Stoichita, Victor Ieronim - Instaurarea tabloului

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Ace astd cdrte a dpdrut in colecpia

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lcoNosPHAERA

c o o rdo ncttd cle Vi rc' t o Ieronim Stoichilit

Apanqii viitoare:

Victor Ieronim Stoicl-riti,
Experienga pizionard in Secolul de Aur al artei spanio/e

Nornan Bryson,
Patru eseuri desprc ndturtl moartd

Barbara Maria Stafford,
Esewri despre virtutea imaginilor

Juan Antonio Ramircz,

Metafora stupului - de la Gawdi la Le Corbusier

VICTOR IERONIM STOICHITA
L'instauration du. tableau

e Victor Ieroninr Stoichill, 1998

O Editura Meridiane, 1999
pentrLi prezenril editie ror-nAneasci

ISBN 973-33-0+0s-A

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ad atrtrid J/ukolqpJ rltss JIuolr-IJ rS rlnsrrad ttt -totrtd nt.t
ep EttzlItar n'rrnl Inun t a;tttteza;dJ-r nt:s aut8ttul :nolgVI"

eresnPortul

cste incai gi n-riri regretabil - de un str"rcliu de istoria artei care
obiectului cie art;i nun-rit
si analtzez,e aminunqit qeneza

,,t:rblou". Cartea cle fagi irr fi avut clesrgur nr-rlt cle c:igtigat
de pe umra existenqei ambelor demersuri. A o intreprinde,

ir-r ciucla acestei absenle, implici un risc ncincloios, intrucit

gelul lucrarii nu este de a umple aceasti l:rcuni., ci cie a cles-

cliide discugia asupra statutului tabloului c:r obiect fisr-rrativ

,,modeLn".

Se qtie, gi este aproape inutil si o repetiln, ci tabloul este
o invengie relativ recentl. Fati de vechile imagini, Ieq:rte de

o funclic de cult precisi 9i cle o anrplasarc arlunlc, t:rbloul
cstc Ll11 obiect carc nrl se clefineqtc in principrrl nici prin

functiir sa liturgici, nici prir-rtr-un loc fir de crpunere. E,ste

un obiect ficr-rt pentru un alt tip de contemplare clecit, sI

spllrlem, o icoani, istoria sa dezvoltinclu-se in c,rdrul a cecrl
ce Hans Belting a nurnit recent ,,E,ra Artei", care urr-ncazi
cronologic,,Erei Lnaginii"s.

Atr-rnci cind, la sfarqitr,rl secolului al XVII-lca, Ch,rrlcs

Perranlt, in celebrir sa Parallbla t{es Anciens ct de s Modcrncs,

precizeazi stadiul ,,artci pure a Picturii" silu ;11 ,,Pictr-rrii in
sinc"(', simplui firpt cI el se po:rte cxprirna;rstfel este rczul-

t:rtul (srru unul dintrc re zult:rte 1e) e xisrcnt.-i si soat.tci

,,tabloului".

inteles in ace;rsti lumini, cliscursul asupra tzrbloului se

de zviluie ca un fenomen se cunr{, strL}cturat incepind .le Ia o

intenqie dc cornprehensiuuc ai de autocornprehensiune care

este spe cifica noului obiect fisurativ, tabloului insr-rqi.
Aceastl estc una clintre principalele iclei ce vor fi dezvoltate

in prezent;r lucrare. Lirnitele pe c:rr-e i le-,lnr inrpus sunt

urrrltoarele: ea trateazi despre statLltul imaginii pict:rtc in

Errrop;r occidentirli intrc 1522 si 1675.
1522 este anul revoltci iconoclaste de l,r Witremberg, or-

ganizati gi teoretizati dc Anc|eirs Bodensteir-r von K:rrl-

st:rdt. i675 cste annl aproxirlativ in care Conrelis Norlrcr-

tr,rs Gijsblechts, pictor originar clin.Arwers, a. creat o pinzii

ce repre zillti rcversul unui t:rblou . 1522 marchcirzi r-noarte ir

(simbolica) :r vechii in'r;rgini gi n.rgtere.r (sinrbolici 9i ea) rr

celei noi, in tin-rp ce cxperienlrr linin:rri ;r lui Gijsbrechts

este Lllr cliscurs extrellr asLlpra tablor"rlui crr obiect figurirtiv.

irrtrc cloui bome, alese dcsigur in nrocl ,rrbitrai, clar al
ciror ^cc;r"rasct.tcr cle violenti puncrc in clisculie:,r,,irlaginii" sau

a ,,irrtei" r.ru va scipa nimir-rui, se desfigoari intre gul proiect
al obiectr,rlui nunrit ,,tablou". Originile salc depigcsc insi
anul 1522; reperclrsiurlile sale se propirgr'r dincolo clc ,rnul

1675.

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'dnray 3rru3;1o41'rrtelzsuaqcl apnEIC-uerf 'ur:ur-raqn11- rprg

rsna1S"'rraonagarr'(ra|)srlaatpsr:'rqs3augrrnpiyunvur'rau-oIz'Jlotlgr?EuLoIdr-uI r';rrsasrer-gruV"rISJoIUllqtslqC

alnr,ra;a,r Jz)z\r.rn+ rrLr-ES lrJtrtrlrqELirp tnAE l-If LrurLUpltsA

rnmsllS ',rarrretg p"rurluro5 '-ratr;4 spJ,rpuy '(.1-) r8rrp:dt,1 ur:
y p;r:8ap
- lrE t^[' 11 s1rr1r r1atr zsurfi-ra g'-ieurrl:r]ar tnlnd rJ r g'-I Jtlls Jll H
sErtrorll 1 ra
rrBalor rS rnratar-r,1 'rtsrxa rlrr '(J.)
,rE

rrr,rBtr i srno'I rnl Eatrtrzo-rarra8 rS a1r-rg[e-tnltr g-rp] Is Srrrtlag
rsnulrraHlr-rrlnrltr1;Su lgrlurrrS rS e;u-1 'tto-tJssl]d JriJU
rS Ea,rupqli lutl,rfo{ur lnrrrfuds
'aueos"rad atlnur rtur ap 'rllrl

retsJfE Il-lrpJur.rJlrrr rrr,rd 'rliral !Lrr gtrrrt,rodrur ar-rotup 6

'Jl ILUII

ales alrr-rdo-rd nc'tntuts ngs 1nr-rdo-rd nl rrtrFrutr rrorr ? Jq-rale
r-rptrrnJlrrol raun Jnpo,r tsog
r: 'rrlptr"rnd p srA rrn JpnlJrrr E ap

enrrtrrrr 'rnlnolqrt rraJrtLraALrr er nuotdura-rad pour lrr Ezta-ns

-Lrclurep rnlnlsrlJll rrrrr8utrr urir,rtde 'lrS-reys rrr'rS arrtliunu a;ds
-ep,,eu-rapour" rrridalrol r:l-ralsrn'runtlrd rorrzrluarlsuol
rl!) 'lrqrserrr:ui'tdr:g rrr 'tur'rzr,ro Lrfl 'lntuozr-ro eqt:,rfiap rrr-rr
rz?asr,rt rr rl 'r1r-rtrrat us 1rrlra] arnlrlsLror nrr 'gg9l ur t[l-ll]-r
--rJd pJq,ro^ a,rr:c .r-rdsrp ',,;,rtrrs ur r-rntr14" 'Iat.rr u luiapoLtI
urirprror tEraLrrJllrl r: 1tr-rnlrrderJLLr ]nrlE^BJl a-ruf ur-rd lnsao
-old rrirrapr^J E Jp ats^J r,rr.rfnl ratselE 1t lrdrlrr,id 1ndor5



SNIUdUNS -IfIII])O



II

',,lLillArA nolqEl'< Lrn (llnLU
(arnlrtsuof, rJ E g-rc+ (noiqEl Lil-I ej?d Ee
Iec rq 'tEJlrrapE nl

'ueln8ur:pr^J a-rJprllfsep o ap glrJpEtrur rS gtelozr'plrur,lag
'EUrf 3A E-raLUEl Lrr t,r!osu+seP JS of ELrals o ePaAeJlLri

,,,r. ur-ld rrSn p-ri"i ,lr"^t-,11''trzrnda JlraLLprs*e raa,JretsdeJ-al".I,n,.l.o,n5i
"a'rrpul r!srlrrnnsl
r:nd'.tnunBr;uorr rqErinrdalp :uost,rJV ap grr-rado

aP ogs-r11s 'elJqLLrE 'trrns a1a

Errols rrr ?J,reund rrr esrca;d ariorrn; o drun rsrlacr rrr nr rSn rS

E,nsrJ-rJ,{ 'ps EJt€trlrtot ur t?nl Inolqtt rS rr ate;pecrn 'nrirds

Jp alulozr runrirod arsIrI rLlns .r1a :arrlctd ttrtt8utut aiartuirl '1a;

un*,nrrr 'plada-r rS ezealqnp rJeprll3sJp Enop atsJf,? 'alutueur

-3r.r; ,rerq3 'nrprr rp aturyt tuns tSn rS tBr r.usraral tutr?

r:a:rupr8u'ru8irunrtrs1uu1;8uar:t1rnd alulriaza-tdal runs nu ETIEIEJT rJrlr 'run
rselare ui gSn o (lrqtqo.rd) rS rrdea;p r1

g-nsxeJeJ o :rJeprrlrsep pnop pturza;d lnrieds 'puncas prur:1cl
rr1 'atr.lurdrur r-inyrS-rrar Jp
furJt LIn--ItLIIp rS r-ro11 'rIZr,ro-rd

'airptqrrq Jp JlrsuJlsn rrrp gsndruol ,,ErJuollr p-rnruu" JJELLT o
ap aunSo-nrrr trr odro-rdr prrdnco etsJ rnlnolqr:l rir;e,rdng

'(1 '1r) rnlnua8 p lua.trole IEru I1naoc rlrnrlddu'r'taJxIa-IaArXsa'I7E9r9n1]nalololnalEs ZN
lnrznlu EI ep
tetep 'errarrl rrrp

alrlrurnI rnop E rrrp EZpatBp uas]-roV rnl air arrlqnpap alado

JIaLUTJd 'rrluetseto-rd rusrlcouorr r.Itul Ep eles Joll;nolqrl
rr-raEn;tsrp riel ul rnln"rolcrd ra,rr-rodscp prrElo,\J rtupu

-orioura gur8td o tESEI r-Ju raprretr { uurl '1a no e;nlc8al u1
u'Lauuurp8'-artJurrtrnsrud" rnavrtrlrnJrSruplaii-rruLurrmnzurf8,nEu;ooa-pr'rdrrLaulsrrnt-plrrazrryolc,-\uraavtra6r?da'atuslaoru+tI8pnu;,ro,apletlrrullqrwunrJJplavp)
nu J-rrf rnr8erur atsnr ',,icrla-to"r aloatqol' Jtt,r!^opp turls JIa
:porlrur8rpr-rrd r,rrop,r. o JSept^ alado'atsarr 'rur-iou ap giil
rrlzodo atalsnI nl azerra-rde JI qs llrqr:c{rr p,rnoads,rad o--r]ur
'giuelsrp alolas n"ued arsad 11 'urnlr Jl-npuu-rJprt.r,r.r.]rr".,

C. t

-nlrrd JrzJ-re qlrc-llrlr.ra^ o ad ec lBUrLrrplrol nr-a1 pcoda taot

Lrrp retJp rrllJr:rrlJ,roor rlor adro,rde rSap 'JIrqr-rJpIsuo-r rsr).+

ne ruraclo;nJ -loI uJ.upurdsu rS InsJ]lnS'y,,J1uSJOAlrr at,rEOrlr
r-rnteu" (lorxaur tE^]q!tlron^,r]arrtJsErs)'r1rz1pr-rrsurdlutnartrSrllqorSPr ouL1LuI -urInrt:LrldlLLeranull
a3 NaJf, a-rc{sap

-r8ruir rp,roqE e ep p,raruELLr El-rorr o 's.rJ,rLry ?] 'OEE I e,rll)

a$at-stocl I5 txat :ptelqnpap ear48euq '1

rraPrqlseo'I

C) structuri par.rcloxrrl.r parc a sLlstine astfel opera lui
Aertsen: ca prczintl privitomlr-ri o ,,n:.rtllri nr();rrti" in crrrc
cste irlseritt un ,,tablour vivitr-rt". Virzr-rt cu ochii cpocii, par,r-

cloxu1 isi sporeqte intcr-rsir,rre.r: rlotiLlne.l tle ,,nrrtnri n.roart,i"

ca gcrl pictural nu existe inc;r5. Cr-r aite cuvrnrc, ,,r1.rtur.l
moarti" (sau ccea ce nurnir-r.r astfel ast:izi) ,,nu ct'nstitLria pic-
turi", in vrerne ce scel1a cu figr-rri (5i scen.r lcliqiuas.r in spc-

ci;rl) era r-nateria consircrrrti a in-raginii pictur.rle. I)rrci. cste
aga, atlulci de ce si se l'cprezilrte o qr-Imrrda clc obiccte c'lc-
limitate de cadrul unui t:rblou, f.icinc{u-lc ,,picturir" ? Dc ce

si se plaseze o sceni cu figr-rri indar-itr.rl unci irnrbrzrzu,i,

transforn-rind ceea cc, de sccolc, era ,,picturi" prirr ercelengi
in,,rcalitate incadrati" ?

Se va remarca uriri intii cii inci clin prinrul pl,rn, pic-

tortrl mize azd pe jocul ficgiunc/realitate. Tabloul nriso;rri
60x101,5 cn-r gi prezinti clcci obiectele in rlirir-ne naturrrli.

Ampl:rsarea 1or urrneazi rcgulile codific;rte a1e iluzionisnru-

lui: marginile inferioarc ,rle ncsei care ocupi to;1tl partea
sting;. a tabloului sutrt paralele cu supraf:rta accstllia. M;rsa
dublcazi, aqadar, limita imaginii. Prctati in perspectivi, ea
jo;rca rolul unei ,,trar.nbuline" intre lur.ne:r noastri 5i cea a
reprezentirii.

Mirimca naturali estc una dintre condiliile a ceea ce
rrumirrr trompc-l'oei\. Prin ace:rsta, se ajunge la invadarea
spatriului privitoruiui de citre inragine, fapt subliniat de fr:r-
pant,r desciridere a clulapuiui, la drcapt;r. Acearsti r-rqa des-
chisi, cu cheile sale in bror-rsci gi cu punga care rrt6.mi pc ea,
este o agresiunc rnanifesti. Ea p:rrc si str;ipunei supraf;rga
tabloului, in misnra in care estc sitllfrti in fir.t.r acesteia clir-r
rirr-r-ri. Acest prinr pl,rn reliefinciu-sc ;rstfcl ar fi putut fi co-

mentat, utilizAnd linrbajul epocii, caun ,,hors-d'octtarc ce sc
proiecteazl in intregine in af:rra tabloulr.ri"6. I'rr t:rblou1, in

totalitatea sa, ar fi pLltut fi el insugi recllnoscllt ca o opcri
conceputi pornind cle la ,,dislociri, intrilndr.rri, dcpirtiri,
,rpropie ri, sinuliri, inEe lIciuni"/.

