NP-Jan-Jun-2012

djk;kA mUgkuas s nkekns ju dks ekDl]Z ,xa Ys l] yfs uu] Vkª VW Ldh] cq[kkfju dh df` r;ka i<+us dks nhAa os
lektokn vkjS lkE;okn ds fo"k;kas ij vkil eas fujra j ppk,Z a djrs FkAs Hkkjrh; lektoknh vkna kys u
ds 'kq#vkrh fgek;fr;kas eas ls ,d vkpk;Z ujnas z nos dk'kh fo|kihB eas nkekns ju ds f'k{kd FkAs nkekns ju
us dk'kh fo|kihB lu~ 1936 eas NkMs + fn;k vkjS muds fe=kkas rFkk leFkdZ kas eas bl ckr ij vHkh rd fookn
gS fd mUgas ogka ls fMxhz feyh ;k ughAa fo|kihB eas v/;;u ds nkjS ku gh nkekns ju lkE;oknh fopkjkas
dh vkjs vkd"` V gq, rFkk Hkkjr ds vykok fo'o ds nlw js Hkkxkas dh tkudkjh dk fodkl Hkh mueas ;gha
ls gkus k 'kq: gqvkA dgk tkrk gS fd vkpk;Z ujnas z nos }kjk Vkª VL~ dh vkjS cq[kkfju ds y[s ku ij f'k{k.k
ds ckotnw dk'kh fo|kihB eas i<+rs gq, nkekns ju dk vkd"k.Z k LVkfyuokn dh vkjs vf/kd FkkA nkekns ju
ds ,d vkjfa Hkd thouhdkj ,e- j'khn dk ;g er g]S tcfd ih- xkfs ona fiYyS tlS s ijorhZ thouhdkj
bl er dks viuh iqLrd d-s nkekns ju% ik#s e ik#s ye ¼d-s nkekns ju% l?a k"kZ vkjS vra oLZ rq½ eas ;g dg
dj [+kkfjt dj nrs s gaS fd bl ckr dk dkbs Z vk/kkj ugha gS fd nkekns ju dos y LVkfyu ds y[s ku vkjS
fopkjkas ls iHz kkfor FkAs ge thouhdkjkas ds bl fookn ij dkbs Z fuf'pr jk; d+k;e ugha dj ldr]s
yfs du ;g Li"V gS fd ikVhZ eas vius vkf[+kjh nkjS eas nkekns ju LVkfyuokn ds icz y leFkdZ FkAs j'khn
us crk;k gS fd nkekns ju ls mudh i<+us dh vknrkas ds ckjs eas gqbZ ckrphr ds vk/kkj ij gh mUgkuas s ;g
er cuk;k FkkA

tuw 1937 eas dkfs >dkMs ] djs y eas xqIr :i ls igyh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk gqbAZ dkxa lsz ds
dqN lnL; vkjS dkxa lsz lektoknh ikVhZ ds lnL; tlS s ih- d"` .kk fiYy]S b-Z ,e-,l-] ,u- lh- 'k[s kj vkjS
d-s nkekns ju blds lLa Fkkid lnL; FkAs vk/a kz inz 's k ls d-s lnaq j¸;k vkjS ecaq bZ ls ,l-oh- ?kkVs us bl ikVhZ
dh LFkkiuk eas vge Hkfw edk fuHkk;h FkhA ih- d"` .kk fiYyS ikVhZ ds lfpo FkAs ml nkjS ku tys kas eas cna
dbZ vU; urs k tks ;g le> jgs Fks fd lR;kxgz kas ds ckn Hkh Hkkjr dh vkjS [+kkldj djs y dh jktuhfr
eas vuds vulqy>s eqís ckd+h iM+s g]aS ckn eas ikVhZ ds vkna kys u dh vkjs vkd"` V gq, vkjS ikVhZ ds lnL;
cuAs rk'kdna vkjS dkuiqj eas py jgs lekukra j vkna kys ukas us djs y ds dE;qfuLV vkna kys u dks rhorz k
inz ku dhA bl le; et+njw &fdlku ikVhZ dk fodkl Hkh Hkkjrh; jktufS rd bfrgkl eas dkQ+h egRoi.w kZ
g]S D;kfas d bl ikVhZ us ml le; eq[;/kkjk dh dkxa lsz ikVhZ ls fopyu t+kfgj fd;k FkkA 1935 eas ih-
lh- tk's kh Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds igys egklfpo cuAs cgjgky] ckn eas djs y ds bu pkj ykxs kas ds
legw u]s ftleas nkekns ju Hkh 'kkfey Fk]s lkE;oknh bfrgkl eas ,d ,fs rgkfld Nykxa yxkrs gq, pquko
ds t+fj;s cuh igyh dE;qfuLV ljdkj cukdj e=a kky; dk xBu fd;kA ;g dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds bfrgkl
ds fuek.Z k vkjS lkjs Hkkjr eas ekDloZ kn vkjS yfs uuokn ds ilz kj dk fufooZ kn iez k.k FkkA djs y us dbZ
jkT;kas ds lkeus dk;&Z lLa df` r vkjS turk ds chp dke djus dh yxu dk mnkgj.k iLz rqr fd;kA

nkekns ju dk 'k#q vkrh dke etn+ jw kas dh VMsª ;fw u;u ds chp dfas nrz FkkA gkykfa d dgk ugha tk ldrk
fd djs y eas igyh VMsª ;fw u;u Bhd&Bhd dc xfBr gqbZ Fkh] yfs du ih- xkfs ona fiYyS bldk le; 1931
ls 1933 ds chp fu/kkfZ jr djrs gAaS dkfs Pp eas bldh LFkkiuk eas ih- xxa k/kju] ,-th- oys k;èq ku vkjS tktW Z
pR;kejw h dh vge Hkfw edk FkhA pfaw d djs y eas dk;&Z lLa df` r vR;ra fofo/krki.w kZ g]S blhfy, fofo/k {k=s kkas
eas et+njw lxa Bukas ds fodkl dh vko';drk vfuok;Z FkhA ,ls s dqN {k=s k chM+h&et+njw k]as rkM+h&mRikndk]as
tgkt+h ikrs ds et+njw kas vkfn ds FkAs eta qukFk jko vkjS ih- d"` .kk fiYyS us dkfs >dkMs eas dbZ lxa Bu cuk;s
Fks tgka nkekns ju us viuk lfØ; jktufS rd thou vkjHa k fd;kA nkekns ju p#s oUujw &Qkjk[s k bykd+s ds

450 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

et+njw kas dh f'k{kk eas vf/kd lfØ; gq,A dqfêfpjk eas Nkrs dh NM+h cukus okys et+njw kas ds l?a k"kZ ds ihNs
budh dnas hz ; Hkfw edk FkhA mUgkuas s dkfs >dkMs ds o's ;ky;kas dk eqUuEikDs dq uked txg ij] tks jys os
LV's ku ds d+jhc Fkh vkjS tgka lkekU;r% dE;qfuLV dk;dZ rkZ dk;Z djus ugha tkrs Fk]s O;kid v/;;u
Hkh fd;kA djs y ds dE;fq uLV ikVhZ vkna kys u ds vkjfa Hkd nkjS eas vf/kdk'a k urs k Q'kZ ij v[+kckj fcNkdj
lkrs s Fks vkjS dbZ ckj flQ+Z dkyh pk; vkjS chfM+;kas ij fnu clj djrs FkAs vkna kys u ds tq>k:
dk;dZ rkvZ kas us O;fäxr vkjS lkotZ fud rkjS ij dbZ l?a k"kkZas dk lkeuk djrs g,q ikVhZ dk fuek.Z k fd;kA
nkekns ju dk thou Hkh buls vyx ugha FkkA

1940 eas nkekns ju ikVhZ xfrfof/k;kas ds fy, fxj¶+rkj gq, vkjS tys Hkts s x;As vDVcw j] 1945 eas
tys ls ckgj vkdj mUgkuas s fQj ls ikVhZ dk dke djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA muds tys &ioz kl ds nkjS ku dbZ
okeiFa kh dkxa lsz lnL; vkjS dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds vU; lnL; Hkh lkotZ fud fojk/s k vkjS /kju&s inz 'kuZ kas eas
Hkkx yus s ds dkj.k fxj¶+rkj fd;s x;s FkAs bl tys &ioz kl ls bu lc dks dbZ ek;ukas eas ykHk igpqa k]
D;kfas d bUgha tys kas eas mUgas vU; d+fS n;kas dk thou o n's k dh leL;k,a n[s kus dks feyhAa

djs y eas dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds 'kq#vkrh vkna kys u ds nkjS ku eukjs ta u vkjS ifz rjk/s k dk eq[; ek/;e
ukVd FkkA T+;knkrj ukVddkjkas ds ikl lekt dk ,d mnkjoknh ut+fj;k FkkA oh- Vh- Hkêfrfjikn ,d
,ls s gh iez q[k jpukdkj Fks ftUgkuas s vius ukVd víqDdykf;y fuUue vjxa rDs dq ¼jlkbs Z ls jxa epa
rd½&&tks ey;kyh ukVdkas ds bfrgkl eas L=khokn dk tud ekuk tkrk g&S &ds t+fj;s djs y ds lekt ij
fu.kk;Z d iHz kko MkykA d-s nkekns ju dk ikVkckdh Hkh blh le; fy[kk x;k ftleas t+ehna kjkas vkjS
dk'rdkjkas dh fLFkfr dks mtkxj fd;k x;k Fkk vkjS bldk djs y ds lekt ij dkQ+h iHz kko iM+kA ;g
ukVd lepw s djs y eas efa pr gqvkA [+kkl rkjS ij mu xkoa kas eas tgka lkera h t+ehna kjkas ds f[+kykQ+ l?a k"kZ
viuh 'k'S kokoLFkk eas gh Fkk] nkekns ju ds bl ukVd us fdlkukas dks vius vf/kdkjkas ds fy, l?a k"kZ djus
ds fy, cM+s ieS kus ij vkna kfs yr fd;kA ;g ukVd ckn eas djs y dh ifz rf"Br if=kdk ekrH` kfw e eas /
kkjkokfgd idz kf'kr gqvkA 1937 eas ^thou lkfgR; l?a ke* dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkjS nkekns ju us bleas viuk
opS kfjd ;kxs nku nus k 'kq: dj fn;kA nkekns ju ey;kye lkfgR; dh ijia jkxr vkjS :f<+oknh 'kyS h vkjS
dqêh d"` .kejkj tlS s vkykps dkas ds fojk/s kh FkAs nkekns ju if'pe ds okYVj iVs j vkjS vkLW dj okbYM tlS s
y[s kdkas }kjk ifz rikfnr ^dyk dyk ds fy,* tlS s fopkj ds Hkh f[k+ ykQ+ FkAs nkekns ju lkfgR; ds lkekftd
nkf;Ro ds leFkdZ Fks vkjS lkfgR;dkj dks lekt dh lja puk dk vfuok;Z vxa vkjS ,fs rgkfld&lkekftd
ifjoruZ kas dk leqPp; le>rs FkAs ckn eas rkfs Iiy Hkklh ds ukVdkas ds lkFk nkekns ju ds fopkj djs y ds
et+njw oxZ vkjS vkykps uk ds ckfS )d okrkoj.k nkus kas eas tM+ tekus yxAs ;g ,d lkotZ fud rF; gS fd
nkekns ju lkfgR; eas ck[+rhfu;u fopkjkas ds dkj.k djs y ds i[z ;kr lkfgR;dkj lta ;u ds f[+kykQ+ mB
[kM+s gq, FkAs muds bl lta ;u fojk/s kh vfHk;ku ds dkj.k djs y ds dqN fgLlkas eas lta ;u dh if=kdk
lta ;u dh ifz r;ka Hkh tyk;h x;h FkhAa

nkekns ju pquko eas vius gh {k=s k fr:j ls [kM+s gq, tks fd eq[; :i ls ,d eqfLye&cgqy bykd+k
Fkk vkjS os pquko gkj x;As muds thouhdkj j'khn ds vuqlkj] ;g pquko muds fy, blfy, fu.kk;Z d
lkfcr gqvk fd blls os vius {k=s k ds eqfLye leqnk; ds fopkjkas dks le>us eas dke;kc gq,A pqukokas
ds ckn fr#oura iqje] dkfs Pp vkjS eykckj dh ikVhZ lfefr;kas us feydj ikVhZ dk lkIrkfgd uo;qxe
fudkykA blh cjl djs y ds y[s kdkas vkjS dkexkjkas u]s tks ^thou lkfgR; l?a ke* ls vlra q"V Fk]s mÙkj

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 451

inz 's k eas iesz pna ds ixz fr'khy y[s kd l?a k ls ijsz .kk yrs s gq, ^iqjkxs eu lkfgR; l?a ke* dh LFkkiuk dh] tks
djs y eas lkfgR; dh O;k[;k vkjS fo'y"s k.k ds fy, vHkh rd vR;ra iHz kko'kkyh okeiFa kh lxa Bu gAS ih-
d's konos vkjS lh- vP;qrdq:i blds lLa Fkkid FkAs y[s ku ds :i eas nkekns ju dk igyk v/;;u euq";u
gS ftleas ekuo tkfr dk ,fs rgkfld vkjS lekt'kkL=kh; v/;;u fd;k x;k gAS bl iqLrd eas nkekns ju
us euq"; ds fodkl dks oKS kfud nf` "V ls n[s krs gq, vk/kqfud dky eas gq, ufS rd ifjoruZ kas dh ppkZ dh
gAS

ih- d"` .kk fiYyS dh 19 vxLr] 1946 eas gqbZ vlkef;d eR;q ds ckn nkekns ju dks ekykckj ikVhZ
dk lfpo fu;qä fd;k x;kA 1953 eas lkfs o;r l?a k eas [kz q'pos }kjk v&LVkfyuhdj.k ds fØ;k&dyki
'kq: fd;s tkus ds ckn mldh fLFkfr ds fo"k; eas nkekns ju vius dqN ikVh&Z lnL;kas ls fookn eas eqfCryk
gq,A ij] ,ls k tku iM+rk gS fd nkekns ju Lo;a LVkfyuoknh gkus s ds dkj.k [kz q'pos dk leFkuZ djrs gq,
bl fookn eas T+;knk ugha iM+ ldrs FkAs nkekns ju dks vius er ds dkj.k uo;qxe i=k eas idz kf'kr dbZ
geykas dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ckn e]as tc os :l x;s rc [kz q'pos ls mudh fe=krk gqbZ vkjS mUgkuas s
LVkfyu&;qx dk foLrr` v/;;u fd;kA exj bl lca /a k eas nkekns ju ds futh er dks yds j Bhd&Bhd
dNq dgk ugha tk ldrkA djs y okil vkus ds ckn nkekns ju D;k pkgrs Fk]s bl ckjs eas muds thouhdkj
dkbs Z fuf'pr jk; ugha nrs As dydÙkk Fkhfll dks mudk leFkuZ vkjS ckn eas rkfjd vyh ls gqvk mudk
fookn] tks ,d vR;ra egRoi.w kZ nLrkots + g]S bldk mnkgj.k gAS [kqz'pos ds 'kklu dh ekvks ds urs R` o
okys phu us dkQ+h vkykps uk dh FkhA lHa kor% bl ckr dks u le>rs gq, fd [kqn phu lkLa df` rd Økfa r
ds }kjk D;k dj jgk Fkk] vius phu nkjS s eas nkekns ju pkÅ ,u ykbZ ls feys Fks yfs du nqHkkXZ ;o'k muds
chp Hkkjr&phu lhek ds ckjs eas py jgs fookn ij dkbs Z ckrphr ugha gqbAZ ckn eas nkekns ju gks ph feUg
ls Hkh feys Fks vkjS ih- xkfs ona fiYyS dk dguk gS fd gks ph feUg dk nkekns ju ij jktufS rd vkjS dfri;
nk'kfZ ud ekeykas eas xgjk iHz kko iM+kA

