Full_e-Proceeding iNUPC 2024

- 140 - Conclusion In conclusion, the findings from the literature review are extremely beneficial to this study's acquisition of new knowledge. The goal of this study was to determine the factors that impact ERL users' satisfaction levels and enhance the service quality of public transport. The quality of public transport is an important asset that must be safeguarded to accomplish sustainable development planning. Improving service quality and investing in infrastructure can contribute to transportation sustainability. Lastly, user satisfaction has a substantial impact on service quality performance. When customers use public transport services that surpass their expectations, they are more likely to use them again, resulting in customer loyalty. As a result, the SERVQUAL model, which assesses the quality of transport services, is crucial for increasing user satisfaction. References Abd Rahman, U. D., & Yusoff, M. Z. (2023). Hubungan antara Kualiti Perkhidmatan dan Kepuasan Pengguna terhadap Perkhidmatan Pengangkutan Awam di KLIA2. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 4(1), 33-47. Daniel, C. N., & Berinyuy, L. P. (2010). Using the SERVQUAL model to assess service quality and customer satisfaction. An Empirical Study of Grocery Stores in Umea. Umea School of Business, 1-78. Ismail, S. N., & Azman, A. A. (2022). Kajian Kepuasan Pelanggan Terhadap Perkhidmatan ‘E-Hailing’di Kuala Lumpur. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 3(2), 185-197. Mat, N., & Boon, Y. (2010). Tahap Kepuasan Pelajar Terhadap Pengurusan Asrama Di kolej 9 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai, Johor (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia). Nor, F. M., Sabri, S. A., & Khalid, K. (2014). Tahap kepuasan pelanggan terhadap kualiti perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam di KUIS. In Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Management and Muamalah (Vol. 11).

- 141 - ID-33: Analysis of Criteria for Affordable Housing in Peninsular Malaysia using Systematic Literature Review Wan Nurathirah Wan Ahmad 1 , Noradila Rusli 2 ¹ Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor ² Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Governments unsuccessful to locate the suitable area for affordable housing that led to overhang issues. Based on this statement, it also has been stated in National Housing Policy 2018-2025, that there is mismatch between the property supply and property demand by locations. This study aims to identify the suitable key criteria for determining affordable housing location to predict the suitable location for affordable housing in Peninsular Malaysia using systematic literature review approach. The criteria were identified and were obtained using exploratory survey of literature which was divided into four sections including socioeconomic, physical, green space, and inclusiveness criteria. The use of affordability measures in locating will improve the quality of life of the lower-class group and reduce the poverty concentration. Keywords: Affordable Housing, Locations, Criteria, Geographical Introduction Maslow's hierarchy of needs identifies shelter as a fundamental physiological requirement, essential for individual and community well-being (Daud et al., 2022). In Malaysia, the issue of affordable housing has gained prominence due to escalating home prices, particularly affecting low-income households (Liu & Ong, 2021). The geographical distribution of affordable housing plays a crucial role in addressing societal needs and economic dynamics. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer a powerful tool to analyse and visualize spatial data, aiding in the strategic placement of affordable housing to bridge housing disparities. The escalating housing costs in Malaysia, driven by rapid urbanization and economic growth, pose a significant challenge to the population, especially those in lower and middle-income brackets (Adzhar et al., 2021). Despite Malaysia's efforts to address affordable housing through various policies and initiatives, the gap between demand and supply remains a pressing issue (Nasir et al., 2022). The mismatch between available housing options and the needs of prospective buyers, coupled with inadequate location planning, contributes to overhang issues and housing market imbalances (Jabatan Perumahan Negara, 2018). Therefore, this study will identify the suitable key criteria for determining affordable housing location in Peninsular Malaysia. Literature Review Malaysia's population has been growing gradually, which has increased demand for homes. Cities are becoming more populated as a result of urbanization, which has led the government to push developers to work with the public sector to offer low- and middle-class citizens with affordable housing (Majelan et al., 2020). Property costs have increased due to rapid urbanization and economic growth, making it impossible for many Malaysians, particularly those in lower and medium income levels, to buy adequate houses (Liu & Ong, 2021). Due to these housing issues, housing development can be improved by improving housing database. An integrated housing database provides a centralised platform for all housing data, saving time and effort by allowing easy access to information without the need to search through multiple systems (Muazafar & Kunasekaran, 2020).

- 142 - Many of developed countries have defined housing affordability, with the majority placing a high priority on the economic aspect. Thus, housing expenses, which include around 30% of family income and include rent, housing lateral expenditures, the usage of government assistance, and land price, are commensurate with the demands of low-income households (Sharghi et al., 2022). By identifying the criteria of affordable housing, it can determine the suitable location for affordable housing. The criteria of affordable housing will be gain from delving into previous research, including scientific articles and books, guidelines, newspapers and websites relevant to affordable housing. An analysis of criteria for affordable housing in Peninsular Malaysia using a systematic literature review involves a rigorous and structured examination of existing research on factors influencing the selection of suitable housing locations. By following a predefined protocol, including the research question, search strategy, inclusion criteria, and analysis plan, this systematic review aims to identify, evaluate, and synthesize relevant studies from academic databases, government reports, and professional literature. Methodology This study is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of data collection. In the first step, affordability criteria were collected and categorized by studying previous research, books, guidelines, papers, articles, and journals. The criteria also were collected from the newspapers and websites that have issues related with housing affordability in Peninsular Malaysia. Then, the criteria were filtered and categorised into criteria and sub-criteria. Among the criteria and sub-criteria obtained, after consulting with expert from Urban and Regional Planning from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 4 criteria and 10 sub-criteria were been identified suitable for determining the ideal locations for affordable housing. Below (Figure 1) are the summarize of the methodology used for this study. Figure 1: Systematic Literature Review (Source: Prepared by researcher, 2024)

- 143 - Findings Through a systematic literature search and expert interviews, the study effectively created a complete set of criteria and sub-criteria to determine possible locations for affordable housing. These criteria address a wide range of topics, including socioeconomic criteria, physical criteria, green spaces criteria and inclusiveness (Table 1). Table1: Summary of Criteria and Sub Criteria of Affordable Housing Criteria Sub-Criteria Descriptions Citation Socioeconomic Household Income Analyzing the income distribution in different areas provides insights into the financial capacity of residents, guiding the development of housing solutions that align with the economic realities of each income group. (Daud et al., 2022) (Sharghi et al., 2022) Poverty Incidence To understand how far on an average the people are having shortages to get the poverty line level of living standards. (Daud et al., 2022) (Jabatan Perumahan Negara, 2018) Government Funded Aid Access to government loan (Flood, 1997) Land Price Site should be eligible for government loans for low-income tenants. (You et al., 2015a, b) Security Site should be located at safe area. (Ellen & Weselcouch, 2015) (Walter & Wang, 2016) Physical Public Transportation Site should locate near main road transportation to reduce commuting cost by using private car and near with pedestrian walkway to promote healthy lifestyle. (Flood, 1997) (Ellen & Weselcouch, 2015) (Anderson, 2011) Public Facilities Access to educational, health, retail, jobs, leisure and recreational facilities. (Walter & Wang, 2016) (Wang et al., 2015) (Walter et al., 2016) Infrastructure Facilities Access to infrastructure facilities such as water, wastewater, electricity, gas. (Flood, 1997) (Canada mortgage and housing corporation, 2005) Green Space Park Availability and capability of green space development including parks. (Planning, 2009) (Walter & Wang, 2016) (Walter et al., 2017) Inclusiveness Area that nearby with low (B40) and middle (M40) income group Site should be located in a middleincome area with the market-rate units (to reduce isolation and poverty concentration) (Sharghi et al., 2022) (Walker & Winston, 2014) (Source: Prepared by researcher, 2024) Numerous scholarly investigations have underscored some of the criteria that is suitable for determining the location of affordable housing. According to Flood’s, 1997 and Ali, 2022, demographic and socioeconomic criteria such as household income, poverty incidence, land price, government funded aid and security are all necessary for determining the location.

- 144 - Acevedo-Garcia et al. (2016), and Talen and Koschinsky, 2011; Newmark et al., 2015 agreed that affordable housing should located in an area that have physical criteria such as near public transportations, public facilities, and infrastructure facilities because low- and middleincome group tend to use public transportations often. Multiple surveys, including those that determine the location of affordable housing, have noted the presence of green spaces, such as parks, close to the chosen site and the potential for its expansion (Walter & Wang, 2016) (Walter et al., 2017). The incorporation of green areas into residential buildings is a means of promoting environmental sustainability. Ali, 2022 agreed that affordable houses should located near the area of low-middle-income group lives. The concentration of poverty in social housing intended for middle-income populations is addressed, advocating for mixed-income communities to foster social cohesion and reduce negative effects. In order to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of the results, the review process methodically evaluates the quality of the studies that have been selected. The review attempts to identify important criteria influencing the affordability and desirability of housing locations in Peninsular Malaysia through thorough data extraction and synthesis. These criteria include things like proximity to amenities, transportation, employment opportunities, environmental quality, and social infrastructure. This systematic literature analysis contributes to evidencebased policy creation and decision-making about affordable housing issues in the region by offering a thorough summary of the available data. Conclusion The study on the use of data analytics insights to anticipate the sites of affordable housing in Peninsular Malaysia offers a systematic approach that includes phases for data collection, analysis, and literature evaluation. The study attempts to anticipate and evaluate appropriate affordable home locations by defining criteria, evaluating housing market trends. This study can be beneficial to the housing database and give benefits to the stakeholders and developers in improving housing development and reduce the rate of poverty in Peninsular Malaysia. References R Adzhar, S. M., Rahim, N. A., Basrah, N., Majid, R. A., & Mustafar, S. (2021). Overview on built environment planning: Residential overhang factors in malaysia affordable housing. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 881(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/881/1/012018 Aziz, W. N. A. W. A., Hanif, N. R., & Kuppusamy. (2011). Affordable housing within the middle income households in Malaysia: Challenge to enter homeownershipin. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(8), 258–267. Flood, J. (1997). Urban and housing indicators. Urban Studies, 34(10), 1635–1665. Daud, M. A. M., Rosly, S. A., & Sori, Z. M. (2022). Understanding Issues of Affordable Housing in Malaysia To Attract Investment: an Exploratory Investigation. In Planning Malaysia (Vol. 20, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.21837/PM.V20I20.1074 Jabatan Perumahan Negara. (2018). Dasar Perumahan Negara (2018-2025) " R U M a H B E R K U a L I T I H a R a P a N R a K Y a T ". JABATAN PERUMAHAN NEGARA, III–V. https://www.pmo.gov.my/wpcontent/uploads/2019/07/Dasar_Perumahan_Negara_2018-2025__.pdf Liu, J., & Ong, H. Y. (2021). Can Malaysia’s national affordable housing policy guarantee housing affordability of low-income households? Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(16), 8841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168841 Majelan, N. A., Rangga, W. J. A., Ismail, A., & Bujang, A. A. (2020). Efficiency Of Housing Delivery System For Affordable Homeownership In Malaysia: A Review Of Literature. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 18(2), 20–24. Muazafar, P. M. M., & Kunasekaran, T. (2020). An Integrated Housing Database for Strategic Policy Planning and Decisionmaking. Khazanah Research Institute, October, 1–7. Nasir, Z. A., Yusof, R. M., & Mazlan, A. R. (2022). the Impact of Monetary Policy on Housing Affordability in Malaysia. Planning Malaysia, 20(1), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.21837/PM.V20I20.1083 Sharghi, A., Nourtaghani, A., Ramzanpour, M., & Gorji, R. B. (2022). Low-income housing location based on affordable criteria Using AHP Model and GIS Technique (Case Study: Babolsar City) [Springer Netherlands]. In Environment, Development and Sustainability (Vol. 24, Issue 8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01870-7 Walter, R. J., Wang, R., & Jones, S. (2017). Comparing opportunity metrics and locational outcomes in the low-income housing tax credit program. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 38(4), 449–462. Walker, C., & Winston, F. (2014). Community development investments and neighborhood change: An analysis of LISC’s building sustainable communities neighborhoods. Local Initiatives Support Corporation. You, J., Wu, H., & Han, S. S. (2015a). Location of afordable housing in Nanjing, China. In P. Mobility (Ed.), Urban planning and management in China (pp. 227–241). Springer.eferences

- 145 - ID-34: Public Awareness in the Conservation of Urban and Heritage Buildings in Johor Bahru, Malaysia Siti Nur Aleia Asmi 1 , Noor Aimran Samsudin 2 ¹ Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor ² Urban Design and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This research aims to measure public awareness on preserving Johor Bahru's city centre heritage. Through site observations and surveys, it assesses public perception regarding heritage preservation in the context of urban development. Analysing community attitudes provides insights into the need to conserve urban heritage collectively. Emphasizing shared responsibility, it advocates for community involvement. Collaboration among stakeholders can enhance heritage protection. The research evaluates public awareness of preserving traditional shop-house areas, adding to urban heritage literature. It delves into community attitudes towards heritage preservation, especially regarding traditional shophouses. The findings deepen understanding of factors influencing public awareness and interest in heritage preservation. This study enhances understanding and establishes a foundation for future preservation strategies in Johor Bahru's city centre. Keywords: Heritage, Conservation, Preservation and Awareness Introduction This research assesses the level of public awareness regarding efforts to preserve buildings and heritage sites in the city centre of Johor Bahru, Malaysia. It highlights the need for collective efforts to view building preservation as the entire community's responsibility, not just the authorities. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the factors influencing public awareness and interest in urban heritage preservation and can serve as a foundation for more effective preservation strategies in the city centre of Johor Bahru. The city centre of Johor Bahru, which began development as early as the 1850s, holds a significant historical heritage. Since its establishment, Johor Bahru has experienced rapid growth in various aspects, from economy to culture. This progress is evident in the presence of rows of traditional shop-houses and heritage buildings still preserved in the city centre oday. According to Syed Zainol Abidin Idid (1995), there were around 275 traditional shop-house units built before the war in downtown Johor Bahru. The Rancangan Kawasan Khas (RKK) Konservasi, Garis Panduan dan Glosari Kawasan Warisan Pusat Bandaraya Johor Bahru (RKK-KGPGKWPB-JB) (or translated as Special Area Plan for Conservation, Guidelines, and Glossary of Heritage Areas in the City Centre of Johor Bahru), published by the Johor Bahru City Council (MBJB), records 455 "heritage buildings" in the downtown area. Most of these old buildings considered as 'heritage' include rows of two-story traditional shophouses and public buildings (mosques, government buildings, police stations, hospitals, etc.). Despite being declared a city in 1994, Johor Bahru still maintains its heritage sites at its original development point around the mouth and estuary of the Segget River. Urbanization has brought about changes to the skyline, cityscape, and landscape in the city centre until now. Through initial observations and comparison of old photos, it was found that some blocks of two-story traditional shophouses have begun to be demolished to make way for the construction of large and tall service apartment buildings, shopping centres, and large commercial towers (offices and hotels). Based on historical records, the area around the Segget River is often considered the starting point of Johor Bahru's development. Urbanization processes have led owners of traditional buildings in Johor Bahru to start renovation works, including redevelopment into taller buildings. The location of these two-story shop-house rows in Johor Bahru is in a high-value and strategic area. The increase in property value has led

