, Nor Hayati Abdul Halim, Mohd Safiee Idris, Kahirunnes Isa, Mohamad Suhaimi Sulong, Sarebah Warman & Ahmad Esa. (2015). Tahap keselamatan kediaman,perumahan flat Taman Cendana: Satu kajian. Prosiding Antarabangsa Kelestarian Insan Kali ke 2. The Royal Bintang & Spa, Seremban. Chan, A. P., & Adabre, M. A. (2019). Bridging the gap between sustainable housing and affordable housing: The required critical success criteria (CSC). Building and environment, 151, 112-125. Construction Industry Development Board, (2018). Standard Industri Pembinaan. CIS 26: 2019. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Data Pengkatalogan-dalam-penerbitan. Retrieved 19 May 2024. Retrieved from https://www.cidb.gov.my/wpcontent/uploads/2022/11/CIS26_2019.pdf Clapham, D., Foye, C., & Christian, J. (2018). The concept of subjective well-being in housing research. Housing, Theory and Societ y, 35(3), 261-280. Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2020). Laporan Survei Pendapatan Isi Rumah Dan Kemudahan Asas 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2024. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/uploads/files/1_Articles_By_Themes/Prices/HIES/HISReport/HIS-Malaysia-.pdf Ezennia, I. S., & Hoskara, S. O. (2019). Exploring the severity of factors influencing sustainable affordable housing choice: evidence from Abuja, Nigeria. Sustainability, 11(20), 5792. Gan, Q., & Hill, R. J. (2009). Measuring Housing Affordability : Looking beyond the median. of Housing Economics, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2009.04.003 Housing Standard & Quality Demographic Factor Community Well-Being Housing Satisfaction Housing Stress Sustainable Affordable Housing Security & Safety Housing Affordability
- 319 - Jamaludin, S. S., Mahayuddin, S. A., & Hamid, S. H. A. (2018, April). Challenges of integrating affordable and sustainable housing in Malaysia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 140, No. 1, p. 012001). IOP Publishing. Jamaludin, S. S., Hamid, S. H. A., & Noor, S. M. (2020, May). Assessing the Challenges of Integration Affordable and Sustainable H ousing from Economic Perspectives. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 498, No. 1, p. 012089). IOP Publishing. Karuppannan, S., & Sivam, A. (2011). Social sustainability and neighbourhood design: an,investigation of residents' satisfaction in Delhi. Local Environment, 16(9), 849-870. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2011.607159 Kellekci, Ö. L., & Berköz, L. (2006). Mass housing: User satisfaction in housing and its environment in Istanbul, Turkey. European Journal of Housing Policy, 6(1), 77–99. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3). pp. 607-61 Noor Adilah Abdul Rashid, Nor Jana Saim & Ezarina Zakaria (2020). Faktor Pelindung Dalam Kalangan Remaja Di Projek Perumahan Rakyat (PPR) Kuala Lumpur: Kajian Awalan. Malaysian Journal of Psychology 34 (3) (2020): 42-52 ISSN2289-8174 Norazmawati Md. Sani & Nurul Shafiqah Mohd Nori (2021). Kemampuan Pemilikan Rumah Dalam Kalangan Belia Di Batu Kurau, Perak. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), Volume 6, Issue 11, (page 99 - 109). https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i11.1168 Qin, H. T. Y., Im, L. P., & AbdulLateef, O. (2020). Sustainability of affordable housing: A review of assessment tools. J. Eng. Manag Appl. Sci. Technol, 11(8). Rizal, N., Tarmidi, Z., Razali, N., & Pisol, S. (2019). Assessment of Sustainability of Affordable Housing in Malaysia. International Ar chives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42(4/W16). Said, R., Daud, M. N., Esha, Z., Majid, R. A., & Najib, M. (2017). Owners’ perception towards sustainable housing affordability in Ku ching, Sarawak. Journal of Design and Built Environment, 194-206. Sung, H., & Phillips, R. G. (2018). Indicators and community well-being: Exploring a relational framework. International Journal of Co mmunity Well-Being, 1(1), 63-79. Yusof, N. (2019). Faktor penyumbang kepada tekanan perumahan di kawasan perumahan kos rendah dan sederhana rendah di Pulau Pinang. KEMANUSIAAN the Asian Journal of Humanities 26(1): 143–171, https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2019.26.1.6
- 320 - ID-69: Sustainable Regional Development Strategy: West Sumatra Government Policy in Budget Allocation from the Local Government Budget (APBD) in the Agricultural Sector for Regional Economic Progress Muthia Gasany Rayasha 1 , Alif Asniati 2 1,2 Center for Participatory Planning (P5) Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: West Sumatra, with a GRDP structure dominated by agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, and a majority of the workforce in these sectors, faces the challenge of poverty, especially in rural areas. Through a descriptive qualitative approach, this study discusses the effectiveness of the local government's policy of allocating 10% of its budget to agriculture to boost the economy and reduce poverty. The implementation of this policy can improve farmers' welfare and promote food self-sufficiency. This innovative approach is relevant not only for West Sumatra but also for other regions with strong agricultural base, making it a widely applicable model. Keywords: Regional Development, Economic Growth, Government Policy, Agricultural Introduction Sustainable development is a concept that integrates economic growth, environmental sustainability and social welfare, and is the main goal of development policies in various regions of the world. In Indonesia, this approach is increasingly relevant given the complex development challenges and diversity of regional conditions. Local community empowerment can be one of the strategies to increase regional economic growth. Economic empowerment of local communities is an effort made in the face of changes in the economic system that are scarce and limited resources (Diatmika et al., 2022). Efforts to empower the economy of local communities must be carried out by looking at existing potential. West Sumatra has a living landscape and natural landscape that allows a variety of agricultural activities to be carried out by its inhabitants. As the Minangkabau philosophy, 'alam takambang jadikan guru', which means that nature is not just a place to live and develop, but is a source of lifelong learning and nature is a gift from God Almighty, West Sumatra is inherited a concern for the natural environment and makes nature a source of learning in managing the agricultural resources it is endowed with. West Sumatra has a dominant agricultural sector, with the majority of the population relying on agrarian activities as their main livelihood. This sector is not only the backbone of the regional economy but also plays an important role in maintaining ecological and social balance. However, the agricultural sector in West Sumatra faces various challenges, especially the number of poor people in rural areas which is more dominant than urban areas. In facing this challenge, the West Sumatra local government has a very strategic role. This role includes the formulation and implementation of policies and programs aimed at empowering communities and increasing their participation in agricultural sector development. Community empowerment involves increasing the capacity of individuals and groups, so that they can actively participate in resource management and decision-making processes related to agriculture. As part of this effort, budget allocation policies from the Regional Budget (APBD) become an important instrument used by the West Sumatra Government to strengthen the agricultural sector and drive the overall progress of the regional economy. Thus, the integration of local government policies with sustainable regional development strategies is an urgent need to achieve inclusive and sustainable development goals in West Sumatra.