1964 eas Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk foHkktu gkus s ds iow Z nkekns ju jkT;lHkk ds fy, pqus x;As
fnYyh eas jgrs gq, mUgkuas s viuk T+;knkrj oD+r i<+us vkjS y[s ku eas yxk;kA mudk ifz l) xUz Fk Hkkjrh;
fpra u ijia jk blh nkjS ku fy[kk x;kA Hkkjrh; fpra u ijia jk dh [k+kfl;r ;g gS fd ;g ofS nd ;qx ls
yds j vk/kqfud Hkkjr rd dh fpra u&ijia jk dks ,fs rgkfld HkkfS rdokn dh jk's kuh eas le>u&s le>kus dk
i;z kl djrh gAS vHkh rd ds O;k[;kdkjkas ds ckjs eas nkekns ju dh jk; gS fd ^os ikz phu i.z kkfy;kas vkjS
fl)kra kas dh ppkZ muds lkekftd rFkk vkfFkdZ vk/kkj ls iF` kd djds djrs gAaS iRz ;ds n'kuZ dh O;k[;k
,fs rgkfld <xa ls ugh]a oju bl <xa ls dh tkrh gS ekuks og ifji.w kZ gkAs bl idz kj blZ oh lu dh
ikz jfa Hkd 'krkfCn;kas ds b'Z oj d"` .k vkjS lkys goha 'krkCnh ds foKku fHk{kq] nkus kas lk[a ; i.z kkyh ds vra xrZ
lkFk&lkFk j[k fn;s tkrs gAaS cq) vkjS /kedZ hfrZ ds chp ds le; dk tks O;o/kku g]S mls vDlj Hkqyk
fn;k tkrk gAS cgqr de ykxs gh bl ckr dk vuqHko djrs gaS fd nk'kfZ ud i.z kkfy;kas vkjS fl)kra kas dks
rHkh Bhd rjg ls le>k tk ldrk gS tc mudk v/;;u mudh vkfFkdZ ,oa lkekftd i"` BHkfw e eas fd;k
tk;As * bl i"` BHkfw e dks /;ku eas j[kuk D;kas t+:jh g\S D;kfas d ^ekuo&fpra u vFkok fopkj/kkjk dh vU;
fdlh vfHkO;fDr dh Hkkfa r nk'kfZ ud i.z kkyh Hkh] vfa re fo'y"s k.k e]as turk ds thou dh lkekftd rFkk
vkfFkdZ ifjfLFkfr;kas dks ifz rfcfa cr djrh gAS * Hkfw edk eas bu ckrkas dks Li"V djrs g,q nkekns ju ;g lko/
kkuh Hkh cjrrs gaS fd ^fud"` V vkjS vkfne vFk'Z kkL=kokn* ds lkFk bls lca ) gkus s ls cpk;k tk;As vkjS

452 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

;g lko/kkuh os flQ+Z ^Hkfw edk* eas ugha fn[kkr]s vkxs dk ijw k foops u bl lko/kkuh dk ,d mEnk ueuw k
cu dj vkrk gAS fdrkc ds 44 v/;k;kas eas ftrus vk;klghu vkjS fonX/k rjhd+s ls os lia .w kZ Hkkjrh;
fpra u dks leVs rs vkjS O;k[;kf;r djrs g]aS og mls ,d vk/kqfud DyfS ld dk ntkZ fnykus ds fy,
i;kIZ r gAS

ikz x olra dk Hkkjr vkjS [+kkldj djs y eas cM+k vlj gqvkA 20 vxLr 1968 dks lkfs o;r lus kvkas
us pds kLs ykos kfd;k ij /kkok ckys k vkjS nqCpds ds 'kklu dks [+kRe dj fn;k vkjS ckn eas lÙkk gq>ds dks
lkiaS nh x;hA Hkkjr eas lkfs o;r l?a k ds bl d+ne dh dqN ikVhZ lnL;kas us dkQh HkRluZ k dh tcfd ckd+h
blds leFkuZ eas jgAs lh-ih-vkb-Z dks nkekns ju ds i{k dk leFkuZ djus eas dkQ+h fnD+d+ras Fkh]a yfs du
vra r% ,d ifCyd okfs Vxa eas mUgas nkekns ju dk leFkuZ djuk iM+kA lh-ih-vkb-Z dh dnas hz ; lfefr dks
dkQ+h fnD+d+ras vk;hAa vra r% rkl dks nkekns ju ls pds kLs ykos kfd;k ij lkfs o;r vkØe.k ds eqís ij ckr
djus ds fy, ,d :lh ifz rfuf/k Hkts uk iM+k vkjS nkekns ju us bl vkØe.k dh dBkjs vkykps uk dhA
ckn eas :lh ilsz }kjk nkekns ju dh Hkkjrh; fpra u ijia jk ds vuqokn dks cna dj fn;k x;k vkjS
foMca uki.w kZ ;g gS fd ckn eas pds kLs ykos kfd;k ij lkfs o;r vkØe.k ij vius O;fäxr #[+k ds dkj.k
ikVhZ ds ftu eq[; inkas ij os Fk]s mu lc ij ls mUgas gVk fn;k x;kA bl ?kVuk ds ckn nkekns ju ih-
lh- tk's kh dh lgk;rk ls tokgjyky ugs : fo'ofo|ky; eas x;As tk's kh vkjS nkekns ju us ledkyhu
Hkkjr ij ,d vfHky[s kkxkj fuferZ djus dh ;kts uk cuk;h Fkh tk]s nqHkkXZ ;o'k] nkekns ju ds thoudky
eas ijw h ugha gks ldhA 1 tqykbZ 1976 dks nkekns ju py clAs

vkt tc ge nkekns ju ds O;fäRo dks n[s krs gaS rks geas muds dbZ fopkj lkekU; ikVhZ ykbu ls
vyx ut+j vkrs gaS ftl otg ls muds vkf[+kjh fnukas eas fe=kkas vkjS lkFkh ikVhZ lnL;kas ds lkFk erHkns
dkQ+h xHa khj gks x;s FkAs yfs du nkekns ju ftl ckr ij ;d+hu djrs Fk]s ml ij vfMx jgAs rkfjd vyh
ds lkFk mudh egRoi.w kZ cgl muds vkf[+kjh fnukas dh bl fLFkfr dk nLrkots + gAS bl ckrphr eas os
dE;qfuT+e eas fdlh dh efw riZ tw k u djus ds vius fo'okl ij cy nrs s gAaS os LVkfyuokn ds ifz r viuh
v#fp Hkh inz f'krZ djrs gAaS ih- xkfs ona fiYyS dk nkok gS fd vra kfs u;ks xkz E'’ kh dks i<+ dj ckn eas b-Z ,e-
,l- uca fw nfjikn dk Hkko Hkh ,ls k gh FkkA ;g ,d njw k:<+ oäO; gS vkjS LVkfyu }kjk lkfs o;r :l eas
fd;s x;s dk;kZas ls bldk dkbs Z lca /a k ugha gAS nkekns ju lnk lh-ih-vkb-Z vkjS lh-ih-,e- ds foHkktu ds
f[+kykQ+ jg]s ;g mUgkuas s rkfjd vyh ls ckrphr eas Li"V fd;k gAS yfs du ogh nkekns ju] tlS k fd ih-
xkfs ona fiYyS dgrs g]aS t,s u;w eas jgrs gq, Hkkjr eas yxk;s x;s vkikRdky dh dkbs Z vkykps uk djrs ugha
fn[krAs ikVhZ lnL;kas ds lkFk bu erHkns kas vkjS Hkez kas ds ckotnw Hkkjr eas dE;fq uLV vkna kys u vkjS etn+ jw oxZ
dh lLa df` r eas nkekns ju dk ;kxs nku vlfa nX/k gS vkjS mls dHkh /kfw ey ugha fd;k tk ldxs kA

mUuh d`".ku ih-

eks- 9650644525
vuqokn% foHkkl oekZ

eks- 9968281417

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 453

nsohizlkn pêksikè;k;

bZ-,e-,l- uacwfnfjikn

nos h ilz kn pêkis kè;k; dks Hkkjrh; n'kuZ eas ekDloZ knh fl)kra dk iFk inz 'kdZ ekuk tkrk gAS 1959
eas ykds k;r ls 'kq: gksus okyh mudh iqLrdksa esa igyh ckj fdlh Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud us ;g n'kkZ;k gS fd
nwljs ns'kksa dh rjg Hkkjr esa Hkh HkkSfrdoknh vkSj vkn'kZoknh n'kZuksa dk ,d nwljs ds lkFk Vdjko jgk
gSA blhfy, nwljs ns'kksa dh rjg gh HkkSfrdokn Hkkjrh; nk'kZfud fparu dk fgLlk gSA

ysfdu pêksikè;k; dk dke dsoy ekDlZoknh ys[ku ugha Fkk] og nk'kZfud dke Fkk ftlus ns'k dh
èkeZfujis{k lkekftd&jktuhfrd rkd+rksa dh] :f<+oknh rkd+rksa ds f[k+ykQ+ yM+us esa enn dhA mUgksaus
fn[kk;k fd vkn'kZoknh nk'kZfudksa ds gkFkksa HkkSfrdoknh dh gkj] ftldh ifj.kfr 'kadj ds dke ds :i
esa gqbZ] izxfr'khy lkekftd lkaLÑfrd rkd+rksa dh gkj FkhA HkkSfrdokn vkSj Hkkookn ds chp la?k"kZ nks
lkekftd oxh;Z rkd+rkas ds Hkhrj Hkh"k.k l?a k"kZ Fkk% ,d vkjs 'knw z tks Hkkjrh; voke eas Jfed ykxs kas okyh
cgqla[;k Fks vkSj nwljh vksj f}t ¼{kf=k;] czkã.k vkSj oS';½ tks vR;ar vYila[;k esa FksA blfy,
vkn'kZokn ds gkFkksa HkkSfrdokn dh gkj 'kks"kd vYila[;dksa ds gkFkksa Jfed yksxksa dh gkj gSA

pêksikè;k; us vius iFk izn'kZd dke ykds k;r esa ;g fn[kk;k gS fd Hkkjr esa HkkSfrdoknh n'kZu
mruk gh iqjkuk gS ftruk fd flaèkq ?kkVh lektA vr% ,sfrgkfld :i ls HkkSfrdokn oSfnd lekt ds
vkus ls igys Hkh ekStwn FkkA yksdk;frdksa ds dkeksa dks 'kk;n oSfnd yksxksa us u"V dj fn;k] blhfy,
yksdk;frd nk'kZfudksa ds dk;Z vkt gekjs fy, miyCèk ugha gSaA ysfdu os iwoZi{k ¼fojksèkh ds n`f"Vdks.k½
ds :i esa miyCèk gSa ftUgas Hkkooknh nk'kZfudksa us vius fl)kar i{k dks fl) djus ds fy, m}`r fd;k
gSA bl :i esa Hkh os osn&iwoZ HkkSfrdoknh nk'kZfudksa ds rdks± dh vkstfLork vkSj cy dks n'kkZrs gSaA

vU; ekDlZoknh fl)kardkjksa dh rjg pêksikè;k; osn&iwoZ yksxksa ds HkkSfrdoknh fparu dh
lekt'kkL=kh; tM+ksa rd x;sA os bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaps fd yksdk;r n'kZu ds mn; ds le; lekt
tutkrh; FkkA lkefw gd Je] lkefw gd thou] lkefw gd fpra u] lkefw gd dyk,a vkjS lkfgR;;µ s ml
lekt dh fo'ks"krk,a FkhaA 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld Je esa vHkh rd foHksn ugha gqvk FkkA izR;sd vkneh
'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld Je djrk FkkA deZ vkSj fparu] izÑfr dh rkd+rksa ds chp HkkSfrd Je vkSj
ekufld ;k ckSf)d Je ds chp ,drk lekt ds lHkh lnL;ksa dh fo'ks"krk FkhA

izÑfr ds lkFk bl ,drk us izkjafHkd :i esa gh lgh] HkkSfrdoknh fparu dks tUe fn;kA okLro
eas pêkis kè;k; us bls ^vkfn&HkkfS rdokn* dk uke fn;k gAS ons &iow Z Hkkjr eas oKS kfud fpra u dk ;g igyk
:i FkkA

izkjafHkd osnksa esa bls R;kxk ugha x;k cfYd tkjh j[kk x;kA izkjafHkd osnksa dh jpuk djus okys yksxksa
dk oSlk gh lekt Fkk tSlk fd yksdk;r n'kZu ds ltZdksa dk Fkk] ysfdu pêksikè;k; us izpqj lkfgfR;d
lkexzh ds cy ij crk;k gS fd osn&iwoZ yksdk;r n'kZfudksa vkSj izkjafHkd osnksa ds ys[kdksa dh lkekftd
O;oLFkk esa dkQ+h varj FkkA igyk lekt eq[; :i ls Ñf"k ij vkèkkfjr vkSj ekr`lÙkkRed Fkk tcfd