- 146 - building owners to redevelop and replace original sites or buildings with newer ones that have higher economic value. Johor Bahru's location at the international border between Malaysia and Singapore also influences the demand for more modern commercial buildings in the city. If this situation continues, it will result in the disposal and loss of historical, cultural, and architectural heritage (Shuhana Shamsuddin, 2002). This study focuses on assessing public awareness of the importance of preserving rows of traditional shophouses in downtown Johor Bahru as a crucial heritage site in the state's urban history. To raise awareness of this preservation importance, communication plays a vital role in initiating awareness. Literature Review According to the National Heritage Department (NHD, 2009), heritage buildings refer to buildings or groups of buildings, either separate or connected, that possess outstanding universal value from a historical perspective. Heritage buildings are generally defined as something valuable that needs to be passed down from one generation to another. According to Fielden (2000), buildings that should be categorized as heritage buildings are those that have lasted for 100 years of use. Additionally, if a building has the power to evoke admiration and curiosity about the nation and culture that produced it, then it qualifies as a heritage building (Fielden, 2000). Meanwhile, according to Kamarul Syahril (2007), a building can be designated as a heritage building if it has value such as architectural, aesthetic, historical, documentary, archaeological, economic, social, political, spiritual, and symbolic value. Therefore, heritage buildings are buildings capable of lasting for more than 100 years. Heritage buildings also typically provide knowledge about the history of a community or the building itself, which has its value. i. The Concept of Conservation. In the conservation of heritage buildings, the concept universally accepted is "Authenticity in Heritage Conservation." In conservation, there are two aspects: aesthetic and ethical. Aesthetic refers to the authenticity of the materials used, while the process of restoring them to their original state is considered an ethical practice. The aspect emphasized most in the context of heritage building conservation is ethics rather than aesthetics. Conservation is a process aimed at preserving a place or building to safeguard cultural heritage interests through maintenance actions and according to specific conditions, including preservation, restoration, reconstruction, and adaptation (Antariksa, 2007). Conservation plays a crucial role in restructuring heritage buildings, including preservation in terms of tangible heritage such as ancient buildings and monuments. ii. The Category of Heritage Area Buildings in the City Center of Johor Bahru. According to the (RKK-KGPGKWPB-JB) in 2013, there are three grades or categories that can classify heritage buildings in the Johor Bahru City Center. (Refer to Table 1.1: Grade categories of heritage buildings). Table 1: Grade categories of heritage buildings No. Grade Description 1 Grade 1 The value found in this building is significant and must not be left without any action to preserve it for more specific conservation efforts. 2 Grade 2 Having a moderately high historical and architectural value. However, its distinctive architectural features are still visible, and they usually hold importance for the local community. 3 Grade 3 A building that lacks distinctive architectural features but contributes to the overall quality of the environment in a particular street or area, especially in shaping the character of a specific place or generally. (Source: Rancangan Kawasan Khas (RKK) Konservasi, Garis Panduan dan Glosari Kawasan Warisan Pusat Bandaraya Johor Bahru, 2013)

- 147 - Figure 2: The Morphology of Johor Bahru City Center (1800-2000). (Source: Rancangan Kawasan Khas (RKK) Konservasi, Garis Panduan dan Glosari Kawasan Warisan Pusat Bandaraya Johor Bahru, 2013) Methodology Within the framework of this study, the role of respondents is crucial in providing the necessary data for analysis. A carefully selected group of 100 respondents participated in the data collection process through questionnaires, visual observations, and literature review. The sampling was meticulously conducted to ensure data collection from respondents most relevant to the study. Questionnaires were distributed to gather feedback from respondents regarding their perceptions and the site's situations to gauge awareness levels. The questionnaire comprised four sections: Section A covered demographic questions such as age, gender, length of residence, and education level. Section B focused on general questions related to heritage buildings and sites in Johor Bahru City Centre, using multiple-choice structures like yes, no, and unsure. Section C aimed to gather respondents' opinions on their knowledge of building and heritage site preservation in Johor Bahru City Centre based on a Likert Scale ranging from 1 (Very Poor) to 5 (Very Good). Meanwhile, Section D sought respondents' opinions on their awareness of heritage sites and buildings in Johor Bahru City Centre, also using a Likert Scale from 1 (Very Poor) to 5 (Very Good). To gain deeper insights into the issues, visual studies were conducted, and data were collected using photography methods and checklists to assess building structures at the study site. Visual studies on-site aimed to identify actual issues related to heritage buildings and sites listed in the literature study. Literature studies from various secondary and tertiary sources contributed to a better theoretical understanding of heritage and urban image. Secondary sources included policies such as guidelines, regional plans, and local sources, while tertiary sources comprised local and international journals, case studies, and online publications. Information from the literature study, such as public awareness levels and analysis methods from case studies, was utilized for review and analysis.

- 148 - Findings Through a survey conducted on the general public, it is evident that public awareness of the efforts and importance of preserving heritage buildings and areas in Johor Bahru City Centre still needs improvement. 49.3% of respondents answered yes, while 50.7% answered no to the question "Are you aware of the conservation plan for heritage areas in the Johor Bahru city centre as planned by the Johor Bahru City Council?" This indicates that the level of awareness regarding the conservation plan is still unsatisfactory, as more than half of the respondents remain unaware of its existence. The need for education and outreach regarding heritage in Johor Bahru suggests the necessity for greater efforts in enhancing the understanding and awareness of the local community about the importance of preserving and appreciating cultural and historical heritage. Education and outreach efforts are crucial as they can help address the existing knowledge gaps and awareness deficiencies among the population. Through education, the community can be provided with deeper knowledge about the historical, cultural, and unique values of local heritage, including understanding the significance of historical buildings, heritage areas, and other cultural legacies that contribute to the identity of the local community. Education also plays a vital role in exposing the younger generation to their heritage and encouraging them to participate in conservation efforts. With increasing awareness of the value of local cultural and historical heritage, the community can realize the importance of conservation efforts to ensure that this heritage is preserved for future generations. The impact of policies can be crucial in influencing the effectiveness of heritage conservation efforts in Johor Bahru, including the strengthening and alignment of policies. The need for practical and effective measures in conservation has been clearly stated, emphasizing the need for robust implementation strategies. Although the Johor Bahru City Council (MBJB) has introduced Guidelines for Hotel Applications in Terraced Type Shop Buildings (Budget Hotels) in the MBJB Administration Area, building owners need to obtain technical views from the MBJB Planning and Development Department if it involves 'heritage buildings'. The use of these guidelines is aligned with the direction set out in the RKK-KGPGKWPB-JB document. Development control like this is crucial to preserve the uniqueness and historical value of buildings, sites, or heritage cities alongside significant urban growth. Such development control is also to ensure that development does not neglect or damage valuable cultural heritage, which is an essential part of Johor Bahru's unique identity and attraction. By ensuring that modifications to heritage sites and buildings comply with established guidelines and involve consultation with local authorities, we can ensure that the city's historical and cultural heritage remains preserved for future generations to enjoy. Conclusion The findings of this study highlight the significance of cultivating a shared understanding of the cultural, historical, and architectural value of heritage assets among residents, visitors, and stakeholders. Despite varying levels of awareness and challenges faced, there is a strong indication of community support for heritage conservation initiatives in Johor Bahru. This underscores the potential for harnessing public enthusiasm and engagement to drive meaningful change in the preservation of the urban heritage. The study also reveals barriers and gaps in awareness that must be addressed to effectively advance conservation objectives. Limited resources, conflicting development priorities, and insufficient public engagement emerge as significant challenges that require concerted efforts from multiple stakeholders. It is imperative to prioritize education and outreach efforts aimed at enhancing public awareness and understanding of heritage conservation issues. Targeted initiatives, including educational programs, heritage tours, and community engagement activities, can serve to bridge

- 149 - knowledge gaps, foster appreciation for heritage assets, and mobilize grassroots support for conservation initiatives. By increasing awareness and community involvement in heritage preservation efforts, we can ensure the conservation of Johor Bahru's cultural and historical heritage, which, in turn, can have a positive impact on the city's economic and tourism development. Well-preserved heritage not only attracts tourists from both within and outside the country but also provides prosperity to residents by creating job opportunities and enhancing quality of life. Thus, through awareness and commitment to heritage preservation, the Johor Bahru City Centre can continue to evolve as a unique destination with its advantages while ensuring that its cultural and historical heritage values are preserved for both current and future generations to enjoy. References Bangunan, P., Di, W., Mohammad, M., Bin, A., Rahman, A., Doktor, I., Kejuruteraan, F., Fakulti, A., Awam, K., & Sekitar, D. A. (2013). Hafis Bin Kamis Sarjana Muda Seni Gunaan dengan Kepujian, A. (2012). PEMELIHARAAN BANDAR TAIPING SEBAGAI BANDAR WARISAN DAN PELANCONGAN DI NEGERI PERAK. Nor Fatimah Zuraidi Zainal Abidin Akasah Mohammad Ashraf Abdul Rahman Ijazah Sarjana Pensyarah Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, S. (2011). MASALAH DALAM PEMULIHARAAN BANGUNAN WARISAN DI MALAYSIA. Suaib, N. M., Ismail, N. A. F., Sadimon, S., & Yunos, Z. M. (2020). Cultural heritage preservation efforts in Malaysia: A survey. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 979(1). Muhammad, O., Aiman Bin, A., Fakulti, H., Kreatif, T., & Warisan, D. (n.d.). PELESTARIAN BANGUNAN WARISAN SEKOLAH TINGGI MUAR TERHADAP KOMUNITI SETEMPAT FYP FTKW.

- 150 - ID-35: YouTube and Inland Fishing: Potential for Promotion of Wetland Conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia Khansa Maritza Azra 1 , Mohammad Rafee Majid 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This study examines the potential of YouTube to promote wetland conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Kalimantan contains significant inland wetlands that are crucial for local livelihoods yet face threats from land conversion for agriculture. The research analyses comments on videos by prominent fishing YouTubers to understand viewer interest in wetland environments. Findings indicate viewers are engaged with the ecosystems and wildlife featured, as well as the fishing activities themselves. By leveraging YouTube, inland fishermen can boost sustainable tourism while raising awareness for wetland conservation. The number of YouTubers who bring attention to these important ecosystems can influence the opportunity to advocate for environmental conservation. Keywords: YouTube, Wetland Conservation, Fishermen, Kalimantan Introduction Wetlands occur where the water and land meet and are characterised by their unique ecosystems, which includes a wide variety of flora and fauna. Wetlands in Indonesia, particularly in Kalimantan, hold a crucial role not only for natural resources but also provide resources for the rural population (Hidayat et al., 2022). Kalimantan is part of the Borneo island that is shared by the Malaysian States of Sabah and Sarawak and Brunei. According to the Badan Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian (BBSDLP) (2020), Kalimantan, Indonesia, contains a significant amount of wetlands. Specifically, it has 6,590,341 hectares of inland swamp and peatland, which accounts for approximately 32.52% of the total inland swamp and peatland in Indonesia. This extensive stretch of land in Kalimantan plays a crucial role in supporting the local residents by offering economic opportunities and a source of nourishment. Nevertheless, inland wetlands are seeing a rapid reduction in both their land area and biodiversity, sometimes being seen as waste land that is converted for agricultural use. With a stronger penetration of capitalism into all economic sectors, including in the field of oil palm plantations (Rochwulaningsih et al., 2020), where the growing oil palm concession is illustrated in Figure 1. The reduction of wetlands hinders their ability to fulfill their roles in terms of fish prosperity, water control, carbon storage, and of support to other ecosystems. Locals use YouTube as a means to increase their earnings by recording and uploading videos of their fishing trips and activities. Some locals have also taken to upload content regularly on YouTube, thus becoming professional YouTubers. By promoting tourism activities from professional YouTubers, they can contribute to economic growth and the preservation of socio-cultural activities, which can also serve as an important tool for conservation efforts. The videos created by fishermen can effectively increase awareness about the significance of wetlands, spread educational information, and actively involve the public in conservation efforts. However, by exposing the locations through YouTube it can also open up to the potential of exploitation and overfishing.

- 151 - Figure 1: Map of Wetlands and Oil Palm Concession in Kalimantan (Source: Global Wetlands Map - CIFOR & Badan Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian (BBSDLP), 2020) Literature Review Wetlands are being drained to create space for palm oil plantations that are established by corporations. While developing a palm oil plantation can indeed provide job prospects for the local community, it also leads to an increase in significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the expense of peat lands (Austin et al., 2015). With the issue that increasing oil palm plantations, especially in swamps, ignores the principles of sustainability, which in turn, potentially contribute to the loss of forest cover, biodiversity and disruption of ecosystem balance, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and emerging social conflicts around plantations (Annisa et al., 2022). However, there may be ways to mitigate the environmental impact of this process, such as preserving and restoring wetland areas elsewhere to maintain ecological balance. Wetlands maintain an abundance of habitats and species, attracting numerous fishermen in search of fishing opportunities. With the advancements in modern technology, fishermen have discovered that creating contents related to their fishing activities may serve as an additional source of income or perhaps become their primary source of income. By utilising YouTube, fishermen are able to showcase their fishing skills and simultaneously promote the natural environment in which they fish, as they create their content.