- 321 - Literature Review The concept of sustainable development in principle states that current development does not require compromise from future generations through their sacrifice in the form of social welfare that is lower than the welfare of the current generation (Suparmoko, 2020). The social welfare in question is economic growth, social welfare which includes health and education, and environmental sustainability. Sustainable regional development is used as a relevant framework for understanding regional development strategies implemented by local governments. Agricultural policy is a government effort in regulating, and controlling aspects of development in the agricultural sector to maintain and increase food yields, as well as in the form of government decisions and actions to direct, encourage, control, and regulate agricultural development to realize national development goals. More specifically, agricultural policy is defined as government efforts through various instruments and regulations to increase the production and consumption of agricultural commodities (Pearson et al., 2004). Agricultural policy in Indonesia places qualified, competent, managerial and organizational human resources as important actors of agricultural development. This is stated in Law No. 16/2006 on the Agricultural, Fisheries and Forestry Extension System. Development in the agricultural sector is needed in the pace of development of agricultural conditions in Indonesia. In this case, there needs to be a greater policy focus on agriculture, especially in budget allocation. To increase the priority towards agricultural development that must be reflected in the allocation of funds for the agricultural sector (Ikhsani et al., 2020). Previous research that supports this paper was conducted by Wicaksono & Audinasari (2023) which discusses fiscal policy in agricultural sector development. Based on research analyzing local government spending on agricultural productivity development in the Regency/City of West Java Province, it can be seen that most components of agricultural subsector spending and direct spending have a positive and significant influence. The study emphasizes the importance of fiscal stimulus to improve the real sector in the economy, especially since the agricultural sector is an upstream sector that drives downstream sectors such as the processing industry, food, and agricultural industries. Methodology This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a focus on literature studies and case studies, as well as data analysis. Literature studies are used to gain an in-depth understanding of the concept of sustainable development and budget allocation policies in the agricultural sector. Case studies will be conducted to analyze policy implementation by the West Sumatra Government in budget allocation from the APBD for the agricultural sector, which will then be critically analyzed. Primary data will not be collected, but relevant data will be extracted from official documents, reports, and related case studies from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and the Regional Development Planning Agency (Bappeda) of West Sumatra Province. Data analysis is conducted using a thematic approach to identify key factors that influence the success of the policy and its impact on regional economic progress. Findings The economic development of a region as measured by economic growth shows the growth of production of goods and services in an economic region in a certain time interval. This production is measured in terms of value added created by various economic businesses in the region, which in total is known as Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). Based on the Official Statistics related to Economic Growth both quarterly and annually and the results
- 322 - of Bank Indonesia's study analysis, it shows that the GRDP Structure in West Sumatra is dominated by Business Fields in the Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries Sector which contribute above 20% annually compared to other Business Fields. but the growth rate of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Sectors tends to be small and has decreased from 2018-2020 with achievements in 2018 of 3.46%, in 2019 of 2.63%, and in 2020 of 1.19%. This affects the Economic Growth Rate in West Sumatra which tends to go down. However, during the COVID19 pandemic in 2020, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector is a business field that can survive the impact of economic growth which is quite deep in contraction. Figure 1: Structure of West Sumatra GRDP by Business Field in 2018-2020 (Source: Central Bureau of Statistics of West Sumatra, 2021) Based on these conditions, one of the Flagship Programmes promoted by the elected Governor of West Sumatra and Deputy Governor of West Sumatra after the implementation of the December 2020 Pilkada is to allocate a budget for the agricultural sector of at least 10% of the total Regional Budget (APBD) of West Sumatra Province which is stipulated in the document of the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) of West Sumatra Province in 2021-2026 with West Sumatra Province Regional Regulation Number 6 of 2021. The ultimate goal of this policy is to increase economic growth and be accompanied by an increase in the welfare of farmers in West Sumatra which will be measured by the achievement of the Farmer Exchange Rate (NTP). The allocation of at least 10% of the total APBD for the agricultural sector is focused on 8 activities, namely: i. Preparing quality seeds/seedlings in food, agriculture, livestock, marine and fisheries and forestry affairs), ii. Improving agro-input monitoring and/or agricultural, marine and fisheries and forest resources, iii. Optimising the use of facilities and infrastructure supporting the production of forestry, agriculture, livestock and marine and fisheries, iv. Increased efforts to minimize the risk of farming losses, especially crop or production failures both by pests and diseases and natural disasters. v. Increasing the efficiency of post-harvest processing and improving the quality and added value of agricultural, livestock, marine and fisheries and forestry production, vi. Diversification of food and productive businesses that have high economic value, vii. Smooth access to food distribution and accessibility of food production, and viii. Optimisation of handling and management of irrigation networks to support agriculture. This is in line with the structure of West Sumatra's GRDP that the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector is a dominant sector, but has not had a significant growth rate and has also always decreased due to the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, based on data from BPS West Sumatra Province, 34.70% of the population in West Sumatra works in the Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock Sectors. So that efforts to empower people engaged in the agricultural sector are part of efforts to restore the economy as indicated by the increasing Farmer Exchange Rate (NTP).