454 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

ckn okyk lekt i'kqpkjh vkSj fir`lÙkked FkkA nksuksa O;oLFkkvksa esa tutkrh; lekt dk lkewfgd
thou ,d tSlk FkkA 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld Je dh ,drk izkjafHkd osnksa eas tkjh jghA blhfy,
nk'kZfud fo"k; ogh vkfn HkkSfrdoknh FksA

ikz jfa Hkd ons kas dk ckn ds ons kas }kjk LFkku fy, tkus eas dbZ lfn;ka yx x;hAa le; ds lkFk 'kkjhfjd
vkSj ekufld Je esa foHkktu izdV gksus yxkA izkjafHkd osnksa ds dky ds ckn mRiknu fofèk mUur gksus
yxh FkhA Je esa yxs yksx ekufld Je djus okys yksxksa ls vyxk;s tkus yxs FksA blls f}tksa ds NksVs
lewg dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ tks nwljksa ds 'kkjhfjd Je ds Qy ij thrs Fks vkSj Je esa yxs yksx cgqla[;d
'kwnz FksA f}tksa dks Pkêksikè;k; us ^jktlh lÙkk* ;k {kf=k;] ^ifo=k lÙkk* ;k czkã.k vkSj O;kikj rFkk Ñf"k
lÙkk ¼oS';½ dgk gS tks feydj 'kks"kd vYila[;k dk :i ysrs gSa vkSj 'kksf"kr cgqla[;k ds Je ij
thfor jgrs gSaA 'kks"kd vYila[;dksa dks ,d ,slh lS)kafrd O;oLFkk dh vko';drk Fkh tks 'kksf"kr
cgqla[;k dks ;g le>k lds fd 'kks"k.k bZ'oj dk d+kuwu gSA ;gha ls Hkkooknh n'kZu dh rst+h ls o`f)
'kq: gqbZA

ysfdu Hkkookn dks fu£ojksèk {ks=k ugha feykA ^jktlh* vkSj ^ifo=k* lÙkk us feydj yksdk;frdksa
ds ewy ys[ku dks u"V t+:j dj fn;k Fkk ysfdu og yksxksa dh psruk esa cuk jgkA bls pkokZdokfn;ksa]
ckS)ksa] tSuksa vkfn us u;k :i fn;kA viuh nks cM+h Ñfr;ksa ykds k;r vkSj mlds ckn Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa
D;k thfor gS vkSj D;k e`r gS esa pêksikè;k; us fn[kk;k gS fd fdl izdkj osnksa ds izkfèkdkj dks pqukSrh
nsus okys fofHkUu ukfLrd laiznk;ksa us vkfLrdksa ds laiznk; ds lkFk lhèks la?k"kZ fd;kA ukfLrd vkSj
vkfLrd ¼nk'kZfudksa½ dh izR;sd fopkjèkkjk dh foHksnd fo'ks"krkvksa dks muds bu nksuksa dkeksa esa Li"V
fd;k x;k gSA

bl izfØ;k esa mUgksaus fn[kk;k fd izkphu Hkkjr us u dsoy HkkSfrdoknh n'kZu] cfYd }a}kRed fo'o
n`f"Vdks.k iSnk fd;kA cq) ds ys[ku vkSj d.kkn tSls nk'kZfudksa dks foLrkj ls m}`r djrs gq, mUgksaus
fn[kk;k fd fdl izdkj fujarj ifjorZu] lekt vkSj fparu dh izo`fÙk;ksa esa gj rÙo ds vkus&tkus ds
}a}kRed fl}kar us vadqfjr gksuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA blhfy, Hkkjr vius HkkSfrdokn vkSj vius }a}okn
dks fodflr dj ysus dk nkok dj ldrk Fkk ftls ;fn eqDr :i ls fodflr gksus fn;k tkrk rks og
}a}kRed vkSj ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn dk :i ys ysrk tksfd 19oha lnh ds ;wjksi dh fo'ks"krk gSA

blhfy, Hkkjr ds yksxksa dk nqHkkZX; gS fd vPNs izkphu HkkSfrdokn vkSj }a}okn dks eqDr :i ls
fodflr ugha gksus fn;k x;kA ^jktlh vkSj ifo=k* lÙkk ds xBtksM+] ftlus yksdk;frdksa vkSj vU;
HkkSfrdoknh nk'kZfudksa dks 'kfDr'kkyh vk?kkr igqapk;k] }a}kRed fofèk dh izkjafHkd 'kq#vkrksa dks Hkh
ijkHkwr dj fn;k ftldh vfHkO;fDr d.kkn vkSj cq) esa gqbZ gSA HkkSfrdokn vkSj }a}okn ds bu nks
fl)karksa ij gh lcls cM+s nk'kZfud 'kadj us izcy vk?kkr fd;kA bl izdkj HkkSfrdokn vkSj }a}okn ds
fodkl dks izHkkoh :i ls vo#) dj fn;k x;kA

pêksikè;k; us fn[kk;k gS fd blh otg ls 'kadjksÙkj lfn;ksa esa Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkekftd]
nk'kZfud vkSj oSKkfud izkS|ksfxdh; tM+rk vk;hA ysfdu ml le; rd ;wjksi 'kq:vkrh ;wukuh
HkkSfrdokn ls vkxs c<+ pqdk FkkA ;wukuh lekt ds izkjafHkd }a}oknh vkèkqfud ;wjksih; gsxsy ds :i esa
fodflr gks x;s vkjS ;uw kuh HkkfS rdoknh n'kuZ dks Qk;jck[+k us fodflr fd;kA yfs du gxs ys dk }}a okn
Hkkooknh fo'o n`f"Vdks.k ij vkèkkfjr Fkk tcfd Qk;jck[+k dk HkkSfrdokn }a}kRed ds ctk;

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 455

vkè;kfRed FkkA ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYl us gsxsy ds Hkkookn dks HkkSfrdoknh rjhd+s ls fodflr fd;k tcfd
Qk;jck[+k ds HkkSfrdokn dks }a}kRed :i esa iYyfor fd;kA

;g ;wjksi dh nks lglzkfCn;ksa rd QSys ckSf)d fodkl dk ifj.kke FkkA nwljh vksj Hkkjr esa osn&iwoZ
yksdk;r n'kZu ds vkfn HkkSfrdokn dks izkjafHkd osnksa ds n'kZu us fopkjèkkjkRed yM+kbZ esa ijkHkwr dj
fn;kA blh rjg ls fparu vkSj ppkZ dh }a}kRed i)fr Hkh ijkftr gks x;hA ¼iwoZ i{k dks fl)kar i{k
us ijkLr dj fn;k vkSj fo'o dh cqf)oknh }a}kRedrk dk fujarj {k; gksrk jgkA½ igyh lglzkCnh bZ-
ds ckn ds n'kdkas eas Hkkjrh; lekt eas pkrS jQ+k ckfS )d Bgjko vk x;k vkjS blh le; 'kda j us Hkkjrh;
HkkSfrdokn vkSj }a}kRedrk ij vafre izgkj fd;kA

viuh cM+h Ñfr izkphu Hkkjr esa foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh esa pêksikè;k; us 20oha lnh ds jlk;u
'kkL=k ds oSKkfud ih-lh-js dks mn~?k`r djrs gq, n'kkZ;k gS fd foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds Bgjko ds cht
'kadj ds n'kZu esa feyrs gSaA ,d vU; egku ekDlZoknh cqf)thoh Mh-Mh- dkslkach us Hkh ;gh fu"d"kZ
fudkyk gS ftuds dke ls Pkêksikè;k; us cgqr ls m)j.k fn;s gSaA

blfy, ;g dke Hkkjr dks osnksa vkSj mifu"knksa vkSj 'kadj tSls vkn'kZoknh nk'kZfudksa ds dke dh
vksj okil ys tkus dh ;kstuk cukus okyh fganqRo vkSj vU; vuFkZdkjh rkd+rksa ds f[k+ykQ+ la?k"kZ esa èkeZ
fujis{k vkSj foKkuksUeq[k cqf)thfo;ksa vkSj lkekftd dk;ZdÙkkZvksa ds gkFkksa esa 'kfDr'kkyh gfFk;kj gSA
os u dsoy yksdk;r esa lekfo"V izkjafHkd HkkSfrdokfn;ksa cfYd pkokZdoknh] cq)oknh] lka[;oknh vkfn
ckn ds HkkSfrdoknh fparu dks Hkh u"V djuk pkgrs gSaA os vkSifuosf'kd fczfV'k 'kkldksa }kjk vUosf"kr
Hkwy dks nksgjkuk pkgrs gSa fd Hkkjr mRÑ"V Hkkookn vkSj vkè;kfRedrk dh Hkwfe jgk gSA

bl fparu ds vkèkkj ij gh mUgksaus lkekftd jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj izFkk,a fodflr dh gSa ftUgsa
fganqRo ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA blds bLykfed] bZlkbZ] fl[k vkSj vU; iqu#RFkkuoknh vkSj :f<+oknh
izfr:i mHkj dj lkeus vk;s gSaA pêksikè;k; dk dke bu iqu#RFkkuoknh vkSj :f<+oknh fl)karksa vkSj
iz;klksa ds f[k+ykQ+ fujarj la?k"kZ dk rh{.k vL=k gSA

vaxzst+h ls fganh :ikarj % jke fd'ku xqIrk
eks- 9818084190

456 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

vkanksyu dh fujarjrk

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 457

458 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

gekjh ckr

fiNyh lnh ds pkSFks n'kd esa izxfr'khy vkanksyu us ftu ewY;ksa vkSj ljksdkjksa dks ysdj lkfgR;&dyk&txr
esa gLr{ksi fd;k] mudh v|kof/k fujarjrk dks ns[kus ds fy, fdlh fnO;n`f"V dh t+:jr ughaA lkezkT;okn]
lkaiznkf;drk] oxhZ; 'kks"k.k rFkk gj rjg dh x+Sjcjkcjh ds f[k+ykQ+ ,d lqlaxr tui{k/kj foosd vkSj u;s
lkSan;Zcks/k ds lkFk fy[kh tkus okyh dforkvksa] dgkfu;ksa] miU;klksa] ukVdksa vkSj lekykspuk dh ,d vVwV
ijaijk fiNys ipgRrj lkyksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA lkfgR; ds lkFk&lkFk fp=kdyk] f'kYi] jaxdeZ] laxhr
vkSj flusek esa Hkh izxfr'khy dykcks/k dh laxfBr vfHkO;fDr pkSFks&ikaposa n'kd esa lkeus vkus yxh FkhA rc
ls dbZ mrkj&p<+koksa ds chp bl n`f"V us eq[+rfyQ+ dyk:iksa esa] dgha de dgha T+;knk] viuh ekuh[k+st+
mifLFkfr cuk;s j[kh gSA

fuLlansg] vkB n'kdksa dh bl izxfr'khy&tuoknh ijaijk esa fujarjrk gh ugha] ifjorZu ds rRoksa dh Hkh
igpku djuk t+:jh gSA ftu oLrqxr gkykr ds chp] vkSj ftUgsa lacksf/kr djrs gq,] izxfr'khy vkanksyu dk
vkx+kt+ gqvk Fkk] os vkt ugha gSaA vkt+knh ds ckn ds Hkkjr esa lRrk ij ftu oxksZa dk dCt+k gqvk] muesa ls
cgqr ls fgLls izxfr'khy vkanksyu esa 'kkfey Fks] blfy, ;g vkanksyu ,d la;qDr ekspkZ FkkA blhfy, bldk
QSyko Hkh ns'kO;kih Fkk vkSj ns'k ls ckgj Hkh Q+klhoknfojks/kh eqfge dk fgLlk gksus dh otg ls bl vkanksyu
dk izHkko FkkA vkt+knh gkfly gksus ij ;g la;qDrekspkZ cuk ugha jg ldrk Fkk D;ksafd oxksZa dh u;h d+rkjcanh
gks x;h Fkh] exj bl fc[kjko dh izfdz;k ds ckotwn ,sls laLd`frdehZ vkSj jpukdkj o dykdkj ml vkanksyu
dh e'kky cjkcj Fkkes jgs ftUgksaus viuh oxhZ; i{k/kjrk dks ns'k ds 'kksf"kr&mRihfM+r voke ds lkFk cuk;s
j[kuk viuk ekuoh; o lkekftd nkf;Ro le>kA mUgha ds jpukdeZ ls vkSj ckn esa vuqdwy oLrqxr gkykr
gksus ij u;s fljs ls lkaxBfud Lrj dh lfdz;rk }kjk vkanksyu dh fujarjrk cuh jghA vkt ge vkSifuosf'kd
x+qykeh ;k lajf{kr iwathoknh fodkl ls ugha] uomnkjoknh HkweaMyhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj foRrh; iwath ds geys
ls :&c&: gSaA cnys gq, oLrqxr gkykr cnyh gqbZ lkfgfR;d ,oa dykRed vuqfØ;kvksa&izfrfØ;kvksa dh ekax
djrs gSaA fygktk] bu ipgRrj lkyksa ds nkSjku vxj jpukRed vfHkO;fDr dh 'kDy vkSj varoZLrq esa cnyko
u vkrs rks Lo;a fujarjrk gh voewfY;r gksrh( jpuk izxfr'khyrk ds iqjkus eqgkojksa esa&&eqfDrcks/k ds 'kCnksa esa]
^daMh'kaM lkfgfR;d fj¶+ysDlst+* esa&&Qal dj] vkSj nhxj dyk,a viuh fpjkpfjr ;qfDr;ksa esa d+nerky djrh
gqbZa] Lo;a vius gh ekU; izxfr'khy ewY;ksa dk foykse cu tkrhaA blfy, ifjorZu && u;s oLrqxr gkykr ds
chp tui{k/kj foosd dk u;h rh{.krk vkSj Rojk ds lkFk bLrseky && ;FkkFkZ dh igpku ij cy nsus okys
izxfr'khy vkanksyu dh fujarjrk dk gh ,d lk{; cu dj lkeus vkrk gSA