- 152 - Table 1: Summary of Literature Reviewed No. Literature Name & Authors Study Method Findings & Recommendations 01 Recreation and environmental quality of tropical wetlands: A social media based spatial analysis (Sinclair et al., 2019) Social mediabased spatial analysis ● The study showcases the potential of utilising social media data to estimate the rates of visits to wetlands. ● The study emphasises the potential of passive crowdsourced data obtained from social media to transform the analysis of nature-based tourist and cultural ecosystem services. 02 Ecotourism social media initiatives in China (Cheng et al., 2016) Content analysis and semi-structured interview ● Ecotourism management companies efficiently utilise social media tools to communicate with travellers. ● The content shared on social media platforms, e.g. Weibo helps promote a sustainable attitude. 03 The Use and Transmission of Traditional Beliefs for Environmental Conservation in the Bueng Khong Long Wetland, Thailand (Wongsiri & Nonthapot, 2022) In-depth interviews with key informants ● Traditional beliefs are conveyed through modern approaches, such as utilising social media platforms like Facebook and YouTube. ● Communities utilise platforms, such as YouTube, to share traditional beliefs with newcomers. ● This demonstrates how modern technology is used as a tool to transmit beliefs and knowledge to a wider audience. (Source: Prepared by researcher, 2024) The literature reviewed in Table 1 provides highlights into the use of social media for environmental conservation. The trend from these studies indicate that having a presence on social media might enhance conservation awareness and facilitate the spread of information on wetlands. Overall, research should explore the impact of influencers from social media can promote destinations, experiences, and products to their viewers. Methodology The study collected data from YouTube comments by utilizing the YouTube Data API and exporting it to an Excel spreadsheet. Two channels were selected as the data sample, featuring renowned YouTubers who specialized in fishing in the wetlands of Kalimantan. The selected videos for analysis were sampled from the channels Fayz Fishing Adventure and Norman TTNT outDoor (refer to figure 1 for the YouTubers’ approximate locations). Table 2: YouTuber Characteristics No. YouTube Channel Subscribers Total Views Estimated Revenue (USD) Videos Upload Approximate Fishing Location 01 Fayz Fishing Outdoor 1.37 million subscribers 360,626,991 views $325 - $5,200.80 1.2K uploads Lamandau, Central Kalimantan 02 Norman TTNT outDoor 320K subscribers 99,390,314 views $430 - $6,887.04 344 uploads Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan (Source: SocialBlade, 2024) From both channels, a total of ten videos were selected for data extraction. The videos were chosen based on their viewership and titles. Videos that contained wetland-based words in the title were selected and watched thoroughly to ensure the YouTubers were conducting their

- 153 - fishing activities in a wetland environment. Videos with high viewership were prioritized as they indicated greater engagement from viewers, thus resulting in more comments. The comments from these YouTube videos were collected and then examined using relative frequencies to identify the most often occurring phrases from viewers. Findings The graph below illustrates relative frequencies of terms from the ten videos chosen from the two YouTubers. The top five terms from the YouTube channel Fayz Fishing Adventure, in order of legend, include; "snake", "catfish", "fish" and "crocodile". Meanwhile the top terms resulting from the videos by Norman TTNT outDoor, in order of legend, include; "spot", "healthy", "fishing", "fish" and "environment". (a) (b) Figure 2: Top Five Common Keywords in Each YouTube Channel (Source: Selected Videos from Fishermen YouTubers, 2024) As can be observed in figure 2(a), most of the viewer's remarks focus on the surroundings and ecosystems of wetlands. Viewers frequently comment "fish" in regards to the fishes being caught by the YouTuber, along with mentioning other species of fishes and wildlife animals. The content made by Fayz Fishing Adventure has a great influence in exposing viewers to the ecosystem of wetlands. Figure 2(b) indicates that viewers who watch videos from Norman TTNT outDoor have a greater interest in fishing and the surrounding fishing place. In the figure there has been a consistent trend of the terms “healthy" and "spot" while there has been a rising trend of the term "fishing". The viewer's interest in fishing can potentially be utilised to boost the amount of local tourism for Kalimantan while maintaining wetlands. The analysis of viewer comments from the two YouTube channels provides insights into public perceptions of wetland environments. The viewers of Fayz Fishing Adventure videos demonstrate a strong interest in the diverse wildlife and ecosystems found in the wetlands, suggesting an opportunity to leverage this interest to promote environmental education and conservation efforts. Meanwhile, the viewers of Norman TTNT outDoor videos show a focus on fishing activities, indicating a potential to encourage sustainable tourism that supports local economies while protecting wetland areas. Overall, the findings highlight the value of social media data in understanding public engagement with nature and informing strategies to balance environmental protection with responsible human use of these important ecosystems.

- 154 - Conclusion Inland fishermen in central and south Kalimantan have the opportunity to leverage YouTube as a platform to enhance economic and tourist activities in their local wetland environments. By cultivating and conserving these valuable ecosystems, fishermen can boost the local economy through the development of sustainable fishing-based tourism. By leveraging the usage of social media and digital platforms, inland fishermen can become the starting point of wetland conservation. From the findings, we can conclude that each YouTuber has their own content in showcasing wetlands to viewers. Increasing the number of YouTubers in creating fishing content in wetland areas, it can attract a broader audience with different interests while also serving as a platform for environmental conservation. References Annisa, W., Susilawati, A., & Noor, M. (2022, May 1). Management and development of oil palm cultivation in swamplands in perspective of limitation and sustainability. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1025(1), 012042. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1025/1/012042 Austin, K. G., Kasibhatla, P. S., Urban, D. L., Stolle, F., & Vincent, J. (2015, May 26). Reconciling Oil Palm Expansion and Climate Change Mitigation in Kalimantan, Indonesia. PLOS ONE, 10(5), e0127963. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127963 Badan Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian (BBSDLP). (2020). Yearly Report BBSDLP 2020. Cheng, M., Wong, I. A., Wearing, S., & McDonald, M. (2016, September 21). Ecotourism social media initiatives in China. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(3), 416–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1214141 Hidayat, A. S., Rajiani, I., & Arisanty, D. (2022, November 3). Sustainability of Floodplain Wetland Fisheries of Rural Indonesia: Does Culture Enhance Livelihood Resilience? Sustainability, 14(21), 14461. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114461 Rochwulaningsih, Y., Masruroh, N. N., Sholihah, F., Widodo, S. K., & Budiyanto, S. (2020). Managing Socio-Economic Problems of the Wetland Environment in South Kalimantan. E3S Web of Conferences, 202, 03025. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020203025 Sinclair, M., Ghermandi, A., Moses, S. A., & Joseph, S. (2019, April). Recreation and environmental quality of tropical wetlands: A social media based spatial analysis. Tourism Management, 71, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.018 Wongsiri, A., & Nonthapot, S. (2022). The Use and Transmission of Traditional Beliefs for Environmental Conservation in the Bueng Khong Long Wetland, Thailand. Journal of Mekong Societies, 18(1), 103-124.

- 155 - ID-36: Occupancy Rate Condominium and Apartment at Johor Bahru: Comparing East and West Area Elfira Fitri Wulandary Karnadi 1 , Mohammad Rafee Majid 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This highlight shows the occupancy rates of condominiums and apartments in Johor Bahru: comparing Eastern and Western areas. It raises a lot of questions and there are differences between these two areas. Is it not occupied or have other causes why this difference seems so significant? Therefore, the methodology of this study is a qualitative approach, where site visits are made to see and take pictures of current condominium and apartment developments. Observation of the growth of condominiums and apartments in two different areas: the east side of Johor, Austin, and the west side, Nusajaya. According to the data that has been collected, several factors have been successfully released, namely in terms of geographical location, price and economic position, facilities and amenities, and others. Therefore, the occupancy rate of less than 50% can be said to be sustainable in Johor Bahru as advocated by developers and local authorities. Keywords: Occupancy Rates, Condominium/Apartment Developments, Percentage Introduction Many factors influencing urban growth and community interaction impact the occupancy of condominium/apartment developments in Johor Bahru's eastern and west sides. The condominium and apartment market in Johor Bahru, one of the fastest developing cities in Malaysia, is crucial to providing the city's population' varied housing demands while promoting urban development and economic growth. It's critical for stakeholders, developers, and policymakers to comprehend the variables influencing occupancy rates in these developments if they are to promote resilient and sustainable urban communities. Against the backdrop of Johor Bahru's expanding urban expansion, the western and eastern sides provide distinct environments marked by various socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental elements (Ukoje, 2016). Condominium and apartment projects in the western side, with their bustling commercial centers and wealthy neighborhoods, frequently serve the demands of residents, particularly professionals, and foreigners drawn to the city's economic possibilities and closeness to Singapore (Henry & Kato, 2014). Meanwhile, the eastern side represents a blend of history and modernity, with residential regions coexisting alongside industrial zones and suburban subdivisions (Handryant et al., 2020). Condominiums in this neighborhood may accommodate a wider range of demographics, including families, pensioners, and migrant workers, reflecting the region's socioeconomic variety. Many factors, such as but not limited to demographic changes, economic situations, urban planning regulations, lifestyle preferences, and housing affordability, have an impact on the occupancy rate of condominiums and apartment buildings (Zietz, 2003). The demand for housing, the accessibility of facilities, and the general dependability of the condominium or apartment complex are all influenced by these intricate interactions. Moreover, the ability of these projects to draw and hold on to inhabitants is significantly influenced by outside variables including transportation infrastructure, accessibility to job hubs, and sociocultural amenities. Based on these ideas, the purpose of this extended abstract is to look at the difference in occupancy rates for condominiums and apartments in Johor Bahru. With the fact the percentages obtained for the East and West sides can see the factors why such occupancy differences. Therefore, this study is done to determine why the percentage of occupancy is

- 156 - different. The full occupancy level indicates that the condominium and apartment development is successful and can be said to be a sustainable development. Literature Review i. Market Trends and Consumer Preferences The study by Johar & Ho (2014) emphasizes how crucial it is to take qualitative factors into account when evaluating the state of the housing market as well as the supply of residences. They emphasize that while quantitative factors like the number of dwelling units and the rate of development are significant, qualitative factors like the range of housing alternatives, efficient demand patterns, and current market circumstances are equally crucial. The Johar & Ho (2014) study's emphasis on qualitative factors is both relevant and significant. This is because qualitative variables such as the diversity of housing alternatives available, tenants' wants and preferences, and the local market climate may all have an impact on occupancy rates in condominiums/apartment buildings. Individuals with a range of housing alternatives, for instance, could be more inclined to settle in a neighborhood that provides more facilities or a more cozy environment. Occupancy rates are also influenced by effective demand patterns, such as the desire to reside in communities with easy access to public transportation and other facilities or the demand for apartments with extra amenities. ii. Property Features and Amenities Tajima's (2019) study emphasized the value of common areas in condominiums and how they affect occupancy rates. Swimming pools, exercise centres, and communal gardens help to increase the appeal and competitiveness of residential developments, boosting residents' quality of life and establishing a feeling of community. Attractive properties with appealing features tend to draw in more purchasers or renters, stand out from the competition, and eventually fetch greater occupancy rates. To improve the market appeal and long-term occupancy prospects of condominium and apartment developments in West and East Johor Bahru, developers can take advantage of insights gained from studies on shared facilities and strategically invest in amenities that cater to residents' priorities and enhance sustainability and environmental friendliness. iii. Free Market Occupancy A free market in occupancy is characterized by the interaction of buyers and sellers, with supply and demand playing a significant role in market dynamics. In Nusajaya, the dynamics of the market end when willing buyers and sellers exchange goods. The free market mechanism facilitates the flow of goods and services by ensuring that those willing to produce and buy are participating in transactions (Ledyard, 1989). The principles of supply and demand foster a dynamic and self-regulating system, allowing market forces to decide on pricing, quantities, and allocations based on the decisions made by buyers and sellers (Wikipedia Contributors, 2024). This dynamic and self-regulating system is essential for the efficiency and success of the free market in Nusajaya and Austin. Methodology A qualitative data-gathering approach called methodology is used to study the factors influencing the occupancy rate of condominiums/apartments in West and East Johor Bahru. Site visits are made to view and take pictures of the current condominium/apartment projects. Observation of the growth of condominiums and apartments in two distinct areas: Johor's east side, Austin, and its west side, Nusajaya. The research is to examine these two sites to obtain a thorough grasp of their present population occupancy levels and determine whether or not

- 157 - they are compliant with sustainable development principles. This will be accomplished by conducting observations to paint a precise image and by analyzing its definition and the many influencing elements. To get more pertinent observations of the dynamics and patterns associated with occupation over a certain amount of time, the research will also carry out observational investigations at night. Findings Understanding condominium and apartment occupancy rates is critical for evaluating the housing market and addressing inhabitants' different housing demands. In this context, provide occupancy percentage statistics from both the eastern and western of Johor Bahru, providing information about the current situation of residential occupancy in these locations. Table 1: Occupancy Percentage East Side, Johor Bahru No. East Side (Austin) Occupancy Percentage 1 Austin Regency 32.75% 2 Havona Mount Austin 41.50% 3 Lake View Suites 34.43% 4 Pangsapuri Permata Austin (Austin Suites) 40.87% (Source: Field Survey, 2024) Table 2: Occupancy Percentage West Side, Johor Bahru No. West Side (Nusajaya) Occupancy Percentage 1 Afiniti Residences 18.36% 2 Impiana@East Ledang 12.29% 3 The Elysia Park Residences@Medini 12.7% 4 Ujana Executive Apartment@East Ledang 17.44% (Source: Field Survey, 2024) According to the data obtained, the two study areas showed different data. The percentage for the East, Austin is higher than the West, Nusajaya. Therefore, this study is done is for why the percentage of occupancy is different. Is it because it is wrong in terms of marketing strategy before the development is carried out or after the development is completed? There are several potential reasons why the percentage of occupancy looks different, such as: i. The geographical location The condominium and apartment in shown in different areas and may attract different occupants. According to the percentage of occupancy on the higher east side it is likely that condominiums and apartments close to the city center or commercial center may be more in demand by professionals looking for accessibility and urban lifestyle facilities such as Havona Mount Austin and Pangsapuri Permata Austin (Austin Suites). ii. Cost and financial standing This pricing component is determined by the cost of real estate as well as the population's ability to make ends meet. While apartments with cheaper pricing may draw people from lower income groups, luxury apartments with all the amenities may draw occupants who can afford to pay a higher price. For instance, foreigners from places like Singapore and China, where this side attracts retirees and those searching for a second home, are probably the target buyers in the western side.

- 158 - iii. Facilities and amenities The quality and variety of facilities and amenities provided also affect the attraction of residents. According to the above data can be seen, the high occupancy rate in Havona Mount Austin and Pangsapuri Permata Austin (Austin Suites) may be due to the good quality and variety of facilities offered. In addition, the effectiveness of facility management and good maintenance can also increase the attractiveness of residents. Meanwhile, the low occupancy rate at Impiana@East Ledang and the Elysia Park Residences@Medini in Nusajaya may be due to a lack of attractive facilities or a lack of effective facility management. iv. Environment and comfort The difference in occupancy rates between the Eastern and Western Areas of Johor Bahru maybe due to differences in the quality of the environment and the comfort offered by condominiums and apartment complexes. If the percentage of occupancy is low. There may be problems with the quality of construction or maintenance of the building, such as structural defects, facility damage, or water leaks that are not resolved immediately. This can cause residents to be uncomfortable and less willing to stay in the long run and this may contribute to low occupancy rates in such condominiums or apartment complexes. v. Land Use Plan and development needs Land use and development needs. In the eastern side, may attract more residents due to higher development density, ease of access to public services, and better economic opportunities. Meanwhile, west areas such as Affiniti Residences and Ujana Executive Apartment@East Ledang may face challenges in terms of controlled development, lack of public facilities, or weaknesses in land use plans that support community growth and diversity. vi. Development Zones East Side, developer zones such as Austin Regency and Havona Mount Austin may attract more residents due to its active development areas and rapid development, providing a wide variety of housing types for various population groups. Additionally, developer areas in the East may offer a variety of infrastructure and commercial facilities that meet the needs of residents, such as shopping malls, playgrounds, and health facilities. In the western part, developer zones such as Impiana@East Ledang and the Elysia Park Residences@Medini may face challenges in attracting residents due to the lack of adequate infrastructure development and public facilities. Conclusion In conclusion, the difference in occupancy rates between the Eastern and western areas of Johor Bahru stems from various factors, including geographical location, price and economic status, facilities and amenities, Environmental Quality, and the effectiveness of development planning. The higher occupancy rates in the East Area, particularly in Austin, can be attributed to its strategic location, variety of housing options, and robust development initiatives. On the other hand, lower occupancy rates in western areas, particularly Nusajaya, may reflect challenges in infrastructure development, inadequate facilities, and limited economic opportunities. However, the sustainability of these developments, given their current occupancy rate of less than 50%, is not the same as being shouted at by developers and local authorities who say that their development is sustainable. Can both of these areas be said to be sustainable according to the data found?

- 159 - References Handryant, A. N., Harini, S., Kusumadewi, T., & Kurniawaty, P. (2020). Integrated sustainability index of east Surabaya with casbee tools toward a sustainable city. Henry, M., & Kato, Y. (2014). Understanding the regional context of sustainable concrete in Asia: Case studies in Mongolia and Singapore. Ledyard, J. O. (1989). Market Failure. Palgrave Macmillan UK EBooks, 185–190. Multifamily Housing: A Review of Theory and Evidence. (2020). Tajima, K. (2019), "Shared amenities’ impacts on condominium resale values", International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 281-297. Ukoje, J.E. (2016) Impacts of Rapid Urbanisation in the Urban Fringe of Lokoja, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning. Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Economics terminology that differs from common usage. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. Yi, C., & Lee, S. (2014). An empirical analysis of the characteristics of residential location choice in the rapidly changing Korean housing market.