D:rci e si dim crezare mirturiilor scrise, picturi de accst
gen pllteall fi agiqate cl-riar in bucitirii8. Astfcl sc insteur,r ,-r

conunicare intre re prezentare gi spatiul de expunere . Accs-
te (pseudo-) naturi moarte funclion;ru cleopotnvii ca ni5te
oglinzi qi ca nigte prelungiri :rle spaqiului c,r-e Ie prinrt'9t.'.
F,xisti insi cel putin Lln eicment care scclitrlleaz.r conrpozigia
cc icse in aferi din prin-rul plan. Pentru ca iluziir creati de Lrn

trompc-/'ou1 si tie perfecti, r.nr'rrimc:r naturali 9i icairea in
afari a imaginii in spagir-rl privitorulr-ri nu sunt suficiente ; se

impune, de asemcnea, gi respectalea ultiurei regr.rli: prezentarea
clbiecteior in integralitateil lor. lrstc es.rct cee a cc Ae rtsen ntt

face. L,l igi penlite si intcrvini tocmai in zoncle cele urai

1B

6I

-rlLreurp :rItJrllu? IoJ un PlEol atuaLllale PnoP al_sJlP '.tolt,r.t-td
aP E1EJ-'!l giua-ralrp u;n8uts n: 'rgrulp Iar n-rluad EsELu slse e:)
rJ-aopa8cIoa'iurj-orrptnrtunaaedzaaaiatrd;tazaat psIEealotsupundsJunratrr1PraIrd[irruznoo:lsdt,rrae1dd-r'au'sc:slduanrcn1ornc'[treldt1Strqa3'i-aPrpo.PlredIqlnrEusI
13lrLUr.1 nJ JseulEtttt as uuid-raI-I? uIP rrlasop-rud rnln[e1a'rec
l9l nf EfIII'IJI
alrrlrrl :re^noads"lad Ianrptsoao8nesptt9s]?EaITfL,VnLI'aJSpreielsdas
I-rniJ^ILI EnoP
-nd rrru tgtp nl atsa

alal e;tulp uel?tlnultuoJ f,ollrlse r-IEj llztsJ-Ia8ns 1a 'EJaqll
'elrj o nu r?P 'p'ruoua;ut eal'ted ut
airnrl;od plsnSur o pugsp'I

eeurgeurr ralr azarrLrrrtrp ps riuun,. ".,lll,lil::tlj:::,f. ,

a.ids ularutruac e.ttler rcop csasdll :IaseLLI ttutS;eui EZnEf, uIP

EJEzrIEnzrL 1:ri.rrd ]EIJP Jtsa nu E,IlloIJellII EJlrlILUeJlxe J:)
drurl-u1 'trit8eutt rautud EtItuIi nJ pPunluoc as r8ritls ES llslrl

-rtrJ-uxg 'erdua.rp e1 tS sns ap ear-red u1 '1-rnlr1 rnop ad -rrop
ap drqr uI Iflll llEZIIIln - 3J
erraf,s apqlui - ttut8urul nIEf nJprl
JP el?llnulluoc o_9zra-ra8ns
-nzr-rqruy 'ur1d ynrur,rd Ia^IU
'glt,rpr:rrr 'plr-trdas El ElEl
as 'prpleac ad l,,qrrzrlu;ntcid"
-ttazatd alsa Euels 't;ntr1 o ed 'lllelrltqrtrt l-rode; un ap 'rort

-allresp ap 'eg-lo,t alsa 'ldey tr1 ir8ugrs tsl 'loP 1nuu1d uJ plIE a:
:i::i*t;,i:t?er?f Eal is 'altttlta,t ap r:arrnricrl uedes al tnleJteu ap ln8r-rd 'LLmasnI\
d c'c'a s'; n d a o a tt t 3 t :, :il ?,.,,
sJrl f sr_rotslrllsrr n\
I ii,x*1"',','.1 o .?UJI \

I 'tur 9'lol x c(l

-v/do(p-snq tsaft €l EIE-rE Ia'Eprutxeut p1ua3-rarua 3P elselqo 'Lrur.r1 ad ralr:
etsaf E Inlnolqrt InlniP€l 1n-rotn[r no puudn"ra:]n1' t-lultrSru-r--r
ep Inf,upJt'plasarr nc inSoo'rrrprdrlnp rSn ::rtstrto iznlr .rrsa-rHc 'aSCI '!t.tr l\ t;
,1.lL1'I\ ,l solst.t')
'rrJst-rev latJt(T i

ca proprie dalajului esrc absorbantti, in \rrcnre ce acec2l a

llresei este invadatoare.

int.e d".e.srte"prdeozueantanriev,cljuorci uallceisrrtaegciro.rmii,pcii:crarer.sTu1n'tcigiddinotruel
metode

obiectele natr-rrii mo.lrtc inrclvin ilsLlpril iunbr:rzurii: o
saroafir infipti in ceea ce s-a identificat ca frind o buc;rti dc

unt s:tlr o prijituri, o oali, un jisor,r (probabil dc miel). Aces-

te trei obiecte fixeazi temeinic ulr nivcl rrl inrirginii dc celilalt.

Dar ce se intirnpli cu imaginea din arierpl.rnl Pictorul ne da

rlspunsui recurgind la textul scris: pe a rreia d,rli, la exrremi-

tatea starlgi a tabloului, se gise5re o rnscripqie: Luca X. Este

vorba, agadar, de un p;rsaj din Evanghelic rcd:rt in ir-naginc.

Faptul ci. aceasti insergie scrisi se afl.l in rlcesr loc pune insi

clteva problerne. Prim:r cste de ordinui cvidengei; inser-ati in

aceastt zoni extre ili, sigla vorbeqre linpede . incepind /e
aici trebute si se ,,citerrsci" imaginea, incepind deci dc la

acest ingrlst culoar situat acolo unde (iu traditiir culturii oc-

cidentale) incepe orice,,lecturi": la stins:r,

Text devenit imagine, tablor-rl vir rrebui sdfie c'itit prosre-

siv citre dreapta. Faptul ci inscripgia se siscate pe carelij -
insi intr-o zonl conruni celor doui niveluri ale in-ragrnii -

pLlne o alti problerni: oare numai pl;rnul cloi sa fic ,,Luca X-
devenit-inagine", sau ir"rscripqia se referi la tablou in totali-

tatea sa, inclusiv llatura mo;lrti.? O a douir inscripqie vine si

corrrplice dilema: pe friza gemineului vizibili in pi:rr-rul doi,

se poate desluEi Lur citat extras din Evanshclia dupi Luca:
Maria he eft uitvercoren dat be ste decl (,,Maria pilrrea cea

buni gi-a ales"),

Ca gi cum simpla indicalie Luca X nu.;rr fi fost de irjur-rs,
aceasti inscriplie reia u11 fragrrent din
tcxtul evanghclic plasin-

du-l deasupra sccrrci uarativc. Aceasta diu Lrrnri .rp,rlc rsr[cl ca
o ultiura dezvoltare a indicatriei rextLl;11c. V.i tlebtri ,rrLrnci si

recitirn textui din Lttca X pentru a realiza ce csrL. imagine.r:

,,$i pe cand nrerge;lll er, El [iisus] ir intr;rt intr,un sat, iar o fe,
nreie, ncLnlrn're.ranrMelaeriMa,acratare, ,I-aagepzriinmdiut-sine
c-e se casa er. $r ea ave;r o sorri
1ir picioarele Dorunlrh.ri,

,rscttlta crrvarrtul Lr,ri.

Iar Marta se silea cu nulr,i slujire 5i, :rpropiindu-se, a zis:
I)oamne, all nu socote5ti cir sorir nre21 nr ;r lisat singr.rr;i sI sh.r-

jesc? Spr"rne-i deci sI-mi ajr.rte.

$i rispunzind, Dornnui i-a zis: Marro, Mrrrto, te inerijesti si
perrtnr rrrtrlte re sile5ti.

Dar nn iucru trebuie: cici Mari;r partea cea br.rni 5i-rr ales, care
lllr se va 1ua de la ea"".

'' Citrt rc1.reds. Jup; Bi/,/ia sau SJinta Sctipturi, 13ucure5ti, Institr.rrul Iliblic
:i dc Misiurrc C)rtuJ,rra, lq('E (N tr. ).

20

I7

5r1ar18urr,rr rnll-ltxJl mllr.rprr Lr-rr1tr ur '.tr:ptSt 'ttlo.rzlp tatud
ll.\ JS u,rntfJI rrloP r o nl !-r1-llrr-rr:^" () Er lE-rJPrsu()f

11 ratnd r.l'1n-a-r.anao(p"-,sJ,tlorJtfrq'po-1nct yaduo-tJ.'IaNLr Jp g-rnl

-cln,r o nl ?lE,\rLIf,a -rrr r-nllrrl retsJrr I a-nrllrirlrrol O'atrarqo
urp rr'Jtrrr.rnr rS J-rJtrl urp nu lLrLU"ro,+ llril qlsr Jp txJl rn-I
t-1lauI'lnrt,ltrlrrr-rzarrrc:n-lrcrr:ldrtulanr:rlrryrnnrri-rlroro]rqr raJqtnsIcqndetx-lraatrtumJrrlltnpLItfr,lrnulrorl8Jrsrrl-JrpnprtrurrJnrIrno!clli(l:),lfrrrdpnu!s^r
rrlrr.nl
:rrr1d

porrr

ur trrrrllLrr rr rrJSl-rJV -itrC rIIqrq Ilrll'llLrlIl riuoprrr !lItLItrur
-JS-f U.rJlrrr]rlr o--rlllr gladal 11rs InrLrliu'Jt-nloui rr,mtrrlr
Pr-rnJ:tl5pnp^r,ErrlsrB:Jd!lasyrtr'rrr'rrrl-rqri-u!nilltllrpzlrdrar.az-)rtlsqLJll-lrrrordr'r-.l)1-rrJ'lusaIr^dld.1IroJI.It.rta\JrIrnrIurJriUFnrIsllLLuLarIur1JrSrrr1r-Fnttrdr.ru.ra-nlrIttnrltcfi),-PIt-rr-Irrrrdczolrrrf,-,rr!rslz-Irat./,rpnlJl-,rpr!tPttrrr4n|:ldtunlrn-rI
c l .l LLr a.r,\J P rrr rlr Io I J s
Lrlr 11r 'n:aq1y 'fl ''I EfJp rrJq,rcl.\
e-rr,r .r-rdsop ,t.tolstq nla)t

tt-toJDlLt)uto.r tlrlrs rJ rrr arrPUI !s^ -rrrd .rol alr-r11ls.r3 'r1Irrrpr

-ntrlr:'r1r,rrAr,rd'llsarLroFr:ro-rd rir-ru'rapr JlSru lrrap'rrLrJ'JS
E] r-routrnr JtSru 'riutr,rnl3r1 .rrSrrt lclr:.rliap ILrtu tLIns I:I '!lerrrii
--rrur arirnlrs o-,rlur '-rrpusu 'rt^estFJ-r J5^ llrlsJlv ',ro1r1otsocfu
lndnrE ap (ttrtlri 'rr,rlN 'snst1) ,,JrILIOult" alrs a1a[trros
--r;d nr !lf"nrr.rr rrrrlls r,,rr,c{as rS rr-rrr{qrur r-rnzE-rc]urr r:ladc-r
luarrrrur$ 'rruurirr-rL:rr It l.ijpvr rJIrop pr ul-r lrr rzrarrotilrn.l

'rnlnJrrruras^ rL: ritrrtrrorrr tda,rp llur,\,rls JlJprlfr-rrrl nl !llul
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rrrroz o-,rtur 'rnlnatirtLras^ r:zr-r.1 ;d tr:srrld rlsJ rrIc]rq InlxllJ
' Lr.rst-reY rnl Il-lolqrrl
trr IztJrrorl:rl l-rodrr-r lsJtrr J.mt u1 qrrltrrds l:-rlnrrtu '1,-rrr

-JLlrJSr ap 'rurrzrlra-r 'JrrrBlutt rS tr,tnlrt.rls J,rturp rnl11l-rodrr-r u

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qrts t'F.rrri )1. rr.-'S ttll alsa ueulttlaS ad.lp uriclr"rrslll IIlrPun+

U'JIlPlrrTr]rUrCrr]SrrT:ItIt,rII]lOsPncl]l-ICJ+lrJ,-rIrJrqSeO,lftuIIrI]rI.])rJpI)LIuJ+tr-UrJNlrJJ,-rIIuOsJ]JSuJrqXJ,NrII17

'.',uztrlttotittaru II l1u trtn-I

rdnp r:r1a113rrr.r.q rsrp 'rrrrrs rrl !tsrsr r[o]sodr rr-r1 '.r1etr:ds
ar-rrotln el ra r-ro-rrr-r 'larrrrst:l -rolJlrJI(lo rlurtsrxa JP ttlrn

r1,1 r-rtd rS rnlnur-rrog r1e-rlorrrd 11 qtruurrrll alrLrrut-I ftLl-rn
ulP |lsrrelV' IJLItrtr d 1ndr,r .lc{ ;rdto,r p rtturrt .Itttd rS .l,ref, aU lp

[rrlrJS lrr rl]rrtrts trrrru trrrpr,r rtsJf u ilntr rrroql rcJ tzrralrd-rrtrtr

rl.Iutrro?Jp1uutl,.trrrnErrtWustrl.ulr'rtFrLrrrllnnrnrrlLtrl:rJrq-nrrurtdrrrrrtLlrt'trsrJr,olrsllrrtrlrsrtctrl-l).lIrlr.rll1r-crr-r)rr)rca:eIrz\iJaJ-trrrltcu.lcri.B-r\tll,r\rrrrrl.sr.l.r,Jrztrlrarruirrt,lpVrlrldtripr'Jrrixri1osJ3rroerIt1rlnrstrrr-J1sr.r)trncr1rJ.r\lr

[l'l-ro]rAr,ld 'rllqlq ilr:lx.)t - rs-npLrrtrrmtLi.-' -r-rt,s purllrrU

eil vir fi cvcntllal:r. s:r corltinllrrrc s.lLl, peutrLl tr fi nr;ri prreciqi,

coTncnlLlriu/ sti/1.

Feti cle imaginea clin funclal, ce;r clin primr.rl pl;ln arc Lur cir-

r.rcter dc brtrs*te xte , cle bors-d'octt'lrc, dc paru'gon. Concri-
Lrrreir intrc,,tcxt" (vizualiz;rle;r Er,anghclici) qi bors-tcxtt'

este senur;1lati prin figurilc :rpostolilor carc sunt iri tcrt f.rr'.r

rr fi ircolo efcctiv. Asr-rpr-:r :rccstui bors-te rta cstc l1ece s:u- si ncr

n liri aoncc|lt|irrr .tt(n t i,i u |r r|l()n r cr lt.

Lir r-rivel stilistic, cl sc opur-re in nrod radic;rl scenei din

lund;il. f)aci aceasta Lrrne:l2:i coordollrrtelc inragisticii reli-

gioase traditionale (scenir srrcri sitr-ri.rti in perspectir-:-r), /ror-s-

tcxtc-t-rI, in schimb, icse din norn.ri in cl'rip-r frapant. I:l cor"r-

csitrirteuiesetronpcllxlrcenrnp-liu:rn.rirelrmeirrint:ircli'reeni.izprrrncttue ralc ut,r'di t-t' ( il.r nr ;r u de )
a :rrierpl;rnulr,ri
IL. Cclc

doui nivelr-rri alc inraginii rcprczrlti, c-Lc a.scrrcneir, dr)Lli

nrunlcnlc .rl.' istorie i rrtci.

in t,rblou sesiz-in-r cleop'rotrivi o ,r cloua antitczi, :rccerl

c:rre opllnc' ,,s:rcrn1" ,,profirnului". Oerc ce contrast pro:rte f i

nr:ri izbitor dccit cel dintrc o lunre rrlcrrtuiti clin obiectc, il

nrijlocul cirei;r zitce () rratrc bllcatri cle c,truc, si lunre,r in crrre

ciornnegte Cr-rvintul h-ri Christos ?

Cirr:rcterul de hors-tcrlc al prin-rulr.ri plur cstc acccntLl;1t

dc aspcctul siu ,,pro-fiur", ceca ce lrLr cste, in foncl, ciecit o
nroclaiit:rte diferit;i de ri exprinl acciagi lucru. Vorbincl le

nrodul general, nr-r existi pro-J-artunt decit prin opozigic cr-r

f-anum. Primul plrrn,rl imirginii estc, ir$irdar, planr-rl s;in ,,pro-
fan", c:r pliur ce preccdi sacrul, sc distinge dc
el si i se
opunell. Irrist:i cleci tr-ci cii convcrqcrltc cc cristrrliz-cazi

ircecagl :urtitez:i intrc nivclurile inraginii. Ar-ie rpl;rnul cstc rzrr

tcxr (trrrdus in inragine ): e1 arc Lin cirrrlcter sacru 5i utilizc:rz;i
clate le tradition;rle a.lc picturii. Prinrul plan este ins:i o :.rnti-inr:r-

einc: el prczinti ttn bors-tcxrc cll carirctcr proiart, utiliz.ind

nrijloacclc une i ,,,rltc arte".
I):rcii Ae rtscn ar fi rcprcze lltat do,rr scena din fr-urclai, f;1ri

alte complicirqii, cl ar fi sc:ipat clesrgur dc criticile Ac.rclen'rie i,

c'lar s-rr ti picrdut probabil ir.r rlnonimirtul qencr:rtiei salc.