1936 esa izysl dh LFkkiuk us ftu ewyHkwr ljksdkjksa dks lkfgfR;dksa dh izkFkfedrk&lwph esa lcls Åij
igqapkus dh eqfge 'kq: dh] os bl nkSjku vius lkj&:i esa ,d rjg dh lokZuqefr vftZr dj pqds gSaA blh
dk urhtk gS fd vkt cgqr cM+h la[;k ,sls ys[kdksa dh Hkh gS tks vkanksyu ls lkaxBfud Lrj ij u tqM+s gksdj
Hkh vius ys[ku dks mu ljksdkjksa ls ijs j[kus dh ckr ugha lksp ldrsA nfyrksa] vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj fL=k;ksa
ds lkfgR; esa mu ljksdkjksa dks ,d u;k izlkj&{ks=k feyk gSA dyk dks vge ekurs gq, Hkh dyk ds ^okn* esa
x+d+Z gks tkus dks vkt dk ys[kd&dykdkj rS;kj ugha gSA muds fy, ys[ku vkSj dyk dk eryc gS] vius
le; dh fLFkfr vkSj xfr dks vius vius dyk:iksa ;k fo/kkvksa esa <kyuk vkSj 'kkld&oxhZ; geyksa ,oa
lRrk&laca/kksa dh Øwjrk ds f[k+ykQ+ mRihfM+rksa ds gqd+wd+ dks vfHkO;fDr iznku djukA lkfgR; dks ysdj ;g
O;kid le>] ftlds vanj dh rQ+lhy esa dbZ rjg ds HksnksiHksn vkSj erHksn Hkh 'kkfey gSa] izxfr'khy
vkanksyu dh lQyrk vkSj mldh fujarj mifLFkfr dk lcwr gSA blh rjg fp=kdyk] f'kYi] flusek] laxhr
bR;kfn esa] iwath ds izHkqRo vkSj mlls fu;r gksus okys vkLokn ds O;kid vlj ds ckotwn] izxfr'khy vkanksyu

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 459

ds lkjHkwr ewY;ksa vkSj ljksdkjksa ds fy, txg cuh&cph gqbZ gSA blhfy, vk;s fnu dksbZ fdrkc] isafVax&iznf'kZuh]
dksbZ dyk egkfo|ky;] dksbZ fQ+Ye ns'k esa lfdz; lkaiznkf;d&Q+klhoknh rkd+rksa dk fu'kkuk curh jgrh gSA

izLrqr [kaM izxfr'khy vkanksyu dh blh fujarjrk ij dsafnzr gSA bl [kaM esa lkaxBfud /kjkry ij
vkanksyu ds fodkl dh :ijs[kk crkus rFkk laHkkouk,a ryk'kus okys ys[kksa ds lkFk&lkFk dqN egRoiw.kZ
ledkyhu jpukdkjksa o jaxdfeZ;ksa ds }kjk vius vius lkaLd`frd deZ esa izxfr'khy vkanksyu dk izHkko crkrs
gq, fy[ks x;s vkRedF; Hkh gSaA bu lc dh lwph ftruh Hkh yach gksrh] ukdkQ+h gh jgrhA blfy, bl ckr
dks dgus dk 'kk;n dksbZ eryc ugha fd vkanksyu ds foLrkj ds vuqHkoksa dks tqVkus dk gekjk ;g iz;kl
csgn&csgn ukdkQ+h gSA bls ,d ckuxh ds rkSj ij gh fy;k tk;sA &&laiknd

^vjs! tu&lax Å"ek ds
fcuk] O;fDrRo ds Lrj tqM+ ugha ldrsA
iz;klh izsj.kk ds lzksr]
lfdz; osnuk dh T;ksfr]
lc lkgk¸; mu ls ykAs
rqEgkjh eqfDr muds iesz ls gkxs hA
fd rnx~ r y{; eas ls gh
gn` ; ds u=s k tkxxas ]s
o thou&y{; muds ikz Ir
djus dh fd;z k eas ls
mHkj Åij
fodlrs tk;xas s fut ds
rqEgkjs xq.k
fd viuh efq Dr ds jkLrs
vdys s eas ugha feyrAs *

& eqfDrcks/k
jpukoyh&2] i-` 255

460 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

izxfr'khy vkanksyu % fopkj/kkjkRed la?k"kZ dk rki

papy pkSgku

oxkaZs eas foHkkftr lekt eas fopkj oxh;Z gkrs s g]aS blfy, mueas Vdjko Hkh gkrs k gAS ;g Vdjko rks lfn;kas
ls jgk g]S gj lekt] gj n's k dky e]as exj bls igpkuus dh ut+j fgna h lkfgR; dks igyh ckj ixz fr'khy
vkna kys u ds lxa fBr gkus s ds ckn gh gkfly gbq AZ vkt tc ml vkna kys u ds lxa fBr gkus s ds ckn 75 cjl
iwjs gq, gSa] ns'kfons'k esa bl vkanksyu dks ys dj tks fopkj/kkjkRed foe'kZ gq,] fopkjksa ds tks Vdjko
vkSj fookn gq, mu ij lHkh txg ckrphr gks jgh gS ftlls bl vkanksyu esa fnypLih j[kus okys
jpukdkj vkxs vkus okys lkekftd&lkaLd`frd nkf;Ro dk fuokZg csgrj rjhd+s ls dj ldsaA

laxfBr gksus dh izfdz;k dh i`"BHkwfe tkuuk t+:jh gSA mUuhloha lnh esa Hkkjrh; lekt esa nks
u;s oxZ otnw eas vk;]s Hkkjrh; itaw hifroxZ vkjS mlh ls tMq k+ u;k logZ kjkoxAZ Hkkjr ij fcfz V'klkekz T;okn
dk 'kklu Fkk] tks Hkkjr ds ckt+kj ij vkjS ;gka ds dPps eky ij viuk dCt+k tek;s Fkk] blfy, mHkjrs
iwathifroxZ us ^jk"V*ª dh vo/kkj.kk dks tUe fn;k] ^Hkkjr&nqn'Z kk* dks ok.kh nh vkjS dkxa lsz ds tUe ds
lkFk jktuhfrd :i eas lxa fBr gkus k 'kq: fd;k] jtuh ikenRr dh iqLrd] bafM;k VqM]s eas ml nkjS eas
fofHkUu oxkaZs ds lxa Bukas ds mn; dk vPNk [+kklk fooj.k feyrk gS ftudk gokyk euaS s Hkh 1979 eas
idz kf'kr viuh vkykps uk dh fdrkc] tuoknh leh{kk eas fn;k FkkA itaw hifroxZ ds lkFk gh tUes
logZ kjkoxZ ds fopkj Hkh lekt eas fodflr gkus s yxs Fk]s 1925 rd logZ kjkoxZ Hkh lxa fBr gks x;k FkkA
dgus dk ed+ln ;g gS fd lxa fBr gkus k ;k fc[kj tkuk ,d lkekftd ifz d;z k ds :i eas ?kfVr gkrs k
gS u fd dqN fljfQjs bla kukas ds djrc ;k dkjukes ds :i eAas lekt eas ?kfVr okd+;kr dks oKS kfud
rjhd+s ls n[s kus dk ;g u;k ut+fj;k fo'o dks logZ kjkoxZ us fn;k] ftlds Q+ylQ+s dks }}a kRed
HkkfS rdokn vkjS ,fs rgkfld HkkfS rdokn ds uke ls ;k vke ykxs kas dh t+cku ij ekDloZ kn&yfs uuokn ds
:i eas tkuk tkrk gAS

tc pkFS ks n'kd eas fo'o ds lxa fBr logZ kjkoxZ ds lkeus lkekz T;okn dh lcls f?kukuS h vkjS
vekuoh; fopkj/kkjk] Q+kflT+e dk [+krjk eq[; 'k=kq ds :i eas vk x;k rks mlus nqfu;k Hkj ds y[s kdkas
ds lkeus ;g loky j[k fn;k fd ^r; djks fdl vkjs gks rqe*A y[s kd tks gj ;qx eas 'kk"s kd'kkld oxkaZs
ds vR;kpkj vkjS mRihM+u ds f[+kykQ+ viuh vkokt+ mBkrk jgk g]S fo'ologZ kjkoxZ ds bl vkgo~ ku ij
gj n's k eas lxa fBr gkus s yxk] Hkkjr eas ixz fr'khy vkna kys u ds lxa fBr :i] i-z y-s la ds 1936 eas otnw eas
vkus dk ;gh lkekftd vk/kkj FkkA jkxa ;s jk?ko dk ;g ekuuk ijq kuh O;fDrdfas nrz le> dk gh ifj.kke
Fkk fd ^fgna h eas bl Hkkouk dk fodkl foyk;r ls ykVS s gq, mu e/;oxh;Z ;k mPp e/;oxh;Z ;qodkas
us fd;k tks ekDloZ kn ls iHz kkfor Fk-s --*A ;g mlh rjg dh fiNM+h le> Fkh tlS h jkepna z 'kqDy us
Nk;kokn ds mn; ds ckjs eas i's k dh FkhA bl rjg dh le> rks geas lfn;kas ls ?kqVV~ h dh rjg fiyk;h
x;h gS fd ifjoruZ O;fDr djrk g]S vkt Hkh ;g le> gj {k=s k eas gj txg fn[kk;h nrs h g]S gj vPNs
cs qjs ?kVukdez ds fy, dkbs Z u dkbs Z O;fDr ;k nks pkj O;fDr gh ft+Eens kj eku fy;s tkrs g]aS mls lekt

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 461

eas ?kfVr gks jgh oxh;Z ifz d;z k ds :i eas n[s kus dk ut+fj;k fodflr gh dgka gks ik;k g\S jkxa ;s jk?ko
gh ugh]a [+kqn jkefoykl 'kekZ rd eas ogh O;fDrdfas nrz ut+fj;k dke dj jgk Fkk tks lxa Bu ds
egklfpo jgs Fk]s dbZ vU; tkus ekus ixz fr'khykas vkjS Lo;a dks ^okeiFa kh* ekuus okykas dk Hkh ;gh gky
Fkk] vkjS vkt Hkh gAS j[s kk voLFkh dh iqLrd] ixz frokn vkjS lekukra j lkfgR;] eas ml nkjS ds nkus kas
rjg ds y[s kdkas ;kuh ixz fr'khykas vkjS nlw jh rjQ+ vK;s ] /keoZ hj Hkkjrh tlS s ixz froknfojkfs /k;kas ds
O;fDrdfas nrz ut+fj;s ds gokys n[s ks tk ldrs gAaS j[s kk voLFkh us jkxa ;s jk?ko dh ^foyk;r ls ykVS s
;qodk*as ls fuferZ vkna kys u ds rdZ ij lgh gh fVIi.kh dh g]S ^fgna h eas ixz fr'khyrk dh Hkkouk dk
fodkl dqN foyk;rh uktS okukas dh dkfs 'k'kkas ls gqvk & ;g ,d fofp=k ,fs rgkfld le> gAS * ;g
fVIi.kh n'kkrZ h gS fd lRrjkRs rjh cjlkas rd vkrs vkrs ekDloZ knh vkykps uk dk ut+fj;k fdl rjg
,d fodflr ut+fj;k gks pqdk FkkA mlls igys ds ixz froknh nkjS dk ;g vk'p;tZ ud igyw Fkk
fd T+;knkrj lHkh jxa r ds y[s kdkas eas lkfgR; vkjS lekt eas gkus s okys ifjoruZ kas dks n[s kus dk oxh;Z
ut+fj;k unkjn Fkk] pkgs os f'konkuflga pkgS ku jgs gkas ;k jkefoykl 'kekZ ;k idz k'k pna z xqIrA os
y[s kdkas dh ^ck;kfs dfz VflT+e* dks ekDloZ knh vkykps uk le> cBS s FkAs ,ls s ekgkyS eas Hkh fodflr
logZ kjk prs uk dk vDl eqfDrck/s k eas fn[kk;h nrs k g]S D;kfas d mUgkuas s vius ;qxkuqlkj lgh oxh;Z prs uk
dks vius v/;;u vkjS vey ls vftrZ fd;k FkkA ekuo bfrgkl eas gj ;qx ds ixz fr'khy dkz fa rdkjh
oxZ dh fopkj/kkjk dh vkpa egku jpukdkjk]as fpra dk]as nk'kfZ udkas vkfn eas ifz rfcfa cr gkrs h gAS Hkkjrh;
lkfgR; eas Hkh gj ;qx eas ,ls k gqvk gAS

vkt ds ;qx eas lekt dks fodkl dh vxyh efa t+y rd ys tkus dk nkf;Ro logZ kjkoxZ ij
g]S ftl rjg 1789 dh Qkz la dh dkz fa r ds oD+r itaw hifroxZ ij FkkA Hkkjr dh vkt+knh ds nkjS eas
ixz fr'khy vkna kys u dks lxa fBr djus dh ft+Eens kjh logZ kjkoxZ us gh yh Fkh] exj ml le; og ,d
lk>k ekps kZ Fkk ftleas itaw hifroxZ Hkh 'kkfey Fkk] fcfz V'k lkekz T;okn ds f[+kykQ+ vkjS lkekz T;okn dh
lcls f?kukuS h ekuofojk/s kh fopkj/kkjk ;kuh Q+kflT+e ds f[+kykQ+ y[s kd ,d gh uko ij lokj FkAs
blhfy, ml vkna kys u eas O;kid Lrj ij cgrq cM+s y[s kd lenq k; dh f'kjdr Fkh] ;gka muds uke fxukus
dh t+:jr ugh]a ;g tkuk ekuk rF; gAS

vkt+knh feyus ds ckn n's k eas u;h oxh;Z d+rkjcna h gks x;h] lRrk bt+kjns kj itaw hifroxZ ds gkFk
vk x;h ftlus cM+s HkLw okehoxZ ds lkFk xBc/a ku dj fy;k vkjS lkekz T;okn ls Hkh] vius fgr lqjf{kr
j[krs gq,] le>krS k fd;k vkjS vkt Hkh fur u;s le>krS s gekjh vk[a kkas ds lkeus gkrs s jgrs gAaS ,ls s eas
vkt+knh ls igys dk lk>k ekps kZ fc[kjuk gh Fkk] i-z y-s l-a ds 1953 rd vkrs vkrs fc[kjus dk ;gh
lkekftd vk/kkjHkrw dkj.k FkkA iqjkuh O;fDrdfas nrz le> ds dkj.k dqN ykxs kas us lxa Bu ds fc[kjus ds
fy, Hkh O;fDrfo'k"s k dks ft+Eens kj Bgjk;k] [+kqn jkefoykl 'kekZ us ,d y[s k eas bl rjg dk lda rs fn;k
fd i-z y-s l-a mudh otg ls gh pyk] tc os egklfpo ugha jgs rks fc[kj x;kA ;g le> Hkh vius
lkjrRo eas ogh Fkh tks xBu dks ys dj jkxa ;s jk?ko lers cgqr ls y[s kdkas us i's k dh FkhA