- 160 - ID-37: Planning for Public Realm Elements: Tourists’ Perspective in Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur Muna Munirah Mustafa 1 , Hairul Nizam Ismail 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This research explores the importance of public realm elements from a tourist's perspective in Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. It studies how elements like arts, sports, nature, parks, and gathering places affect tourist experiences and behaviors. With reference to Plan Melbourne 2017–2050, it explains how creating high-quality urban environments enhances the livability of tourism cities. By examining the relevance of these elements and their impact on tourist behavior, the study offers insights that are important for urban planners, policymakers, and stakeholders. Potentially, this research contributes to the enhancement of the urban environment to provide vibrant and welcoming experiences for tourists in Bukit Bintang. Keywords: Public Realm, Tourism City, Tourists’ Behaviour, Bukit Bintang Introduction According to English Heritage (2023), the public realm relates as all areas of the built environment where the public can freely access, including streets, squares, and rights of way, regardless of their primary use. However, the term "public realm" is often used informally and sometimes interchangeably with "public domain" to describe outdoor urban spaces accessible to everyone. This research study predominantly rely on the examples provided in Plan Melbourne 2017–2050, the Victorian Government's strategic framework designed to ensure Melbourne's enduring livability, sustainability, and inclusivity across all demographics. The plan outlines six (6) key hallmarks, each representing a crucial aspect of urban development and community well-being. Particular focus for this research is Hallmark 5: HighQuality Public Realm, which serves as the foundation for enhancing the city's public spaces. Hallmark 5 encompasses four (4) attributes which are Arts and Culture, Sports and Recreational Facilities, Nature, Parks, and Open Spaces, and Places to Play, Meet, and Gather. These elements collectively contribute to enriching the quality of the public realm, fostering a more vibrant and engaging urban environment. Hence, three (3) research objectives were formed based on the research questions. The objectives of this research are: 1) To study the relevance of public realm elements in a tourism city. 2) To investigate how elements in a public realm can generate activity among tourists. 3) To examine the impact of public realm elements on tourists in a tourism city. The scope of this study focuses on examining the attributes of the public realm, as outlined in Hallmark 5: High-Quality Public Realm of Plan Melbourne 2017–2050. The research centers on the relevance of public realm elements in the tourism city of Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. Additionally, the Bukit Bintang commercial district is recognized as an area that can be labeled as a walkable district, offering an acceptable walking distance within the urban layout to guide pedestrians easily to their key destinations (Norsidah Ujang, 2012). Hence, Bukit Bintang is a suitable location for conducting research on the public realm, with a focus on facilitating spaces within the walkable, bikeable, and well-connected public transportation options for tourists. In conclusion, this research aims to provide a better understanding of the relevance of the public realm to tourists in Bukit Bintang. By prioritizing these aspects, the study seeks to explain how the public realm influences tourists' experiences and perceptions in Bukit Bintang.

- 161 - Literature Review The literature review for this study will discuss various topics including Tourist Behavior, Tourism Business Districts (TBDs), Central Business Districts (CBDs), Elements of the Public Realm, Application of Public Realm in Planning Concept, and the Elements of High Quality Public Realm in a tourism city. Firstly, the World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes". Tourist behavior is heavily influenced by the activities they choose and prefer during their vacation. These choices impact their overall experience, satisfaction levels, and happiness while they are there. Consequently, the variety of activities offered at a destination plays a significant role in shaping its reputation and popularity (International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022). Tourism Business District (TBD) is a distinct pattern in the distribution of tourist activities and facilities. In a concept of urban tourism, the concentration of attractions that attract the number of visitors and service activities lies in the unity of the function of the CBD (business center), which formed a Tourism Business District (TBD). TBD as a useful framework for understanding the components of urban tourism that comprise tourist facilities and how they can be integrated (Getz, D, 1993). The public realm is defined as space shared by the community, intimately linked to the ideas of universal access, common ground, and shared amenities. These elements, developed by the Project for Public Spaces (PPS), assist people in assessing any place, whether positively or negatively. PPS has identified four general qualities crucial for success: access and linkages, comfort and image, uses and activities, and sociability. These qualities aim to ensure the livability of communities across social, economic, and environmental dimensions, contributing to the greatness of the public realm. “A good city is like a good party — people stay longer than really necessary, because they are enjoying themselves” as articulated by Jan Gehl (2007). The concept of public space in a city can be interpreted independently by communities, according to its emphasis on public space and its culture (Kim & Sohn, 2002; Balducci & Checchi, 2009). Public realms also provide people with many opportunities to come together and engage with the community. Therefore, the importance of a well-designed public realm includes supporting local economies, attracting tourism, reducing crime, improving public health, and enhancing the environment. Plan Melbourne has been selected as the primary reference for this research, as it represents a comprehensive metropolitan planning strategy that will shape the future of the city and state for the next 35 years (The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 2017). Therefore, in Plan Melbourne, Hallmark 5: High Quality Public Realm serves as the primary focus of this research, including four (4) key elements, which are Arts and Culture, Sports and Recreational Facilities, Nature, Parks and Open Spaces, and Places to Play, Meet and Gather. This decision is based on the significance of public realm in town planning, as it serves as the physical setting that influences the behavior of urban users, especially tourists in the context of this study. Methodology The selection of the method and approach is based on the requirements of this research, specifically focusing on the elements of a "Public Realm" within a tourism city. This study will be conducted using the quantitative data method, effectively in Bukit Bintang, which is a golden triangle known primarily for commercial purposes and urban visitors. Thus, it aids in examining (1) tourists staying in the research area, (2) the public realm in the research area, and (3) types of tourists using the public realm. Thus, this phase is responsible for developing research instruments to be used for the primary data collection of the study. The target population within the area can be accessed easily and conveniently, and the sample size was not less than 213 respondents. As this study relied on purposive sampling, the following

- 162 - respondent criteria are: the respondent is a domestic tourist, the respondent is aged between 18 and 40 years old, the respondent has already visited the research area, and the respondent has visited at least one of the public realms in the research area. Hence, the data collection approach is explained in Table 1. Table 1: Data Collection Approach Stage Approach 1 Identifications of Public Realms in Bukit Bintang Conducted through Google Maps and site visits 2 Division of Public Realms based on their Elements The public realms are categorized according to the elements they contain 3 Develop A Questionnaire into 4 Sections Questionnaire developed into 4 sections which are Demographic Information, Visitation to Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur, Public Realm Elements, and Tourists’ Behaviour 4 Data Collected Each element of public realms will be analyzed based on the results of the questionnaire (Source: Prepared by researcher, 2024) Findings Based on the research, the expected preliminary results aim to identify the public realm elements and their relevance in a tourism city, as shown in Table 2. Google Maps and site visits assist in justifying the selection of the public realms in Bukit Bintang. As a result, the findings will further explain the relevance and impact of public realm elements in a tourism city and the consequences of providing the overall tourist experiences. There will be 14 public realms listed and categorized into four (4) types of elements as outlined below. Table 2: Public Realm Spots in Bukit Bintang Elements Public Realm Spots Arts and Culture Wall Art Changkat Alor Backspace Street Art Jalan Rembia Street Art Jalan Tengkat Tong Shin Sport and Recreational Facilities BOSSfit Bukit Bintang in Berjaya Times Square Camp5 Climbing Gym Jumpa in Sungei Wang Mall Bhumi Lifestyle (Pilates Studio) Beast Park at Sungei Wang Mall Blastacars in Sungei Wang Mall Nature, Park and Open Spaces Arabian Park Regalia Water Feature and Oasis Places to Play, Meet and Gather Pavillion Crystal Fountain Jalan Alor Night Market BB Park (Source: Prepared by researcher, 2024) The factors for these category divisions are identified based on the activities and elements of the public realm. By examining this, it will be much easier to analyze the relevance and impact of the public realm spots in a tourism city for a better improvement in urban planning perspective. This study will use two types of analysis: Descriptive Analysis and Cross Tabulation Analysis. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) is a behavioral sensory evaluation approach that uses descriptive panels to measure a product's sensory characteristics. On the other hand, Cross-tabulation is one of the most useful analytical tools for the market research industry. Therefore, the results from the four (4) sections of the questionnaire will be analyzed using these two methods.

- 163 - Conclusion In summary, this research highlights as to how public realms such as parks, cultural sites, and areas for socializing affect tourists’ perceptions in Bukit Bintang. By focusing on these aspects, it shows how they shape tourists' experiences and behaviours. The findings emphasize the importance of including these features in city planning to make tourist areas more attractive and enjoyable. This research offers practical guidance for city planners and policymakers to create better urban environments that cater to tourists' needs. Overall, this research is important as it provides valuable insights into how public realms can enhance tourism in a tourism city such as Bukit Bintang. References Alfaras, K. (2020, March 27). The meaning and Importance of Tourism [Slide show]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/kimbiialfaras/chapter-1-230957490 Amir, A. F., Ismail, M. N. I., Mohd Hanafiah, M. H., & Baba, N. (2012). Foreign tourists’ perception on the safety and security measures in Kuala Lumpur. In Current Issues in Hospitality and Tourism Research and Innovations (pp. 591–594). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12752-115 Badaruddin Mohamad. (2005). The Analysis of Malaysian Domestic Travelers. School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/8401292/THE_ANALYSIS_OF_MALAYSIAN_DOMESTIC_TRAVELERS. Blaise Nkubiyaho. (2020). Importance of Public Spaces in Cities. https://www.slideshare.net/NkubiyahoBlaise/importance-ofpublic-spaces-in-cities Brown, P. H. (n.d.). 1.2 What is the Urban Public Realm? Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.umn.edu/publicrealm/chapter/1-2-whatis-the-urban-public-realm/#:~:text=Public%20realm%20is%20defined%20as,to%20live%20and%20work%20in. Cheshmehzangi, A. (2012). Identity and Public Realm. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.036 De Magalhães, C., & Trigo, S. F. (2017). Contracting out publicness: The private management of the urban public realm and its implications. Progress in Planning, 115, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2016.01.001 Federal Department of Town and Country Planning. (2005). Open Spaces in Urban Malaysia. Ministry of Housing and Local Government. Retrieved from http://myagric.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/16336/1/Open_Spaces.pdf. John Surico (2023). Access & Linkages: How to connect people to places. (n.d.). https://www.pps.org/article/access-linkageshow-to-connect-people-to-places Kozlowski, M., Ujang, N., Maulan, S., Malaysia, P., & Malaysia, S. (2015). Performance Of Public Spaces In The Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Region In Terms Of The Tropical Climate (Vol. 8). Retrieved from https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/FKRSE1_41-51.pdf. Lee, J. S. L., Hosni, N., Rusli, N., & Ghani, N. A. (2023). Influence of Perceived Soundscape and Sound Environment on Subjective Well-being of Park Visitors. In Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 1621– 1648). Universiti Putra Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.31.4.14 Murphy, P. (1992). Urban tourism and visitor behavior. American Behavioral Scientist, 36(2), 200– 211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764292036002007 Najib Aroff. (2017). KL bandar raya ke-10 paling dikunjungi di dunia – Laporan. Astro Awani. Retrieved from https://www.astroawani.com/berita-bisnes/kl-bandar-raya-ke10-paling-dikunjungi-di-dunia-laporan-163037. Noella Aoun. (2022, February 1). The importance of Public Spaces in Cities | Noëlla Aoun Design Studio. Noëlla Aoun Design Studio |. http://noellaaoun.com/the-importance-of-public-spaces-in-cities/ Nurul Syaza binti Mazelan. (2015). Urban Design Elements Pertaining to Liveable Urban Parks: A Study Of Two Urban Parks In Kuala Lumpur. University of Malaya. Project for Public Spaces. (2018). What makes a successful place? (n.d.). https://www.pps.org/article/grplacefeat Ragavan, N. A., Subramonian, H., & Sharif, S. P. (2014). Tourists’ Perceptions of Destination Travel Attributes: An Application to International Tourists to Kuala Lumpur. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.309 Sulaiman, N., Husna, N., Zaman, Q., Hamdani, H., & Abdullah, Y. A. (n.d.). Rethinking Potentials of Public Space and its Management Through Placemaking in Kuala Lumpur. https://doi.org/10.1051/00056 Sushant University. (2022, April 19). Role of Urban Public Spaces in Community Integration | Sushant University blog. https://sushantuniversity.edu.in/blog/role-of-urban-public-spaces-in-community-integration/ The Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC). (2020). Bike-Pedestrian Plan – Walk, Bike Thrive! Retrieved from https://atlantaregional.org/what-we-do/transportation-planning/bicycle-pedestrian/bike-pedestrian-plan-walk-bike-thrive/. The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2019). 20-Minute Neighbourhoods - Creating a more liveable Melbourne. Yadav, U. (2014, January 26). Public realm in cities [Slide show]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/neelabandar/publicrealm-in-cities

- 164 - ID-38: Factors That Influence the Utilization of Open Space and Recreation: A Review Putri Nur Afiqah Mohd Anuwar 1 , Gabriel Ling Hoh Teck 2 1,2 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Open space and public recreation is a requirement that needs to be provided at least 10% for each development because open space and recreation provide many benefits to the local community and need to be protected. However, some issues are often debated and become topics of conversation among professionals, academics and developers such as problems in terms of the lack of use or functionality of open spaces and recreation provided. This study aims to examine the usability factors of existing open space and recreation. The research method used is through reading articles, newspapers, journals and the internet which is observation and analysis of some related reports and existing guidelines. At the end of this study, several factors affecting the use of open and recreational areas were identified to help improve the use and quality of open and recreational areas. Thus, this discovery can be used by stakeholders to overcome problems related to the use of open spaces and recreation by residents. Keywords: Recreational Park, Utilisation of Open Space, Factors of Utilization Introduction Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present and also meets the needs of future generations. The sustainability of development in Malaysia is growing rapidly day by day in achieving the objective of being an advanced country in terms of physical development that is balanced with a green, sustainable and healthy environment. This sustainability will combine economic, social and environmental balance with goals that are in line with the interests of the people. The role of the environment can be seen as very important in creating a comprehensive living environment for the well-being of the community. Therefore, in the rapid development of the development modernization current, the government's role in providing public open spaces and recreation is important to support the increase of biodiversity and urban ecosystems (Sarina, 2021). The quality of the urban environment affects people's daily lives such as housing, education, health, employment, social and others. To meet a more comfortable and conducive environment, open and recreational areas are generally seen as areas that have the potential to be diversified and used by a growing and complex society to meet human needs in daily life. An open space and recreation area is a designated area or facility specifically designed to provide a variety of recreational activities, leisure activities and amenities for the public. Open spaces and recreation parks can be found in urban, suburban or rural areas and serve a variety of purposes based on their design and location. Public recreation areas are one of the important elements in a city or town because they provide a special place for the public to have free recreation and leisure (Rabiah & Suharto, 2007). Apart from that, the open spaces and recreation area also function as air conditioners, air pollution filters, urban image, providing habitat for poultry and birds, a resting place and can help reduce flooding. This open spaces and recreation area was created to provide recreational facilities based on the natural atmosphere of an area or that has certain characteristics to meet the physical and psychological needs of the community as well as a place to foster racial integration in a city (Meryam et.al, 2018). This open spaces and recreation area benefits the community in psychological, social, physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects through the development of distinctive landscapes such as green plants, flowers, and water elements.