Supr-r ninclu-5 i,, c rrmer;r " r-r nu i,, tr:rvc l l i n g iu apc-ri", in gl o b ind

in cimpul sriu vizual ceca cc dc' obicci ri'rt.nine in irfarrr crl(lru-

lr-ri (,,p ro-fa nv|, h ors- tc-rlc-ul,,,rtort-inr;rqinc:r " ) 5i tr:lnsfor-
rrrirrd acest /rorJ-re xIc in t:rblour, Aertsen 1l:lrcheirzi Lllr nl()-

lllcnr cscnqi.rl irr isrori,r .rn.'i.

Orieinirlitrrtea lui Acrtsclr nu rezidi in a fi stripuns r-rl-

timr-rl plan al reprezentarii plasind rrcolo o inr:rsitrc. I)int-

potrivir: lrout:rteil collst:r ;rici in a fi inglt)bat in cin-rpul vizr-rrrl

rrl opcrei o porlilurc din spaqrr-rl plivitorr"rlui, aclici ceeir cc

era (conforlll nonllei) clincoacc cle inraginc.

22

IT

.l-rruu aP !r-nu!s!-n Er -rolf,Icl JP qlrrzllllll lrllr(),rr9 'lJIlll ap
InoFr( ur !rlrrazr-rd rrIop a]sJ sotsr-rrlJ rrl !.\IZnlr trJJJlltLiLr^L
'rr:zrr1S:lp rrrrr alsr rDsr,rfrl
-1-rJ ltlllr5^lloqLLrrs trJeltr ag 'r[rr!irrul t]alrlIIllJ-I ap rs arrr:.rr1
rJ,rrrl-ro rartllrrJ-r r',p g-rr-rtocioap lrrri 1g '.rrirzrrr',r: Jp
rrr,oi (urrrFlun 1u rrr:1d 1r-rurr.rd) ,rtrpJru-lJtur lrluJru-IJI 'Irrr).IrouPl-r

lu Lup gJriJrlSur:.ra u.lttFtutt rS rrr:id luLrrird uIp !t-ItrotLI tr-Illtull
) ltf r ).t grrrrza.rd JtsJ trLrlr-rr-l altrrn' lnrircls trrlts I11l
'1r:r-rytgrrrq) t itIJtu-rJl IJ-rl IJ')'arinlos r:-tttltits i1 113.1pp'trtlttt
-rlltrl+LIOt Itl

--rel lJ.u lrr lrrllrlor nlllr-r rl !tlJrs LII a,trrtttcl o trl r-rJl) qlrrrz;.tcl
-JrtiS1n,rr,rrr-rJtlSarrttio-rrtrJrrvlrsSqmlrlsll .sI'lnun(tlr)s-lIqul"ElIttI'lo''auf,St-.rtItftd;totJprrltuzgssugsrJEIrlllZqr'JrrrJ-ztIltt:tIrltu-t.urtdortott-rrr,trl-uEtctfl';|r.;t,l,ultrtrll
'dn-r1 rs lLrf;,\n) .r,nlrr rrzuJnris ls tirttitrur J1t l-rnlt-\ru !ltot)
JIef, J.IlLllP lstr-Illlo:) Iaf,rr Pl L:;\,lJSclO Js^ Ifutllv PUlllJS lJl trl
tir'1d 1r'LLLrr,rd f ru)t.l()dLr,t !tEP trrfrP JLII-\-Ins urt a-tt:zt-lirBell
t-ts-rJ.1v 'L's r,).rrzT-lr)3a11: JS
rl 'raur.rr1 tra:rlulz.r-tcJe-I -IIoP JlsJ
rs

l-ltl-ruuntl,ll\lno:irqIEul llIrrltlu-rrrl,r\{',l,n9t-rr,rrrt-urrdF.\tIulorrr"LIulirstJarzua,utdl(Ja'-sT^l!(t)l(s-lI-OirIJlJIuJIl1L1LTI1I1IIl

pSI'.),).rL'.r,rll 1l lt'.r.rr'\g1..'.tt'iltt.r.ttltlt lSll.'lltl't.rrr..ttdIt't.tltU.trtl\t.rrt.1rd,.{r..1'r11i1lr)
u,r.rr rr.rd list',rzn!l!'.r t'\ Jnl(lJ.rl lllrl(l
rrrlnrtuds r: a,rrEunlr,rd o rl Jul1lltll IS's,ie.rltt stlJS tll llllJ

,,"'.wt) 'sa1r r-ls !unq rrJr tral-tr:cl xI-lrrt [" :sLI-]s Itlllls-Inl5^IP rl
JJrlrrrrllr()f o Jlsa'lJ-\iu l11l LItt rrl !llritluot o'1.t1 riu-,tlnl'J-Il::r
rS artdr-r.rsrrr !'lsrJ.rrr JtsJd Jundr-rdus .rs J.Irrr IJTru ap noHrl
JIJ,rtrl1l',,!Lrnq ear ral,tucJ" JlsJ ultlllt llrp trtstr.t-tE !r trll,Ir Jtt
nJLilLLle5^ rd .rP rritlr.rlsuJ 'InlnurtlocJ llllurr.\nl - xu,lJlJ 'trlrul
-r-ucls urrl-r11 rrr - sJIrr I rl-I1lIN',,1r-IlsJ.lJl lutr-Ill" :itslru IstrlJfrr
!LrJrs ur lrrr-rtl t:l-rlorlr t,IltlltI J-IlLLr ttlsfJ-rt"(1rrt-r lnrirds,r-rtqr
IupunJ rtrp trutEt:lut r-rdsrrtl-r tIltrntpssuuInJrrsJl)uIrlJtt+tp.ntrtutJpar.tItt,rf-,rrr:Itrtr_tOftirrrrtnr(rtl,rrr).,rrIIr.a;t.t1irtl
,r rclsrrr;r)
;11uorr-rr,cln1srirl:lcr{ps rr-mtrJi
!l-rfotr tr-ruttu)

alsrsqE Js a-r rrJar rr trJ-rLrq-IJftlxJ ls tr.r-ruutrlrta'rt,trcl !tlr:,tlt Jtl
r:,t,J1Lttt,trt1llq-L.t'.t,)rlll(l,l"rt,t.tPt-ttil)lJ.l[lt'.l)l lttlllltt',.1s 1',r.r rit,rttl,'trd'.-t.tt',1 tr 'rP,'r1l
f.r,]s-llltltl'tttld,,.trl'..ttlltt.tt'tll,-'t'ttll''

JIll;lJJr rp rs,,rn1tr1r:J.r" rlJlrP,-r| P.rt,tltrtl,rlp rrlt1 ITPLI1]J uIl)
u au r Sr ru r rs .l.r anrrc{xa ap ln rir ds r-uu r p ?-r r r paru-I Jtrtl rt.i,]7:r.

r.llsJ-18 [nsuis t1 r'alnd J-rrrJ'!r]tJ,ll asrsll-+ trJtttSt:tttt J-tt:r
L'L.rtrird lrrrilrls ul Ir?nl,Tr.\ rrri.rzl-rd 'tu1tttrrro11 intllr,\nl Is"

ue rrrljttrtr EJpJ,r trs^ tlnqa-It tra,rtlttaza.ida-I 'tstli, )tzlt1I lt:-s Irt-.r)t

-ll.rfr ur,rd'rrsrlJ.rcl arir:rr,lrrrur;,rs c-r lirttlrlo-1 LrtiLl [1trul.]Ll r{
!lr?a,r rJrlrnl r,lrurp Ellritds atEtllrulluc)t trJf tr rrr !tlt-IZJ-t '!t-trl
eP )lJtttt,It rsJPJ.\oP () ltrill rrs^r'll-I!l!.1lrq Lrr eltir:3tl lltr-lr

l-moiqtrt.rp rr.rH tsJlf rr'r:tr-rrr^Jptr Jtsr !frr(I'!11r rs r,rut ttI Itts
-r,dLirr rn rrs r.r,rrt).rcl-rrrrrr rsr:1 r:rrnd r, tt.ttrtocl 'qtrirpt,rr tt.rcl

ll-r Jrurlur o-,ttul 1n-rotr,rr,rcl gtrlc{tur rrLirSrrrLrr r]JrllclnPl(]

intrc cele doui nir.eir-rri rtle ir-naginii cste un al cloileir cle-

1]rent. Corlsider:rti etirl'rologic, garo:lfr1 api1r!illc r-rnr-ri sil-n-
lr..rlisrn olccis. Dcnttntirca s:r I;rtin:i cste Cd1'/ttltir-.,' Ll:r este

si,rrb..,lui intrup,lrii lui Iisus Christosll (,,cr-rvintui iutru-
p.tt" / itet'bt *'roro J-actutn). Ntt sc poat; illsi corltcnlPlrl
q.rro.rlrt rre glijirrd siirt,te,rtt.t liqrrr',rtir.i .litt c.tr'.' el-.ie prlte '
Acc,rrt.r cuprirrd.' si bti,'.rl,t ti. .rltr.rt itt r':lt't' e sLc irrlipti

s.rroair. Esfe vorba eici (in coltul stilrg,9i deci initral al1ec-
iurii tertr,r.rle a opcrei) cle ur-r clct;rliu ir.r mttlte privinte para-
cloxal, atata vremc cAt cstc cousiclcrat c:t ct puri rcPrcze lltarc
realisti (ce rost are o qeroafrr infipti in alttat pc o nrasir c1c
bucitirie?). Detaliul cler-ine insi pe dcplin intcligibil irr or-
dinc,r lce turii sirrrboli.',.'.

Tentativele de a iclentilicrr acerst;i bucati clc alurlt cu niste

Lrl1t sat-l cu o pr:i;iturli trtt coufcli nici L11l se11s sintagnle_i. lla
nu caortti unul dec,rt ;ltllnci citlci observim ci cstc vorba in
f.pt J. o bucata de pl;imacii. Plimadr lrlr este inci piine . li:r
se-af1i clo;rr in stare dc ,,transsubstatttielc":

s,,tArululliaetrre-r;1l ,recparreezseentri|lrfpipetrrr-tlr-iLer5tneoiillinF_,PuiLinueriastiOa ftrleonedsetrii,trail$u.s1scLLlbll-Il
s-r spus dej,r adesea & r'a trebr,ri irrci sir se spr'tr.ri. Droldia
preschinrba alurtul in n.rod rliltllr..Ll, il incllze5te, i1 unrfll, t ir
d.i suilet 3g r-i;r!i irttr-Lllt fel, tt in tnisura itl crrre po'rte. Cn

r,rlr-rtr-tl Domr-rlthli, ferrttert, ,.,1r.,',t-t.t.tr,-,1, prcschirllbi clc ,rsenlc

ne:r piir.rerr: E{ per-rtrn cri e1 eite m.ri pr-rtimic clccit rlatura, el

merqe inci 5i r-rui depalte , c,tci c1 preschirrrbi, nr'l c.rliti-ti1e,.pre
cunr.-drojdia din ahtir, ci snbst.trtt;r: cl Lrs'r calitllrle vizibile, &
adevir ecc:lstir piine,
prescl'rinibl liuntrul: e1 insuflete$te .intr sltbstant,r acesteia in
lqc face din ea o piine vie, preschinrbiud
substanl,r t.,-,puhii Mielului bonrnului, IISUS CHRISTOS. ' '' 11
,,Trupr-rl Miirtuitorulni estc intr adevir prezent ir-i Er-lharistie:
d,r. r-r,-r trllpeSte as.1 cL1lrt c;1rne:1 obignr-rita cste Prezellti pe
n'rasi: e1 se iflo it-t c.r prir-r tr:lttssLlbstilllliere, pe c,rle sttprirnatttre

h: prin atotpr-ttcrtric-r-r1 cnvint al N{tirltr-ritorr'rlui: e1 si1i51trie5tc
in ea inr,izibil, impelp,tbil, t-tct.rtttritor, tr nepieritor, & in mod
.rtit dc spiliturl 3t atit de clivin, incit nr-lrl.rai ochii crcditllei il
pol z.1rl..... I'<''
fi el dat intr-adevIr, dar in \crohirpzt,liirviinrl,il3lrric'l,ttdce,tcrtitt.tlo,
,,Astfcl r'e
cY ir-rgeicgere;1 otttetteascit tlLl
trr-rpr,r1
r.rtni d., aspect; exterioare, precLlltt culo,tree' ir-rfi1i5:lrea, &

nrirosul: dai ochii crcclintei vttr p,ltnincle tait-i.r ascuitsi."16

Garoafa in bucata de irluat ar plltca fi deci corlsiclerat:i c11

incipit-u\ A.ucncsuri,i,ntecixpti"' sinbolic, alcatuit cle obiectele l1i'tttlrii
nrolrtL'. are in vedcre nistcrul intrupini, ra-
portul clintre,,cuvAnt " si ,,trlrp". ,,Tcxtr.tl" vorbegtc un lin-r-
baj astizi pierdut, qi ir cirtti ilescifrrrre ar fi clcsigur de ut-i

rTlare rllteres.

:f+t

9Z

-o-ilrrr oLr IJ '.ot\L)ltoc,lxa :FLrt:. PIllunJ J-Ir rSu1]ls uIP rtuos'{ed
rninruud inlsag ',trtr,rnEt1 s-rnlsIP
irr'r:arirgr:rirt tzvazttv1-ro zanbzrla un.'roElOnI.u'E.urti-toJLlaI'ItAPIJIaIIUtlBJToL]I
-rpi:rjirnrs.J.'i-,r.a'u.rir.prr.tetrdrspru.rrrrr.1u-'a,,lsrnttrutrltdzltlt,rqtriludnJ-serat,tPutsrSaad4uaIOIrnnI]VlrqqtJ'lJ'q'zIIlaEIInnnllJbzlxOIz'o\ulIlaAlaulIurJilPpdI1rl'dl1nllltrtI'\t:lIsllSolLlllulqliJtrutxtr'l1ItJul'PsrIJlorJrpuu

i#:?rl'i-u",tr,rrurp"rrr..l,,-rl,tlrrrosr,ft'lqtrr,tp-d1o,'tl"?o-'-,JJ.rE.tr'ttlUPtuElEsrlgIsnulroJlrllJ't-rvs,trrtapt"(tdr'.lrnttntor1trto,s.rl,-:X1tra!drrdtr:_nt#'laorl',-Pirr'rl,l'rnuJl2rrl.i.'pdt,l1fl5llilIt3.'nr1t1-J1rl.ro9Ir{ltn"t1I1rIHr"rpI'rtr:Idra:'I{:lr)"'tI,tn:(lt:s'Srtdat'nq)'to'ltJI'-'t(tllpncl zd-t
,1,i"rr,.r 'pid*trs ,,!t.rroLU x-I1ttru" o qrrzasl alsr clrl
o ars.rsgs Js r-,tdr:i,rP El Jf, oLLIJJA rtl'iazrtrd t 93urls acl 'rs-cttt
eal-trd nt

aaltes'rrslr3ut AlldtIrlittntlzlnIalslu:d"ttar(JlZssr'.tttyt)itel'tJr:PuI-U'ItPol-Is1!lunJEqII-IaZnPPg-lUsIorEI'!lI{nJ1lpeurIa'LsrtInae--s'IIElI-LtlIrIIYnao[Ienluql oIusl'greldrl

ijl-.IrJulull'lJV.l;JL'I,UJIrn'p),r'pil'-).(:.)tr.ltloillJr9ljtrlrJrJtl-.J'Jt'lll;pSl),.lrlPgI,rlaJq'l..rlr.llJ,/dl'lrt'rt,l\LIl)qrlPttlr'-i!:lopdllJtnP,tPPlZpLI'LlsJIloltlllluJr'tl.tJtoqs'SlB.Jl)rtsl,)ptPl,,l)t,'llqLrltltltt'll)J:'dll.1lJllLl\:,tJ'llt'slSt'P'ryrl'I)P'rr)'Pl']nIttbl'oJ(ll)'d(r.tl'!rJ1]o'Jss'o'r'lllc,x']1tlJll\l

riurriri'Suutu:dttot,Jrn-rrE1Iqnni-pxJ-.Prrtoa:.uIrtfputtItur1-lt'IdJIUlsIoILJLI? LIesl-laV JP !IISOIOJ

lzlsJS E n'IluJd

IenlxaualuJ ln8erd 15 zenbzgla 5 ap sauo8apog '7

',,!1enlr-rlds lllll-ill "'111 un--t1rtt
,rstsrrr EJ purUJr.lP,rr:arlrrulsqltssull-Il ua,ltlsttrt EZIIAILIJn
J,rrr rJf ilsa (,ru|uzl/L1n7"ra1t)|ul ltIr,\nl LI11-'IlllI't:lrlles
rq-l ) ururErutt'prio1 rrr'toq3
-;atrtt'rlrlqnpap :9lr,zr,r rp .--trr lsl'1lLio-r lsJfll 3l ruJIuIIqns