- 323 - With the start of the Budget Allocation policy of at least 10% for the agricultural sector for 2021, based on the Official Statistics News, it shows an improvement towards on track with an increase in the Economic Growth Rate in West Sumatra in the third quarter of 3.32% which was supported by the growth rate of the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector of 4.29% which is the highest since 2018 when compared to quarterly data as shown in the graph below. Figure 2: Growth Rate of Quarterly GRDP of West Sumatra Province by Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Business Fields in 2018-2021 (Source: Central Bureau of Statistics of West Sumatra, 2022) In addition, the Farmer Exchange Rate (NTP) also showed a significant increase from August to December 2021. In August 2021 with an achievement of 109.80, September 2021 showed an achievement of 110.69, October 2021 showed an achievement of 111.08, November 2021 showed an achievement of 110.80 and December 2021 showed an achievement of 111.26 which is the highest achievement in 2021, shown in the graph below. Figure 3: Achievement of Farmer Exchange Rate in West Sumatra for the period January - December 2021 (Source: Central Bureau of Statistics of West Sumatra, 2022) The achievements of the Economic Growth Rate in the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Business Fields and the achievement of NTP since Quarter III to IV of 2021 show that the 10% budget allocation policy for the agricultural sector which only started in mid-2021 in accordance with the stipulation of the 2021 Revised APBD is quite effective and has been able to contribute to economic recovery efforts in West Sumatra. This innovation, which is based on the problem of development in West Sumatra which is dominated by the agricultural sector but has not made a significant economic contribution to the region, has a comprehensive scope. With a 10% budget allocation for the agricultural sector, this policy is not only about providing large funds but also leads to eight focused activities from upstream to downstream in the agricultural sector, including the availability of seeds/seedlings, supervision of agro-inputs and resources, optimization of supporting facilities and infrastructure, to food diversification and improvement of production quality. This
- 324 - innovation also involves five regional apparatuses directly involved in the development of the agricultural sector as well as other supporting regional apparatus such as the Department of Water Resources and Construction Development. In addition, this intervention also takes into account the spatial characteristics of West Sumatra, which is dominated by agricultural areas, by considering the needs of each region to support agriculture effectively. With innovations related to the 10% budget allocation policy for the agricultural sector, this local government intervention will increase farmers' income and of course farmers will be more prosperous, besides that for the region itself, of course West Sumatra will be able to become Food Independent. Various efforts and focus of activities to support the 10% budget allocation policy for the agricultural sector will certainly in the long run reduce the poverty rate in West Sumatra, especially in rural areas. The impact is expected that the growth rate of the business sector of agriculture, forestry and fisheries can continue to increase and make a significant contribution to the rate of economic growth in West Sumatra. Conclusion West Sumatra is a province with a GRDP structure that is dominated by the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors. The characteristics of the labor force in West Sumatra are also more in this sector than in other sectors. In terms of the distribution of the poor population, it is also more dominated in rural areas where the majority of people work in the agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors. To develop the economy of the people of West Sumatra, one of the strategies that can be done is to support the strongest regional economic sector, namely agriculture. This is the basis of the policy of allocating a 10% budget for the agricultural sector. The policy of allocating 10% of the APBD budget to the agricultural sector is a clear example of how sustainable development strategies are implemented. By providing significant funding for agriculture, the government seeks to increase economic output through modernization and production efficiency. At the same time, the policy includes programs that support environmental sustainability, such as agro-input monitoring and efficient irrigation management, which aim to maintain soil and water quality. In addition, with a focus on community empowerment and participation, the policy seeks to improve the social welfare of farmers and rural communities, reduce poverty, and improve their quality of life. Thus, government policy in agriculture plays an important role in achieving sustainable regional development by ensuring that economic growth does not come at the expense of the environment and remains inclusive and equitable for all levels of society and pushes West Sumatra towards food self-sufficiency. The policy innovations made by the West Sumatra Provincial Government as an effort to empower and increase community participation in the agricultural sector will be very easy to apply to other regions/areas, especially agrarian areas or those that are dominantly supported by the agricultural sector. The most important part of this innovation is the commitment of the Regional Head and DPRD, especially in the preparation of planning and budgeting. References Diatmika, I. P. G., Rahayu, S., & others. (2022). Model Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat Lokal dan Peran Pemerintah. Ahlimedia Book. Ikhsani, I. I. I., Tasya, F. E., Sihidi, I. T., Roziqin, A., & Romadhan, A. A. (2020). Arah Kebijakan Sektor Pertanian di Indonesia untuk Menghadapi Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. Jurnal Administrasi Dan Kebijakan Publik, 5(2), 134–154. Pearson, S. R., Gotsch, C., & Bahri, S. (2004). Applications of the policy analysis matrix in Indonesian Agriculture. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Suparmoko, M. (2020). Konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam perencanaan pembangunan nasional dan regional. Jurnal Ekonomika Dan Manajemen, 9(1), 39–50. Wicaksono, B. B., & Audinasari, R. (2023). Pembangunan Pertanian di Provinsi Jawa Barat: Analisis Kebijakan fiskal: Analisis Kebijakan Fiskal. Jurnal Riset Ilmu Ekonomi, 3(1), 1–13.
- 325 - ID-70: Strengthening The Role of Traditional Markets as Rice and Corn Distribution Hub in Tersono District, Batang Regency Raisha Widianti1 , M. Indra Hadi Wijaya2 1,2 Center for Participatory Planning (P5) Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia [email protected] , [email protected] Highlight: The research aims to show that the distribution hub functions as a supporter of the main commodities to support the smooth flow of goods between urban and rural areas for market purposes at the sub-district level. And also, the distribution hub plays a role in bridging between farmers, processing industries and markets to balance the Tersono District supply chain system. The analysis can use the method in this research as descriptive and analytical methods. Therefore we need a strategy that will be implemented to increase the existence and role of traditional markets as distribution hub. One of the strategies is to cut the supply chain of consumer goods and production facilities so that farmers' needs are obtained by purchasing at the traditional market. Keywords: Traditional Market, Rice, Corn, Distribution Hub Introduction Traditional markets are buildings consisting of a grouping of stalls or shops in open spaces located along main road corridors or near residential areas (Gallion and Eisner, 1986). A traditional market is a meeting place between sellers and buyers with activities that occur, one of which is buying and selling transactions and bargaining. The function of traditional markets to obtain desired needs at relatively cheap and affordable prices. The position of traditional markets within the region is said to influence society if they are involved in improving community welfare. Traditional markets are a source of income for local traders and producers of local goods by providing support and opportunities for them to survive and develop. Traditional markets are a forum for developing one of the leading sectors, namely agriculture. Usually, the products offered and exchanged are superior commodities, specifically rice and corn. However, in existing conditions, marketing of rice and corn commodities is not carried out at Tersono Market, but farmers sell their crops as raw goods to middlemen. This happens because in the opinion of these farmers, sales occur quickly but the prices offered are cheap