- 165 - The provision of open space and recreation provides many benefits to local communities at every age and needs to be protected in terms of their interests. This area is important to ensure social development among the community which in turn leads to economic and national development. This open space and recreation area benefits the daily activities of the community such as being a place for the community to rest and calm the mind from stress and busyness, especially for the community living in urban areas. However, the issue of open land and recreation is often debated and a topic of conversation among professionals, academics, developers and the local community itself. The problem in terms of the lack of use of open spaces and recreation provided is one of the main issues that are often disputed. This is because the lack of use of existing open spaces and recreation will invite other problems such as abandoned areas and crime. In addition, other controversies that were also discussed were about the location of inappropriate open and recreational areas and the existence of open and recreational areas that were not used by the local community as a whole. Therefore, this study will look in terms of factors in the use of existing open space and recreation by the local community. It is hoped that this study can be used as a reference and can help stakeholders in controlling and providing open spaces and recreation that are more planned and organized in the future. This is to improve the quality of life of the community in addition to improving the country's progress by creating a sustainable environment for the community. Literature Review In determining the effectiveness of the use of an open and recreational area, the interests and needs of the local community towards open and recreational areas are factors that need to be taken into account. This is to ensure that the open and recreational areas that are built are used by the local community. Open space and recreation facilities are provided to the community and play an important role in aspects of human life. A recreation area is an area specially built for public use to carry out beneficial activities in free time that can help a person release the stress and problems faced in everyday life. This can be seen through a study carried out in Parit Raja and which study carried out found that the perception of the residents of Parit Raja regarding the importance of providing a public recreational park as a whole is positive where the provision of a public recreational park is felt to be important to make it easier for them to carry out leisure activities (Nuramin et. et al., 2021). In this study it can be identified that the development of recreational parks is the best benefit for the local community. This is because the development of a public recreation park is something important for the residents around Parit Raja. After all, with the existence of a public recreation park, the community can do leisure and sports activities in a safe and comfortable environment (Nuramin et.al, 2021). The main criteria that need to be taken into account in the planning of open and recreational areas are also factors in the effectiveness of an open and recreational area. This is because open and recreational areas that meet the needs of users will produce a quality area environment which in turn can promote good interaction between the community and at the same time increase the level of use of the existing open and recreational areas by the local community. For example, emphasizing to design in the development of open and recreational areas. This is because open spaces and recreational areas that have good physical planning do not necessarily work if they are not given a touch in terms of design. This can be seen in the study at Tasik Darulaman Recreation Park about the importance of landscape construction to users, and studying the perception of users towards landscape construction in the park. The study showed that the majority of respondents chose the level of "agree" for each element of user perception of landscape construction in recreational parks such as the beauty of the landscape can reduce stress on humans, elements of the landscape can promote a sense of well-being and the landscape can provide peace (Meryam et.al, 2018). This shows that the design aspect of open space and recreation is one of the factors that influence the community's use of open space and recreation.

- 166 - Based on that, there is also a study conducted at Taman Rekreasi Masjid Tanah about the level of visitor satisfaction that is influenced by the quality of services such as landscape management, recreational facilities and nature from time to time (Syamilah et.al, 2021). The results of the study show that landscape management, recreational facilities and nature are contributors to the level of satisfaction of visitors who visit Masjid Tanah Recreation Park, Melaka. In planning quality and effective recreational areas for the local community, PLANMalaysia has outlined several principles that should be used as a guide in the planning of open and recreational areas to ensure that the goal of providing quality open areas can be realized. Several principles have been outlined, namely: i. Principle 1: Inclusive The open space provided must take into account the needs of all groups and age levels and take into account the provision of active and passive recreation areas. ii. Principle 2: Works Open and recreational areas should be compatible with the function according to their location whether in residential, commercial, industrial and institutional areas. Open and recreational areas should also be planned in order to create a harmonious environment and encourage interaction between the community and the environment. This open space and recreation area can also act as a buffer zone and natural mitigation area and the placement of open space and recreation areas should be carefully planned so that there is no incidental open space situation. iii. Principle 3: Ease Of Access This principle refers to open and recreational areas that are easy for the community to visit and access. It must be achieved through appropriate planning. iv. Principle 4: Safe The planning of the design of open spaces and recreation areas that are made with care emphasize the safety and comfort aspects for visitors for various groups of people and age levels. The development of open spaces and recreation must not be provided close to areas that can be harmful and threaten the safety of users. v. Principle 5: Continuity Open and recreational areas should be planned and developed continuously through the development of green networks in a combined and integrated manner and designed to be able to be combined with adjacent development. Methodology In producing a study of the use of open space and recreation, several methods are carried out in stages in producing this study and this method is also known as research methodology. The research methodology used in this study explains the research method and information collection process used by the researcher in conducting this study. This research method covers the researcher's initial understanding of current issues and problems related to the study. This information is obtained through reading and initial reference on the problem of providing open spaces and recreation parks that are not functional and planned. This preliminary study is done to get a clear picture and a deeper understanding of the field of study that will be done. Through observation and preliminary reading, the issues, goals and objectives of the study can be formed to produce and ensure the research needs run smoothly. Next is the literature review. which is a study that will explain the topic studied theoretically

- 167 - and in detail. This section involves the characteristics of open and recreational areas and the effectiveness factors of open and recreational areas through the aspects of quality, quantity and needs and the relevance of the aspects studied. Findings The findings of this study are about the factors that influence the use of open spaces and recreation by local communities and tourists. User satisfaction is influenced by factors that are obtained and affect the use of open space and recreation. Through these identified factors, the use of recreational parks can be improved among the community and new recommendations to increase the use of recreational parks can be established through this study. With the existence of the concept of the effectiveness of open and recreational areas through the existence of these identified factors, the issues or problems found in these open and recreational areas can be resolved and the use of the area can be improved. Figure 1: Factors That Influence the Utilization of Open Space and Recreation (Source: Prepared by researcher, 2024) Conclusion Open space and recreation are basic needs that need to be provided to the community to enable them to carry out social and leisure activities. Open space and recreation is also one of the mediums for the community to interact with each other. The provision of open spaces and recreation must be provided in a planned manner to enable the community to enjoy a better and beneficial quality of life. The Local Authority is an important party that plays a big role in controlling the development and provision of more planned and quality open spaces and recreation. Through the theory and information obtained from this literature review, the researcher can use and use the information as a guide in studying the use of open and recreational areas provided in the study area through the features and planning principles of open and recreational areas that have been stated. The effectiveness of open space and recreation needs to be seen in terms of quality, quantity and user needs. This is because, the provision of open space and recreation provided is intended for the use of the local community. In addition, the provision of effective and quality open spaces and recreation will contribute to the sustainable development desired by all parties. Weaknesses in terms of enforcement and guidelines used at the Local Authority level need to be given comprehensive attention to overcome issues related to the provision of open spaces and recreation. This is because PBT is the determining agency in the approval of open and recreational areas. References Mahayuddin, S. S. B. Pewartaan Tanah Lapang di Mukim Hulu Kinta. Musa, S. M. S., Senapi, N., Shafii, H., Yassin, A. M., & Zainal, R. (2018). Kepentingan Penyediaan Elemen Landskap di Kawasan Rekreasi Tasik Darulaman, Jitra, Kedah: Importance of Providing Elemental Landscape in Darulaman Lake Recreation Area, Jitra, Kedah. Geografi, 6(2), 67-75. OMAR, W. R. W., & TERIMAN, S. Tren Penggunaan dan Penyediaan Taman Rekreasi Awam di Negeri Perak. PLANMalaysia, (2021). Garis Panduan Perancangan Kawasan Lapang Samsudin, M. N. M., Masram, H., & Yassin, A. M. (2021). Kepentingan pembangunan taman rekreasi awam di Parit Raja, Batu Pahat. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 2(1), 1332-1343. Factors: 1. Location and Accessibility, 2. Design and Landscape 3. Facilities and security 4. Cleanliness and Maintenance 5. Environment User satisfaction Use of open space and recreation by community

- 168 - ID-39: A Study on Streetscape Elements Fostering Green and Low-Carbon City in Johor Bahru's Commercial Centre Nurul Izzah Hassan 1 , Siti Hajar Misnan 2 , Hilma Tamiami Fachrudin 3 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor 3 Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 , [email protected] 3 Highlight: Streetscape elements within the commercial area in the city can play an essential role in achieving a green and low-carbon city. This study aims to identify the streetscape element in a commercial area that promotes a green and low-carbon city. The qualitative research method was used from the literature review and supported by observational data collection. This research was located in a commercial area at Johor Bahru City Centre. The findings reveal that streetscape elements in commercial areas support achieving a green and low-carbon city concept. The research highlighted that streetscape elements approaches must be implemented to promote green and low-carbon cities. Keywords: Green City, Low Carbon City, Streetscape, Streetscape Element, Commercial Area Introduction Malaysia is facing fast urbanisation, which is causing changes in the environment, particularly in the quality of the air. Urban planning can be made more sustainable without harming the environment and ecology by using a new "green city planning strategy," an innovative approach to solving current urban challenges (Pankaja & Narendra, 2015). Streetscape elements are one of the approaches to promoting green and low-carbon cities in commercial areas. In the past decade, little research has focused on streetscape elements promoting green and low-carbon cities in the commercial area. It is still being determined whether streetscape elements' approaches can promote green and low-carbon cities in commercial areas. Even though the city is trying to adopt the green and low-carbon city concept, improvements still need to be made, as the case studies used as a guide were mostly from overseas. There are slight differences with commercials in Malaysia, such as the weather, the situations, and the behaviour of users. This study aims to identify the streetscape elements that promote a green and low-carbon city in the commercial area of Johor Bahru City Centre. Streetscape elements in this research include sidewalks, tree and landscape strips, planters, benches, lighting, trash receptacles, signage, and crossing. Streetscape elements promoting green and low-carbon cities include installing pedestrian walkways and drainage systems and planting greenery alongside the roadway (Fachrudin et al., 2023). Literature Review i. Green City A city plan that is harmonious with the environment is called a "green city." Green cities put citizens' needs first and preserve the environment (Jurgen Breuste, 2023). A green city is defined as one that is liveable, more equitable, has a small ecological influence, and provides high environmental quality through responsible social and political decisions. It is expected that this city is resilient to both epidemics and natural disasters, based on evaluations of the literature from several sources (Asian et al., 2015; Bagaeen, 2009; Johnson & Johnson, 1979; Kurth et al., 2011; Roseland, 1997; UNEP, 2011). The Green City concept is an approach that city developers use to design ecologically friendly cities (Brilhante & Klaas, 2018; ELCA, 2011). Based on KemenPu (2011) and Kirmanto et al. (2012), the eight characteristics of a green city are green planning and design, green community, green open

- 169 - space, green water, green waste, green energy, green transportation, and green buildings. These characteristics can be used to adapt to and minimise the effects of climate change. Green areas are known to provide the ecosystem through the local climate (Jim & Chen, 2008), carbon absorption (Strohbach & Haase, 2012), or reduction of stormwater (Ellis, 2013). A green city is committed to reducing waste and pollution emissions while considering the environment in which people live (Saripah et al., 2013). A future city design known as "the green concept" aims to mitigate and lower city temperatures, stop natural flooding, and remove air pollutants to stop carbon emissions (Anguelovski et al., 2018). ii. Streetscape Elements Ellen J (2009) stated that sustainable streets are "multimodal rights of way created and managed to generate benefits relating to ecology, community, and mobility that collectively support the global sustainability agenda embracing the three E's: environment, equity, and economy. As mentioned by Brilhante and Klaas (2018), sustainable cities or eco-cities are other names for green cities. According to Rehan R.M. (2013), there are 17 elements of a sustainable streetscape, which are sidewalks, street corners, trees and landscape strips, rain garden, planters, street furnishing, benches, lighting, trash receptacles, signage, bus shelter, medians, curbs, bicycle facilities, crossing, public art, and café spaces. Meanwhile, for this study, eight elements of streetscapes are considered to promote green and lowcarbon cities in commercial areas as they are the elements that are generally provided based on suitability in Malaysian cities. Table 1 below shows the elements of the streetscape and the description modified from Rehan R.M. (2013): Table 1: Elements of Sustainable Streetscape Elements Description Sidewalks Creating areas that are very accessible for pedestrians is essential to creating a dynamic, sustainable, and active environment (Forsyth et al., 2008). To achieve sustainability, the choice of materials for streetscape paving should prioritise reflectivity, environmentally friendly production, local sourcing, and permeability (Carrville District Centre Urban Design, 2004). Trees and Landscape Strips The benefits that roadside trees provide to the environment go beyond improving user experience; they also lessen air pollution and the urban heat island (UHI) (Wang & Zacharia, 2015). Landscapes are a valuable treatment for the space between sidewalks and streets to reduce traffic noise and make pedestrians feel more comfortable using it (Otak et al., 2007). Planters Planters can help define spaces and provide colour, texture, and interest to a streetscape (Otak et al., 2007). Stormwater planters contribute to sustainable urban design by minimising runoff from storms, lowering water pollution, and improving the built environment's aesthetics by allowing trees and plants to be placed close to buildings and along streets (Tetra et al. Study, 2009). Benches Located in suitable weather, a thoughtful location within the area, with little noise and pollution, and a view that is pleasing to the eye (Gehl, 2013). Lighting Streetscape lighting is crucial since it should help create visually pleasing and secure public areas (The Streetscape Manual—Streetscape Elements, Toronto, 2012). All lighting fixtures should be energy-efficient to avoid night sky pollution and emit as little light as possible (Rehan R.M, 2013). Trash Receptacles They should be close to activity hubs such as bus stations, benches, and other areas where foot traffic is expected. At a minimum, one garbage bin should be on each corner (Otak et al., 2007). Signage The signage's design should be straightforward, timeless, and adaptable. Streetscapes should use solar signs because they are more effective at spreading information and have a longer lifespan (Architecture Resources Group, Streetscape Design Guidelines, 2002). Crossing Crosswalks should have unique paving to improve the streetscape and indicate safe pedestrian movement (Commons et al. Plan, RRM Design Group, Camarillo, 2007) (Source: Modified from Rehan R.M., 2013)

- 170 - Based on Table 1, this study observes the eight streetscape elements related to promoting a green and low-carbon city. Streetscape elements need to be supported by streetscape principles, which are environmental principles that include the use of sustainable materials to reduce energy use and conserve natural resources (C. Spellman, 2008). Next, reduce impacts on environmental resources by improving the pedestrian environment, which may reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting walking and improving air quality (Tetra et al. Study, 2009). Additionally, planters can improve water quality as the stormwater flows into the storm drain system after being absorbed by planters and filtered by vegetation. Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of streetscape elements to promote a green and low-carbon city in commercial areas in the city that summarises the literature review: Figure 1: Conceptual framework of streetscape elements fostering Green and Low-Carbon City in commercial areas in the city (Source: Modified from Rehan R.M., 2013) Methodology Based on the above explanation, this research will be conducted to identify the streetscape element that promotes a green and low-carbon city. This research uses qualitative methods, and the data collection was conducted in two phases. The first data collection phase was a literature review, which involved researching past research papers. Meanwhile, the second phase includes the observational data collection by observing eight elements of streetscapes: sidewalks, trees and landscape strips, planters, benches, lighting trash receptacles, signage, and crossing in the commercial area at Johor Bahru City Centre. The research location involves three roads in the commercial area at Johor Bahru City Centre, located in Johor, Malaysia which are Jalan Tan Hiok Nee, Jalan Trus, and Jalan Wong Ah Fook that focus on the existing pedestrian path, streetscape, landscape, and drainage. Findings The analysis was carried out based on the existing streetscape elements at Jalan Tan Hiok Nee, Jalan Trus, and Jalan Wong Ah Fook by observing the streetscape elements in promoting the green and low-carbon city. The streetscape elements that have been observe during the data collection is sidewalks, trees and landscape strips, planters, benches, lighting, trash receptacles, signage and crossing. There are various functions of buildings that focus on commercial activities with the heritage style at Jalan Tan Hiok Nee, Jalan Trus that known as Little India in Johor Bahru and Sungai Segget located at Jalan Wong Ah Fook that has a new look as a prominent icon in Johor Baru city centre that called Sungai Segget Rejuvenation Project: New Life to Johor Bahru City Centre. According to Figure 2 and Table 2, the summary of the three roads in this research has been discussed.