1953 ds ckn ds nkjS eas u;s lekt dh jpuk dk tks vk'oklu Hkkjr ds 'kkldoxkaZs us voke
dks fn;k] mldk vlj jpukdkjkas ij Hkh iM+kA vk/kqfud itaw hoknh lekt dh jpuk ds ukjs ds rgr
jpukdkj Hkh u;k vk/kqfud lkfgR; jpus yxs ftls mUgkuas s Hkh ^u;k* fo'k"s k.k tkMs + dj i's k fd;kA
logZ kjkoxZ ml le; vkt+knh ds ckn ds lekt dk lgh oxh;Z vkdyu djus dh dkfs 'k'k dj jgk

462 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

Fkk] e/;oxZ ds lkeus Hkh ^iFk dkuS lk g*S ¼HkkjrHk"w k.k vxoz ky½ dh foHkez dh fLFkfr Fkh] ,ls s eas
i'pxkeh vk/kqfudrkoknh prs uk ds Qyus Qyw us ds fy, t+ehu r;S kj Fkh] ftldh otg ls euq";
ds vdys is u] vkRefuoklZ u vkfn dk Q+ylQ+k jpukvkas eas vkus yxk ftls ge ml nkjS dh dforkvkas
vkjS dgkfu;kas eas n[s krs gAaS ixz froknh /kkjk u;s jpukdkjkas dks ml rjg ls vkdf"krZ ugha dj ik jgh
Fkh ftl rjg vkt+knh ds nkjS eas mldh clra h gok cg jgh FkhA bl nkjS eas ixz frokn ds vkna kys u
ij vkjS logZ kjkoxZ dh jktuhfr ij Hkh cg'kh geys gks jgs FkAs lxa Bu fc[kj pqdk Fkk] fQj Hkh mldh
vkpa us tks vkykps ukRed foods vkjS le>nkjh inS k dh Fkh] mls cq>kus eas geys dkjxj ugha gks ik;As
og vkpa jpukdeZ vkjS opS kfjd y[s ku eas Hkh viuh fujra jrk cuk;s jghA bl fLFkfr dk foLrkj ls
tk;t+k j[s kk voLFkh us viuh iqLrd eas fy;k gS ftls ;gka nkgs jkus dh t+:jr ughAa

n's k ds u;s 'kk"s kd&'kkld oxkaZs dk vc lh/ks lxa fBr logZ kjkoxZ ls Vdjko Fkk tks igyh lla n
eas Hkh] vkjS djs y eas igyh dE;qfuLV jkT; ljdkj ds xBu eas ifz rfcfa cr gks jgk FkkA e/;oxZ ds ,ls s
fgLls tks oxpZ rs l Fk]s n's k ds 'kkfs "kr voke ds lkFk Fk]s y[s kdkas dk ,d fgLlk tks logZ kjkoxZ ds
,fs rgkfld dkz fa rdkjh dk;HZ kkj ls okfd+Q+ Fkk ml oDr+ fgna h lkfgR; eas vkjS lHkh Hkk"kkvkas ds lkfgR; eas
ifz rfd;z koknh fopkjkas ls Vdjk jgk Fkk] eqfDrck/s k dk lkjk jpukdeZ vkjS fopkj/kkjkRed foe'kZ blh
lpkbZ dk xokg gAS

lkBkRs rjh cjlkas eas n's k ds 'kkldoxkaZs ls voke dk ekgs Hkxa gkus s yxk] ;g ekgs Hkxa lkfgR; eas
vjktdrkoknh vkjS lofZ u"k/s koknh fopkj/kkjkvkas dh vfHkO;fDr ds :i eas lkeus vkus yxk] ftls fgna h
eas ^vdfork* vkfn ds lkfgR; vkna kys ukas eas n[s kk tk ldrk gAS bl nkjS eas logZ kjkoxZ dh jktuhfr vius
vna :uh l?a k"kZ eas eqfCryk Fkh] l?a k"kZ dk eq[; eqnn~ k vkt+knh ds ckn ds Hkkjrh; lekt ij dkfct+ oxkaZs
;kuh lRrk/kkjh oxkaZs dh igpku dks ys dj Fkk] ,d fgLlk ftls ge vkt lhihvkb ds :i eas tkurs g]aS
n's k ds u;s 'kkld oxkaZs dks ^jk"Vhª ; itaw hifrox*Z ds :i eas fo'yfs "kr dj jgk Fkk ftls lkera okn&
fojk/s kh vkjS lkekz T;okn&fojk/s kh d+jkj ns dj mlds lkFk oxlZ g;kxs djus dh uhfr viukus dk vkgo~ ku
dj jgk Fkk] nlw jk fgLlk ftls ge vkt lhihvkb&,e ds uke ls tkurs gaS u;s 'kkldoxkaZs dks bt+kjns kj
itaw hifr vkjS cM+s HkLw okfe;kas ds ,d xBtkMs + ds :i eas O;k[;kf;r dj jgk Fkk] bl xBtkMs + dk urs R` o
bt+kjns kj itaw hifr ds gkFk eas gS vkjS ;g xBtkMs + lkekz T;okn ls le>krS k djrk jgrk gAS ;gh og nkjS
gS tc bu nks rjg dh O;k[;kvkas ds vk/kkj ij ikVhZ ds vna j fodV fopkj/kkjkRed l?a k"kZ ds urhts ds
rkjS ij nks ikVhZ ikz xs kz e cus ftuds vk/kkj ij ikVhZ eas foHkktu gks x;k vkjS nkus kas us Hkkjrh; lekt ds
fodkl dh vxyh efa ty+ dh j.kuhfr vkjS dk;uZ hfr vius bUgha vk/kkjHkrw nLrkots k+ as eas vfa dr dhA ikVhZ
ds foHkktu dk ;gh oKS kfud vk/kkj Fkk ftls vKkuo'k cgqr ls cqf)thfo;kas us Hkh ^:lleFkZ d* vkjS
^phuleFkdZ * ds ljyhdj.k ds :i eas [kcw ipz kfjr fd;k] vkjS blh >Bw s ipz kj ds vlj ds rgr cgqr
ls y[s kd vkt Hkh ;gh ^x<+k gqvk ;FkkFk*Z ;k dgsa lM+k gqvk ;FkkFkZ ikBdkas dks fiykrs jgrs gAaS
Hkkjr&phu l?a k"kZ ds nkjS ku lhihvkb&,e ds urs R` o dks ^phu ds nyky* dg dj tys kas eas Mky fn;k
x;kA lpkbZ ;g gS fd vkt+knh ds ckn ds le; eas lkfs o;r l?a k dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkjS phu dh
dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ;kuh nqfu;k dh nkus kas gh cM+h ikfV;Z ka Hkkjr ds u;s 'kkldoxkaZs dk ogh fo'y"s k.k dj
jgh Fkha tks lhihvkb ds Mkxa os knh dj jgs FkAs tc foHkktu gks x;k rks lhihvkb us vius ikz xs kz e ds
vk/kkj ij oxlZ g;kxs dh jkg idM+h vkjS lhihvkb&,e us vius ikVhZ ikz xs kz e ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh;

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 463

jktuhfr eas logZ kjkoxZ ds i{k dks et+crw djrs gq, oxlZ ?a k"kZ dh oKS kfud le>nkjh fodflr dhA
;FkkFkZ ds fo'y"s k.k ds ;s nks :i muds ikVhZ ikz xs kz ekas eas ntZ gASa ckn eas tc uDlyckM+h dk vkna kys u
gqvk rks ml xqV us Hkh Hkkjrh; 'kkldoxkaZs ds oxpZ fj=k dks u;s fljs ls fo'yfs "kr djrs gq, ;g ?kkfs "kr
fd;k fd Hkkjr dh lRrk ^dia kz Mkjs * itaw hifroxZ ds gkFkkas eas g]S ftldk vFkZ gS fd og flQ+Z lkekz T;okn
dk ^nyky* g]S mldk viuk dkbs Z mRiknu r=a k ugh]a ml xqV us ^ekvks dks viuk p;s jeuS * ?kkfs "kr
fd;k vkjS Hkkjrh; tur=a k dks ^cna fj;k dk rek'kk* dg dj mleas 'kkfey u gkus s dk Q+Slyk fy;k
rFkk ,d ,d oxnZ q'eu dh gR;k djds ^dkz fa r* djus ds fl)kra ij vey djuk 'kq: dj fn;k tks
vkt rd ^ekvkos kn* ds uke ij tkjh gAS bl rjg ds mxoz knh okeiFa k dh dVq vkykps uk yfs uu us
vius le; eas mls ^cpdkuk et+Z* dg dj dh Fkh vkjS ekvks us Hkh vius le; eas phu eas mHkjs bl
rjg ds xqVkas dks dkz fa r ds nq'eu dh rjg gh fy;k FkkA Hkkjr eas logZ kjkoxZ dh rkd+r dk ;g fc[kjko
,ls s le; eas gqvk Fkk tc Hkkjr dk itaw hokn ,d Hk;kud lda V ds nkjS ls xqt+j jgk FkkA

;gh otg Fkh fd lkBkRs rjh cjlkas eas dkxa lsz ls voke dk ekgs Hkxa gqvk] mldk ifz rfcca u
lfa on ljdkjkas ds xBu ds :i lkeus vk;kA ml le; n's k eas okeiFa k ,d 'kfDr'kkyh jktuhfrd
?kVd ds :i eas mHkj jgk Fkk] lkfgR; eas Hkh bldk vlj fn[kk;h nus s yxkA blls igys ^ik;s e vku
n its * ;k ^jpuk dh i.w kZ Lok;Rrrk* dks gh vfa re lR; ekuk vkjS ipz kfjr fd;k tk jgk FkkA dgk
tk jgk Fkk fd lkfgR; dk lekt] jktuhfr ;k fdlh Hkh vU; {k=s k ls dkbs Z fj'rk ugha gkrs kA bl
le> ij lokfy;k fu'kku 1967 ds vklikl cgqr ls lkfgR;dkjkas us yxkus 'kq: dj fn;s vkjS ,d
Li"V okeiFa kh #>ku jpukvkas eas fn[kk;h nus s yxkA ^u;h dfork*] ^vdfork*] ^rkt+h dfork* vkfn
ds :ioknh uqL[+ks ukdke gkus s yxs vkjS ,d ckj fQj u;h jpuk'khyrk vkjS vkykps uk eas lekt ds
cM+s ljkds kj ifz rfcfa cr gkus s 'kq: gq,A

vkjS rHkh u;s okeiFa kh mHkkj ds lxa fBr gkus s dh ifz d;z k,a Hkh ,d ckj fQj 'kq: gkus s yxha
D;kfas d lRrk/kkjh oxkaZs dh uqekbna xh djus okyh dkxa lsz ikVhZ ,dnyh; rkuk'kkgh dh vkjs c<+ jgh Fkh]
itaw hokn Hk;da j lda V dk lkeuk dj jgk Fkk] lHkh txg 'kk"s k.k dh ekj ds f[+kykQ+ ykxs ykecna gks
jgs Fk]s cgrq cMs+ inz 'kuZ kas vkjS ifz rjk/s kh dkjoZ kb;kas dh ck<+ vk;h gbq Z FkhA 1974 dh ,fs rgkfld jys gMr+ ky
us e/;oxZ lers O;kid voke dks dkz fa rdkjh ifjoruZ ds fy, ifsz jr dj fn;k Fkk] blfy, lkfgR;
dh ^dqvkuks unh* Hkh ^yky vkjS mnn~ ke* gks jgh Fkh vkjS ml le; dh jpukvkas eas ^dgka gks dkz fa r
ds l=w k/kkj*¼lo'Zs ojn;ky lDlus k½ tlS h iqdkj lquk;h iM+ jgh FkhA y[s kdkas us vius lkekftd nkf;Ro
dks lxa fBr :i eas fuHkkus ds fy, ckna k lEeys u eas ,dtqV gkus s dh dkfs 'k'k dh] ,d lk>k epa ]
^tuoknh y[s kd epa * ds uke ls cuk Hkh] exj og fc[kj x;k vkjS oxlZ g;kxs dk jkLrk vf[+r;kj
djus okys dqN okeiFa kh y[s kdkas ds urs R` o us x;k eas jk"Vhª ; lEeys u vk;kfs tr djds ,d vU; y[s kd
lxa Bu cuk fy;k] ftls u;k uke fn;k] ^u's kuy Q+Ms j's ku vkQ+ ikz xs fsz lo jkbVl*Z A oxlZ g;kxs dh
jktuhfr dk fojk/s k djus okys y[s kdkas dks mleas cqyk;k gh ugha x;kA mu fnukas oxlZ g;kxs dh jktuhfr
djus okys ^okeiFa kh* dbZ {k=s kkas eas blh rjg ds ^u's kuy Q+Ms j's ku* cuk jgs Fk]s ftu eas ,dnyh;
rkuk'kkgh ds jkLrs ij py jgh dkxa lsz ds leFkdZ gh 'kkfey fd;s tk jgs Fks tc fd tuvkdkz 's k ijw s
n's k eas dkxa lsz ikVhZ ds f[+kykQ+ meM+ jgk Fkk] ftls [kqn 'kkldoxkaZs ds ,d /kM+s us ^lia .w kZ dkz fa r* ds
ukjs ds rgr ykecna dj fy;k Fkk] D;kfas d 'kkldoxkaZs ds vkilh vra fojZ k/s k Hkh Hk;da j vkfFkdZ lda V