'rsrsut uaut8uutt ap supo:_d_rSJls.r
J"m-rqae'.i-ISorlg9S-I'u1r"r3i,f,[trta-'1tulrur-tr-rrtr1,lt-tIrsla-taSrrJzdiItu?u,lurulraeJLl-qrr]orur-PIrPcr{inllr]lrlrsI-nttd:-'Il'slrurllto-lItllruaJodlsJsJ'lrut:rertats8tln'rIre*rtuvt
fs
*1

"or-ia,n.rlrr-lr;EZEazIllrLIJl alPS alunolqrl 'llJS]JaV I11l lPolaLLI eP
,t"rr1iiit,r. airtlt-rodrrrr t,,.ii alcr 5lelLra[t.'1a ]!lJP IrIl lllns nll
1Irl:l:rttt,La.rlu,lu-r),Srl1Jor-E.(\lr,I.r.r-lltoIIltO.1r.orga.lr,sud.u..i('-,/uttfnL-LIrrltl1lflilntrtrll'1.u)olollrlzJr1t-lllrJnldJ.zturrI,lUrsrq."trIoJdllP;tpE.rtJJ--l^Ir1P1oul-a.lltq,lstl,'IOftdrr:vtl).'t1arla:--i1ollrl::-'ss.t1ldlvlJa"lt'Ilr'IJtJ1LlllIrl)'rn:)est.lsi1P.^rl).ranlli.Orrrr--elIlaSJrlLnldl-.I1ostll;'JtIrJotll'-ElfIlEJJrAJlCItElasl
trrrrFrulr rnlt-r[r:qr_rri1 L .rr.r..]1d rr 'r1l1lio.t r J-rrrzltuoItSLIor o 0P
r.q-io^ a]sa t,ilrtd ii''r,tr.1 'ra rrdtlsr nls uailtFutnl lll ?-lr11l I
Jp o-rJrurtu Iou IJtlll II-IOl-IEtU IfIB tLIelLIlls ll luaPL\a Jls'-l

clr.rcc in inagine. Mi;c:rrca degetului s:ii-r arititor descrie o r,l
ciiagonali invizibila c;rrc dot-nini structr-tra tirbloului si ori-
erlte:rz; privirea spect;ttorLllui. Al doiiea pelsonai iutireqte 4

dialogul clintre privitor gi.imagine: ti.trir;r ne prriveEte.
I-),tci, la Aertsctt, (olltillLlit.ltcr dirrtle sp.rlrrrl lrgttrltrv Sr

spalirrl real era incredinlati cu precidere trompc-/'oeil-ttltti,
in schimb la Velizqr.rez, gestul qi privirea sutrt cele care in-
staureazi dialogultl. Peutrlt a spori seuzalia de cclntact iutre
cele doui iumi, pictorul i5i repreziutir personajele iutr-un
,,prin-r-plan dramitic"2c. Sunt niqte ,,semi-figuri" in mirit-ne
natr.nli. Este vorba aici cle Lln tip de punere in pirgini ce tinde
sa sublinieze caracterul de ,,aspect de viali" ai reprczentirii.

Acest tip, care se lega dc o tradilie deja indelungrrti, a fost re-

,rctualizit catre 1600 siridicat de Carar-aggio la ransul de pro-
g"ramPi,ctfuirrai
a fi acceptirt vreodat:i de Acade mie2i. conside-

aga-nun-titel or mezze-figtre rn'ai er:r inci

rati de citre teoretrcrenii artci din vrelllea 1ui Velizqucz
drept un gen inferior gi vulear. Ea_se opuue picturii.narative ,

care tre buia si pre zinte pe rsonajele iutr-c'' cotllpo7i!iL' org.l-

nizati, dr-ipi regulile ,,dispunerii" clasice . Un cotllerltator
tlrzitt al iperei lui Ve l6zquez caracte riza astfel tablourile

din prirna perioadi a pictorului:

,,8le reprezinti de obicei nigte semi-figuri in ba.mbociada,
intr o rlanierl destul de colorati 5i lr.rcrata in stilui 1ui Cara-

r-asqio. Ele ar-r fost dr,rse de striini irr alte lari'"22

AceastS. observalic pare a sLrger;r o lipsa de succes pe lingi

publicul sparriol:l a lccstor opire ll c.iror crt'lctcr' .,strairt"

iste subliriiat de cornent;rtor (b combinalie intre Caravaggio
Ei Ban-rboccianti). Caracterul ,,iu ,rfara iegii" al incadririi la
succesorii lui Caravaggto si indeosebi la Pieter van Lacr, zis
,,il Bamboccio", a fosl dejr remercat de teoreticienii artei
italieni. Se cuvine si ne oplint Ltrt morletlt asLlpra criticii 1or,
spre a inqelege mai bine sensul ,,barnbociadei".lui Yelizqttez.

Passett tt.-.littt intr-uua din biografirle sale de pictori o de-

scriere evocatoare a manierei iui Brrlboccio:

,,.,.Ei era aparte ir-r reprezelttarea realitalri in siue, astfel ir.rc,it
tabloutile sile pireau o fereastri deschisa, prirr crrL'e te r'.derlt
i,rptele fira tlci o distanli sau schimbare."14

La prima vedere, ;rcest pasaj po.ltt' sllscita dilene . Oare
Alberti nu caracterizase deJa piciura ca pe o ,,fere:rstr:i cles-
chisi"2s? Ce diferenqi existi, aqadar, irltre un Banboccio 9i

reprezentarea clasici? Ser-rsul textr'rlui devine insi evident
dai;-l citirn nai atent. La Alberti, fereastra deschisi era o

26

l7

9r ISur rePrslroS 'air,n-rslr1ldsE,r as-ra^rP tEP nE-s aJEqe-rl

-Lrr rtsEaJE xT '!,rnl3rd o 1lf E,\Lrrl1l a3r+ e-ap LLroA? ll3Ep nES

'ata;ad Lrr EItJ,r a,reprl]lsJp o tol rlru rS a nu ElEp Lurqertur au

ps ririprda.rplrr r+ LrrE tllur gtrrapr^a Jp tetr etse rJntarEl 'uu1d
Ir--lnJulJardprr8n-RrrsrrJuuarrrsSpInerta-r-ryrapeatolfaa,lr,,rr'i(arZrodrJ''alnrl,d)liuarzadr.lugrJntrlrar-birtrrzr:a1rrarlraLqnrlonl1'E1(Et-lZrnn'rr[zra)u8s,urLtqutrLJerrrprstusEJoSnavot,sp,foaJEdtr--'Jenu]prsra,errrJforu+ulrred"pl
Irrns Jl?s alelrp psrrr 'zanbzgla1 EI tsllrr ?zrelrorlrrinl rrur
E3 'uasl,rav Jp plep,roqp r:(ap asesnl punles lnrrryd rS urlcI
lnurr-rd J-rturp llJilsrlrts rrjrzodo 'rapa,n tntnd uru run: rSy

t,'J1rt"#t,,il;:
"- eJ cl rpl rurur,dt snfrrrInJro"l,q"BrrI,.',aJp'lat durl
r gs,, o I f, Jo q Lr'r rELU :J
ourlJp
Enop nES Inrptsl rrr

rol lr-rslres'zanbzclarl rn1 a1afrnos-rad ur.to"rd J.rrf, u]p rrlrpr,u
plezrrald prrp O '1-or33r:,rr-rr3 a;dsap nlcnl rSrlat esesnds
urssnod :nou Intot nl Jtsa nu lntdrg 'ra,,rr-rntrrd p -rote8n-rl
-srp" rin JJp-I up1 ad a'o;arlp:rrosquroulrgl-prsl E(plzrzrrJaul-rJlltrrrrr-rJ[Sr:sd?ndrap
'r-rntrrd rnou

lsel? rEruJoI 'atrtr]xJ-r ap lriaru8u-r1 nn ,,udn:ap" areod ra
11ta; trraruruela lrn 'trnt.rol'letrrapnrr pour Lrr rlep pzpa,rprl
a-rzrru,a,os)rr,o,ao,qrullrrrrlgrpronul rr.nrtrssrraJr-arJgt"rq'(eauootzrufntarryupu-p1a" olflatp unJlL)
^irllPrl lfuoiti.
atetrraza,ida,r
'?,lPri(
rrrns alardr:; :plrtrraLrrrpun; eJrlr1rpoLLr o arrJu,TJqlE ro.rlsa-ra+
enpu ,rerT LrEA 'r,rassr4 n-ulrJd 'llre,rJof rS uaSouro 'lrnors 'tur c'icl x -

'9zurd rd r-

-Lr Jrurpr-rl nrle ds rnlrn Ec,rellraza-rdo,r'aurrlrrpt ur'r,rn Sr-1sap '079T-(rl9l ''t:'

os lrrJ-rEJ inlpJppur 'o;tsa;a1 rarrn lnrreld runca-rd rrroricrrn-; , ttt t1.1.,
alrrl rr d rrrr r8uurr rir;r:.rdn g' ra,trtra ds-rad rapotxr E r-ro-+plarlr
,].trl/\'1.,1 solti.

'zrnirzrlr.i

j.

-El

i:: '

esenliirlul pentrll irttelegcrea operci nu il constituie rispr-rn-

srrl, ei irrtr'.'b.rrc.t irt tiltc.
Aceast;r clin r-rmti sc cLtvitte, intr-Lln fcl, si rinlirl:1 itr sus-
pc'nsic. lnraginc,r .lin pl,rnr-rl doi pc-rate fi privita fie ca cr- fe-
siu nedefinit
reastr.t, fie in un t.rblour. Prin irlsusi caracterLll
ea iqi dezviluie in trnsarr-rblul
structur:r qi rolul figurativ

tabloului. Figurile sL1l1t repre zel-ttate in miniaturi 5i agezare a
1or ir-r spaliu estc coeretlii. C.e" ce se vec{e prin fere;rstri
(sau in iiterion-rl cadrului din tablou) este o bistoria, extrasi
dir-r Evalshelic. Chier in ipoteza in care ar fi vorba cle o fc-
re:lstril') i:ritrd si se vadi'o sceni ce sc desfagoari in calnera
vecini, accasti scenii estc reprezelltati astfel ca ea si ,'faci

p' icGtuersi"r.urile ^pacrpsoicrtru,rrie-ili.rlocscLildtltesnitacllcc.coMdrirl riicar,lcde(ltlpPi.1l dtri.,rdcitsit.er

iconografici
nq.rn*, ca la Aettsen, 1,r picioarele Donlnr-r1r'ri. Pozilia sa
meditativi rcia t-notivul, coilificat de o lungi tradilie' set.nui-

ficand i nactivit:rtea tr-rcditatrvi sau tnelancoli alo'

Oarc cutr-r se re alizeazi raportr:l clintre primul qi cel dc-al
doilca plan la Vclizqr.rez-? A prcsupung - i1$a curn s-:r licut
-Macritap:crrsonnuajeplerodvinoapiliitrdue cl apltacnostultnl'.tlcdieicalisi,cmdeuuccaanMdainrttaer5-i
pretarea la utiir't-tpas. Existi, desigur, corespo.trderlle' cc trc-
.MMairstecii:riai c'oripie'iriiurbinatetrlic'e1ioiir
iruie aorcciate la iust,r lor valoare
doi) cea a
.or"rp.rrtd. (in planul
d. cap se ase iuini de ase menea' Dar dirci arltitorul
bitranei deschide naratiurtea, gestul Maltei tru-i narcheazi
deloc incheierea. Ace:rsti incheiere este sell-]nalatl de n-rin;r
stingi a lui Christos, a circi vakrare retorici este aceea;i ca
la AJrtsen (,,Maria partcit cea buni gi-a a1cs")' Aceast:i corcs-

pondenqi a gestutiior face parte diltr-o tresituri a dialogu-
i.ri c. ,..,rt"ite ."le cloui niveluri ale imaetnii, la care coll-
triLruie, dc asetnene a, obiecte neinsuflclite' preculn ulirsa cliu
rlaturA morlrti, care-5i giseqte perec|e;r in t'urrsa cu c:rni cli1

planul doi.

Teoria artcr din a cloua iurnitate rr secolului a1 XVI-lca qi

din prima jumit:rte r celui de-.rl XVII-1e a pare.a fi ignorat

(exccptir-rd' citeva critici riuvoitoare) problemcle de expri-
,nrr.^;,tr" de dedublarea ir-nirginiior. Eite totll$i deosebit cle
scrrrni'lie rrir- lrprul ci dcdgblere.r picturali eprtre, irr. e clel.rlte
clomenii ."p.erer-,tirii, ca p"todi gt.-tnti c i.-Scli e ri le d esple

teatrll pa"rlea fi iras de pe u.ui ci, in prirnul rind, utaximuur

de protir posibil. Estc cazul lr.ri Chapclain care rbordcrzr
de .i.,lrl.."l ptcturaii in valoare a sa e"itnplari. Scrisoare:r sa
din 29 noiembrie 1630 citre At-rtoine Godear-r collstitllic

28

6Z

au (9LUa+ ra-raurt rnllo trl;d 'a-rut tield lnurud rrlp Ierrefs
rS etsa nlr 'gtuercrynsolnu atptlrJtle o-Jtul g;ntcrdTta"rl
1r-rzro Bure,i eP prElozl 3ls3 !lIIqIq PrrsJS rf,EC 'trrPlPll-Lq LIIP
-serJJ

rar ad Is grl1qlq vuats 'duu *u1ala ut 'apan rnln;olr.tud 1e
,,snud-rns Innllo" -rEoC '?s rtrtaza,rd ap atrrattsuor IJ ,IE JIa I.)
?ttslr nlr JrLUrfi 'lJtsEa,reJ/rJrttErutt rsa,rt-rd nrt rrrld lnurr.td
rrrp alallrros,rad 'rn]nolqpt J]E r-rnrruld Enop ,Iolel tarPI

-ozr Jatsttazrzlraan-rbzriegltalratnrnIlJlllstoJJlqr rEl prrrnrrzl rua]d'rt;t1rttHJJurlruJtJaf l'rarIi-dInalrJ"Aralrdr
ur:d

rnop aial e-ulrr ,,urc-r!duarr rirrepr.ridap" llJlE rJsEJIrquts
rs Jrnqe-rt artf 1IuJ,I,seutrs-rad'.r.n(srlrlnqtrrf-lrItqlu;"J-'lIlrf-truneBzlsJarpdast;se11E1In:,TrLaIr-rIaoJ8

rS) rnln,rorr.tr,rd

prrir:ds rS ,,uSiu" J,ulrrp rJ-rolrof plirds lnuode; ap p"rnrrrcl
ur gtrp atsa '1a annds eLI 'e-IEl eirtlun 'rlepnnc;s eauutlcr.
rS rludrorrud uartnilcE artLIIp glt,TodLLIJt eatettun trild
-urr urrladeqf Inl ,ro1u1e,uasqo r gprluasa rlttrcasrto3

'toe.rrp poru Lrr ylvzr.^ arsJ ElEIqnpJp Ea-Ictuaza-rde-t ',,atrur:d

-epur JirJnueld q nes aStn Ltt" Jtenlts euetlnruls aptnrlrr
ul p,r3]a,r as putsf, rsrrntr 'rcq'zanbzEIJA n?s uJSlJav lnl a]u
alar runca-id ',,-rerrrarualSol Inlnolqrt" a1e rttrutl t,rnztl JtStn

1l-nr1:rqt'ons-aradrpuarJnaEa_t+,rlso8J'a,f,,rats,rgpertr'rr,ca,ZtutrI:alar1tnr8tzat'ruqer"r,tr.entrpottlJrqStlrurt"aJ.arPa;dylrslJParpae+EleZIJxneJt,sErrrIrterardPftlx1(rPIq
'orrtrJr.+rrnlras rELLr elel eJrulp t; u atsapa,toP as ES urliolorr