- 171 - Figure 2: Location of the existing streetscape element in commercial areas in Johor Bahru City Centre (Source: Field Study, 2024) Table 2: Discussion of existing streetscape element in commercial areas in Johor Bahru City Centre Road Description Jalan Tan Hiok Nee The roads were created one way, and the sidewalks are on both sides. The streetscape elements that exist in this road include all eight elements. The elements are in good condition, as the Local Authority is improving the streetscapes. The tactile paving was provided on the sidewalk, which serves as a guide for people who are blind. The drainage system is under the sidewalks. Jalan Trus There are 6 of 8 streetscape elements provided in this road, which do not include the tree and landscaping strips and planters. Sidewalks are already provided along the road but are narrow for both sides. The landscape, trees, and planters are not included on this road as there is less space to provide them. It can improve by providing small planters to look greener, and the building can implement a green roof as trees are one of the elements that promote the green and low-carbon city as it also helps in the absorption of Urban Heat Island (UHI). Jalan Wong Ah Fook The Rejuvenate Projects of Sungai Segget are on this road, contributing to the streetscape elements. The water elements, which contain fish ponds along the Sungai Segget Walk to beautify the area, also support the streetscape elements. It is a public area, and people use it for leisure or recreation. The opposite side of the Sungai Segget Walk also provides sidewalks supported by the streetscape elements. (Source: Field study, 2024) Based on the observation from Figure 2 and Table 2, the Local Authority was already trying to beautify the area and provide the streetscape element based on the needs of the streetscape

- 172 - in a commercial area. Some improvements still need to be considered, especially the streetscape elements, which are trees, landscapes, and planters that significantly impact the promotion of a green and low-carbon city. The approach that can be used by Local Authorities based on the Low Carbon Cities Framework, 2017 is by providing more shade trees on streets and vegetation on rooftops as well as external façades of buildings or using water-retentive pavement or other pavement materials that help to reduce heat as 10% increase in vegetation cover reduces the temperature about three degrees. Other ways that encourage eco-friendly approaches include using renewable energy, such as solar energy for street lighting, and providing sufficient pathways with covered or shaded walkways. Conclusion The study concluded that the streetscape elements in the commercial area at Johor Bahru City Centre have been implemented. However, some improvements can be made as it is one of the ways to promote green and low-carbon cities. Trees are the element that can help achieve the goals of a green and low-carbon city as they help the environment, especially in providing quality air and preventing UHI. To establish a streetscape element that promotes a green and low-carbon city, the principles of sustainable streetscape should be considered, including stormwater management, use of sustainable materials, lighting and dark skies, landscaping and urban heat island. References Al Odat, S. M., & Al Kurdi, N. (2021). Lively Streets: The Role of Streetscape Elements in Improving the Experience of Commercial Street Users in Amman, Jordan. Journal of Settlements & Spatial Planning, 12(1). Anguelovski, I, Connolly, J, and Brand, AL. 2018. From landscapes of utopia to the margins of the green urban life. City, 22(3): 417–436. 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(July 15, 2012). Ellen J. Greenberg, Sustainable Streets, Transportation Research Board, USA, 2009. Fachrudin, H. T., Karolina, R., Fachrudin, K. A., & Faris, D. M. (2023). Green Street Design Approach to Realise Green City. Case Study: Medan City. Future Cities and Environment, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/fce.176 Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1979). Conflict in the classroom: Controversy and learning. Review of Educational Research, 49(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543049001051 KemenPU. 2011. Green City Development Program (P2KH). Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara. Kirmanto, D, Ernawi, IS and Djakapermana, RD. 2012. Indonesia Green City Development Program: an Urban Reform, Indonesia Green City: an Urban Reform 48th ISOCARP Congress 2012. Kurth, H, Henze, M, & Burckhardt, E. (2011). Green City Europe – For a better life in European cities. Green City Europe–for a Better Life in ... (pp. 10–11). http://diegruene-stadt.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/ELCATagungsband-in-englischerSprache.pdf#page¼30 Low Carbon Cities Framework Version 2, Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water Malaysia (KeTTHA), 2017 Otak Inc. Streetscape Urban Design Elements, City of Cheyenne, Cheyenne, 2007, pp. 2–14. (July 19, 2012). Pankaja, MS and Nagendra, HN. 2015. Green City Concept– As New Paradigm in Urban Planning. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES), 4(10): 55–60 Rehan, R. M. (2013a). Sustainable streetscape as an effective tool in sustainable urban design. HBRC Journal, 9(2), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.03.001 Roseland, M. (1997). Dimensions of the eco-city. Cities, 14(4), 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751 (97)00003-6 Saripah, AL, Bidin, YH and Awang, Z. 2013. Towards the Realization of Green Cities: The moderating role of the residents’ education level. ASEAN Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies, 646–652. 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- 173 - ID-40: Evaluation of Food Security Elements Towards Stability of Malaysia’s Agricultural Sector Nursufia Suria Halimey 1 , Mohd Fadhli Rashid 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: This study delves into the components of food security in the national agricultural sector, focusing on Sabak Bernam. It offers detailed insights into ensuring food security through availability, accessibility, utilization, stability, and sustainability. Using surveys, interviews, and data analysis, it identifies factors impacting agricultural operations in subdistricts. Findings underscore the importance of evaluating food security elements for policymaking, sustainable farming, and regional economic resilience. Bridging research with practical applications, the study aids in crafting targeted strategies for enhancing food security and driving economic growth in agricultural communities. Keywords: Food Security, Agriculture Sector, Strengthen, Farmer, Sabak Bernam Introduction According to the definition provided by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2014), food security is based on three main pillars: availability, access, and utilization. Four key components— Availability, Accessibility, Utilization, Stability, and Sustainability are essential for strengthening national food security (KSMN, 2021-2025) through the agricultural sector. This sector is the primary source of food and raw materials for resource-based industries and is vital for economic stability, particularly in maintaining adequate levels of food security. The agricultural sector and food security are pivotal for global social and economic development, contributing to national income, export earnings, and job creation. Therefore, enhancing the agricultural sector is critical for reinforcing the nation's food security. However, food security remains weak due to the failure to reach the targeted self-sufficiency rates and the lack of a dedicated agency to oversee food security and supply (DAN, 2030). Issues such as insufficient self-sufficiency in agricultural products, low competitiveness, and high reliance on imports need to be addressed. Therefore, this paper will evaluate the elements of food security concerning the stability of Malaysia's agricultural sector, aiming to strengthen food security. Literature Review The agricultural sector produces food and goods through small-scale farming, plantations, livestock, fisheries, and forestry, making it the primary supplier of food and raw materials. In Malaysia, states like Kedah, Selangor, and others have significant agricultural areas. Despite its rapid development, Selangor boasts high agricultural output, especially in the northwest region. In the Sabak Bernam district, the agricultural sector is poised to enhance the selfsufficiency rate (SSR) through high-yield crops and boost employment opportunities in the region. Despite Selangor's development across various sectors, especially industrial, the agricultural sector in the state, particularly in Sabak Bernam, contributes significantly to food security. Areas like Mukim BP 1 and Mukim BP 5 are crucial rice-growing regions in the country, boasting high agricultural yields compared to other districts. i. The Importance of Malaysia’s Agricultural Sector Towards Food Security Aligned with the main objectives of DPN3, which seek to maximize income by efficiently utilizing resources, enhance productivity and competitiveness in the agricultural sector, foster new sources of growth, and sustainably manage natural resources, significant contributions are made to economic growth. Strategies and initiatives utilizing technologies

- 174 - like smart farming, which generate high-value agricultural yields, also contribute to reducing reliance on foreign nations. Hence, the agricultural sector plays a vital role in improving food security in Malaysia. Furthermore, several policies are serving as guidelines to bolster food security. For instance, the National Food Resource Area Land Use Planning Study (KaGuMN) plays a role in the food production sector, particularly agriculture, by addressing the daily dietary needs of the population. The Food Security Policy Action Plan 2021-2025 (DSMN Action Plan) aims to strengthen national food security by addressing issues and challenges across the food supply chain, from agricultural inputs to food waste. Its goals include ensuring the availability of safe food at affordable prices, increasing domestic sources, diversifying import sources, enhancing the involvement of government agencies, private sector, and citizens in agriculture-based food systems, and ensuring the country's readiness to tackle food security crises. Another relevant policy concerning food safety is the National AgriFood Policy 2.0 (2021-2030), offering guidance and direction to the national agri-food sector. This policy also acts as a guide for the Sabak Bernam district, ensuring its shift towards becoming a more sustainable, resilient, and technologically advanced area. To enhance national food security, the National Food Security Framework (KSMN) has been established, encompassing four main components: availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability and sustainability. These key components align with the latest concepts recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Various production indicators serve as tools for assessing the elements of national food security, including factors such as transportation, infrastructure and utilities, commercial and industrial aspects, personal factors, financial considerations, and crop quality in carrying out agricultural activities in the Sabak Bernam district. Table 1: Elements and indicators of food security No. Elements Indicators 01 Availability Refers to the household's ability to access an adequate supply of food with appropriate quality and includes where food availability encompasses domestic production, export capacity, domestic markets, and domestic food stocks. - The area of agricultural land - The adequacy of production supply - The capacity to transport agricultural produce - The capacity of infrastructure and utilities for agriculture 02 Accessibility It is ensured that all households have enough resources to obtain food in sufficient quantity, quality, and diversity for a nutritious diet. - Location of agricultural land - Distance from agricultural land - Accessibility to agricultural area - The location of infrastructure and utilities for agriculture - The location for the collection, processing, and marketing of agricultural products 03 Utilization Refers to the socio-economic aspect of food safety and household nutrition, influenced by knowledge and habits. - Types of agricultural crop production - Types and suppliers of agricultural crop seeds - Types of infrastructure and utilities used for agriculture - Number of commercial and industrial operators based on agriculture 04 Stability and Sustainability Stability describes the temporal dimension of food and nutrition security, respectively the time frame over which food and nutrition security is being considered. - Total yield and value of agricultural production - Quality level of production yield - Total yield and value of commercial and industrial products based on agriculture (Source: National Food Security Policy Action Plan 2021-2025, 2021)

- 175 - Table 2: Influencing and hindering factors for agricultural activity No. Factors Sub Factors 01 Accessibility - Distance from agricultural land - The capacity to transport agricultural produce - The area of agricultural land - Accessibility to agricultural area 02 Infrastructure and utility - The location of infrastructure and utilities for agriculture - Types of infrastructure and utilities used for agriculture - Types of infrastructure and utilities used for agriculture 03 Commercial and Industrial - The location for the collection, processing, and marketing of agricultural products - Types of commercial and industrial products based on agriculture - Total yield and value of commercial and industrial products based on agriculture 04 Personal matters - Interest in the agricultural sector - Family support - Agriculture passed down through generations - Family preferences and decisions 05 Financial assistance - Necessary operating costs - Assistance in conducting agricultural activities - Assistance in acquiring types of agricultural crop seeds and suppliers 06 Agricultural quality - Level of quality of production yield - Types of agricultural crop production - Ease of acquiring skilled and qualified workers - Fertility of agricultural soil - Climate change or disasters - Utilization of technology (Source: Modified from National Food Security Policy Action Plan 2021-2025, 2021, National Agrofood Policy 2021-2030 (NAP 2.0), 2021 and Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Sabak Bernam 2025) Study Area Sabak Bernam district is comprised of 5 sub-districts, with 3 of them possessing vast agricultural resources. The district's Planning Blocks are divided among these 5 sub-districts and further subdivided into Small Planning Blocks (BPK) based on zones and primary usage. Panchang Bedena sub-district, identified as Planning Block 1 (BP 1), and Pasir Panjang subdistrict (BP 5) were chosen as the study areas. The majority of paddy fields are concentrated in Panchang Bedena, whereas Pasir Panjang hosts a diverse range of crops. Figure 1: The district plan of Sabak Bernam (Source: Majliis Daerah Sabak Bernam, 2024)

- 176 - Methodology The study uses a quantitative approach to data collection, which entails conducting observational surveys, interviewing individual respondents, and reviewing existing literature from secondary data sources as Rancangan Tempatan Daerah (RTD) and agricultural policy. In Mukim Panchang Bedena (BP 1) and Mukim Pasir Panjang (BP 5), two survey questionnaires are developed based on the research objectives: an inventory questionnaire to evaluate food security elements in the national food agriculture sector, and a farmer survey questionnaire to identify the drivers and barriers of food security elements in the national food agriculture sector. Residents who work in agriculture make up the majority of the target respondents. Findings Observation surveys and interviews on six factors access, infrastructure and utility, commercial, personal, financial, and quality of agriculture were used to identify the factors driving agricultural activities and barriers, based on surveys conducted in both mukims, Mukim Panchang Bedena (BP 1) and Mukim Pasir Panjang (BP 5). As opposed to Mukim Pasir Panjang, which has 80% of the driving forces, Mukim Panchang Bedena has a greater total of 95%. The reason for this discrepancy is that Mukim Panchang Bedena virtually exclusively uses paddy fields for crop production, which improves crop adaptability and quality. Furthermore, the majority of Mukim Panchang Bedena farmers use machinery and drones for modern farming practices. On the other hand, Mukim Pasir Panjang continues to use conventional farming practices and struggles with poor crop quality as a result of things like peat soil, which is inappropriate for growing paddy, affecting the agricultural land's fertility. As a result, 60 percent of farmers in Mukim Pasir Panjang grow paddy, while 40 percent grow mixed crops, which include cassava, corn, taro, bananas, and coconut. This indicates that the area in the Sabak Bernam district is suitable for agricultural activities. Figure 2: Mukim Panchang Bedena's (BP 1) influencing and hindering factors for agricultural activity (Source: Questionnaire survey, 2024) Figure 2: Mukim Pasir Panjang (BP 5) influencing and hindering factors for agricultural activity (Source: Questionnaire survey, 2024)

- 177 - Conclusion This study's relevance stems from its implications for the agriculture industry, which is essential to the country's economic growth. It has been determined that it is reasonable to evaluate the components of food security in the national agriculture sector in the Sabak Bernam district. It acts as a platform so that participating organizations and locals can gain from realizing the objectives of the national agri-food plan. The study is important for its application because it helps government policies be more appropriate by helping stakeholders create plans and policies that are more tailored to the needs of the food security elements. The study is also significant to stakeholders because it helps local governments regulate the agricultural industry, keep tabs on its development, and assess its contributions to food security. This study has provided vital insights into why it is important to evaluate food security components in the agriculture sector both now and in the future, as well as whether or not such parts should be implemented. Decision-making will be greatly impacted by the factors that facilitate or impede this appraisal process. To strengthen the local economy, especially in regions with a wealth of agricultural resources, assessments of the components of food security must be carried out and leveraged. References Majlis Dearah Sabak Bernam, Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Negeri Selangor. Draf Rancangan Tempatan Majlis Daerah Sabak Bernam. Kementerian Pertanian dan Keterjaminan Makanan (2023). Pelan Tindakan Dasar Sekuriti Makanan Negara 2021-2025. PLANMalaysia (2017). Dasar Perancangan Fizikal Negara 2030. Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Makanan (2021). Dasar Agromakanan Negara 2.0 2021-2030. Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Negeri Selangor (2017). Rancangan Struktur Negeri Selangor 2030. PLANMalaysia (2021). Rancangan Fizikal Negara Keempat. Kementerian Pertanian dan Keterjaminan Makanan. Dasar Pertanian Negara Ketiga. Muhammad Idriez Abdul Hamid (2014). Sektor Pertanian. Pejabat Daerah dan Tanah Sabak Bernam (2021). Mukim-mukim di Daerah Sabak Bernam.