so that farmers do not make a profit. For farmers, post-harvest they need to immediately get cash rather than spending time and energy in the processing process which requires greater capital and time investment. According to Wijaya (2017), the rice commodity in Tersono District is the district that has the largest harvested area, with an area of 4,610 hectares, with total production of 216,570 quintals, and productivity of 46.98 quintals/hectare. This figure also shows that Tersono District is the district that has the highest rice productivity in Batang Regency. Apart from that, corn is also a superior commodity in Tersono District, which has the fifth highest corn productivity in Batang Regency. Given the potential of superior commodities and the problems of the marketing stages that occur at Tersono Market, it is necessary to carry out further research on strengthening the role of traditional markets as distribution hub for rice and corn. This is done so that the distribution hub functions as a supporter of the main commodities to support the smooth flow of goods between urban and rural areas for market purposes at the sub-district level. And also, the distribution hub plays a role in bridging between farmers, processing industries and markets to balance the Tersono District supply chain system. In the supply chain, distribution hub provided of agricultural production activities such as fertilizer, seeds, pesticides and are used directly by farmers. This distribution hub through traditional markets will be a priority for
- 326 - farmers as producers providing benefits in the form of added value to the processing industry and consumers. And also, the distribution hub at this traditional market is expected to increase the purchasing price of rice and corn at the producer level and the sales price at the consumer level to be more stable. Literature Review i. Sustainable Rural Regional Development First of all, the economic aspect of sustainable rural development emphasizes the importance of creating sustainable economic opportunities for rural residents. This includes promoting sustainable agriculture, processing industries, and skills training for local industries. Additionally, efforts to create local jobs and strengthen local supply chains are also an important part of this approach. Meanwhile, sustainable rural development also pays attention to social aspects. This includes improving access to basic services such as education and health, promoting community participation in decision-making, and reducing social disparities between regions and community groups. Environmental aspects are also the main focus in sustainable rural development. This includes preserving natural resources such as water and land, managing waste and pollution, and preserving biodiversity. Through sustainable agricultural practices, the use of renewable energy, and the protection of natural habitats, rural areas can become a major engine in overall environmental conservation. By integrating these three dimensions, sustainable rural development aims to create a better and more sustainable future for rural communities. It is not just about achieving economic growth, but also about ensuring equitable social welfare and preserving the natural environment for future generations. ii. Traditional Market Based on Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 112 of 2007 concerning the Arrangement and Development of Traditional Markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Shops, Article 1 explains that traditional markets are markets built and managed by the Government, Regional Government, Private, State-Owned Enterprises and Regional-Owned Enterprises. including collaboration with the private sector with business premises in the form of shops, kiosks, stalls, and tents owned/managed by small, medium, and non-governmental traders or cooperatives with small-scale businesses, small capital and with the process of buying and selling merchandise through bargaining. Traditional markets are places where sellers and buyers meet and are characterized by direct transactions or bargaining, buildings consisting of kiosks, stalls, wider access for producers and open grounds opened by sellers and market managers (Abdul Aziz, 2008).The criteria for traditional markets according to the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia are (a) owned, built and/or managed by the regional government, (b) transactions are carried out by bargaining between sellers and buyers, (c) business places are diverse and combined in the same location and (d) most of the goods and services offered are made from local raw materials. iii. Featured Commodity in The Agricultural Sector Various kinds of commodities proposed on the basis of land suitability with certain restrictions as explained previously can be directed to several superior commodities, both those with comparative advantages and those with competitive advantages (Basuki, 2012). The criteria for superior commodities according to Daryanto (2010) which are adapted to the analysis in this research are: (a). Must be able to become the prime mover of economic development. In other words, these superior commodities can make a significant contribution to increasing production, income and expenditure; (b). Able to
- 327 - compete with similar products from other regions (competitiveness) in national and international markets, both in product prices, production costs and service quality; (c). Its development must receive various forms of support, for example, security, social, cultural, information and market opportunities, institutions, intensive facilities, etc. Main superior commodities are superior commodities whose development areas will be planned. Supporting superior commodities are commodities whose development can be carried out through planting patterns or multiculture so that the development area is not planned (Cipta, 2017). A superior commodity is a mainstay commodity that has a strategic position, both based on technical considerations (soil and climate conditions) as well as socioeconomic and institutional (mastery of technology, human resource capabilities, infrastructure and local socio-cultural conditions), to be developed in a region (Yulianti, 2011). iv. Distribution Hub Based on the explanation by the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia in 2013 in a book entitled "Analysis of the Establishment of Regional Distribution Hub", Distribution Hub is apart from that, the distribution hub also acts as a balancer and buffer for the existing supply chain system. The Distribution hub aims to serve the interests of farmers, consumers, and commodity supply chain system actors in rural and urban areas. Supply chain if farmers are positioned as consumers, the distribution hub functions as a supplier of goods needed for agricultural/livestock production (such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides) and goods consumed by rural communities which are obtained directly from domestic and foreign manufacturers (imports). This will eradicate the distribution chain of goods needed for the rural sector which will have an impact on the affordability of goods prices. The Distribution Hub also functions as a hub for consolidating production results produced by farmers so that they are easily absorbed by the market which is connected to the wholesaler market, which is one of the links in the commodity supply chain system. Thus, the distribution hub is a basic and strategic commodity business service institution to empower farming communities, support the processing industry, and provide contributions to other stakeholders. The distribution hub also acts as an instrument of the national economic system with a focus on producers (farmers) by providing benefits (added value) to consumers and the processing industry. The distribution hub also plays a role as a balancer in the supply chain system so that purchasing prices at the producer level will increase and sales prices at the consumer level will be more stable. On the other hand, farmers will get consumer goods and seeds, fertilizers, pesticides needed at cheaper prices. In this way, it is hoped that farmers will become prosperous, and consumers will receive a guaranteed supply of basic and strategic commodities at stable prices. Methodology To find the Strengthening The Role of Traditional Markets as Rice and Corn Distribution Hub in Tersono District can use the method in this research is descriptive and analytical methods (Nasir. M. 1999). The data used in analyzing this research are primary data and secondary data (Koentjaraningrat.1986). Data collection methods in this research are literature study, interviews, and field observations. The analytical tools used in the analysis are (1) Trend Line Test using the Least Squares Sum/Linear (Gaspersz. 2001); (2) Distribution Pattern (Ministry of Trade. 2012); (3) Value added Analysis (Manullang. 1990).