464 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

ds ml nkjS esa cgqr rts + gks jgs FkAs bUgha vra fojZ k/s kkas dh ifj.kfr betlaZS h eas gqb]Z turk ds tuoknh
vf/kdkj Nhu fy;s x;]s y[s kdkas vkjS i=kdkjkas dk Hkh neu gkus s yxkA et+njw kas dk ckus l itaw hifr;kas
dks ns fn;k x;kA y[s kdkas dk fy[kus vkjS vkykps uk dk vf/kdkj] lxa fBr gkus s dk vf/kdkj jnn~ h dh
Vkds jh eas Mky fn;k x;k ;kuh Hkkjrh; lfa o/kku eas inz Rr ukxfjd vkt+kfn;ka Nhu yh x;h]a rkuk'kkgh
jkt d+k;e gks x;kA cnfd+Lerh ls [kqn dks okeiFa kh ekuus okys uokfs nr y[s kd lxa Bu] ^u's kuy
Q+Ms j's ku vkQ+ ikz xs fsz lo jkbVl*Z us betlZaS h tlS s rkuk'kkgh d+ne dk leFkuZ dj fn;k vkjS bl rjg
vius lxa Bu ij dyda dk Vhdk yxok fy;k ftldh otg ls vkt rd dkbs Z Hkh okeiFa kfojk/s kh ;k
Q+kflLV fopkjkas dk y[s kd ^lkjs okeiFa kh lxa Buk*as ij viuh ryokj Hkkta us eas ihNs ugha jgrkA

y[s kdkas dk ,d cM+k fgLlk mDr y[s kd lxa Bu ls Hk;da j :i ls ukjkt+ gks x;k vkjS betlaSZ h
ds gVrs gh u;s lxa Bu ds :i eas [kqn dks lxa fBr djus dh rhoz bPNk t+kfgj djus yxkA fnYyh ds
^tuoknh fopkj epa * ds rRoko/kku eas ,ls s y[s kdkas dk ,d f'kfoj 1979 eas vk;kfs tr gqvk ftleas
^tuoknh y[s ku ds nl o"k*Z dk y[s kk&tk[s kk fy;k x;k] ftleas i<+s x;s y[s kkas vkjS mu ij gqbZ cgl eas
lxa fBr gkus s dh bPNk dk vDl lkQ+ fn[kk;h ns jgk FkkA ;g bPNk rc vkjS tk+ js idMu+ s yxh tc y[s kdkas
ds tuoknh vf/kdkj Nhuus okyh rkuk'kkg ikVh]Z dkxa lsz dh 1980 eas okilh gks x;h vkjS ftlus fQj
ls ^fcgkj ilsz fcy* ;k ^gkLihVy ,Ma vnj bLa VhV;~ 'w kla fcy* vkjS vU; dbZ tufojk/s kh fo/k;s d ikfjr
djkus dh dkfs 'k'k dh ftuls voke dh ukxfjd vkt+kfn;kas ij dqBkjk?kkr gkrs k FkkA ;gh le; ^dfork
dh okilh* ds ukjs dk Hkh Fkk tks 'kkldoxkaZs dh vkjs y[s kdkas dks vkdf"krZ djus ds fy, fn;k x;k FkkA
mUgha fnukas 1980 eas e'qa kh iesz pna dh tUe'krh Hkh txg txg euk;h x;hA ,ls k dlS s gks ldrk Fkk fd
e'qa kh iesz pna dks ;kn djas vkjS mudh ml fnyh [+okfg'k dks Hkyw tk;as ftlus mUgas y[s kdkas dks lxa fBr
djus ds fy, ckj ckj ifsz jr fd;kA j[s kk voLFkh us viuh iqLrd eas 1936 ls igys dh iesz pna dh bl
[+okfg'k dk iez k.klfgr fooj.k fn;k gAS

1980 eas ts ,u ;w ds rRoko/kku eas fnYyh eas vkb lh ,p vkj ds ifjlj eas ,d gky eas ftls
vc <gk fn;k x;k gS e'aq kh iesz pna tUe'krh dk ,d HkO; vk;kts u gvq k Fkk] ogha n's k Hkj ls y[s kd cyq k;s
x;s Fk]s ogha ls dNq y[s kd Hkkts ukodk'k eas mB dj ogka ls dNq gh njw ] 4 v'kkds jkMs ds cjkens eas bdVB~ k
g,q ] vkjS u;s lxa Bu ds xBu dh igyd+neh dk vkilh ckrphr }kjk Ql+S yk fy;kA ml ij vey djrs
gq, n's k Hkj eas y[s kdkas ls lia dZ vkjS cgl ds fy, ,d nLrkots + tkjh fd;k x;kA fgna h&mnZw y[s kdkas us
Hkkjh rknkn eas gj txg lxa Bu cukus dh ifz d;z k eas tk's k ds lkFk f'kjdr dh vkjS bl rjg Qj+ ojh 1982
eas u;h fnYyh eas ijw s n's k ls Hkkjh rknkn eas vk;s y[s kdkas ds lEeys u us tuoknh y[s kd l?a k ds :i eas
u;s lxa Bu dh uhoa j[khA ,d ?kk"s k.kki=k vkjS lfa o/kku ikfjr fd;k] dke dkt ds fy, ,d dnas hz ;
ifj"kn vkjS dnas hz ; dk;dZ kfj.kh o mlds inkf/kdkjh pqu]s bl rjg ijw s turkfa =kd rkjS rjhd+s ls u;s
lxa Bu dk xBu fd;kA

vius vuqHko vkjS bfrgklck/s k ls y[s kdkas us ,d u;k ifji{sz ; vftrZ fd;k FkkA mUgkuas s ;g
tku fy;k Fkk fd vkt+knh ds ckn dh jktlRrk us ckj ckj tuokn ij igz kj fd;]s pquh x;h ljdkjas
fxjk nh]a ukxfjd vkt+kfn;ka Nhuus ds vuds fo/k;s d ikl fd;As fcuk eqd+nek pyk;s fdlh dks Hkh tys
eas Mky nus k vke ckr Fkh] betlaSZ h eas tuokn ij igz kj dk lcls f?kukuS k pgs jk mHkj dj lkeus vk pqdk
Fkk] blfy, bleas lna gs ugha jg x;k Fkk fd bl O;oLFkk dh vkjs ls tuokn dks [+krjk gAS y[s kd

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 465

dh fy[kus dh vkt+knh dk betlaZS h eas Nhu fy;k tkuk blh [k+rjs dk erw Z :i FkkA bl dk eqd+kcyk
voke }kjk lxa fBr gks dj gh fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ml le; tks rFkkdfFkr ^ixz fr'khy* u's kuy
Q+sMj's ku Fkk] mlds urs R` o us betlaZS h dk [kqyk leFkuZ djds tuokn ij geyk ckys us okys 'kkldoxkaZs
ds gkFk gh et+crw fd;]s bleas mudh opS kfjd prs uk dh nfjnrz k gh >ydrh Fkh ftldh otg ls
mUgas lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dh lgh igpku ugha gks ik jgh FkhA

tuoknh y[s kd l?a k us y[s kdkas ds lkeus ^tuokn dh j{kk vkjS fodkl* dk ,fs rgkfld nkf;Ro
iLz rqr fd;kA ;gh mldk dnas hz ; ukjk cuk] vkjS lHkh eqnn~ kas ij viuh jk; cukus dk iliZ fs DVo HkhA
elyu] mnwZ dh j{kk ds loky ij ^ixz fr'khy* urs R` o eas 1986 eas i-z y-s l-a dh Lo.ktZ ;ra h ds volj ij
Hk;da j >xM+k fn[kk;h fn;kA mnZw ds ifz r fgd+kjr fn[kkrs g,q muds lxa Bu ds lcls cM+s inkf/kdkjh ;kuh
v/;{keMa y ds v/;{k us gla if=kdk eas y[s k fy[k dj mls ^cklh Hkkr eas [kqnk dk lk>k* crk dj
ykfa Nr fd;k] tuoknh y[s kd l?a k us vius ?kk"s k.kki=k eas fn;s dnas hz ; ukjs ds rgr mnZw dh j{kk vkjS fodkl
ds ckjs eas iLz rko ikfjr fd;k fd ^mnZw dh j{kk vkjS fodkl dk loky Hkkjr eas tuokn dh j{kk vkjS
fodkl dk loky g*S A bl le> dks ijw s n's k eas tEgfw j;rilna vkjS /kefZ uji{s k y[s kdkas vkjS voke
us lgh ekukA mnZw ds v[+kckjkas us bls lgh Bgjkrs gq, lia kndh; fy[k]s D;kfas d ;g le> fQ+jdkokjkuk
rRokas ls vyx le> Fkh] oKS kfud lkps dk fgLlk Fkh] tuoknh y[s kd l?a k ds reke lnL;kas us bl
le> dk Lokxr fd;k tcfd ^ixz fr'khy* Q+sMj's ku ds vna j ;g ifji{sz ; unkjn Fkk ftldh otg
ls gh y[kuÅ eas i-z y-s l-a dh Lo.ktZ ;ra h ds vk;kts u eas gh mnZw ds loky ij Hk;da j >xM+k gqvk FkkA

;gka ;g j[s kkfa dr djuk t+:jh gS fd ftl nkjS eas tuoknh y[s kd l?a k cuk Fkk ml nkjS eas
logZ kjkoxZ dh prs uk ls vftrZ blh iliZ fs DVo ds rgr vkjS Hkh dbZ lxa Bu e/;oxh;Z voke ds fgLlkas
eas cu]s odhykas dk lxa Bu] MkDVjk]as oKS kfudkas dk lxa Bu] ih;lw h,y vkfn HkhA ;s lHkh lxa Bu
,fs rgkfld ifz d;z k dk gh fgLlk Fk]s pna fljfQjs uktS okukas dk dkjukek ugha FkAs ckn ds cjlkas eas e/
;oxZ dh gkyr eas itaw hoknh O;oLFkk us dNq l/q kkj rks fd;k gh] mls dkvs kIV dj fy;k rkfd og itaw hoknh
mRiknu dk miHkkDs rk cu ldAs lRrj ds n'kd eas mldh gkyr vkjS logZ kjk dh gkyr eas
t+ehu&vkleku dk Q+d+Z ugha FkkA vko';d oLrvq kas dk vHkko lHkh ds fy, Fkk vkjS mRiknu dh fiNM+h
i.z kkyh ls cus mRiknkas dks ys dj e/;oxZ eas Hkh Hk;da j vlra k"s k FkkA ,d vPNk CyMs rd ckt+kj eas ugha
feyrk FkkA logZ kjkoxZ eas Hkh mlh rjg dk vlra k"s k Fkk] blfy, bu oxkaZs eas dkz fa r dh pkg ,d lkFk
mHkj jgh Fkh] y[s kd blh e/;oxh;Z pkg dks ok.kh ns jgk FkkA vkt bl pkg ds os gkykr gh ugha g]aS
blfy, lxa fBr cus jgus dh og bPNk Hkh ml rjg dh ugha jg x;h g]S logZ kjkoxZ dh eYw ;O;oLFkk o
xgjh ifz rc)rk dks vftrZ fd;s g,q y[s kd gh vc rks efq Drck/s k dh ml ifa Dr dks ;kn djrs g,q lxa Bu
dh vgfe;r igpkurs g]Sa ^lda ez .kdky gS /k;S Z /kjk]s beZ ku u tkus nk*s A

vkt dk fo'oitaw hokn tks vra jk"Z Vhª ; foRrh; itaw h ds v/khu ijw h nqfu;k dks Hk;da j vkfFkdZ
cngkyh dh rjQ+ /kdys jgk g]S vc gj n's k ds e/;oxZ ij Hkh ^vkfFkdZ lq/kkjk*as ds uke ij geyk
ckys xs k] ;g geyk tuokn ij geys eas Hkh rCnhy gkxs kA vHkh Hkh cgqjk"Vhª ; fuxe vius ekrgrkas dks
lxa fBr gkus s dk gd+ nus s dks r;S kj ugh]a tc fd Hkkjr eas ,d lfa o/kku Hkh g]S ij os blls dkbs Z ljkds kj
ugha j[kr]s bl rjg lxa fBr 'kfDr ij geys rts + gks jgs g]aS [kkrs ihrs e/;oxZ ds cgqr ls lia knd] y[s kd
vkjS vius dks ^okeiFa kh* dgus okys cgqr ls y[s kd Hkh geykas dh bl eqfge eas vkjS y[s kdkas ds fo'kky

466 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

leqnk; dks lxa Bukas ls njw jgus dh lykg nus s eas yx x;s gAaS tyls ij rks geys mlds xBu dh
iow lZ /a ;k ls ys dj lu 2012 rd tkjh gaS gh] irk ughas tyls us bu geykojkas dk D;k fcxkM+k gS
fd mlds ckjs eas >Bw ds vca kj yxkrs gq, vkjS dkbs Z Bkls iez k.k u nrs s gq, vkjS euekuk ^;FkkFkZ x<+rs
gq,* ,d ds ckn ,d geyk fdlh itaw hoknh v[+kckj dk lia knd cd+ye [kqn djrk g]S vkj ,l ,l
ds fdlh dk;dZ rkZ ;k vius pepkas ls djokrk gAS ¼n[s kas tulRrk ds 29 viySz 2012 eas vkes Fkkuoh
dh vkjS mlds ckn ds nks jfookljh; vda kas rd vU; fVIif.k;k½a A gjS kuh rc vkjS gkrs h gS tc bl
vkdkz ed eqfge dk fgLlk] vkt ds nkjS e]as ,ls s y[s kd Hkh cu jgs gaS tks ^y?kqif=kdkvk*as ds ek/;e
ls ;k Cykxy[s ku }kjk vius dks lo'Z kq) okeiFa kh vkjS viuh deht+ dks lcls T+;knk lQ+ns ipz kfjr
djus eas yxs gq, g]aS bueas ,ls s Hkh dqN egkuqHkko gaS tks logZ kjkoxZ dh lxa fBr 'kfDr ds i;z klkas ls
gh fo'ofo|ky;kas ds mPpors uHkkxs h inkas ij fu;qDr gq, vkjS cdkyS ukxktqZu] vc ^ckiw dks gh cuk
jgs gaS rhukas cna j ckiw d*s A