- 178 - ID-41: Informal Business Support for Cultural Tourism in World Heritage Sites Siti Maisarah Yusoff 1 , Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: It underscores the symbiotic relationship between entrepreneurship and the flourishing of cultural tourism destinations. Employing a robust qualitative research framework, including in-depth interviews and meticulous case studies, this investigates the diverse array of informal businesses operating within the precincts of UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites. In essence, this study recognises, appreciates, and harnesses the untapped potential of informal businesses as indispensable pillars of cultural tourism sustainability and vitality. Through an understanding of their roles, challenges, and opportunities, stakeholders can forge pathways toward a more inclusive, resilient, and culturally enriching tourism landscape. Keywords: Informal Business, Cultural Tourism, Local Economy, Authentic Experience, World Heritage Site. Introduction The concept of informal businesses in the cultural tourism sector introduces a dynamic and unique element to the economic landscape. These businesses, operating outside the formal regulatory system, often display a remarkable entrepreneurial spirit that allows them to meet challenges with ingenuity. They bring a sense of resilience and adaptability to the sector, contributing to its economic vitality and sustainability. Cultural tourism, on the other hand, constitutes a form of travel that goes beyond the conventional tourist paradigm. It is a journey of exploration that delves into the intricate layers of a destination's cultural fabric, covering aspects such as local traditions, craftsmanship, and historical narratives. This type of tourism aims to provide a deeper understanding of a place and its people, creating a more immersive and meaningful travel experience. The intersection of informal business activities with cultural tourism underlines the complex relationship between grassroots economic initiatives and the exploration of diverse cultural heritage. This relationship contributes to a nuanced understanding of the economic dimensions and experiences of this distinctive sector. It highlights the importance of entrepreneurship and adaptability among informal businesses in the context of cultural tourism, as they are essential to contributing to the sector's economic resilience and dynamism. However, informal businesses in the cultural tourism sector face several challenges that limit their growth and sustainability. These include obstacles to promoting their services effectively, limited access to financial resources, insufficient infrastructure facilities, and a lack of knowledge about cultural tourism management. To overcome these challenges, entrepreneurs must be innovative and create their own unique experiences that can attract tourists and generate revenue. The link between entrepreneurship and cultural tourism becomes clear in this context, as entrepreneurialism serves as an incentive for innovation and the creation of economic opportunities. By leveraging cultural heritage and traditions, entrepreneurs have the potential to create their own unique experiences that can attract tourists and generate revenue. The synthesis of references emphasizes the importance of informal businesses in promoting cultural heritage tourism. These businesses can showcase local culture and contribute to the attractiveness of designated heritage sites. The objective is to identify the involvement of

- 179 - informal businesses in promoting culture and traditions to tourists and evaluate their ability to improve cultural tourism at World Heritage Sites. In conclusion, the insights obtained from the references highlight the significance of informal businesses in the cultural tourism sector. They play an important role in showcasing local culture and contributing to the attractiveness of designated heritage sites. With comprehensive understanding and strategic intervention, the growth and sustainability of informal microbusinesses in the cultural tourism sector can be achieved, leading to a richer and more diverse travel experience for all. Literature Review Cultural tourism plays an important role in promoting conservation outcomes and sustainable development in Protected Areas (PAs). The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognizes the importance of tourism in supporting conservation efforts and sustainable development in natural World Heritage Sites and Biosphere Reserves (Job, Becken, & Lane, 2017). This literature review aims to explore the role of informal businesses in promoting cultural tourism and its potential impact on conservation and sustainable development. Although formal businesses play an important role in cultural tourism, the role of informal businesses cannot be ignored either. Informal businesses, such as street vendors, local artisans and community-based enterprises, contribute significantly to the promotion of cultural tourism. These businesses often provide unique and authentic experiences for tourists, showcasing local traditions, crafts and cuisine (Job, Becken & Lane, 2017). The impact of cultural differences in the country of origin on tourists' curiosity and desire to gain a deeper understanding of local culture, either through observation or direct experience involvement (Syafawani, 2020). The cultural gap acts as an important motivator for travellers to seek authentic experiences and insights into the native culture of the destination. This review emphasizes the importance of recognizing cultural diversity as a driving force in shaping tourists' choices and behaviour. It emphasizes the need for destination management strategies that cater to these cultural dynamics to enhance the overall travel experience. Exploring the link between tourists' awareness of World Heritage Sites and the formation of the city's image (Tianche Dai, 2022). Delving into existing studies that investigate how tourists' knowledge and perceptions of World Heritage Sites contribute to the formation of the city's overall image. The interaction between heritage awareness and urban image construction can explain the multifaceted dynamics that influence tourists' perceptions and contribute to the development of urban identity. A synthesis of relevant literature in this field provides valuable insight into the complex relationship between heritage tourism and the wider image of the city. It can offer a basis for tourists to understand the role of World Heritage Sites in shaping the overall attraction and true identity of the city in order to better understand the history and culture left behind.

- 180 - Informal Business Low costs small-scale products unfixed location not highly bound by regulations (Ministry of Entrepreneur Development and Cooperatives, 2021) Cultural Tourism Traditional Culture, Scenic Entertainment Attractions and Unique Draw Factors (Syafawani,2020); (Alyaanur,2019) World Heritage Site Having diverse cultural exchanges, Living proof of the heritage and traditions of multiple cultures, Reflection of a blend of cultural influences (World Heritage Centre UNESCO, 2023) Informal Business in World Heritage Site Low costs and small-scale products, Unfixed location and flexibility, Integration with Traditional Culture and Reflection of cultural influences Figure 1: Literature framework (Source: Modified from Ministry of Entrepreneur Development and Cooperatives, 2021, Syafawani, 2020, Alyaanur,2019 and World Heritage Centre UNESCO, 2023) Figure 1 explains the criteria taken into account for each existing element to generate variables that encompass the entire study. Each criterion identified is a matter examined and scrutinized to conduct a more in-depth study. In conclusion, informal businesses cannot be dismissed without examining their role and efforts in promoting local cultural tourism to tourists, especially tourists from abroad. This is because the World Heritage Site has opened up space and opportunities in Melaka with the presence of a number of tourists not only from local residents but from all over the world. Methodology The methodology utilized is to employ a comprehensive approach to investigate the research problem and achieve the objectives of this study. Based on the design of qualitative research methods to collect rich and nuanced data sets. The qualitative components employ in-depth interviews and content analysis to explore the intricacies of experiences and perspectives from various segments of society. The chosen methodology is crucial in addressing the research questions, contributing valuable insights to the existing literature, and laying a solid foundation for drawing meaningful conclusions. Qualitative research is a process of inquiry that aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the area to be studied. In current qualitative research, the researcher's diary and field notes play an important role in documenting and validating the data collected in the study. These notes help in keeping track of the researcher's observations and thoughts about the study, thereby helping to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the research. Field notes and the researcher's diary are the main support in confirming the field work carried out in a qualitative study (Kamarul Azmi, 2012). Findings The field research conducted and the analysis of the informal business activity at the World Heritage Site demonstrated that informal traders are a powerful force that helps to raise

- 181 - cultural awareness and, eventually, mold the tourist’s visit experience. Street markets and small businesses are the ones responsible for the promotion of traditional handcrafts to tourists. In such a way, informal contributes to Malacca’s cultural identity directly. Moreover, informal facilitates the achievement of another goal they help the tourist get a feel for the community. The findings of the research demonstrate that Malacca’s informal are successful cultural agents in a sense that they play an important role in the creation of the liaison between heritage consciousness and site’s economic development. According to the findings provided above, informal business continues to be a critical stakeholder in the Malacca cultural tourism sector. Unfortunately, the role of informal business activities is ignored or marginalized in the discourse of formal, traditional tourism. It is essential that the efforts of these entrepreneurs to preserve and promote the cultural heritage of the lake be supported. Policymakers can help unlock the potential of informal business as a main driver of a sustainable cultural launch by incorporating them into tourism development plans and allocating essential tools and facilities to informal traders. Enhancing collaboration between formal tourism institutions and informal business can encourage creative strategies that improve the visitor experience while preserving the cultural integrity of the area. It is therefore important to promote policies and initiatives that empower informal business and recognize their key role in shaping the Malacca cultural tourism landscape. Conclusion At the heart of the Malacca World Heritage Site lies a wealth of culture, where informal businesses function as the thread that weaves together tradition, trade and tourism. Through the exploration of the role of informal businesses in promoting cultural tourism, this thesis has uncovered invaluable insights into the symbiotic relationship between entrepreneurship and heritage preservation. Informal businesses play an important role in immersing visitors in Melaka's authentic cultural experience. Through their performances, they act as guardians of tradition, introducing tourists to the various cultural influences that have shaped this historic city. When we reflect on the results of this study, it becomes apparent that the importance of informal business extends far beyond economic transactions. They are catalysts for community cohesion, instilling pride and ownership among residents while capturing the imagination of visitors. Finally, this research emphasizes the importance of recognizing and supporting the important role played by informal businesses in cultural tourism. By fostering an environment that is conducive to entrepreneurship and cultural expression, policymakers can fully utilize the potential of Melaka's cultural heritage as a driver of sustainable development. References Hieu, L. Q. (2021). Why Do Micro-Businesses Hesitate to “Grow Up”? Immerzeel, M. V. (2022, September 27). Malacca: World Heritage in Malaysia Ingram, H. (2003). Informal tourism entrepreneurship in Cornwall: A study of business startup and success factors. Tourism Management, 24(3), 313-26. Jasmi, K. A. (2012). Metodologi Pengumpulan Data Dalam Penyelidikan Kualitatitif -Researchgate. Metodologi Pengumpulan Data dalam Penyelidikan Kualitatitif. Job, H., Becken, S., & Lane, B. (2017). Sustainable tourism futures: Perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations. Jusoh, H. (2011). Melaka Sebagai Pintu Masuk Pelancongan Sumatera: Perkembangan Semasa Dan Cabaran Era Global. Lane, B. (2017, May). Protected Areas in a neoliberal world and the role of tourism in supporting conservation and sustainable development. Omar, A. (2012). Pelancongan-Budaya: Konsep Dan Profil Di Malaysia. Roslan, M. (2019). Melaka, Malaysia: A Complete Guide to the Historic City. Wilkinson, P., & Duval, D. T. (1998). Tourism, creativity and development. London: Routledge. Zakaria, Z. (2022). Pembangunan Produk Budaya Melayu Sebagai Sektor Pelancongan Di Malaysia, 7(11).

- 182 - ID-42: Assessing Residents' Perceptions of Smart Infrastructure and Services: A Study on Security, Convenience, and Usefulness Experience in Smart City Development Muhammad Aqif Asman 1 , Nafisa Hosni 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , nafisa@utm,my 2 Highlight: The development of smart cities has significantly enhanced the living and working environment of urban people; nonetheless, the question of whether or not it can increase the happiness of urban dwellers is a contentious one. In this study, we evaluate the experiences of residents of smart cities on the utilisation of smart infrastructure and smart services (SISS) from the perspectives of safety, usefulness, and convenience experience they have had with these services. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the residents' safety, usefulness, and convenience experiences when using smart infrastructure and smart services (SISS) in smart cities all have positive effects on their lives. Furthermore, the relationship between residents' safety experiences is, to a certain extent, mediated by their experiences with usefulness and convenience. Keywords: Smart city, Usefulness experience, Safety experience, Convenience experience Introduction The idea of a smart city has been around since the 1990s (Graham & Aurigi, 1997), and ever since then, the theoretical research dynamics and practical development status of smart cities have garnered a significant amount of attention from academic circles and industry all over the world. Anthopoulos (Anthoupoulos et al., 2017) offers a "umbrella" definition of the smart city as new or existing cities or regions that address multiple issues pertaining to six dimensions (people, economy, governance, mobility, environment and living) and use ICT (information and communication technology) and innovation to achieve sustainability in economic, social and environmental terms. Smart infrastructure and smart services (SISS) are the core elements of a smart city (Anthopoulos et al., 2016). Smart infrastructure encompasses both hard infrastructure (urban facilities and ICT-based hardware) and soft infrastructure (individuals, groups of people, business processes, software applications, and data) integrated with the latest ICT to offer smart services. The different types of smart services—which include e-government, transportation, logistics, healthcare, energy and resources, environmental protection, public safety, and community and household—have been described by the International Standards Organisation (ISO). Smart cities' technology does not provide smart services (Anthopoulos et al., 2016). Smart services utilise ICT and infrastructure to offer "products, services, and utilities" to stakeholders, enhancing the quality of life and city livability (Zygiaris, 2012). Current research on the smart city focuses more on its definition, practical application, commercial value, and management, and it rarely takes into consideration the direct feelings brought about by the development of a smart city to its urban residents (Visvizi & Lytras, 2018). This is even though the research process of the smart city has been in place for more than twenty years. The first thing that we bring to the table is that we concentrate on the subjective feelings that urban people have regarding the impact of smart city development on their happiness. This contributes to the enrichment of the theoretical study on smart city development. As a second step, the safety experience, the usefulness experience, and the convenience experience are presented to conduct an empirical investigation into the variables that are driving the implementation of SISS in smart cities, and a theoretical model is developed. Finally, it provides an experience-feedbackoriented research direction for the future development of smart cities.