- 328 - Findings i. Rice and Corn Production Trends in Tersono District 2018-2024 The trend in rice and corn production is assumed by data on the harvested area of rice and corn in Tersono District experiencing changes up and down (instability) or can be said to be fluctuating. The following is a graph of the rice and corn harvest trend for Tersono District 2018-2024. Figure 1: Rice Harvest Trends in Tersono District 2018-2024 (Source: author's analysis, 2024) Figure 2: Corn Harvest Trends in Tersono District 2018-2024 (Source: author's analysis, 2024) Based on the graph, there is a line for the rice and corn harvest area of Tersono District in 2018-2022 which is assumed to be the total rice and corn productivity of Tersono District showing changes every year. This resulted in the selling price of rice and corn also experiencing a temporary increase, followed by a further decline. Then, the trend line becomes a technical tool used to analyze predictions of potential future rice and corn productivity over a period of around 20 years. The trend line will see movements by identifying that the productivity of rice and corn is decreasing, even in 2045 there will be a production deficit, crop failure, a decrease in planting area and a decrease in supplies so that public demand is not met. There needs to be encouragement of direct sales from farmers to consumers through traditional markets. This helps farmers get better value for money and consumers get the best quality products. In this way, the cycle of the economy between farmer producers to traditional markets and even to consumers runs efficiently. ii. Value Added Analysis Added value is created when raw or semi-finished materials are processed or processed into products of higher value, or when a service is provided in a way that increases value for consumers. Added value is the process of adding value to rice and corn which undergo further processing so that it produces higher value than when they were still raw materials. Added value also contributes to marketing which will increase the attractiveness of different products sold. For example, a group of rice farmers develops organic rice products with environmentally friendly packaging and sells them to the market. In terms of -5000 0 5000 10000 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 Rice Harvest Trends in Tersono District (Ha) Trend Y Harvest -1000 0 1000 2000 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 Corn Harvest Trends in Tersono District (Ha) Trend Y Harvest
- 329 - processing, raw materials become semi-finished materials or finished materials using rice as the basic ingredient, namely rice flour, sticky rice, porridge, rice crackers, rice cakes, sticky rice tape, fermented rice (sake), and so on. If you look at corn, further processing can be carried out to produce corn flour, popcorn, corn chips, canned sweet corn, corn syrup, cornstarch, corn soup and so on. High-quality and varied products in traditional markets can increase consumer demand and support the community's economy in meeting daily needs. And also, this will have an impact on increasing the role of traditional markets as distribution hub in the hinterland area. iii. Distribution Pattern Analysis Analysis of distribution patterns is a way to find out the problems that occur in the supply chain network in Tersono District. The following are several forms of distribution patterns that occur and plans for appropriate distribution patterns in Tersono District to strengthen the role of traditional markets as distribution hub. Table 1: Table of Distribution Pattern Analysis No. Supply Chain Management Argument 01 Farmer (producer) → Middleman Distributor → Retailers → Processing Industry → Consumer Existing conditions, farmers harvest rice and corn and then sell it to middlemen at cheap prices. Middlemen sell to distribution and retailers from outside Tersono District at higher prices to make a profit. The processing industry buys raw materials from middlemen because of cooperation with each other. After processing the rice and corn into semi-finished materials or finished materials, they are sold, but not at the Tersono Market. Therefore, this supply chain extends to Tersono Market as the main of Tersono's economy. 02 Farmer (producer) → Middleman → Consumer The current problem is that many farmers sell rice and corn to middlemen in the form of raw materials so that the selling price is low. This is also because farmers want to make profits quickly, if processing using rice and corn takes a long time and produces profits for quite a long time. Meanwhile, this profit is used to carry out further agricultural activities. This also results in the role of traditional markets being reduced because the goods available do not vary. 03 Farmer (producer) → Processing Industry → Distributor → Consumer The distribution pattern that I can suggest to strengthen the role of traditional markets in Tersono District is that the production stage is carried out by farmers in village areas by carrying out activities to produce raw materials such as rice and corn. Then, the raw materials are processed into semi-finished products or finished products which produce sales value or profits according to the results of the added value analysis. These goods are sold in urban areas through the Tersono Market without intermediaries. People's requests to meet their daily needs are available at Tersono Market. And also, the Tersono Market is a distribution center for economic activities. (Source: Field Survey and author’s analysis, 2024) Conclusion From this argument, there needs to be a strategy that will be implemented to increase the existence and role of traditional markets as distribution hubs in 2024. First, cut the marketing chain so that rice and corn are sold at a higher price than the price offered by others to become the main ingredients processed and marketed at Tersono Market. Second, cut the supply chain of consumer goods and production facilities so that farmers' needs are obtained by purchasing at Tersono Market. Third, increase added value by processing raw materials (rice
- 330 - and corn) into semi-finished products and finished materials which are then sold to Tersono Market. This is very useful in increasing constant product prices, increasing purchasing power so as to move the economic wheels of Tersono District, prices of superior commodities increase and stabilize and increase the welfare of the people of Tersono District. References Abdul Aziz, Ekonomi Islam Analisis Mikro dan Makro (Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2008), 105. Basuki, A. T. (2012). Pengembangan kawasan agropolitan. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 13(1), 53-71. Cipta, S. W., Sitorus, S. R., & Lubis, D. P. (2017). Pengembangan Komoditas Unggulan di Wilayah Pengembangan Tumpang, Kabupaten Malang. Jurnal Kawistara, 7(2), 121-133. Daryanto A dan Hafizrianda Y. 2010. Analisis Input-Output dan Social Accounting Matrix untuk Pembangunan di Daerah. Bogor (ID) : IPB Press. Gallion, Arthur B dan Simon Eisner. 1986. The Urban Pattern: City Planning and Desaign. New York: Van Nostrand. Gaspersz. 2001. Ekonomi Manajerial: Pembuatan Keputusan Bisnis. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Manullang. 1990. Pengukuran Produktivitas dengan Metode Nilai Tambah. Jakarta: Pusat Produktivitas Nasional. Nazir.M. 1999. Metodologi Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia. Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 112 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan dan Pembinaan Pasar Tradisional, Pusat Perbelanjaan dan Toko Modern, Pasal 1. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2012, tentang Pengelolaan dan Pemberdayaan Pasar Tradsional, Pasal 4. Wijaya, O. (2017). Strategi Pengembangan Komoditas Pangan Unggulan dalam Menunjang Ketahanan Pangan Wilayah (Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Batang, Propinsi Jawa Tengah)." Agraris, (3): 1, 48-56.
- 331 - ID-71: Automotive Gathering as A Subset of Event Tourism Mifzal Hilman Azman 1 , Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This thesis delves into the importance of automotive gatherings, such as car meets and convoys, in the context of event tourism. It examines the individuals who participate in these events and what drives them to take part. The aim is to understand the motivations of these participants and to explore how these gatherings intersect with event tourism. Keywords: Automotive Gathering, Event Tourism Introduction Across the globe, event tourism has emerged as a major force behind both cultural and economic advancement. This industry encompasses a wide range of occasions, including exhibits, sporting events, concerts, and festivals, all of which have a distinct impact on the tourism scene. Car meetings are one type of automotive gathering that has drawn a lot of attention among these. These gatherings of auto aficionados showing an array of automobiles, from contemporary high-performance cars to historical classics, are reflective of a growing niche in the event tourism industry (Getz & Page, 2020). Even with their increasing popularity, little is known about the precise effects and administration of automotive gatherings such as car meets in relation to event tourism. The majority of published work concentrates on either certain motorsports facets or event tourism in general. By offering a thorough examination of automobile gatherings as a subset of event tourism, this thesis seeks to close this gap. Literature Review Within the global tourist business, event tourism is widely acknowledged as a major driver of both economic development and cross-cultural exchange. Event tourism includes a wide range of activities such as festivals, sporting events, and exhibitions. It is defined as the methodical planning, development, and marketing of events as tourist attractions (Getz & Page, 2020). The many advantages of event tourism, such as economic expansion, destination branding, and community involvement, have been brought to light by recent studies (Smith, 2021). Beyond its effects on the economy, event tourism is essential to social cohesiveness and cultural preservation (Lee & Kyle, 2021). In particular, car meetings help preserve automotive history by uniting fans with a love of both vintage and contemporary automobiles. In addition to providing a forum for the informal exchange of ideas and experiences, these gatherings help participants develop a feeling of community (Brown, 2021). Recent research indicates that auto meets have the potential to attract tourists from abroad and significantly boost the local economy in the host cities. Large-scale events like the Goodwood Festival of Speed in the UK and the SEMA Show in Las Vegas, for instance, are renowned for making significant financial contributions to local economies (Jones, 2022). These gatherings draw auto enthusiasts from all over the world, which boosts revenue in the neighborhood's retail and accommodation industries. According to recent studies, those who attend car meets range in spending habits and expectations, from die-hard auto aficionados to casual observers (Smith, 2021). According to studies, visitors are frequently driven by their love of automobiles, a desire to network with like-minded people, and the chance to view unusual and uncommon vehicles (Lee & Kyle, 2021).