-rLrr,rel';,rtolEia^a-r aP IIqJSOJP E.IaILIITLLI o-Jlul PlulqllPJP

ranr8urnr a;dsap EZEJTzJf gc rninldey tpnll uJ 'gur ap lctltc
-iJOtsr rrrnate rriind su-rrt r 'rnaza-td rtr grrcd '[ustd tsrcy

:orr.u-rd ad tuorse,rd*rl I t ep ,,rS:JJJ:1il"fft';fi'J:;'Jili

rilsn,r+ -rt s rS 'alttrraza,tcle; iolelJJrqo EalrtISllt1 ap urinrrSttrrr
rzaclnrrl u ap 1r-rlo1r:d Ep rr-s t'ugs 1nso1o] Jrd)^ -Itl:rrls alaSLrt
rs us pug8rlqo ',to1t-tn,rrtr1 tr JIIlrJ-rtttlle za-rclo,r
rn,rd souzra-rrcrlo-rrnisonInrarLlJros
tS gEut'lrtor !s tra EJ tol LII'alapt-t1
o rs JlnqJ,rl J-ml JsJrrorlro In]nn]Jo t a-taputrdnt ap r:a-rarrtd r:1

urntrrd trdrpr,rr b^ t1u BJtp !l utlnzJ-I Jt JPtrlt ap ir-rriuds ltrutlut
u11 1rl Ilulr-rrr] otso Eeutlliru taart ap tS a,rr.u-rd o-,rtLrIP 1-l-Il11l
Iu(prnzrrrlrsldrEJaeJpJpJrraslrnrtrqarrrrsrJelnpJdJt r1t:arar uraL,lrretdr:tta-ardt:dnJuJf,orIJ.n\ EJlrs.l\loJo]a1rltal:.'t\alI'ttttorl"rrrtugr-dtpoclpldrutrprrrasltp,-tuitr-c-tntltrl-1ato1rddt
rrr r-rts aSnr ui alatlE lS gzust rtttr rrJEP;rrt'EIudtltt-td artLrti:t o

lrrJp rsoloJ r:'\ r1u -rotrlrJSap rtnq un EtrlPolf,lu a-Itl III'a;ulttaut
-a13a.r alr,rnolqtl ur tl ItrLUrotuI gldurtlrrr as'sttdo sIIJS lItl ,IluI
arir,rrduroc r,usrro,\tJLrLlrnp tudo.tcl ap L\JJs prst t a;ds t("

:clurrl ap rriqtrun ronlalclo"rd u-tclnsr ttir:ctpur alr:iioq trrtr rTc:)
arrrinor 'EJI-IIAX IU ]lrlolas n-Ilrrad 'e-IpJ st-tJs InlriJrtrtlfoP

prir('itc. S;rect.rtolr-rI cstc tottic'lrrti ,,plir.ittrr" si ,,prir.ir". F.l -1. \'c l.izurrr z.

t rcbr-r i c sh opcr.cze rclrlti.t intc r-tertLr.rl;.r. ..ilr.(' l6l S.
,-tlti pc 1.,1117;.
Lrr intrcbarc,r dc ,r gti cl;rci Vcl:izqr-rcz :r cLllI()scLlt ()per-i.l 55xllSint,
I )L rlr l in,
lni Picte t- 1\crtscn, sc porltc r-ispunclc in nrod ,rfirnr,rtrv, .:hi,rr \.rLr,,nel (,,rLlerr
drrci ircea.sti cr,rr-ro:r5terc rr lost pt obrbil inrlirectir. Un ;rlt ol I rclanrl,
,,t;rbltrut clcdr-rblirt".rl nr,rcsrrr.rlr-ii s;r.111iel, i\ltt/atra (citrc (,olcetia It,crr.
1618) o c'lcuronstre;rzi (il.3). Prinrul plrrn rcp.,rezirrt:i lrn ir"r-

tcrior c'le br.rcitirie , 'rcl lcirl.oril!c.ra.no.frcursi."l.r'frcivncrli;gr,t,cPJeulenerini si1cocrrc i'c-
ligiorrsc':,,Pelcrinii clin

lrrn;rus" rr fost ,rclescrr ,rborclati de citr-c Aerrscn si discipolii

sii, crrrc xll pus in evidcnti inrplic.rtiilc s;r1c er-rhrrristicc. C)

grar,Lrr:i clc Jacob M:rthanr, c:lrc a putt-rt scn't rlrept intcrn'rc-

rli.rr in cazul dc fali (i1. -l), nc pernrite s:r linrlrrinr lr-rcrurilc.
l'.a po:rrt;i in lcge nda (5i in l:rtini) irrscri pri:r Lr nrlirr ),rre :

,,lisus cstc rccLrlroscllt clLrpi {chrl in c;rre rlrpe piinc.r". lnrlu

piir-rce clin Enrirus $i ostie sc strrbilcStc dccr o lcgitr-rr:i

cs eltti;11i.

E1-'iso,-{ul dirr Euraus l2rcc p;rrtc din ciclul aparigiilor lui

.lisr-rs du1-,.r Inr icle. ln grrrr.nr:r lui Acrtsen-Mith,u-n, .tccst
cr:u';rctcf ilparte :rl inr:rginii cste subliniat ptin artificiul

pe rde lci, cirre ,,clczviluie " imrrgine ir cir pc o scc'ni cle terrtrus4.
l.e Vclizqucz, cilrac-tcml vizionar rrl rcprczcnririi cste recl;rt

prir"r ropos-ul fcrcstrci. Nici o rullriguitrrte cle asti clrrti, in
privinq,r caractcrului clcschicicrii. Ccea ce tulburi insi esrc
\
ltitudine:r nrulrrtrei 5i :rspe ctr-rl ,,instebil" .r1 obicctclor, insu-
llclitc parr,r, dc nr"r srrllu rrcr.rztrt. la.
In nristic:r spaniolii existrl un tert cclcbrr-1 pc cirre inr;rgi-
I{j
nea lui Velizqucz parc a r.rca si-l ih-rstrczc. Esre r'.rrbr rlc un
prrsilj (1i1r (.,arIca intcmeicri/ol c{c Slintrt Te rcz-rrl5: F--

,,Crrraj, tiicclc me1c, nr.r vi pierdeti nadejdea; cind spre .r vi -1. J,re olr \1.rt hanr.
I:cnttic olantlcz,i
sriprir're trcbuie s;i.rveti qrijir tle 1r-rcrr-rrilc cxtcrroarr', chi:ir ir.r ,tdttiind pt ;rt'

bucltirie, trebr-rie si intclegeti ci pin;i si printre o:rle p.-rseste in!t ,t t.tintt.i
Donrnul, ajlrtindr,r vri in lucrtrrile irrterir-rrrrc ctr 5i in celc cxte
(c1np.i Ltr.i t.rbLiiu tlt
rto,tl-e. -"
i)ietcr .\ertsrn),
Dlc:i Vcl;izquez cLlnosteir ilcest tcxt, e1 gti.r desigr-rr ci
rllqiciLurcrl (tem:r nrrjori rr rncclit?ltiilor Sfintci Te rcza) estc iner1.u1p] serolr.rlLri
Tcecxptar-brilliSsfiiin;rtdeui'cIIefrccnza:sr tcrasltietuc' vtriacnlcscnetnLcrle()nntsrrilLinrrAint,r,;frinicccnlotir.
Martci". Ccle dor-ri t.rblolrri ,rlc lui \"cl:iz.c1r-rc.z, unul prezcr-r- .rl XVII-lcr,
tindu-lc in planr-rl doipe M:rr-ta 5i Mrr,irr, cclilelt lisincl sii sc gralur.i in.rr.1lli.
intrer',rdir, printr-o fcreirstri clescl'risri,,,Cinrr din Emrrr-rs ", ll.9 x .l 1,9 e nr.
pot fi consicleratc ca vlli.rlii pe .tcc.lst:t tt'r.r.ri. I):tc;1 in prinrul
trrblor,r (il. 2), pictorul plirs,r in ,,niqi" (fe rcrrstri? t.rblou?) un
episocl clin viaga pinintcirsc:i a 1ui Christc-rs, in al rloilcrr (il.

3), el rlcschide ,,fereirstr:r" citr-c o ,,,rp;rritic".

3C

T

Il'aLrrs Lrr rr-rPtLraza-rdo,r €LLrelqoJd Is

'rr.rNluJZJJdJ.r iE IUJOTU InSLIaS I?[Inti nU - IJUE EIJO]SI UI EIEP
urolufr.trsdaon?.r'trutnazdzJxlueoledqL-LTEslrtlis1s'JriPr''aP.OrLaU;rpLIrISt:nzrErepzntt^rlnnul-IlsolELIuIPlqlunlollf;,
rol - nr,rot?urqluor 1n--rol aza-rado gs
truqa-It eal-aIEq3tuIuatl ilatsa
1T 'sncJnsa.rd etsa rnp-rott,rt-rd Inrle^tJt
'tlnzrl

'!ri:

mlni,
'l I

J fi 11.

!2.

'LlP I

'r l.':

i.ra1yr. r

'LLl

'! rl:

''l].

II. Ceneza naturii moarte

ca proces intertextual

L. Parergon

Problenrcle referitoarc la rrprrrili,r geur,trilc,r artisticc

nodertrc (n:-rtLlra rnortrti, peisajr-rl, sccnelc dc intcrior...)
snnt dep,rrte cle a fi fost eh"rcid.rtc dc istoria:,rrtei. NLr cste
r.orba, in paginile care Llnlcilzi, cic o tcntativi clc a courpli-
ni :rce:rsti lacr,uri, ci dorrr cle tur cfort mcnit si dezvirluic rolr-rl
jucet clc r"nccanisncle itrte rtcrtualc ir-r rrpariti.r n.rrurii nru.r'tc

c;l gel1 indcpcndent.

Ant rnut clej,r ocazi,r si tetn;rrc cllnr - l,r un Aettscu, clc
pildi - ,,natllril mo.rrti" se c{efine,r prin ,,opoziqie ". ,,Netu-
ra nroarti" prezent:rt:i de tabloul din 1552 (il. 1)nu cr;r in-

deperrde rrui, ci in stattr nasc'cndi. Prinrr-rl plrrn cr-r obiccte nu
avcrl sens clecit in raport ctt imagiuea biblici c'lin arierpl,rn.
L):rr cxpcrienl:r lui Aertscn nlr estc, o d;rti nrar nrult, solitari.

Ei1 aparc ca o vcrigi capitali in lunsLrl l,rn1 al tr:rclitici pic-

turrrie.

l)ennrrirca de ,,r1r1tllri r-uoart:i" * cleuumi,e tirzicl - este
un Oxir-noron. Cum po:lte oerc llr1tut:1, a circi princip;rli cali-
t;lte cste via1a, sa fie mo:rrti ? Exista itici uu par,rdox I cc ttu

po:lte fi deprrqit, chi,'rr claci se recllrge la dcnumirile originrle

pe carc ,,natLlra r.uoarti" lc prinrise ir-r sect-riul al XVII-lca:

stillcven, oic co1,e etc. Este vorba lncre Ll dc un sr,rbstantiv acl-

jcctivat, iar adjcctivarca (sli/, co)/ etc...) e rrnrrrrzice tocmai

ce e ;1 ce in substantiv (/caen,,,viaqrr") cra intriuscc: t-niqcarc,r,

in caz-ul de f:rti viata.

O alta metodi, utilizati in:rintc si c'lupi .rp.rriti.r te t'nleltLr-

Iur stillcaen, colrst:1 in ,r clesemll?1 reprczetltare;1 cLl trutlelc

obiectulr-ri reprezcrltat, de uncle acele J't'ttl,tagic, banlectie satt
ontbijtcn qi olandcze, ,rcelc
flamancle flcurs, dc gibiar ou bdo'odbcjgeotncfrs.rusci eJ-zloi,rcsrro'tts-t
spirniole , pictr-rra dc

pittttra di cosc piccole it:rlianii.
Acerrsti din urn-ii notlunc, utilizati de V:rsrrri i, gi car e rrre

meritul de :r fi o incer-care dc generalizarc, estc o pllnte cc

duce ciitre Antichitate, expresi;r cose piccola ncfiind pare-se

decit o trallspunerc :r primei denttu-rili P(' care rlaturil

moarti a cllllosclrt-o, :rdici o trrrdllcere libcra .r acclei rho-

pographid despre care vorbca Pliniu cel Bitr-ir-r:

32

tt

JiJlulllr qnS (eJ?s aruLSauJ Ur atB,rtsolr:I ep atrrrorirrJru JuEorr-r

elr,rntErr Lrr Eas?3JJ as lsruorzr-llr JJtlEJllf rsEIOlv 'ruaseLUO:)

ap at?sEI llpJa ('lta rfudrnrs r-rnqLurs 'arSad ap aseo) a1r-rnlsa; ec

ppra-rc ps prEJ 'fu-prtssJ'-jrortnrL,trrn.rdalarrdnlaslaaSt ryrralo-p,1s-atu,IJuporl^7JrrprocLlLrrraLzrrau;dmaqr

-J-It InrIEZotr i
(etr-rnttnrau e,rarurc) sotl.to sololpsz op elJurnrr qns tnJsolrnf
L'-Lrt'nsplrlr.qJratllrrloarrorgrsltJreurr]ro]urnuurrrrpJUo.ru'r-oriururaor ;uqrnplr'r8rr.zuiaaJ.L.1rLdruo-rr.Jrpl JrstlS)oa-solooEsl -lnrntt.rlr:o.Irdncrdl'r.rerszroplrtt.rrrualrpnrr
- azJp-roqt ps tu(r13arr E nlr rJl,m llr,rotsI 'nrJllr,rJl rJrl rJt J-rlrrrp
]ntlu nrs lnur ad rr8a1r,tr-rd ateod ro1 ra-rrzrurdr-r rup '(JtuJZJ.rd
lLrns JtEp JtsJJU'pt-moru rJnluLr alrJo LrI'rr-rgluaza-rda-r

1c 1r'.rnt:rdrtJLu lnr,)lJu.rr.) :.lolult.rJlrl ,,rnrrrrrrti,rS.rp" pJJpt :( ln
-1rto.1-tdutoli !rlu+ JP Inz1:J lll)Vlsltlolzllll B).tr]lt)zJ;da-r :ttu.rE
-rJ.\rroJ rSap 'rrr.ralrp rrlr,rrloru ap atr:iia1 'alrtrieurrpull; JtEp
lJrl rrl Jp
pun'rr-uroraddront;rntsarroEo]JEEArrrJSrrllur--rrundt3rrad,rueaJ8EJ,,lnl^onrS"r tseov
eJnltli"
prito rcrrnla 'mzleJ rcLU eloJes EAalEl ,,el;eour
nou urp IJ 'lueza;d
IEpLJLrrrEol^u^IernStrJnrllnJulcoafrqnnJslf,pnu'rrtrsr,erropvrz'rr',lrrurmtnalazsa,urdraar,rr
E elsruorznir

ln.rllrr,rpl JJtrrrp IntsrJtuoo ad gteraruatrrr rc (ua8 ap rr,rnl
-rrd u rS) Jlr€oru rrrlltrrr rriirrdu Rtset€ nrurld urp lnfrsr:4

'rr.racpld Es-rns Jrntrlslrof

a,rtl IeJ atsa (nrs Intlerqo nu nrSrr)uruldptanpaz'ter.;rdraldl rIutntspruoorruznllrrl
'.rol!lJSul ln-rJtJrlrJ :rsrrsrrr
'rtsp JlsJ lnsrrndspX lr.rnr:rd JIsJJ? Jp uluJuJO,rd lsuTinpc u1
-aumsuot) ,,EsndsJrr ea-iace1d" ptsrroo aJ uI 'rnlntsrl,rr elnpe
o e-rro ad ,,eurrc1 e-rELLr reLrr EJJ" rS -rolarra(ns ,,EJlElrleutq"
a-rllrr FlElieru aricrpertuoJ o - pzrrurlqns o l-lrlrrld rS - .rnf;rs
-aP ElsIxE i,,alun,IBLLI allatqo" roun Ee-TBlttaza,tdrr rrr.rd gtrp
-uuqop EetetrrqJIar a-reo. ecrldxa arrod as wn3'a1f'a,L3odot ayt

rarrllrnuep ur llretsrxa elap rcrgrroJ un ez)zne-rlrroJ gs telap
alEJ nu uorrrorr e"rntudalul '(a,reotersn8zJp 'JJrtrsol JlJJrqo

cp eJrtneze;dc,r',, r,r?p,rnui e;ntcrd ") a{ul8 o tudz.r ap raarl rrr

(um1tfi suouttu) a{atSodot ap rarrnriou 'rnlnlrsud prrrS,rrys

rl 'yrrr.roJSrrr'.r1 ,)rpJ'nrrrrld El JtLn^nJ;p.loI rnun ejuezt.rd
TAJIJT ateod ag 'ellrQasoap arluate o EtrJaLLr fusrd isacy

ar'L*rro srrr ar.rro; a-ra d o rgra p d*rnr s,".,,.|l,filt lli J:f |lff1Ix
op sndsatr llrns alrs eirrllolgrl 'ytatSowdu u1r:"rod snpr

?-r el paJJ 'a-reolnrrruasr rll1rl11l allt rS oupllJnq ep rrzr,lord
a''Jr--IrrrtrrL8rlnrrrurErJLl'.rr\r-Jrrlrqarrlcr]zs'-rrrotl1apJpsrJSrtrErp-lrrrralrutrrlqrrS;pp.qrqr:rrarurprr'prlJr.l)guJ,r.rqtp\.Jr'drtSdtrrn.s1troi:ratl1urrrr,.plruorlIqJEtoJp'JElrquErlttr]s+a
rut'-aqs.arlaar8aotlartr:rrtrrlcrr^rr-Jtlprdsan'l.rrrrE-arrxpprurlJJr-itrspnuJ,errirpnadrdrrrnetrirrr:nrS5rnr1tap8tsoIn)n!rSr-r:E.tlrrunJrArllaclJutaartsrdprrlurrnrv-tru"d

*&iffiffi

,ef ,d

',lSli

Wi:'::$:.:i:T$Tllf ,

de xeniaT, cr-r cleosebirc:a cI acolo era r-orb,l c'lcsprc aclevlrate
tablouri transprortabilc, reprezcntitrd,,d,rr-r-rri" pictatc. lnra-
ginile prime.lll un caclru pictt-tr:rl ilctir' (nigi, ;rdincitur:r ;.t
zidulLri ete .) c.rrc .rr-e;r sI cunoitsci o c:rrierii striluciti.