- 183 - Literature Review The development of smart cities is guided by the notion of sustainability as a guiding principle. Not only do smart cities aim to enhance the quality of life of their residents, but they also act as drivers of economic expansion. The introduction of SISS is the most important feature distinguishing a smart city from other urban concepts. Initiatives aimed at creating smart services and smart infrastructure are essential to the Smart City paradigm. Cities all over the world are increasingly looking for innovative solutions to improve their infrastructure and services in response to the challenges posed by rapid urbanisation. The development of smart infrastructure and smart services is the central objective of the Smart City paradigm. The deployment of smart services and smart infrastructure projects in smart cities is not without difficulties, despite the possible advantages. Significant obstacles to widespread adoption include interoperability problems, privacy and security concerns, and digital inequality. In the process of developing smart cities, two fundamental concepts that are essential to the development of smart cities which is smart infrastructure and smart services. In the context of metropolitan networks, the term "smart infrastructure" refers to the incorporation of cuttingedge technologies and data-driven solutions to provide systems that are knowledgeable, responsive, and environmentally friendly. On the other hand, smart services are concerned with the provision of services through the utilization of intelligent items that are aware of their surroundings and connected to the internet. These services are made possible by a wide variety of cutting-edge technologies, including the internet of things, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data, machine learning, and machine-to-machine communications, among others. Smart services are intended to revolutionize both public and private city services by providing citizens with services that are all-encompassing, preventative, self-service, or highly interactive. This will ultimately contribute to the construction of smart cities that are environmentally friendly, can be lived in, and are sustainable. The chosen study area is in the Majlis Bandaraya Iskandar Puteri Region. This study area was chosen because they have several smart infrastructures and smart services that have been operated such as My EcoPlan System, OneMap MBIP, Respons Rakyat App, ParkMax MBIP, Johor Pay and MyCukai MBIP. Majlis Bandaraya Iskandar Puteri (MBIP) created the advanced MyEcoplan environmental planning and management system to support sustainable urban expansion in the region. This comprehensive environmental management system improves residents' quality of life and ecological sustainability by combining multiple data sources, technologies, and approaches. MyEcoPlan includes EV car charging. Download the app to charge your EV car using the infrastructure. OneMap MBIP is a digital mapping platform created by Majlis Bandaraya Iskandar Puteri (MBIP) to improve urban planning, management, and public services in the Iskandar Puteri region. This system combines different geographical data to offer extensive and user-friendly access to geographic information, aiding government operations and public involvement. MBIP created Respons Rakyat, a smartphone app to improve resident-local government involvement. The app helps Iskandar Puteri residents report municipal concerns, access government services, and improve public service performance. Residents can report local issues to MBIP using the app. Potholes, broken lighting, waste management concerns, and other public infrastructure issues are included. Users can attach photos and provide location and type information to help MBIP resolve issues quickly. MyCukai MBIP is a digital platform created by Majlis Bandaraya Iskandar Puteri (MBIP) to improve property tax administration. This technology streamlines property tax transactions, ensuring openness and ease of use. MyCukai MBIP lets homeowners pay property taxes online. The other SISS available in MBIP region is Johor Pay which is a digital payment network designed to make purchases for municipal services in Johor, Malaysia, easier and more comfortable. The platform is created to optimise payment procedures, increase accessibility for people, and encourage the adoption of digital payments for public services. Next is MBIP created ParkMax MBIP, an intelligent parking management system, to make parking in Iskandar Puteri more efficient and convenient. The system uses cutting-edge

- 184 - technology to offer real-time information, expedite parking operations, and improve resident and tourist parking experiences. ParkMax MBIP provides real-time parking availability in Iskandar Puteri. i. Residents’ Safety Experience in the Smart City When urban residents utilise SISS, their personal information and activity trajectories will invariably be captured and maintained by relevant smart devices. These smart devices will become an essential resource for related operators of the smart city, allowing them to provide residents with services that are both intelligent and personalised (Hsiao et al., 2013). According to exchange theory, this phenomenon can be regarded as a kind of trade of realism, that is, the exchange of individual personal information for high-quality services (Culnan & Bies, 2003). Safety experience refers to the security residents feel when using SISS, specifically the perception of personal information and that their activities are not exposed and utilized (Lytras & Visvizi, 2018). Residents' safety experience is their psychological awareness of the possibility of information leaking due to using SISS, which significantly affects their living and working situations. ii. Residents’ Usefulness Experience in the Smart City In the technology acceptance model (TAM), perceived usefulness is a major aspect in understanding a user’s acceptance of a new system. It refers to the user’s view of a particular system that contributes to increasing their performance (Venkatesh & Davis, 2000). The usefulness experience broadens the application range of perceived usefulness and represents the extent to which user needs are effectively addressed (Adams et al., 1992). It is mostly used to define the way in which urban inhabitants perceive the information and service that they receive from SISS, which is useful for the enhancement of the quality of their life and job. A positive usefulness experience is one in which the information and services that urban inhabitants have access to through SISS have the potential to genuinely improve their quality of life as well as their performance at work (Anthopoulos et al., 2016). iii. Residents’ Convenience Experience in a Smart City The effective use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has resulted in significant cost reductions and reductions in energy consumption. This has led to an improvement in the quality of services provided to people and has also brought about an increase in convenience (Hayat, 2016). Convenience experience refers to the degree of convenience experienced by urban residents in the use of SISS, especially in terms of time and effort savings (Berry et al., 2002). The psychological cognition of the occupants regarding the amount of time and energy that is saved by the utilisation of SISS is reflected in the convenience experience. In addition to influencing their feelings and attitudes towards the working and living environment, it also plays a role in determining whether or not they are willing to make use of the facilities and services that are available to them. Figure 1 : Conceptual model (Source : Chunpei Lin et al., 2019)

- 185 - Methodology i. Questionnaire Design For the purpose of data collection, this paper utilised a questionnaire that was divided into two sections. In the first place, it is comprised of the demographic characteristic variables, which are responsible for gathering the fundamental information of the responder. This information includes fundamental matters like gender, age, employment, health, residing city, and education requirements. A measurement of the safety experience, the usefulness experience, and the convenience experience are all included in the second section of the questionnaire, which is the primary material of the questionnaire. Before each variable is measured, each idea is defined clearly and concisely in order to facilitate the respondent's ability to correctly understand the measurement item. 140 respondents is use for this study. ii. Measurement To ensure the validity and reliability of the measurement tool, the study utilized established scales to detect the core variables of the study. The Likert 5-point scale was used for this questionnaire (1 = completely disagree; 5 = completely agree). To ensure the effectiveness of the questionnaire, before the formalization of this research questionnaire and investigation, we conducted a small-scale pre-study of residents in MBIP region. Issues regarding the well-being of urban residents and the sustainable growth of smart cities are among the most important features of smart city issues. Security is one of the most critical aspects at play (Lytras & Visvizi, 2018). The scale was modified by Hayes et al. in order to measure the perceptions of residents regarding the information and behaviours that they are exposed to in a smart city. The scale consists of three items, such as "The information is credible," "These services are of guaranteed quality," and "The process of obtaining such information or services is secure." Usefulness experience assesses urban people' basic requirements, perceived living standards, and work performance. The TAM's perceived usefulness was combined with Adams et al.'s measurement scale to develop such as "The way this information or service is obtained is easy to learn and master", "The operation to obtain this information or service is simple", "The instructions for obtaining the information or service are clear and easy to understand", "It does not take much time to become an expert in accessing the information or services", and " These information or services can be accessed quickly in lots of ways”. Convenience experience measures the extent to which smart city residents spend time and effort on accessing services. This article uses the scale proposed by Seiders, Voss, Godfrey and Grewal to measure the convenience experience, which comprises five items: “It makes me more efficient”, “It improved my work performance”, “It perfected my work environment”, “It improved my quality of life” and “It makes my life more convenient” (Seiders et al., 2017). Table 1: Measurement of key construct Construct Measurement Items Safety Experience • The information is credible. • These services are of guaranteed quality. • The process of obtaining such information or service is secure. Convenience Experience • The way these information or services are obtained is easy to learn and master. • The operation to obtain this information or service is simple. • The instructions for obtaining the information or service are clear and easy to understand. • It does not take much time to become an expert in accessing the information or services. • The information or services can be accessed quickly in lots of ways. Usefulness Experience • It makes me more efficient. • It improved my work performance. • It perfected my work environment • It improved my quality of life • It makes my life more convenient. (Source : Chunpei Lin et al., 2019)

- 186 - Findings The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the usage patterns and experiential dynamics observed among residents utilizing smart infrastructure and smart services within the designated study area, thereby contributing to a comprehensive understanding of how these technological advancements are integrated into daily routines and lifestyles. Table 2: Residents utilize Smart Infrastructure and Smart Services (SISS) Smart Infrastructure and Smart Services (SISS) Radar Chart i. MyEcoPlan The spider-web chart evaluates a service across seven dimensions: displaying safety measures, clear usage steps, accessibility, clarity of instructions, simplicity of obtaining the service, job facilitation, and time efficiency. The service excels in displaying safety measures and saving time, both rated at 5. It performs well in providing clear usage steps, accessibility, clarity of instructions, and making tasks easier, each rated at 4. The lowest rating, 3, indicates that the process to obtain the service could be simpler. Overall, the service is highly effective but has some room for improvement in simplifying its process. Figure 3: Residents measurement of performance of MyEcoPlan ii. OneMap MBIP The radar chart rates a service highly for safety (5), quality assurance (4), data privacy (4), information accessibility (4), instruction clarity (4), and ease of use (4). Accessible, but with delays (3) and opportunity for work performance and easy improvements (both rated 3). The service is good for safety, quality, privacy, and usability, but it might increase access time and work benefits. Figure 4: Residents measurement of performance of OneMap MBIP iii. Respons Rakyat App The radar chart evaluates an application's performance across eight dimensions. It excels in secure authentication (5) and provides reliable information (4). Users find it easy to access, quick to access, easy to learn, and easy to understand, all rated at 4. The application is also praised for making jobs easier, saving time, and improving life, each rated at 4. Overall, the application is well-regarded for its security, reliability, and user-friendliness. Figure 5: Residents measurement of performance of Respons Rakyat App

- 187 - iv. MyCukai MBIP The chart evaluates an application's performance on a scale from 0 to 5 across nine criteria: payment safety, secure verification, reliability of information, ease and speed of access, ease of learning and understanding, job facilitation, timesaving, and overall life improvement. The highest ratings are for payment safety and secure verification (both 4), while the lowest is for making the user's job easier (2). The other criteria, including reliability, accessibility, learning ease, and overall life improvement, all score around 3, indicating moderate satisfaction. Figure 6: Residents measurement of performance of MyCukai MBIP v. Johor Pay The highest ratings are for payment safety and secure payment verification (both 4), indicating strong user confidence in these areas. Reliability of information, ease of access, quick access, ease of learning, ease of understanding, and overall life improvement all score 3, reflecting moderate satisfaction. The lowest ratings are for making the job easier and saving time (both 2), suggesting these are areas needing improvement. Figure 7: Residents measurement of performance of Johor Pay vi. ParkMax MBIP The chart evaluates a ParkMax MBIP user experience across various criteria. Scores are high (4-5) for the safety and security of payment processes, reliability of information, and ease of access. The app is also rated highly (4) for saving time and making life better, indicating strong user satisfaction. Moderate scores (3) are noted for ease of understanding, learning, and job facilitation, suggesting areas for potential improvement. Overall, the app performs well in critical areas, ensuring user trust and efficiency. Figure 8: Residents measurement of performance of ParkMax MBIP (Source : Field study, 2024) Conclusion Through this study we can get an understanding and respond to residents' usage patterns and experiences with smart infrastructure and services, cities can tailor their approach, creating more efficient, accessible, and resident-centric solutions that significantly enhance the overall quality of life. It also can help in proposing policymakers and urban planners with valuable information that can ultimately contribute to preparing strategies for long-term smart city initiatives and plans.

- 188 - References Lin, C., Zhao, G., Yu, C., & Wu, Y. J. (2019, January 28). Smart City Development and Residents’ Well-Being. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030676 Chang, S., & Smith, M. (2023, April 12). Residents’ Quality of Life in Smart Cities: A Systematic Literature Review. Land. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040876 Lytras, M. D., & Visvizi, A. (2018, June 13). Who Uses Smart City Services and What to Make of It: Toward Interdisciplinary Smart Cities Research. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061998 Anthopoulos, L., Janssen, M., & Weerakkody, V. (2016, April 1). A Unified Smart City Model (USCM) for Smart City Conceptualization and Benchmarking. International Journal of Electronic Government Research, 12(2), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.2016040105 Graham, S., & Aurigi, A. (1997, May). Urbanising cyberspace? City, 2(7), 18–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604819708900051 Zygiaris, S. (2012, March 8). Smart City Reference Model: Assisting Planners to Conceptualize the Building of Smart City Innovation Ecosystems. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4(2), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-012-0089-4 Visvizi, A., & Lytras, M. (2018, August 2). It’s Not a Fad: Smart Cities and Smart Villages Research in European and Global Contexts. Sustainability, 10(8), 2727. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082727 Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000, February). A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926 Hayat, P. (2016, June). Smart Cities: A Global Perspective. India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, 72(2), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974928416637930 Berry, L. L., Seiders, K., & Grewal, D. (2002, July). Understanding Service Convenience. Journal of Marketing, 66(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.3.1.18505 Adams, D.A.; Nelson, R.R.; Todd, P.A. Perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information technology: A replication. MIS Q. 1992, 16, 227–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/249577

- 189 - ID-43: Tourism Entrepreneur for New Venture Creation: Short Term Rental Nurin Irdina Radzuan 1 , Mohd Alif Mohd Puzi 2 ¹ , ² Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Highlight: Entrepreneurship has helped the tourism industry flourish, and this includes economic sharing, particularly in the short-term rental sector. This thesis will investigate the entrepreneurial dynamics that lead to the development of short-term rental housing by synthesizing literature on entrepreneurship, tourism, and the sharing economy. It is intended that this would shed insight into the motives, strategies, barriers, and entrepreneurial opportunities that individuals encounter when beginning short-term rental businesses. In this study, we will conduct a literature evaluation of numerous papers to demonstrate the relationship between the experiences of entrepreneurs who run a short-term rental housing business. Keywords: Tourism entrepreneurship, New venture creation, Short-term rental, Sharing economy, Entrepreneurial motivations, Innovation, Adaptability. Introduction The tourism industry is one of the activities that is growing rapidly according to current trends. Especially when the country of Malaysia has just recovered from the Covid-19 disease epidemic where the tourism sector has started to increase and this also affects the extensive development of short-term rental accommodation. This phenomenon has created someone with entrepreneurial initiative who wants to take advantage of the changing tourism environment. This thesis will discuss how one has the interest to delve into the world of entrepreneurship in the tourism sector with special emphasis on the establishment of short-term rental accommodation. Short-term rental accommodations such as Airbnb, HomeAway, and Vrbo have democratized access to housing options, allowing individuals to rent out their homes while also providing a variety of lodging options outside of traditional hotels. This study will understand the motives, methods, problems, and possibilities related to starting and running a short-term rental business. However, the tourism industry can influence the entrepreneurial world by referring to various activities from individuals renting spare rooms in their homes to real estate speculators building vacation rentals. This variability highlights how short-term rental sector accommodation entrepreneurs manage various elements such as market demand, regulatory frameworks, and sustainability considerations. It will highlight entrepreneurial initiatives in delving into the business field of the tourism sector with short-term rental accommodation. This is to unravel how the development of short-term rental accommodation can contribute to the advancement of the theory of entrepreneurship studies as well as the practical implications for potential entrepreneurs. By shedding light on the field, this study hopes to provide a holistic view of the entrepreneurial journey in making dynamic and ever-changing short-term rental accommodation a success.