- 332 - While event tourism as a whole has been extensively studied, little is known about the particular effects and administrative strategies of auto meets. Without going into great detail on the special qualities and advantages of car meets, the majority of previous research concentrate on more general event tourism or particular facets of motorsport events. In order to close this knowledge gap, this thesis offers a thorough examination of car meets as a subset of event tourism. To sum up, car meets are a thriving and expanding subset of event tourism that have major social and cultural advantages. Although there is a good basis for understanding the overall effects of event tourism in the literature now in publication, further research specifically on auto meets is obviously needed. The significance of car meets in maintaining automotive heritage and building community has been emphasized in this literature study, laying the groundwork for the in-depth analysis that is presented in this thesis. Figure 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Developed for this study) Methodology This study's methodology describes the methods used to investigate the relationship between car meets and event tourism. A thorough examination is carried out by looking over every piece about car occurrences in the travel industry. This literature study uses a number of databases as sources, including Academia and ResearchGate. Xiao & Watson (2019) have observed that the processes of article selection, data extraction, and reporting are determined by search queries. The Systematic Literature Review technique emphasizes the importance of developing a comprehensive research topic (Nordiyana et al., 2024). As part of a systematic review methodology, Academia and ResearchGate are used, with keywords being used to find pertinent publications and journals about entrepreneurship in tourism and short-term rental accommodations. Academic research can be shared on the platform provided by academia, which hosts more than 55 million publications and draws 103 million readers each month. On the other hand, ResearchGate is home to a community of 20 million researchers from various industries and regions, which promotes cooperation and information exchange. Making use of these resources facilitates the creation of a successful literature review. The first phase in the process is to identify keywords in the literature review through research (Nordiyana et al., 2024).
- 333 - Findings The research paper on car meets as a subset of event tourism presents several important findings. Firstly, the study identifies the driving factors behind the social dynamics of car meets, which contribute to community building and public engagement. These events provide networking opportunities for car enthusiasts, promote inclusivity by attracting a diverse audience, and enhance the social fabric of the host community through increased interaction and shared experiences. Moreover, car meets play a crucial role in preserving and celebrating automotive heritage. They provide a platform for showcasing a wide range of vehicles, from vintage classics to modern innovations, fostering a shared appreciation among enthusiasts. These events help maintain and promote automotive culture and strengthening community bonds. Ultimately car meets are and can be seen as a valuable subset of event tourism which offering significant cultural and social benefits. Conclusion Car meets exhibit several key characteristics that align them with event tourism. They have the ability to attract visitors, generate economic benefits, preserve cultural heritage, foster community interactions, and require detailed event management. All of these aspects contribute to their classification as significant tourism events. These characteristics underline the importance of car meets in the broader context of event tourism, offering economic, cultural, and social benefits to host communities. References Azambuja, T. (2022), “Fostering destination creativity through tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship: exploring the moderating effect of financial orientation”, Creativity Studies, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 420-434. Brown, A., & Green, C. Rural tourism development strategies: A review of the literature. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 173-183.https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/jght/vol3/iss1/7/ Dias, A. and Azambuja, T. (2022), “Fostering destination creativity through tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship: exploring the moderating effect of financial orientation”, Creativity Studies, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 420-434. Dwyer & Kim. (2024). The Litigator’s Guide to Short-Term Rental Opposition. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4722691 Smith, J., & Johnson, R. (2015). The benefits and challenges of business clustering in rural areas. Journal of Rural Studies, 38, 34-46. Williams, D., & Thompson, K. (2020) Enhancing rural tourism experiences through business collaboration: A case study of XYZ region. Journal of Tourism Research, 45(2), 145-160. T. Dzholdosheva (Eds.), International scientific Siberian transport forum (Vol. 402).
- 334 - ID-72: Integrating Virtual Reality Sensory Analysis for Sustainable Urban Food Systems Ameerul Aqim Mohd Azmi 1 , Abdul Hannan Zulkarnain 2 , Attila Gere 3 1 Faculty of Architecture, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary 2,3 Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Budapest, Villányi út. 29-31, Hungary [email protected] 1 , [email protected]; [email protected] 2, [email protected] 3 Highlight: This study explores the integration of Virtual Reality (VR) sensory analysis into sustainable food production, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research presents VR as a transformative approach to sensory analysis, emphasizing its role in promoting sustainable practices and enhancing consumer experiences in the food industry. Keywords: Food Science; Sustainability; Mixed Reality; Sensory Analysis; Future food Introduction The significance of sustainable food production has risen as a critical global concern, impacting environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Sustainable food production aims to meet current food needs while ensuring the ability to provide for future generations with minimal adverse environmental impacts. This objective aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations, particularly SDG 2, which targets doubling agricultural productivity and ensuring sustainable food production systems by 2030. Therefore, aligning food sensory analysis innovation with SDGs is crucial in ensuring that food production and consumption align with sustainable practices and contribute to achieving the SDGs. This study investigates the role of VR sensory analysis in enhancing sustainable food production, aiming to harmonize sensory science with sustainability goals. The research highlights the potential of VR technology in educating consumers about sustainable practices and promoting informed food choices, contributing to several SDGs. By integrating VR sensory analysis with sustainable food production, the study seeks to address the limitations of traditional methods and introduce innovative solutions for the food industry. Literature Review The urgency of sustainable food production has intensified as a global concern due to its significant impacts on environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Sustainable food production strives to fulfil current food demands while preserving the capacity to meet future needs with minimal environmental detriment. This goal is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations (2015), specifically SDG 2, which aims to double agricultural productivity and ensure sustainable food production systems by 2030. Sustainable food production aims to meet current food needs while ensuring future generations' ability to do the same with minimal environmental impact. Traditional sensory analysis methods in food production, though valuable, often face limitations such as high resource requirements and time-consuming processes. Sensory analysis is crucial for understanding consumer preferences, product quality, and overall acceptability, but traditional methods can be resource-intensive and lack the ability to provide immediate, immersive feedback (Zulkarnain et al., 2024).