.r+

It

'lZSl tllJLLi ( ) tl

Irassirl.L rrirrl{,

(rur 'P1rPfl .'

sriz x c's:
'urur1 rtl r:1:
,06, I -O3f J .r_Df :

'(la;1 rt''

nInllllllls^-1f,.\l.l i*l _
17r.
ualI ti,{
iti]
'8rrqura1,,q .-rrr1
1 ,l:A

lr' :'.-,

:i

tlJIsrntoEE,,IIOl,sIIrPIJdEJPIydJo{rJ(ro(urtrrrudfl IyullIP1'el1rrfl,3tlIqlasrraIorUs-ur?eEn'JWplL^IlJrIu'naerl].nlSrtlarrI]l(ll,s"qlrr'Elt9rorri'El]JlIgPsr)totrlanpl-,1z!r,1E,nJrrll,PlJJriLfSdlSIJnPJrPSuE,r",IrnlLnJIeLlgJur-LlrlEJlsr+JPrJElurIlJrJsleLiIql,I-lErAl"lIlAXiclI) i]:
lr InlotJs urP a]du-raxo EAJIEI Jl-r!oLLr rr-r11]1rLi
iil
E-a'aJlULJPrnrlnrqJJqLSrrEPEJuLPlLntesrltOurJerPnruq-JrrortlruSerJseedr8sunr'ulrsEllIloJnnillnuf]pnsflrrriruEl-lr+oEd,is+zu"En,ErJPLiPrrrrrr,rI^rJnrerSuPppraurroz-oruoErrbril"Lu!fnler-nsl+lJ-fn-ErrPrslJUtlrrrrraJtfZ,STfJJso,JrldJduEiJru.-u+rr '6l l rrllo(l 'i' Ji
urlrflrol E JP etEtrlrqrsod rlftrn 9,reJO PsrN 'Prz rrr !]lrrulu-rd
Er uze Jlro Ijrunj elIUISEnlI'lr:1 r1-E .r rlP -r(rl I.Tn( \ I q '-i-t r-i,' iiiil
J,I J PILIIS JP o
'trrxtUezJrdJ,r rriE-+E-rdns rl na,rartr el-nPUr]rod ufrrlpofl'p-rolr.\ ''.,1:
elr-rnz?f, uJ t::'r.
'ltts\'a' :a:,
In-sp^r-l'rrrrd',oisJllJSulErnalriacE,lrroJJ-+rdlorsrrusrlcrSrlrilro,rrJfd.IsIn^JurSdueJJU,,+rErurllouucdr{'Jltl:uLtcrrrrirrfa-,rr-rirrr1-drrdlJp.Lurrroiqrusur'JrinlrdLlnrxrupJrJ-EJrlS
V sodq u1r o]sJ usrrr o-,rlur Jl-ruoru rrJr-]tru uJ,rEsrlldruv Jl I.l)(llrlu:l :: ,f]

t s.) til)l l<l J.t,'-: il:
Lllll P.nt:tfrLlr.
i
'0af l clf l r.[r
,il,r.
'{1r1lr: r'

)t) trt.tlil-:

'Pll)u11:irllll:
rJr_rfl\ Injt\f,1r1\

problenrelc puse de operil sa re:llrilr, reactualjz:rte, aproape

dupi un secol, intr-un alt mourcnt critic, reprczelttilt, intrc

alqil, de un Aertsen sau dc un Bcuckelacr.

Pagir-ra din cartea de rugiciuni zr ltri Lngclbert de Nrrss.rtr
irrfiqi5irrd Adot'ayia Magilor (citr.e l+S5, il. 5) prezinti dc'i.r
structlrra dedr-rbl:rti ce va fi rrdoptrti sr-rb o alti formri, citrc

1550, la Anvers. Cadrul irnaginii, cirttirr in mod trrrdiqional i

se rezervir motivc decor:rtive plirte, clcvine aici tridinret-isio-

nal. El este ocupat de obiecte avind evelltlrel o semrtificatie
sir-nbolica (pani cle piun, de pildii, cstc o trirt-iitere la co-

rlirnditar). Accste obiecte sunt plasi-rte in nige ce incottjo:rrri

ir"naginea central;. Ctrcalecl.idlioounia, lni iavci'llrt"rrrsitrsirpgate!.iiaalcn,:lurlem.inpairgtcingiii
strllctlrra
contrazic

:rtesti ingerinlr-t ttnor experier-Ite ille prcturii pe lentn iutr-ltt.t

me dittm str:iin.
M:rniera clc replczetrtare a uigeior gi a cibie ctclor ce se afli

in ele este de un iluzionism eviclent: cstc suficieut si re-

nrarcinr prezen[a ur-nbrelor ptlrtate sprc a avetr dov,rda ,tces-

tui fapt. Lr raport cu aceast ,,cadru", irnrrgiuca centrali
apartiie unui spaliu de o calitate tot:ri cliferrta: orizoutttl

plerdr-rt al peisajuiui evoci o ,rdincime nelin-ritati. Noutrrte:r

Maestrului Mariei dc Burgundia rezrdi in transforrltarea
aga-rrumitelor marginalia in imtrginc picturali gi in inrbina-

rea a doui niveluri spaqiale iu irtteriorul unci siugurc

reprczcrltiri. ,,Natura nloarti" sc opLlne astfel scenei bi-
blice, precurn cadrul fali de tabloui cadrul line de lut.uea

,-ro^stti, cat ciespre iuagine, ca este o cleschidct-c citre o :r1ti

realitate.

Cam in aceeagi epoci, uig:t. cu l-iittllri lttoarti ap:rre gi ir-r

pictur,r pe lernn, rlll cr1 marginaLia spalializatc, ci ca o
i'ep.ezeniat'c fieurand pe rcvcrsul dipticurilor qi tripticr'r-
rilor. S-a discuiat muli in jurul ,rccsttti feuouretr, tnai irie s

pentrll a lti daci aceste reversuri de tablouri trcbuic considc-
iate niqte adevirate natttri moarte inc{ependentc. S-a pierdr.rt

astfel din vedere esenliaiu1 prcibiemei: aga cur.It tcclc mar-
ginalia..ale Maestrului Mariei de Br-rrgundia sc opllneaLr
I)tagillll urcastl';1te, :lceste rcvcrsuri cle tablouri nu pot fi

ingelcsc dec,it ginind seal-rra dc rolul 1or opoz.ilional ir-i raport

cu im:rgine,r prezenti pe il\'ersLll tabl.''ului9. L,lc fornreirzi rc-

-,,,ersul in-r"sii-rii, ,e,eri,,Ipictur-ii. E1c ofet-.i o ,,;rlti reprez-en-

tare", o irnti-iuagiue, o anti-pictttril0.

Daci mini:rturile Maestrulr,ri Mariei dc Burgr"rndia pot fi
corrsiderate nigte exen-tplc stti generis cle ,,imaeine in intagi-

ne", in schin-ib, teversurile t:rblourilor trcbr.ri.' inqelese cr-t
ni5te ,,imagini indlritul irl,rgini1". Citeva exemple pot li

36

lf

rerinrsrp Intxeluof, n,nuad'tuet;odurr relri Jlsa al Eee) 'e tllle
udo io,r. Eru nu Ern-rel u,idnsr lrloqlLrrs Ior un -rnHrsap ne
alrrolC 'r;ol-+ nl sE.\ un prreurirro: aStrt tatsarr eant8rutt -trop
ra,re-+o as r rlrln.iotr,tr-rd ,rrr 'apqrzr,trrr l'rueualep rrropri4 rS
lnla"n,rod'srqrrrr ela lnoudrp plrrl rf,ulltv 'fuoprry o rot lrq
tJ-arlqs-loeu,ornddupmrJrLruzrrnnorIL-nrldsr,nrrcJJlen:-rtrptdtlErrpJrJJrptnsuaJntfsralnren:i1uuoa;r!pE?u,ar'a!d^'anrlEp?SulJl,]rn'rpt,eurrrrre-arppt1rrrSa'andllrroopt
-ur tnre^Jp trraurEe;; rnrrn r:it1 rir ruglqe eri ur tisa-rdrirt ra,rr

uu-LrrLarrIt8rnrryddn'(a1q1pu'ltr),urnorrtlpql Jln?rrp'?luzWrtsevzrAerrsp(rErrg'a]lrs)tsg!,rirr:lgr'ptriurrrrrlta'rrapr-lrordur nzurtrrsrrSrzatrrr.rttr:,1ur1prutat'3il.urrtrrn1:

'l93 I P'\o:rtl'1:.:

orlrllrllfr()uf.
.

riur f'91 'P LIJ l

x c':-

'lrr lLrirN-r:

rtl lltrlrrrl:
'0elT-cll'l r-rl

'r.) ti

;:d ttuiltjsu.t solrL.

'rrpuril.rn1l -

lJiir:1\ l11_n!Jfl\

prezente, estc f:rptul ci niga trebuia si apari c:r o porgiune

,,reali" a zidului. $i aceasti fluctuatic intre in-rerginc gi reali-

tate constrtulc tocmilr caracterlstlca nrajori a reversLllLli

tabloului.

Printre obiectcle reprezelltate de obicei pe versoul ciiptr-

curilor Ei tripticurilor-, existi unul care vr1 cul1oa$te gloria qr
va dep5gi limitelc secolului al XV-leir: craniulla (il. 8). Ncg.r-
tivitatea :rbsolutd :r obicctului (evidenta urli rlcs c.rnrl estc
privit ca o proieclie inversi :r portretului) sc conjuga cr-r
iluzionisrnul ostentativ al reprezentirii. Craniul cste neg,r-
tivul portretului, aqa curn ,,dosul" este negatir-ul ,,1etci".
Fa1:r este sp:rgiul collsacrat,,in-r,rginii", reversul siLi cstc
spaliul consacrat ,,adevirului". Niciod:rti ,,natlrra" nn rr fost
rnai ,,moarti" dccit in aceste incunabule aie eenuh-ri, c:rre
;rtesti deja convcrgenta celor trei tenc nrajore: trompe-l'oci/-

ul, nretapicturah-rl,'o anit a s -ul.

Chiar dacl opoziqia faq:i/dos nll cstc trnica oliqinc .l n.r-

tllrll llloarte, r1u este n-rai putrin :rclevirat c:i prin-rele naturi

lroarte independente vor:rpirea atunci cincl ,,reversr-r1" r'a fi
cucelit crlrc cecil ct' flrscsc
,,,rr erslrl". Va fi niorrrcrrtrr I irt

iniqial conceput c^ anti-imdginc va deveni imagine in sine.

Arn vizut deja, vorbind desprc Mrcstrul M.rrici dc Btrr-

gundia, ca o problemi similali se plulerr referitor ier aparitirr
acelor marginalia in trompe-l'ocz1. Estc \'()rba intr-ltlt'vir'

aici de o problerni paraleli, cici raportul dintre tnarginaLia

gi in-i:rgine este pi ul1 raport de opozitie intre imagirrc st hors-
imagc. Acest caracter-,,paratextual" ;rl naturilor moarte in-
tegrate reiese in mod clar din cele r-nai cclebrc pagini alc
c5rlri de rugiciuni apalginand aceluia5i maestru, pistrati
astizi la Viena (11. 7). Dedubl:rre;r reprezerltirii intr-un

prirr-r-pl;rn corlstitLrit din obiecte qi un al doilea cuprinz.ind
fanum/prolnn,,* ,,
icerra sacri sc intemeiazi pe dialectica :y'
reflecta operele lui Pieter Acrtsenl5.
se va mai tirziu in :
Aceasti dialectici este cc)ncretizati aici in opozilia ,,vizi-

une/realit:-rte" .

Nu pot rnelltiorla aici roate problernele riclicatc dc aceastl

opozilie. Voi remarca doal cri-arcul fcrestreil(, prin car-e sc
ziregte bistoria delimiteazi tot cce;l cc se rrfl,i in f;1ta sa c;1
bors-cadre .,,Natrira l-r-roartii" nu este mai puqin inclpLsi itt

pagina :rnlun-rinati: ea este qi in;rgine , d,rr dintr-o motiviqie qi
cu o senrnificaqie diferite. Primul plan c,r ,,sin-rilire irliti,rte" cstc
Lrn motiv ptczert deopotrivi qi in pictura pe panolllT. Este

suficient un exemplu printre atite;r altcle spre a iuqelege

variagiile pe care le poate adopta opozigi,r (il. 9, 1 0, 1 1 ).

Obiectele cirora tradiqia le conferisc deja o valoare simbo-
11.;ts (dar care se giseau de obicei presiratc in spaqiul iurir-

38

6e

POLu rrr E-r3 'lJEIErlrrnrctllIdl1-Irl-rrrpEtIudeJz?aO-IdPar(rJuIErlrJ?lZlqeerldeeldrruarllJ,roll1trr3rald1
JrtuIC
Jt?ot

rc 'rr-reldurrtnr '-rn8rsap 'ezra;olrp as nu ]Epun,1 ur snrdutt atsa
lnfr:srad oo eLrrJ-rA ni ,rolr.tud ap rrrdo-rdr l?ur Ief, lnrreld Bdnco
:Eaprrllntutrrrrdeclollnr;ldnrnga'[8esuraad,TrugrstoelorStEa tloa.'raa)uiliuSrLzzLuII'/ar]tutttlouLoL:I)
!t,rEorLr 'lJllLlT\l,IJll(lr\
E,rnlELr
111azntrr'\ilol-lr|( l
J-r'pl 'rr,rrtLrazetda-r E JJEfr;nu.rls o EI r:qr,r8ep r?ur LLmlsrsV
',LuUrur rll9,ixagl,
-''rurarrnr113drlznlongdurraur-pordrTIJnnurEtsIAtauJrnInlnrsr-nl,st,ratelrqrtyrndpprrlrapurJda-"rtlItnS8LlrrurrtfgtrlteppJJruSnotnrdtlrsturJolurfrIle'(-trrqtlnrOI8p i

'(:lrtlotl tn-i,'

Inslf,.!J.r) -itrl1Li"

u.\n.Ifl lJrluf1q \

9..foos vrn (,Lcle, fcczoara tu Prtncul
pi urt tlon,rtot, c.itrc l513, trmpe re si ulci pe
lenrn, Nnr \',rrk, \'ietnrpolit.lil \'hrsnlnr.

tradigional obiect de picturi. Prinul 9i ultir-nul plan - llatura
rnoarti qi peisajul - sunt inci, fati cle MtrdonS, l-ri$te parcrgd.