,ls s dfBu nkjS e]as ixz fr'khy vkna kys u ds 75 cjlkas dk fopkj/kkjkRed vkdyu blhfy,
t+:jh gS ftlls e/;oxh;Z y[s kdkas dks viuh ,fs rgkfld ft+Eens kjh dk vglkl gks ld]s mHkjrs gq,
y[s kdkas dks lPpk ekuorkoknh ifji{zs ; vftrZ djus eas enn fey ldAs ixz fr'khyrk ds ikz jfa Hkd nkjS
ls ys dj vkt rd tks Hkh cgs rjhu jpukdeZ lkfgR; vkjS vU; dykvkas eas mHkj dj vk;k] og
lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks fpf=kr djus okyk vkjS cgs rj lekt dk LoIu fy;s g,q jpukdeZ gh gAS ixz fr'khy
vkna kys u dh ;gh egku itaw h gAS nlw jh vkjs ] tks vkRec) egkekuo cuus dk liuk ys dj vk;]s
lda h.krZ k ds dq,a eas VjZ VjZ djds pys x;]s vkxs Hkh ,ls k gh gkxs kA eqfDrck/s k ds 'kCnkas eas ^;g HkforO;
vVy gS bldks vfa /k;kjs eas >kdas u ldrAs *

tc fo'oitaw hokn dh vkjs ls vk jgs vkfFkdZ lda V dk Hkkjh iRFkj dqN fnukas ckn fodkl'khy
n's kkas ds e/;oxZ dh Nkrh ij Hkh vk /kedxs k] rc logZ kjkoxZ dh lxa fBr 'kfDr dk fgLlk cus cx+jS ml
iRFkj ls eqfDr ugha feyxs h] ftldk :id eqfDrck/s k us ^pca y dh ?kkVh e*as dfork eas ck/a kk FkkA bl
eqfDr ds i;z kl eas O;fDr&O;fDr dk Hkh ;kxs nku gks ldrk g]S vkjS lxa fBr gks dj HkhA blfy, tks
y[s kd] O;fDr cuke lxa Bu ds Hkns dks ryw ns jgs g]aS os nkus kas dk vfgr gh dj jgs gAaS cd+kyS eqfDrck/s
k] ^'kk"s k.kiki ds ijia jkdez ls eqfDr* ds i;z kl eas ge de ls de ,dtqVrk dk ut+fj;k rks viuk gh
ldrs g]aS vkjS fQj D;k bl ,fs rgkfld lR; dks >qByk;k tk ldrk gS fd tc Hkh lkekftd eqfDr gqbZ
g]S lxa fBr 'kfDr ls gh gqbZ gAS blfy, vkt lcls cM+h t+:jr y[s kdkas dh O;kid ,drk dh g]S bleas
lda h.krZ k ds #>ku dkQ+h [+krjukd vojk/s k mRiUu djrs gAaS bu #>kukas dk eyw rks opS kfjd gkrs k g]S
exj os O;fDrxr b"Z ;k&Z }"s k dk :i ys yrs s gAaS logZ kjkoxZ dh lPph i{k/kjrk dh rks ;gh t+:jr g]S
fd ,ls h lda h.krZ kvkas vkjS fu"k/s kkRed ioz f` Rr;kas ls Åij mB dj lkjs jpukdkj vkjS lLa df` rdehZ O;kid
Lrj ij ,drkc) gkas ftlls gekjs lekt dks fodkl dh vxyh efa t+y eas ys tkus ds fy, lkjh
jpukRed ÅtkZ ,d opS kfjd o jpukRed ekxZ i'z kLr djus ds egku y{; eas lya Xu gkAs ,ls k egku
y{; gh egku jpukdkj fuferZ djrk g]S tlS s Lok/khurk vkna kys u ds egku y{; us vkjS ixz fr'khy
vkna kys u ds egku y{; us egku jpukdkj&dykdkj fuferZ fd;s FkAs vius dq,a ds e<sa d cudj tks
viuh <iyh vkjS viuk jkx vyki jgs Fk]s mudk vkt dkbs Z ukeyos k Hkh ughAa

eks- 9811119391

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 467

Tku ukV~; eap ds vuqHko

v'kksd frokjh@czts'k 'kekZ

1973 eas fnYyh bIVk eas dke dj jgs dqN ykxs kas us tu ukV;~ epa ¼tue½ dh LFkkiuk dhA fLFkfr dqN
,ls h Fkh fd muds fy, fdUgha dkj.kkas ls fnYyh bIVk eas dke djuk lHa ko ugha jg x;k FkkA ^tue* us
turk ds chp ukVd [kys uk 'k:q fd;kA bIVk ds fuek.Z k ls iow Z 1939 eas fy[ks ^Hkkjr dh tu&ukV;~ 'kkyk*
uke ds vius y[s k eas f'konku flga pkgS ku bl ckr ij cy nrs s gaS fd gekjh dykvkas dk Hkkjr ds et+njw k]as
fdlkukas vkjS fuEue/; oxZ ls ^ikz .k lca /a k* gkrs k gAS f'konku flga pkgS ku ;g Hkh dgrs gaS fd ^dyk ds
fuek.Z k eas O;kolkf;d ykHk rFkk mithoh oxZ ds dqfRlr eukjs ta u ds LFkku ij 'kkfs "kr turk dh vk/
;kfRed {kq/kk dks LokLF;dj ekufld Hkkts u inz ku djus rFkk turk dks vius ektS nw k rFkk Hkkoh dk;Z
ds ifz r ltx vkjS lprs cukus dk rRo pkfg,A* ¼^Hkkjr dh tu&ukV;~ 'kkyk*] lkfgR; dh leL;k,a]
i-` 136&137½ 1945 eas vius mnn~ 's ; dks yds j bIVk us ?kkfs "kr fd;k fd dykvkas dks gekjs nkjS ds
lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dh [kkVa h vfHkO;fDr gkus k pkfg,A mls turk dh veu] tuokn vkjS lkLa Ñfrd ixz fr
dh dkfs 'k'kkas dks mRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A turk dks f'kf{kr djus okyk LoLFk eukjs ta u inz ku djuk pkfg,
¼bIVk dk lfa o/kku] 1945½A 1954 eas _fRod ?kVd us bIVk dh viuh vo/kkj.kk j[khA bleas os dgrs
gaS fd gekjk ed+ln g]S turk dks tkx:d djuk] mls f'kf{kr djuk ,oa mlds Åij brj ¼,fyvu½
lLa Ñfr dk tks n"q iHz kko gkrs k g]S mlds f[k+ ykQ+ l?a k"kZ djuk rkfd turk dks tu& lxa Bukas ds ihNs ykecna
fd;k tk ldAs vxj ge tu ukV;~ epa ds ed+ln ij ut+j Mkyas rks lQ+nj dgrs gaS fd tu ukV;~
epa dk eq[; ed+ln g&S &turk ds O;kid fgLls rd ,d odS fYid lLa Ñfr igqpa kuk ftlds fy, ^tue*
us turk ds chp ukVd djus dk jkLrk viuk;kA vkxs os dgrs gaS fd tu ukV;~ epa ds uqDdM+ ukVd
egt+ odS fYid] lkLa Ñfrd eukjs ta u ek=k ugha cfYd turk dks tkudkjh nrs s g]aS f'kf{kr djrs gaS vkjS
tuokn vkjS tu&vkna kys ukas ds ihNs ykecna Hkh djrs gaS ¼jkbV Vw ijQ+keW Z] i-` 16½A

bIVk dk tks mnn~ 's ; Fkk] ogh tu ukV;~ epa dk mnn~ 's ; jgk gAS f'konku flga pkgS ku us bIVk ds
fuek.Z k ls iow Z tks vo/kkj.kk i's k dh Fkh] mleas mUgkuas s tu ukV;~ deZ dks nks rjg ls n[s kk FkkA ,d]
fdlkuk]as et+njw kas ds fy, ukVd ftleas xkz eh.k vkjS [+kkl rkjS ls ykds :ikas ds bLres ky ij t+kjs fn;k x;k
FkkA bleas ektS nw k xkz E;&ukV;~ 'kkykvkas eas ls ukVS da h dk fodkl djds mls jk"Vhª ; UkkV;~ 'kkyk dk :i
nus s dh ckr dgh x;h FkhA vkjS nlw jk] 'kgjh fuEue/;oxZ ds fy, ukVd] ftlds ckjs eas ckr djrs gq,
mUgkuas s bXyMaS ds ^;fw uVh fFk;Vs j* dh ckr dhA ^;fw uVh fFk;Vs j* 1930 ds n'kd eas vfLrRo eas vk;k]
ftldh cgrq lh 'kk[kk,a FkhAa mleas Q+kEW lZ ds Lrj ij cgrq lkjk dke gvq kA v[+kckj dh [+kcjkas dks yds j
mldk ,d x+t+c dk ikz Ms D'ku Fkk] ^fyfoxa U;tw + iis j*A ^;fw uVh fFk;Vs j* dkexkjk]as et+njw kas vkjS turk
ds vna j tkdj ukVd djus dh ckr dgrk FkkA f'konku flga pkgS ku dh tu ukV;~ 'kkyk dh ifjdYiuk
eas ^;fw uVh fFk;Vs j* dk ikz :i FkkA mUgkuas s dgk fd bleas fuEu e/;oxZ vkjS e/;oxZ ds fo|kFkh]Z odhy]

468 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

MkDW Vj] o O;olk;h ox+jS g 'kkfey gkxas As mu ukVdkas dh 'kyS h ds ckjs eas ckr djrs gq, mUgkuas s dgk fd
geas Dykfldh; 'kyS h dks NkMs + ugha nus k pkfg, vkjS mldks fodflr djrs gq, [kys uk pkfg,A

bIVk ds ckjs eas _fRod ?kVd us viuh vo/kkj.kk eas dgk gS fd bleas vyx&vyx fØ,fVo ;fw uVl~
¼bdkb;k½a gkxas hA os fØ,fVo ;fw uVl~ LoPs Nk ls Q+Ms j's ku ds lkFk tqM+asxhA mu fØ,fVo ;fw uVl~ dk ukVd
cukus dk rjhd+k xqzi fFk;Vs j dk rjhd+k gkxs kA tu ukV;~ epa bIVk rks ugha gS yfs du ge bls ,d
fØ,fVo ;fw uV dh rjg t+:j n[s krs gAaS vkjS ;g ;fw uV mUgha vkxgz kas ds lkFk dke dj jgh gS ftu vkxgz kas
ds lkFk bIVk dke dj jgk FkkA bIVk ds Hkhrj cglas FkhAa :i vkjS dF; dk loky] i's kos j dykdkjkas
ds lkFk lca /a k] ijia jk vkjS ikjia fjd fo/kkvkas dk loky] lkxa Bfud loky] jpuk ifz Ø;k && [+kkl rkjS
ls lk>a h jpuk ifz Ø;k && ds lokyA bIVk ds ml nkjS eas tks fØ,fVo fMcVs Fkh] vkt og fMcVs ml
:i eas ektS nw ugha gAS tc ge tu ukV;~ epa dh ckr djrs gaS rks mldh jpuk ifz Ø;k dks n[s krs gq,
og fdu&fdu pht+kas ls nks pkj gqvk g]S bl lna HkZ eas ckr dj ldrs gAaS

tu ukV;~ epa us vius 'kq#vkrh nkjS eas epa ukVd fd;As ;s ukVd Fks &&eR` ;jw vrhr] Hkkjr HkkX;
fo/kkrk] cdjh] fQjxa h ykVS vk;s vkjS vc jktk dh ckjh gSA ml nkjS eas tue ds lkFk dbZ tuoknh]
ixz fr'khy dykdehZ tqM+As bu ukVdkas ds lkFk tu ukV;~ epa ds ukVdkas dk flyflyk pyk FkkA tu
ukV;~ epa vius fu'p; ds eqrkfc+d ukVd dks i{sz kkxg` kas rd lhfer u j[kdj mls turk ds chp yds j
x;kA epa cukdj cM+&s cM+s ukVd turk ds chp eas [kys s x;As ^tue* ds gh ykxs mleas ukVd ds lHkh
igyqvkas dks vta +ke nrs s Fk]s pkgs lxa hr gks ;k fun'Zs ku] o's kHk"w kk ;k lVs fMt+kbfuxa ] os lc ^tue* ds ykxs
gh djrs FkAs ;g nkjS 1973 ls yds j 1975 rd pyk] bejtlas h ds nkjS rdA bejtlas h ds nkjS ku ukVd
djkus okys lkFkh lxa Bukas ij ,ls k dqBkjk?kkr gqvk fd muds fy, ;g lHa ko ugha Fkk fd os igys dh rjg
bykd+ksa eas cM+&s cM+s epa yxkdj ^tue* ds ukVd djok ik;Aas vc jktk dh ckjh gS 1977 eas [kys k x;k
FkkA ukVd vPNk fudydj vk;k] yfs du mlds pna inz 'kuZ flQ+Z lHkkxkjkas eas gh gks ik;As ^tue* us
ifjfLFkfr dk fo'y"s k.k fd;k vkjS ;g Q+Slyk fy;k fd vxj cM+s ukVd ugha rks turk ds chp NkVs s
ukVd yds j tk;Aas QyLo:i mHkjk 1978 eas tu ukV;~ epa dk igyk uqddM+ ukVd & e'khuA ,d
rjg ls u;s Q+keW Z dh jpuk gqb]Z tks 'kk;n ml le; dh ekxa FkhA gkykfa d mlds dqN fpgu~ igys fey
pqds Fk]s ^fLdV*] ^ikLs Vj Iy*s bR;kfn ds :i eAas vxj ^Tkue* ds ;kxs nku ij nf` "V Mkyas rks ge n[s krs
gaS fd uqDdM+ ukVd dk ,d fo/kk ds :i eas fodkl ^tue* dk lcls cM+k ;kxs nku gAS uqDdM+ ukVd
dlS s mHkjk\ lQ+nj dgrs gaS fd uqDdM+ ukVd tlS k vkt gS og vius vkidks fdlh ikz phu ijia jk ls
ugha tkMs r+ kA gn ls gn og 1917 eas :lh Økfa r ds ckn lkfs o;r :l eas gkus s okys pna ^,ftV ikz iW * ukVdkas
ls [kqn dks tkMs +rk gS tks xfy;k]as ckt+kjk]as Q+DS Vhª xVs kas bR;kfn eas gkrs s FkAs dbZ n's kkas eas og fu.kk;Z d nkjS
eas mHkjk] tlS s phu eas ykUW x ekpZ ds nkjS ku] Lius h xg` ;q) ds nkjS ku] D;cw k eas Økfa r ds ckn] fo;ruke
eas ;q) ds nkjS ku] nlw js fo'o;q) eas [kkb;kas e]as txa ykas e]as ;q) ds enS kukas eas bR;kfnA bXa yMaS vkjS vejhdk
eas Q+DS Vhª xVs k]as et+njw bykd+kas eas Hkh og gqvkA lQ+nj ;g Hkh dgrs gaS fd ^Hkkjr eas uqDdM+ ukVd bIVk
ds lkekz T;oknfojk/s kh l?a k"kZ eas turk dks ykecna djus ds vfHk;ku ds QyLo:i gh mHkjkA vkt+knh ds
ckn mlus [k+ nq dks mu tuoknh rkdr+ kas ds lkFk tkMs k+ tks turk ds vkfFkdZ o lkekftd 'kk"s k.k ds f[k+ ykQ+
yM+ jgs FkAs * ¼jkbV Vw ijQ+keW ]Z i-` 6½ vkt+knh ds ckn le;&le; ij uqDdM+ ukVd] igz lu] ikLs Vj Iys
bR;kfn [kys s tkrs jg]s yfs du mudks eq[;r% fdlh ,Ds 'ku] ifz rjk/s kkRed xfrfof/k] pqukokas vkfn ds fy,