- 335 - Figure 1 illustrates the reality-virtuality continuum introduced by Milgram and Kishino (1994). This continuum encompasses a spectrum from real-world multisensory inputs to interactive virtual simulators involving different combinations of physical and digital input (Milgram & Kishino, 1994). VR sensory analysis offers a novel solution by providing immersive, interactive experiences that can effectively educate consumers about sustainable practices and enhance sensory evaluation processes. VR technology has the potential to revolutionize sensory analysis by offering a controlled environment where various sensory attributes can be precisely manipulated and studied (Gere et al., 2021). This capability allows for a more indepth understanding of how different factors influence consumer perceptions and behaviors. Figure 1: Illustration adapted by Milgram and Kishino (1994) Reality-Virtuality Continuum (Source: Own Source,2024) Methodology The integration of VR sensory analysis in sustainable food production involves a multi-step process that requires specialized equipment, precise procedures, and careful consideration of technological aspects. This methodology aims to provide a comprehensive framework for implementing VR sensory analysis effectively within the food industry to promote sustainability. The first step in the methodology involves the setup and equipment required for VR sensory analysis. This includes specialized VR headsets, sensory simulation software, and biometric sensors that collectively create an immersive environment where various sensory attributes can be controlled and manipulated. The setup must also incorporate interfaces for capturing real-time data on consumer reactions and preferences, ensuring a robust data collection process. The equipment setup is crucial for maintaining the fidelity and reliability of sensory simulations, which directly impacts the quality of the data obtained. The procedure for VR sensory analysis involves exposing participants to different food products within a VR environment. In this simulated space, sensory attributes such as taste, smell, texture, and appearance are carefully controlled and presented to the participants. Various scenarios are designed to highlight sustainable practices in food production, such as reduced pesticide use, organic farming, and resource-efficient processing methods.
- 336 - Participants’ sensory perceptions and reactions are recorded using biometric sensors, providing detailed feedback on their experiences. This immersive approach allows for a nuanced understanding of how different sensory attributes and production methods influence consumer preferences and perceptions. Data collection and analysis form the core of the methodology. The data on participants' sensory perceptions, emotional responses, and preferences are meticulously collected through biometric sensors and VR interfaces. This data is then analyzed to identify patterns and correlations between sensory attributes and consumer preferences. Advanced statistical tools and software are employed to process and interpret the data, providing insights into consumer behavior and preferences. This analysis helps in developing strategies to promote sustainable food production practices by aligning them with consumer expectations and preferences. The methodology also includes case studies to illustrate the practical applications and benefits of VR sensory analysis. These case studies provide real-world examples of successful VR implementations in various food sectors, showcasing how VR technology can enhance sensory evaluations and promote sustainable practices. For instance, case studies might explore how VR has been used to assess the sensory attributes of organic produce, reduce food waste through better product development, and educate consumers about the environmental impact of their food choices. These examples serve as a testament to the practical viability and benefits of VR sensory analysis. Technological considerations are also a vital part of the methodology. Integrating VR sensory analysis with sustainable food production requires addressing several technological challenges, such as ensuring high fidelity in sensory simulations, minimizing latency, and maintaining user comfort during VR sessions. The study explores solutions to these challenges, including advancements in VR hardware and software, improved biometric sensors, and enhanced user interfaces. By overcoming these technological hurdles, the methodology ensures that VR sensory analysis can be effectively integrated into the food industry to promote sustainability. Findings The study presents several key findings that demonstrate the potential of VR sensory analysis in contributing to sustainable food production and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These findings highlight the transformative potential of VR technology in enhancing consumer education, improving resource efficiency, promoting sustainable food systems, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing sensory evaluation methods.One of the primary findings is that VR sensory analysis significantly enhances consumer education about the environmental impacts of their food choices, aligning with SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). By simulating various food production scenarios, VR technology educates consumers on sustainable practices, promoting more responsible consumption patterns. For example, participants exposed to VR simulations of organic farming practices showed a higher preference for sustainably produced food products and a greater willingness to pay a premium for them. This finding underscores the potential of VR to influence consumer behavior positively and promote sustainable consumption. Another important finding is that the application of VR in sensory analysis can lead to improved resource efficiency in food production, contributing to SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). VR technology allows for more accurate and efficient sensory evaluations, reducing the need for physical resources and minimizing waste. By providing detailed feedback on sensory attributes, VR helps producers optimize their processes, resulting in reduced resource consumption and waste. This enhanced efficiency is crucial for building resilient infrastructure and promoting sustainable industrial practices in the food industry. The
- 337 - integration of VR sensory analysis into food production systems also enhances the development of sustainable food systems, contributing to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). VR technology provides detailed feedback on sensory attributes, allowing for the optimization of food products to meet health and nutritional standards. This ensures that food production systems are both sustainable and capable of providing adequate nutrition. For instance, VR simulations can be used to improve the sensory qualities of plant-based protein products, making them more appealing to consumers and promoting healthier dietary choices. Furthermore, VR technology helps in assessing and minimizing the environmental footprint of food production processes, supporting SDG 13 (Climate Action). By simulating and analyzing different production methods, VR can identify the most sustainable practices, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. For example, VR simulations can demonstrate the benefits of reduced pesticide use and improved water management in agriculture, encouraging producers to adopt more sustainable practices. This reduction in environmental impact is crucial for combating climate change and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Lastly, the immersive nature of VR enhances sensory evaluation methods, providing a more engaging and accurate sensory evaluation environment. This improves the quality and reliability of sensory data, leading to better-informed decisions in food production and product development. Enhanced sensory evaluation methods foster innovation within the food industry, aligning with the goals of SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). For example, VR can be used to create realistic simulations of different market environments, allowing producers to test new products in various contexts and refine their offerings based on consumer feedback. This innovative approach to sensory analysis can drive the development of new and improved food products that meet both consumer preferences and sustainability goals. Conclusion The integration of VR sensory analysis into sustainable food production presents a promising avenue for advancing the food industry towards sustainability. By providing immersive and engaging