2. Para- ca. ergon

Nagterea lloilor genuri. picturaie.va cipita, din accasti.
perspectivi, caracte rul uner deturndri sau, dac:i vrem, al unei

cupuri. Apiruti ca m(lrgindlia, ca revers, bors-d'oeuore ,

imagine-cadrw, intr-un cuvint ca pdrergon, ltatura lroarti
va deveni, in secolul al XVII-lea, ergon.

Este indispensabil si ne oprim aici asupra unci probleme
de ordin terminologic. Noliturea de parergon (para = con-
ua; crgon = operi), pe care am utilizrrt-o dcja in nai rrulte
rinduri, este o notiune istoricegte inteneiatri: e a de ser.nna, in
retorica antic;, figurile c1e stil adar-rgate unui discursle, iar, la
Pliniur0, orrrarrrentele adiugate unui tabl ou (1td d e n d n). T et-t -
ria artei din secolul al XVII-lea a adoptat-o. In cartea sir De-
spre pictura celor Vechi (1637), Franciscus Junius defincate
natlrra n-roarta ca pLrcrgon.

Para / ergon Qpraeter / opus) este ceea ce se adaug:i la

operi gi, totodilti, ceea ce i se opunell. Definiqia lui Jarcques
Derrida meriti si fie citati atct in cxLenso-.

40

'l11-ls1)il:

Jjr,ns!d.)i-r I
'Pr-llAY lf rl

'L1l ttlt)t.u , t);
'lr.'irl,l i-1(ri: )

'i Ll

.rt] L

il

,,1)n ptlt('rgoi7 se opune) se;lli1tur:r sr se rrcl,rr-rgri lr.ri o-qrrl, llr
cnrlui f,icr,rt, f.rptr.rlr-ri, operei, ri,lr rru se sitlre.rzi rrlitr,rri,.,i c,-r
e xista 5i cooperc;rz;i, clintr-o illlLlnrc zonil cxterio;rr;"r, iLr interi
ontl operalilrnii. Nrci exclnsir' ;ri;',rii, r.rici exclr-rsil in;itrntr.r-r. Ca
nn .rccesoriri ce tre br-rie rcceptirt irrtr o poz,itie linritrofai."ll

Prefixtrl para conTiue o multituclinc dc lrllr'urlc grcu tr:1-

ductibile. J. Hillis Miller, intr-o lucr;-rrc rcccnti, r ficur ,.,

sintezi in :rccirst;i privin1:'r.

,,Para este r,rn prefix iultitetic ce clesenrnelz:i deopotriv:'r

,rpropie rea 5i clistar-rqrr, ;rser.r.rinrlrerr 5i dcose bire.r, interolitrtcri
si exteriorittrtea [... ], r-rLr lr-rcru crlre se situelzr-r totoc{at,r drrr
co,rce si rlincoio de o fronticri, c'lc un pr.rg srr,l de o nr.rrginc,
rrvir-rd r.rn stirtLrt cgal si totu5i secu,rcl,rr, strbsidi.rr, subordorL"rt,
ca i-tn invit:lt faqir de qrrzdl sa, c,-L t-tn scl,rr-f.tta de st;rpinul s.tLr.

Un lucrrr in para nu cste cloar conconritent de embcle pirti rlc
frorrtiere i ce sep;rrir irrteriorr,rl gi exteriorni: ci este si tr.,rtricr'.i

insisi, ecr;rnul ce constitr.rie o nrembr:rni pcrnre.rbili intre

iniurrtrn si rrirrr;r. El opereazi conir,rnd,rre,r lor, iisirid s.r intlc
cxtcriorul 5i si i.rs:i interiorr-rl, el 1c ditizc,rzir $i lc uncste."l'l

Raportr-rl dint,c p(rrd Ei e?'son-Ltl siu clefinestc iutrc;rgrr
prclstorle I nl-ttllrll l-noa1rtc.

Ope ra lui Pieter Ae rtse n 5i, nrrri tirziu, cc;r :r lui

Velizquez rnrrrchc:rzzi Lln st:1dill extrem al tensiunii nlct.lpic-

turale. Acrtscn opereilzi o exacerbarc a declublirii, in clc-
ve nire la Maestrul Mirriei de Burgturdiir. N;rtura nloarti in-
vadeazi rlproape toxti- suprafala tablor-rlr.ri, ia, sccnrr reli-
gloasi parc a nu mai li decit rur accident. Imireinca ,,pro-

f;tn;i" nu mai cste doar un sinrplu ,,it-L afarrt c;rdri-th-ri" r11 i1g.t-

rrnr-nitci historia. Lipseqrc plrtin pelrtn-r ca fircle ce lcrrsi
,,sacrlll" qi ,,prof;rnr:1" si fie c'lefinrtiv tiizrte: rlatLlra luoarti
;-rr plltc:1 i,rvaia tot tabloul, sc.e n;1 sacri ar putea.c'lispare . ins,'r
rlLl accasta estc rntenlia lui Aertsen. l)irupotrivi: intcresul
tablouriior s:rle re ziclai tocrnai il1 cilrilcterlll insolit i1l rilpc)r-
tr-rlui dintre cele doui nivelur-i a1c in-r:rsinii. Vcliizquez. con-
feri acestr.ri raport ultima forruatic posibili. Iil sc opreqtc la
pr:rgul unci incastr:iri a scenei sacre iri sccnr.r pr-oi.1ni pc cl'e
o precolrizeaz-i r-nctocla ,,t;rblor.rlui in tablou". El eviti insi
toirti irmbi gui tatea accstei,,incastr:iri ".

MorrerLtnl in care 'parergon-Lt 1 invirderrzi tot spirtir,rl
reprezentirii nu poirtc fi detenlinrlt cLl prccizie:a. Este

vorba m,ri degrabi dc un proces extrcrr dc r,rmificat, dccit
dc un lrloment istorice5te izolabil. Nagterca narttrii nr()artc
ca proces inte rtextual cste totugi observ:rbili in prir-nelc cxell-
pl,rre indeperldente care ne-aLl parvenit. Aceasti cvidcnli sc

vtr pierde treptat ir-r cursul secolului al XVII-lea, firi :r

42

tt

?J1-lL\X lrr {lnl l1nr-lrori-l+o11srrfll].Jrosle-rIId)r{rqJrirLlrlI-lrlsr{-rrrilii'.lludJP1una[d1alrP]tLIrI fllolllqlELlrsl
rrn lruc^JP - a-rlldurll
--irrirorrlrsrr-rl(l rn1l.dttt)ra1raeEar1rln8a.-rIo?tinJPJrsPLlIuollorL-lLl EI I!,oInsl?llrlrqo
'?JI-]Ir\X

1r: minlorrs lntndcrur aEi-lreasPqPFrrrrnrllrpo 'aruaprradJPUi Jl'rrotu
i,tt-ur.,.t a1., r1.i,.tata ap no lu-tuduror t1 altrod

'(CI'6'1r) s-issLri4 ntlurn) ul-t rP llls e-\rlJ nl-r sool-nn
JP tlrzllrlll Jls^J Lunl rsr 'alratqcl nr rrr:1d InLul"id '-rolrrrrSt-to
Illnlr'rrlLtlIsI'1n(w]-r1trIPIllnalLlroIualrtldilo:yiLurLttItlzslaItn,tro) tlatl'lJECLSlI9llIlJ]LI-IalIrE--rIlepII:LpL'-urI-orpa[rsdunt!fstI3uU'IIJlr]J.\IInarlqJzJr;Jp"lPlIIrtl:o^

r-rntrrd rr-rrru r arit.raur8 tluulll 'triduror IIBPOt-rlu re-rldsrp

'sllrrlstL_l

'i'_

'lllr 9r
'rr[]f,1 .(l
.lrrl Il \..
!l-lllllO:rJs llllll!l
'i'21),1 0 tlt.e I

'L r!
1l-r llirLl r\.
sitls o.l (l tLr \

lrlai p;istre;1zi.inci jocul cu,,fionticra estetic;", c:trc, in
gelreza n:rtllrii moarte, era esen!i:11. Ar-rumite elcnrcnte
(cr-rgitul, talcml cu frncte la Van Clcve; tiietorul de paine,

cuqitul, lingur-a la Flegel) ,,strib:rt" itrtr-irdevir intr-o

rr;lnicri iluzionisti supralaqa tablor"rlui spre .r sc pr()icct.1
inaintc, citrc pr-ivitor. Dar ceca ce, la Van Cleve sau Massvs,

funclione azi ci'r o barieri 1a limita dintre douri lunri,

dobindeste la Fleeel Lu1 statut alltolronr.
Aceasti natllri moarti cstc, a$adar, limita deveniti tablor-r.

Reversul c1e trrblou cu niqi reapare - ,,cleturnat" l:r rinclr-rl
siu - in plin-rcle buchete cu flori inclependente cunoscllte:

cele ale lui Anrbrosius Bosschacrt ccl Bitrin (i1. 12) qi Itoc-

landt Saverv. Sin-rbolismul ,,vanitiqilor" este aici r-rqor clecc-
labil si se ionjr-rgi cu iluzionismul reprezent;irii. AEa cnnr

;1rn rerr2ucat ;lnterlor, conexiune:r ir-rtre ilr-rzionislx 5i u an il a s

l1u este o intimpl;rre, ci o fatalitatc: cu cit o iluagine se ra-

porte rrzi la spatiul rc,,rl invadinclu-1, cll atat caractclul
supre-tcnrporal rl irrragirrii lrtisticc va ti lcpus irr disctrlic:':
ca va li o irrrrqirrc,,dccizuti", intrucit a pirisir lurnea de
dincolo, etemitatea inaginari, sprc a invada spaliul real,

lumea nuritorilor.
Modalitatea expresivi aleas;i dc Bosschaert este inci si

m:ri irnportanti. In afara vazelor cu flori in ni;c, c1 a nrai

lasat de asenrerlcr-r si buchete a$ezate pe pervazuri de ferestre
(ii. 12). El pare a cor-nbina astfel cele doui surse intertextuirle

deja rlenlionate. Fercastra reia, pe de o parte, datele niqei ca

spaliu frontieri, cu deschiciele citrc privitor; pe de alti

parte, ea trimite la incunabulele n;rturii moarte, precum cele

ale unui Maestru al Mariei de Burgundia (il. 5,7)saru alc unr.ri

Juomosi van Cleve (i1. 9). Cofrur-rtind un tablou al acestui,r din
cu o operi de Bosschaert (i1. rvi ci pictorul
12), se obse

dir-i secolul al XVII-lea a operat un fel de condensare con-

ceptuali avAnd drept rezultat disparilia planului intenledi-

ar al imaginii (care constituia totugi elementul esenqial r-nai

inainte). In abscr-rqa Madonei, rlatura moarti 5i peisajul sc
viclesc ca doui ex-hors-d'oeu'lre ce sc contopesc de :lcllln
inainte intr-o imagine unici. Tocr-rl ferestrei reia datcle
escnliale zrle ,,tablouiui", ale oricirui tablou. Ea este, prin

esen!;, cadrtt..

Aceast cadm/ambrazuri deline$te llatura moafti (buchetul)

ca ,,fiind pe prag", iar peisajul ca ,,vizLtt prin...".

Transfonnarea dialecticd a dosului in fapd nu este dccela-

bili nun-rai in cazul nigelor cu flori. Ea va fi gi tema urajori a
lui memento mori, deja prezent in dipticurile 9i tripticurilc

44

91,

ur E-raJS ereri o r,rdnseap a,rr 'Etatsale 1nro1[rru rduco e;tr'1n
l-1rJuEgtJp)lu'raatSr rr'rr-rlon1z1u.nt,rtarduand:aerzrEdrslt.nI of,prz Jpauollr EAJtt3) 'JIllLLr!.}
aP sof ap Eaf III
-trt 'ltir

-r,raH iS tr-rrourc61 tlncsouncar r1 tod arur rrr aletdlucs t-rn8rl
ur'gwrur:11 JlsJ tsIN 'lutzi-ro8alt
lnop ap 'sus ap rat-red rsrrr llrrrza.rd 'l;(gt 'll) 'ltLIc't-ttd lrat
-lror un--tlLrr nrrrE-rl no
tr-ett

rer,r,rtrllt5rraappu.rqodoaupuf rrnttloItnuoolqiur)Ll u'rerrlu-IIlnAuXrr-rIdE lrqtqo;d '(gOqt ) tt

Irllorrs uI ll-rsr]rns
atsrrorinr rr^ ',,J-rrlr-rnlap" rtt-td 'a,trt tS Eel-AX iE illllllolJS

'10 na \

trtrloclorr
'Il(),\ t

'tu-r fc x ,

'uLLIJl Jrl

';g<11 'sr7tut,,t,
u.i:r1.1 ap c1o:r]'

c;1rc sclipcsc () sllurcclc'nic clc obiccte. Pe chciir tlc Llolti, sc
cc cole ri se nsui
po.rte citi cxcrga tabloului: I'ltrntdna Vtlilt1 .
'l'cnclinta dc a inser,r obie ctcle intr-un cliscr,irs ,rlcgoric cr.r

clej;r prcze nt;i pe rcr-ersr-rri1c tablouril..rr clin secoleic .rntc

rio'rrc (tl. 6,7). Jacob c'lc Gho-rr emplifici rccasti tcnclinti
rc:rlizincl o,rlesoric a clcqcrticiunii lunrii si a r-ielii Lrlrilne de
prccedcnt: \,iirta cste dtt,rr ftrnr, ficc,rrc
o conrplcxit;rte firl

fiint;r inflore,stc gi nroi11'c, avr"rgiile pier... Pru'te ir supcriorrrrl :r

trbltrulrri .urplifici discr,rrsr,rl alcgoric. M2rre;1 sfcr-i cste tr

mcr.tfoli .i lr.rnriil/. Ase nreni ;lcestcia clin ttrmii, ci1 sc po:ttc

sfiriurrr dintr-un nronrcrlt iutr-rrltul. Ililozofii c;lre o e on-
templ:i nu pot avel clecit :rtituclini extrcnre: risr,rl (Dc-

nrocri t) srrr.r lacrinri le (H crrrclit)28. Accst tablou fu ncti or.rcazr"r

ca o ,rglincli. Craniul iqi holbeazi orbitele goale, uitaurlr-r-sc

fir le privitor ca la a/Lcr cgo-ttl siu. Sfera reflccta lumcrr,
dezvilui nciu-i fr:r gilit:rrc,r. T.r blou - o gli nd:i, op cr,r iI u J rrco Lr
dc Glrel-rr instituic problenr.r rcprczenti'll'tt ct ortrtitas.

Voi avcir prilcjul sir revin atit i-rsLrpr:r sursclor :lceStui
tablou, cit gi asuprir postcritltii salc, drr tre buic sir sublinrcz-

inc:i cle pc acum c'letnln.tre,r prirr carc .rcerlsti lr.rcr-,rre opre-

reaz-:i irr nrod univoc tenr.ltiz.rre ir reprczcntirii. Diici, in se co-

lele ,rnterioare, re\rersLrrilc 11e rrblotrri fnnctionrru, f:rta dc

portretl9, precun-r liltlrrrl neviiznti ir oqlinzii, tabloul lui dc

Ghc-vn - ,,revcrs" deve nit ,,:r\.crs" - instrtnre rz.i un cli.rlog e r.r

Inn.rcla. L,1 este irnirgincrr sir ,,il-l negrrtiv". Slu ptrrte, drrc.i
vrenr, se definegte ca u,ricrr re;litrlte ,,adevarati"in fat,r unci
lumi considerate ca ir-n:rgineir sLrpremi, suprema iluzic.

Natur:r lnoarti ten:rtizc;rzi'r, in efcrvcscenqa n;t$terii s:11c,

dirrlectica es el4i/aparentir, ;rdevi r l tluz.ie, r-e:ri it:rte/iru:t gine.

Nu prrterrr inqclcgc:lprrritil s.r iir'.i il lillc s(.lnra dc gindire,r
earc o cil:ruzcgtcj0. lnci t{c la oriqirrile s.tle (rntit'.'), nilturil

rnoilrti iqi dezvaluizr trisirurile p,rradox,rle, c!1re o definerl,r

ca pc Lrn fel dc ,,sofisn.r" pictur:rlll. Asemeni :rcclui cncomi-
um al sofiqtilor, c:rpabil s.1 .ttlagi iltcnli.I asupril lucrurilor

,,ncinserunate" prin sinrplr-rl f.rpt ci ele deveneau subiect cle
discugie, ropografia ,rtrarlspLurea in picturi" cee:-r ce era cel
mai .,anti-pictural". In ircest proccclett, accentul era pus, la
sofrgti cr 5i la rltopographoi, pe te cbni. Tcchni, clcci arta
insigi, dcvine lder:,rratul obiect al oricirr-ri par:rdox, tie cl

entic srlLl modenrl2.

Celebr,r afirmaqie ir lr,ri Prscal -,,Ce cleq;rrti. e pictura c;1rc
provo;rci adn-rir;rgia prin ascnri.nirreir cu lr.rcruri ;rlc ciror
oriqinale nu slmt :rdmirrtel'1" - :rtinge chiar nriezul parir-
doxului.

tl

3t-rtollr rrJnlPu ?JJJISEU uI ?rtl-In UIP rlJlsalx 1]e-raPllod '?slu Is
usn JtElItr atnqo-Il ajpl J-r]LII.Id 'E:llzear o lllJELtl r n-llrtad arrtE
-a1r,rud epoteLrr atlu IS qtsIXJ -IlrC '.?itsuJ-IeJ - lnz?A Ir-s - JlsJ
nrlnolqEt ELrrtr-r Jp trido,rde Itru Iaf IEa-r IntuJtLrE,Iptluv

eqN'r

'prrrcr,rd rrr rsnc{ (,,na-taur" rtuds us trtuJl -lf ILIJ I+ Sr) r,ro.tsepr:

.rrp 'arinrsrp nr tsnd r,roJ-Irl,I 'rlttaloat qrualqo.rd 13 ltrP"Iqr
lso+ E rr-rt,rplllLrr r:rualqo.rd J-Irlt uI lr-IJIttllLll 'ttrgluaza-tda-t
.ropur8reur r
rrnrEBs-r.erorllnr"jlrlinplfiMoqsarz-IIrIrEuU-rrnsrttst,tdrtan-durott.td! llroda
l-in:rrd a,rt3 tutl

'alrloqrlns rrir:rado rJrrn Ir JOI rf, ?11-lz!r JlsJ Elsrafy 'nrr8"zr-Ltr
rJ,rllr-ro turr,r Jp atr,rado ,,err3o1otrro tt.tudur" IIJIUIIaP r-rdnsu
lu,nlroluor r-s r:JI-IIAX Ir InlnlofJS r: lrrllt,Tnlirl ra-rrpur:?i

'gltntxat-tatur uJ-IEltresrJtuI rl rparo-rcl t rP JlLIIftrl'rrLrrS

-rruI E uinrrlap Ia,itlI-To r !-ruut8t-io uutalcltt.rd r'-r 1-lr.tjptsu,tr

lso+ E ?luai tur!-r '(a,,alrlotse IJ,IeIlrto-tJ" r:lrtt.rt-td trt atsasqo a1l

lpror-rad 'utepotot 'rS rriptrlrutxJl,Iallll u JLIIIIZOItre eP gPlloLI
ra1-11nx uI Ef ap rua,rtxe atsq
-acI) Ir InlolJS ^n?IIIILI'LJLlrIeJS-r
r[rrnl Ir ]lergo
un

rS'gttp !lsEJlr ap'atsr J.Itrt uLLI?-I o a-Ir rtLIt:-Ilstctrr uJur8urtii
l(g-rnrrrd rT-(, e-IEf eurt-r o) !rtrlltal urtlUl o J-IIr tlr,IlslllLII trJLl
-rEr:ur1 'JrE.IrslrlLII ttrttFlutt t raI tS JlllLr-ilstrfuI rtrttBttttt rttrr,t

J-rtrirp lnt,rodu rrr-rd '1-xrr-r lnurr.rd rtt 'gttltrrtut;s Jtsa EeJuzIIr
-ntxJl-rJlur 'g,rnlrrcl rr1 'lnttErrrur rr a,rrlc'lltpJp Jp LlrsILMJlu

arr-ro Lrr !prirrasr rsrri"arsapp'\ JS ,,f ;),Itr.Ir.rcirg" ',g11q1socl .lrr:1

o rSap'rrLLIll Lnp ErJl:^J-rp I JIt])pt rltrrttl lstttot auii-rrcil nu r'.{

-u'rrarldrrprrtr'rErtastrirurlrr.1rr:1lts-Jtr'-rxrsaI,Jrronrdrrrrlil.,rrrlntcIllIurltlsu:^]qJaprt',rrHlJorrtrLq, ta-trPurtltrurst^tltflJJtttlsItnJt-It1ilftt,l-rIttiEqrctulrs:rct1Ulrer rSr nrr

]lJIc'io
'llIJUn

rxr rS -rolJqrur :tLiJIu,\tq lglop I+ .ttr:od urt IJultrsu^.urn.rculrsuj-lrlrdt

;

rr rLLilrl Bl1Oll J[J] J-rlrirP LllJ-IIlf :lurrqJ-Ilul JLI rs ESUI JIllCl

-J"rI'!ll!-rt nldurrs rS -rnd EJLLInI JtsJ r-iLrr,,Itllll-tPtrf, 1-rtr1u rtr"
rt Ilttx-IPf;ltt atS.trttlop tg
rnlJrlr rriuj rrr 'ptrrlrrlrrrurJS atunl trrrtFuutt r-rldts tLurr11
'airrirurt-ttc)u
alb^o Jl EJJf lol Jp

rrrrSrEW 'll I

.r lLrst rlcj,r scnrn.rl.rtri in p,rcinilc pr-r'cc(1('ntr', lrr L r i sc lr

cpr-riz:rt t()11tcr scinnllticltliilc. [.:.t l'cl crr lcrc:tstr.t (:r Lrs.r), rrirr st'
1;.11ilrst:i (ril Lllr ilri.rlil,i irt suprrrlrtt,r ;r1.tnrr .r zi,lLLlLLi. l).rr, s;.,11
rlt'i,scl,irc tle lcre.rstrri (5i clc ulri), ('rr ur.l Istr':ipurrgc: ea ii

\r'()L)r'ftr-. inci clin irrtist.rri.i sr, n.rtur'.1 1ll().1r't.i.si .r'g.isit irr

slrrrtirrl nisci p.rraclisnr.r spirtirlli. Sterconrctri.r i1r-rz,,ric,r pic

tLrrir rle c,bicctc \-;r l'cLLr.l .rc.'1.r5i r.rpc)l.i rrnrirrr-;rlcnt eLr zirlr-r1.

C)r'icc trrblou eslc r) rlcgrltie .r ziclultii. N:rtLrr;r nl(riuti nu
tr-eblrie si iclistrLrgri (rs,r rrr nr l.rec, rrrtlrrein'.r, persajtrl). l.:r
trcbr,rie clorrr srr-1 rr'l;rtivizczc. Intrc incrrclr':rre.r trlrci nisc si

t:ca :r utlut tirblor,r cr-t obicctc cxistrr l) le g:ttr-r Ii stl.LlcturiLli.
I rrcnr;1i ire e ;tst.i lcg,itr-rr.i cste pr-rsi in cr itle nti in lLnrq.r se r-it'

rlc ert'nrplc crrr-c-i prczirrti privitot-rrlui rrr-r lrunr:1i o sin-rplrr
picrr-rr.ri crr,.rLriccIc, ci ri urrtric.'.r rc.1 \c|,1r.rl ,lces1e olricctc
clc lr,inrc,r inconjr-rritorrlc (il. -5, (r,8, l3). ln t(J.rt(' rcestc c\

cnrplc sc iirstirureirzrr r.rn cli.rlog intr-c c.rclr.rrl inr,r!,inii si c.rdrLrl

dc,'cnit cl insr-rsi inr,rginr'-,rl niscj. 'n\croersrtrccnlit,urll,riSnpcr-.rurr.cc
problemc, intr.-o ()r1rcc,.rfc nr.istrrr't, dirt
t.rblor-r1 inccgrr si sc rrrnl(,r'nrez( lornrJtulLti ,,n.t,,tlcnt"

(rlrcptr-rnghrr-rlrrra), in tinrp cc nisil rrrrrirtc un clcnrcnt,rrhi

tcctLlr-irl pr.cvizt-tt irr nr,,d ti-rrditior-r;r1 cLl () tclnrjnrrtie irr.rrc

scn'ricircul,rr. l'.stc toclrar ctzvl Vattila.r-r-rlr-ri lui .f:rcoir cle
(,her n (11 1i), oper.i in crrle pictorr-rl :r trcbLrrt .s,i rcrrlizcz.'

r:1cor(lLrl intrc,rr'1'ritectur..r lictivi 5i rlrcl-'tLurqhiul t.rblotrlui.
L,xis;i insi un rnijloc rlc,r cvit,r irccirstrr c()ntrir(lictic.
()pe rrr sp.rniolr-r1ui Ju.rn Sinchcz Cc,1,1n (l-560 1627) rr

clcr-nonstrcazr'r5.

Sc cr-rvine s,r sr-rblinicnr inrcciiat r',i sLrlscl.'r.clcrit..r.rrc l.i
ilrta sp:urio1i.i sec,rlei,rr rtl X\,'l-lce si rl XVIl le.r prczinti
n.rlLu'11 ll'i():rrli ce liind cr.rltir-rrti c1e rrrr nr.'c-liu tle ,rr',rnq,rrcli.

I)rinrclc t,rblouri alc gcnr,rlr.ri irprrl', ilrci din 1590, in ccr.curiic
intclcctlr,rlc tic l,r -1 t,l'cri,,, 1r.,,t.,, .r se r';rsPinrli rp..,i in rne di-
ilc clc curtc clc 1;r \r.rll.rclolid si M.rrllicli'. Sinchcz Cot:in rr

krst, rctlt;itnisptir5-tt,riintrP'.rlicnlirtui.L.' rincl, pictor tlc sccric rcligi,,rrse in

(r('11 icltrt,gt.tlit.l .r Corttr.,treiortttei.

Miuric:rir s:r s-ir sclrinrLlrtt insrr irr nrorl rrrrlrc,rl .rtr-rrrci cinti,r
incc1,u1 s:r lrictezc br,tlt',qoitt't, in cilr-e llrtclcttr-trr]isnru]
rcprczcntirri r,icicstc uri cu totul alt dcstin.rt,rr clt'cit [riseli

e .r. T'rrtttsi, StirtLltUl nrtlLrrii 1I()it1'Ic in .tce ,rstl ('lr(,!,r nLr |( ).rLr'
1i ste[rilit rlccit cr-r grcir. l)is1-''uncnr. rl,,r1r'..1t'trrr sirgur rlocrr .

nrelrt - f r .icest.r. cste (lep.rrtc clc rr li t'rplit:it c,rrr'1ir.\.r sii se

LrLrcl.'.r;.i;.1 1',,,/1"qr,r/('.i crrrLl .r1'rr-cci.tlc rlt'c,.,lccti,,n.rr-ii c,'i

J|.11 r'.1l1rr.tll
S.i rc'nrrrcrrnr totnsi ci in 1(rf,-1, rtLr irci cin,-1 S,lnclit'z
(,otrirr ir l.(nuntilt l,r llrrrrc sprc .r intrrr irr c,r'rlinul c.rr.tLiz.ic

niltrt-, rit ,s.r:,rrssp.l-e'l'zrccLiecblirn,,Llcl,croictclc'. ,e:c;lc;,ys1P11c11csilcicnrrl,riiii.il ].rli irrci irr
l.oscsiir
inr.'c'nt:rrLr L

ts

6t

nJzny{ 'lrprru?.r ( )
'LUr Z3 x at

,tc'9gzlrrttorlgal t{rIr!rl.i-',

'atuuttlli ut
tl tao:lo 1 ,

'ug.)o -

zJrlJU?S rnrrl.l c'

'tlrtulnc] .\ru\
'l{ ruuV l'l
't-ry 10 utnr:

'(?ru-ro l;

.rouli.tr r( I :
l,!
't zttrrl r.i

';99 I ':; I
-sr,.; rf :l

'tz.tpa')t;:

,aa1aa,"q,,a".,

atun8ai 'atcn;1 ap ISLrlJtsar alttltuel o (aluol 'g.lntzald (Et 'tt

'lr) irEto) zarllu?S Inl elE sauoBaPoq elsDlV ',,alIlsIJ? alLIau
-jdxa' atslu ?f 'pur-t lntut-td ut 'llt.tud nE'rJ sauoBapoq 9)
EZtaJaEns altlaLlllrllllcE LuJtIndsIP e,IPf eP tlitllrarunsoC

'osaI^IPI?A oP o:ialc IS -IEZll?S
eP rrrnf :IlSII,TE IoP EI aJrualsotu alEsql rJ -ro^ (al?s roll'Inun(l

saLl vanat intr-o nigri tlreptunghiulari. Cadrul acestei nigc
este paralel cu plar-rul tabloului, de unde dialogul siu cu for-

tr-rattil si cu liniitele exterioare ale tabloului insugi. Pcrv:rzul

9i pereqii late rali clefinesc Llr1 spaliu clreptunghiular cu
adincime Imitata. Obtectelc natr-irii lno;1rte par astf e1

plasate intr-un c.rdlu dilatat, ,,stcreoltletrizat"'. e1e se afl5
intre doui sr.tprafege, tot dreptunghiulare, 9i auuurc fundalul
intunecat al ni5ei qi suprafala ncvazuti a t,rbloului, pe care o

stribat uneori intr-uii efect evidett t1e trompe-l'oeil. Este

sennificativ si constatim ci limita superioari a r-iigei ntt

apare; ca si fim mai precigi, aceasta din urnri nu se giseqte
in cinp-ul tabloului.-Astfel niga r1u este limitati decit din
trci pa4i. Existi un ,,in.rlara imegirrii" irrelobarrd crdnrl, ctr

condiqia ca accst cadru si [ie, diopotria in irrragirr.c 5i irr

afara ei.

Ca (aproape) toate naturile noarte de la inceputuri, cele

a1e lui Sinchez Cotin prezinti o strlrctlrri it trompe-l'oeil.
Nu se gtie nimic despre inrltlarea originari a acestor

tablouri, nici micar daci ele erau sau nu prer-izute cu vreo

ranri oarecare. In trompe-l'oel/ - dup; cum se gtie -

inrimarea nu este oblieatorie; in rlulte cazuri, ea este chiar
inutili. Dar, chiar pi lipsite de rami, tablourile lui Cotdn
sunt rezultatul unui deCupaj. Deqi constituie o rami secuu-
dari, ,,r|uzionisti", peregii verticali ai nigei ttu sunt vizuti si-
metric. Aceasti asiiretrie nu este desigur datorati iutAm-
pl;rii. F,ste vorba aici de o indicalie ludici a pictorului,de o
interacqiune extrem de semnificativi, care se produce intre

reprezentare qi decupajul general al imaginii. Semnificativ

esie qi faptul ci obiectele reprezerltate surlt rproape lipsite

de orice iontact intre ele. Ele nu se ating, 11u se suprapun.
in bodegon-ul aflat astdzila San Diegbe (i1. 14), obiectele

sunt dispuse dupi o curbi descendeuta. Ele constituie cinci

volume lzolate in spaliul niqei, a1 cirei gol ocupi trei-sferturi
dreptunghiular pur, de o forli pe
dcainrereaprrnezfei ntteanrtea:gis-psaitriou
calificim drept aniconicd. Insugi
dreounshiul incadrat Dare a ti tertra nraiora a acestor bodc-
goies ale lui Cotdn. Obiectele se gasesc in ele doar irttartt-
ila,ot. Pervazul niqei este prezefi;tintr-un mod care -i sub-
iiniazicalitilile picturale: privirea se poate delecta cu tuqele

groase ale penelului, cu giantilatria pign-rentului, cu efectele
de umbri 9i lumini. Acealti impresie se accentueazi daci se

ia in considerare ultima dir-rtre riaturiie tnoarte ale lui Cotin

(il. 15), care - oricit de ciudat poate pirea - provine-de 1a

ministirea din Granada uude pictorul qi-a petrecut ultin-rii

ani ai viegii. Ea marcheazd o limitl extremi a artei sale qi
constituie o meditalie picturali asupra raportului dintre

cadru, obiect gi ,,golul" tncadrat.

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