sensory experiences, VR technology can enhance the value of sustainable food practices and promote responsible consumption. Future research should focus on further exploring the applications of VR in sensory science, addressing challenges related to technological fidelity and ethical considerations, and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations to maximize the impact of VR on sustainable food production. The alignment of VR sensory analysis with the SDGs underscores its potential to contribute to global sustainability efforts. By promoting responsible consumption and production, improving resource efficiency, and reducing environmental impacts, VR technology can play a crucial role in achieving a sustainable and resilient food system. Interdisciplinary collaborations across food sensory science, computer science, agriculture, gastronomy, and tourism industries are crucial for leveraging VR technology to advance responsible consumption and production practices in the food industry. Future research and innovations in VR technology will play a pivotal role in fully integrating these technologies with food and human responses, ultimately contributing to responsible consumption and production. References Gere, A., Zulkarnain, A. H. B., Szakál, D., Fehér, O., & Kókai, Z. (2021). Virtual reality applications in food science: Current knowledge and prospects. Progress 17, 3-14. Milgram, P., & Kishino, F. (1994). A Taxonomy of Mixed Reality Visual Displays. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, E77-D, 1321-1329 United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Zulkarnain, A. H. B., Kókai, Z., & Gere, A. (2024). Immersive sensory evaluation: Practical use of virtual reality sensory booth. MethodsX 12, 102631
- 338 - ID-73: Methods of Simulating River Flooding in UK Nur Aisyah Mohd Bahrin 1 ¹ University of Manchester, United Kingdom [email protected] 1 Highlight: The evaluation of LISFLOOD software for simulating the 2020 floods in Buscot and Tewkesbury, UK, highlights its effectiveness in accurately depicting flood dynamics. By integrating hydrological and hydraulic data, LISFLOOD successfully modelled the flood extents, aligning closely with observed data. Note that LISFLOOD applies a simplified version of shallow water equations (SWEs). Following that, FloodView, a graphical user interface (GUI) utilised to visualise the predicted flood. This makes it possible to locate the forecasted flooded area, which facilitates the rescue plan in case of flooding as residents can be moved strategically. Thus, this validation demonstrates LISFLOOD's potential as a reliable tool for flood risk management, aiding in preparedness and mitigation strategies for these regions. The study underscores the importance of such simulation tools in enhancing flood response measures, ultimately reducing the adverse impacts on local communities. The digital elevation map (DEM) implemented has a resolution of 50 m and 2 m for Buscot and Tewkesbury respectively which is adequate for each location. Future research should explore real-time forecasting capabilities to further improve its utility. Keywords: LISFLOOD, Simulating, Flood, Forecasting, FloodView, DEM, SWEs Introduction Flooding is one of the most significant natural disasters affecting communities worldwide, causing extensive damage to property, infrastructure, and ecosystems (Tristan Cork, 2020) (Phil Norris, 2020) (Flood Assist Insurance, 2020). The 2020 floods in Buscot and Tewkesbury, UK, highlighted the urgent need for effective flood risk management and preparedness strategies. Accurate simulation tools are essential for predicting flood extents and impacts, which can inform mitigation measures and enhance community resilience. This study focuses on evaluating the LISFLOOD software, a comprehensive flood simulation model developed by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, for its effectiveness in simulating the 2020 flood events in these regions (Professor Paul Bates et al., 2005). LISFLOOD integrates hydrological and hydraulic modelling to provide a detailed representation of water flow paths and inundation zones, making it a valuable tool for flood risk assessment. By simulating flood events, LISFLOOD helps identify critical flood-prone areas and informs targeted mitigation strategies. This research aims to validate the accuracy of LISFLOOD in depicting the 2020 flood dynamics in Buscot and Tewkesbury, thereby assessing its potential for future flood risk management applications. The findings will contribute to improving flood preparedness and response measures, ultimately reducing the adverse impacts on local communities. Literature Review Flood simulation models are essential tools for predicting and managing flood risks. Various models have been developed, each with unique strengths and applications. HEC-RAS, developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, is widely used for simulating river hydraulics and floodplain mapping. It employs one-dimensional flow equations and is known for its robustness and accuracy in detailed riverine studies. However, it can be computationally intensive and requires extensive input data, which can be a limitation for large-scale flood simulations (Husain., 2017). Another model, RFSM, provides rapid flood spreading capabilities and is particularly useful for simulating urban flooding (Lhomme et al., 2008) .
- 339 - LISFLOOD, developed by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, integrates both hydrological and hydraulic modelling, making it a comprehensive tool for flood simulation (Joint Research Centre, 2022). It is designed to simulate large-scale river basins and is particularly effective in predicting flood extents and depths across varied terrains. LISFLOOD’s integration of land cover, soil moisture, and precipitation data enables it to model the complete hydrological cycle, offering detailed insights into flood dynamics (Joint Research Centre, 2022). Its ability to incorporate diverse data sets and simulate both surface runoff and river flow distinguishes it from other models, providing a more holistic approach to flood risk management. Studies have validated LISFLOOD’s effectiveness in various flood scenarios. For instance, its application in Shrewsbury demonstrated high accuracy in flood prediction, contributing to improved flood risk management strategies in the region (Horrit and Bates, 2002). In the context of the 2020 floods in Buscot and Tewkesbury, the model's ability to accurately simulate flood extents and depths was critical. By comparing simulated results with observed data, researchers can assess LISFLOOD's reliability and refine its parameters for better accuracy. This ongoing validation and refinement process ensures that LISFLOOD remains a robust tool for managing future flood risks. Methodology The methodology for evaluating the LISFLOOD software involves a comprehensive approach that combines literature review, data collection, model setup, and simulation analysis. The first step is a detailed literature review to understand the existing flood simulation models and identify the unique features and advantages of LISFLOOD. This review includes studies on HEC-RAS, RFSM, and other relevant models, focusing on their applications, accuracy, and limitations. Understanding these aspects helps in benchmarking LISFLOOD’s performance against other models and setting the stage for its evaluation in the context of the 2020 floods in Buscot and Tewkesbury. The main theory used by LISFLOOD is as illustrated in the Figure 1 below: Following that, data collection is the next critical step, involving the acquisition of hydrological and topographical data necessary for the LISFLOOD simulation. This includes historical flood data, river flow records, rainfall data, soil moisture levels, and digital elevation models (DEMs). Reliable sources such as the Environment Agency and DEFRA provide the necessary datasets. These datasets are pre-processed to ensure compatibility with the LISFLOOD model, involving steps such as data cleaning, interpolation, and integration. The accuracy and resolution of these inputs significantly influence the simulation outcomes, underscoring the importance of high-quality data in flood modelling. Once the data is prepared, the LISFLOOD model is set up and calibrated for the study areas. The calibration process involves adjusting model parameters to match observed flood events, ensuring the model accurately represents the hydrological and hydraulic characteristics of Buscot and Tewkesbury. The calibrated model is then used to simulate the 2020 flood events. The simulation results, including predicted flood extents and depths, are compared with actual