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 469

ykecna djus ds mik;Lo:i bLres ky fd;k tkrk jgkA ,d fo/kk ds :i eas bl ij dke djus dh T+;knk
dkfs 'k'k u rks gqbZ vkjS u gh egllw dh x;hA ^lQ+nj dk [+okc* uked ,d y[s k eas uqDdM+ ukVd dh
rduhd ij gchc ruohj dgrs g]aS ^fo/kk veew u vius oD+r dh btZ kn gkrs h gAS uqDdM+ ukVd dh fo/
kk 'kk;n pkyhl ds n'kd eas fodflr ugha gks ikrh D;kfas d oD+r dh ekxa Fkh fd fdlh vkjS <xa ls
jktuhfrd ipz kj fd;k tk;As gekjh t+:jr Fkh fd bia kz os kbT+M epa ij gt+kjkas et+njw kas dks ,d lkFk
jktuhfrd Hkk"k.k] xhrkas vkjS fLdV ds lkFk lca kfs /kr djAas * ¼uqDdM+ tue loa kn] vda 41&42] i-` 84½
_fRod ?kVd Hkh bl ckr dk ft+Ø djrs gaS fd flQ+Z ikz fs lfu;e ukVd gh ukVd ugha gkrs kA os ukVd
ds rjg&rjg ds vkjS Hkh :ikas dh ckr djrs g&aS &^ikLs Vj Iy*s ] ^,Ds 'ku Iy*s ox+jS gA e'khu ukVd cgqr
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nl lky rd ^tue* ,d fujra jrk ds lkFk uqDdM+ ukVd djrk jgk] vkjS mlus uqDdM+ ukVd ds :i
vkjS fo/kku ds igyvq kas ij dke fd;kA ;g ,d u;h igy FkhA lQ+nj mu dkj.kkas dh rjQ+ b'kkjk djrs
gaS ftudh otg ls ;g lc gvq kA os dgrs g%aS ^vxj gekjk 'kgjh fFk;Vs j ,d cMh+ lkLa Ñfrd rkdr+ gkrs k]
,d ftna+ k vkjS ykds fi;z dyk:i gkrs k tks turk ds l?a k"kk]asZ vk'kkvkas vkjS vkdk{a kkvkas dks n'kkrZ k rks 'kk;n
gekjk uDq dM+ ukVd Hkh ,d ipz kjkRed vktS +kj dh rjg gh jgrk vkjS Toyra enq n~ kas ij /;ku dfas nrz djus
dk dke djrkA yfs du Pkfaw d eq[;/kkjk dk fFk;Vs j O;kid turk ds lkFk rkjrE; eas ugha g]S ,d ijw h
rjg ls fodflr tu ukV;~ deZ dh t+:jr gS tks turk dks miyCèk gkAs nlw jk dkj.k gS fd bl fo/
kk ds lkFk fujra j dke djrs gq, mldh vlhe lHa kkoukvkas dks Hkh uqDdM+ ukVddfe;Z kas us igpkukA*
¼jkbV Vw ijQ+keW ]Z i-` 12½ fygkt+k uqDdM+ ukVd ds Q+keW Z ij Hkh fujra j dke gqvkA uqDdM+ ukVd ,d
rjg ls 'kgjh Q+keW Z gAS vkt ds nkjS eas ykxs kas ds ikl QqlrZ ugha gS fd os ?kVa k&&M<s + ?kVa k cBS dj ukVd
n[s kAas mudks vkidks mudh dke dh txg ij] jkLrs eas pyrs g,q ukVd fn[kkuk gAS vkjS mleas Hkh vkidh
dkfs 'k'k gkrs h gS fd vki vk/ks ?kVa s eas viuh ckr dg nAas eryc] tks ckr vki 13 feuV eas dg ldrs
g]aS mls 15 feuV eas u dg]as vkjS dkfs 'k'k gks fd ckjg feuV eas gh dg nAas de ls de le; eas T+;knk
ls T+;knk ckr&&lfa {kIrrk&&uqDdM+ ukVd ds fy, cgqr t+:jh gAS

^tue* ds ukVd cuus dh ifz Ø;k n[s kas rks og _fRod ?kVd ds ^xqzi fFk;Vs j* dh ifz Ø;k ds lkFk
dkQ+h dqN lkE; j[krh gAS ¼_fRod ?kVd dh ifz d;z k ds fy, n[s kas % 'Communist Artist and Art',
in On the Cultural Front, published by Ritwik Memorial Trust½A ^tue* vius ukVd [+kqn
fy[krk gAS xqzi eas ukVd fy[kus dh ft+Eens kjh dqN dykdkjkas dks ns nh tkrh gAS xqzi eas eqnn~ s ij ckrphr
gkrs h g]S ,d cgl gkrs h gAS dbZ ckj eqnn~ s ds ,DliVZ dks ckys us ds fy, cqyk;k tkrk gAS rc ukVd
fy[kk tkrk gAS fQj xqzi dk gh dkbs Z lnL; mldk fun'Zs ku djrk gS vkjS ckd+h lnL; mleas o's kHk"w kk]
ikz iVhZ fMt+kbfuxa ;k ,fDVxa djrs gAaS vkjS ;gh ugh]a dbZ ckj tc ukVd n'kdZ kas dks fn[kyk;k tkrk gS
rks n'kdZ kas ds tks fopkj vkrs g]aS os Hkh ukVd eas ifjoruZ ykrs gAaS ?kVd us dgk Fkk fd fun'Zs kd cnyrs
jgxas As ^tue* eas Hkh olS h gh ifz Ø;k gAS gekjh dkfs 'k'k ;gh jgrh gS fd u;s u;s ykxs ukVd dks funfZs 'kr
djrs jgAas ^tue* eas ,d ijw h lkefw gd ifz Ø;k gkrs h gS ukVd cukus dhA

vc ge n[s kas fd i's kos j jxa dfe;Z kas ds lkFk gekjk D;k lca /a k g\S ^tue* eas i's kos j jxa dehZ ugha g]aS
yfs du ge vius dke dks i's kos j jxa deZ dh rjg n[s krs gAaS tue dh ge's kk dkfs 'k'k jgh gS fd i's kos j
dykdkjkas ds lkFk lca /a k jgAas ;s lca /a k u dos y ckrphr ds Lrj ij gkas cfYd dke ds Lrj ij Hkh gkAas

470 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

geus ,ls s cgqr lkjs ykxs kas ds lkFk dke fd;k g]S od'Z kkiW fd;s gAaS bueas gchc ruohj] ,e-d-s juS k] th-
ih- n's kikMa ]s fo|k jko] dUgkbZ yky] lkfo=kh] vuqjk/kk dijw ] f=kiqjkjh 'kek]Z fdj.k lgxy] Hkjr 'kek]Z
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ugha Fkk cfYd ukVd fuek.Z k ls tqM+s dk'S ky ds fofHké igyqvkas dks lh[kus dk Hkh FkkA blds rgr fLØIV
jpuk] uR` ;] lxa hr] ekLd cukuk vkfn dk'S kykas ds lkFk&lkFk Hkjr ds ukV;~ 'kkL=k vkjS c[sz +r ds ^,fid
fFk;Vs j* dh vo/kkj.kk vkfn fo"k;kas ij ppk,Z a Hkh 'kkfey gAaS

tc geus bu lHkh ykxs kas ds lkFk dke fd;k rks cgqr dqN lh[kkA gchc lkgc ,ls s mnkgj.k gaS
ftuds lkFk geus u dos y od'Z kkiW fd;k cfYd ekVs js ke dk lR;kxgz vkjS fgifs 'k;k ukVd Hkh [kys kA
fgifs 'k;k ukVd ^tue* ds fy, gh fy[kk x;k FkkA ;g ukVd ^tue* ds lkFk ^bVa jDS 'ku* ls fy[kk x;k
FkkA bl ijw h ifz Ø;k ds vna j tu ukV;~ epa us cgqr dqN lh[kkA geus lh[kk fd fdl fueeZ rk ls gchc
lkgc viuk fy[kk gqvk dkVrs gAaS ukVd cukus dh mudh D;k jpuk&ifz Ø;k g\S muds ukVdkas eas dgk&a
dgka ls ^buiqVl~ * vkrs g\aS dqN blh rjg dk ^bVa jDS 'ku* th- ih- n's kikMa s ds lkFk rc gqvk tc ^tue*
us lR;'kk/s kd ukVd fd;kA lR;'kk/s kd Hkh ^tue* ds fy, fy[kk x;k ukVd FkkA mls fy[ks tkus dh
ifz Ø;k geus cgqr ut+nhd ls n[s kh FkhA lR;'kk/s kd dks cukus o y[s ku ls lh[kus dh ifz Ø;k] ukVd ds
fun'Zs ku ls lh[kus dh ifz Ø;k ^tue* ds nlw js ukVdkas eas Hkh ut+j vkrh g]S pkgs og 'kca dw o/k gks ;k fQj
vkt+knh us tc nLrd nh gksA

Q+keW Z ds Lrj ij tu ukV;~ epa us uqDdM+ ukVd eas reke rjg ds i;z kxs fd;s gAaS uqDdM+ ukVd
dks cukus eas ,d Q+keW Z dk fuek.Z k vkjS fQj mls rkMs +dj mlls Hkh vkxs ys tkus eas && nkus kas gh txg
ij&&^tue* us reke i;z kxs fd;s gAaS igys nl lky eas uqDdM+ ukVd dh fo/kk tc cuh] mlds fy,
rjg&rjg dh dgkuh] x|&dfork] lxa hr] ,ihlkfs Md fojpuk vkfn dk bLres ky fd;k x;kA ykds :ikas
dk Hkh bLres ky fd;kA [+kklrkjS ls geus xkukas ds vna j ykds :ikas dk bLres ky T+;knk fd;k g&S &vkYgk]
ckjgeklk bR;kfnA yfs du dgkuh dgus ds <xa eas ykds :ikas dk mruk bLres ky ugha fd;k x;k g]S D;kfas d
gekjs ukVd T+;knkrj 'kgjh gAaS ftu Q+kEW lZ ls ge ifjfpr jgs g]aS tks gekjs vna j jp&s cls g]aS mUgha dk
bLres ky ge djrs gAaS lQ+nj ,d txg dgrs gaS fd ^vkYgk ejs s vna j jpk&clk g]S blfy, tc eaS xhr
fy[kus ds fy, cBS rk gaw rks ogh /kqu fnekx+ eas mHkjrh gAS * tc ,d Q+keW Z cu tkrk gS rks mleas u;h&u;h
pht+as Mkyus dh dkfs 'k'k gkrs h gS D;kfas d og tM+ u gks tk;As ,d fotq+vy ,yheVas ykus dh dkfs 'k'k gkrs h
gAS tu ukV;~ epa ds e'khu ukVd eas vfHkurs kvkas dk vfHku; e'khu dh lja puk] ckMW h fFk;Vs j ugh]a
cfYd ,d fopkj dks n'kkrZ k gAS ,d e'khu ds vyx&vyx iqt+kaZs dks n'kkrZ k gS tks ,d itaw hoknh lekt
dh e'khu gS vkjS e'khu mlds mRiknu lca /a kkas dks mtkxj djrh gAS

^tue* ds ukVdkas eas ge fofHké Q+kjW e's ku ,DVlZ ls cukrs gAaS rjg&rjg dh vkjS ikz iW VhtZ + vkfn
ls bldk fuek.Z k gkrs k gAS ;g ukVd cgqr ega xk ugha g]S yfs du le)` gAS bl fo/kk eas vkjS u;s ,yheVas
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tk jgk gS vkjS epa ukVd dkbs Z vyx pht+ gS vkjS uqDdM+ ukVd dkbs Z vyx pht+A blfy, bls vkjS
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,d rjg ls jl inS kdj n'kdZ dks mldh vuqHkfw r djkuk gAS ;g ugha gS fd bl rjg ds ukVd eas jl

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 471

ugha gkxs kA tc mRiy nÙk ukVd eas tknqbZ pht+ dh ckr djrs gaS rks ^tue* ds ukVdkas eas og tknw dbZ
ckj NkVs &s NkVs s dcrw jkas ds :i eas ebZ fnol eas fØ,V gkrs k g]S ihl&ihl] veu&veu] 'kkfa r dgrs gq,A
;k ebZ fnol ds vna j >Ma kas ls fØ,V gks tkrk gAS ^pkdS &pkdS ij xyh&xyh eas lq[+kZ Qjjs s ygjkrAs * :l
dh Økfa r dk ftØ+ gkrs k gS mleAas ,d tknbq Z n'` ; curk gS mleAas og tknw v/a kjs k vkQr+ kc ekxa xs k ukVd
eas Hkh n[s kk tk ldrk gAS mleas vkids lkeus tks f[kM+dh curh g]S os ,dne ls tknqbZ iy gAaS ;k la?k"kZ
djxas s thrxas s ukVd eas cPPks dk tc tUe gkrs k g]S rks og tknqbZ iy gkrs k gAS yfs du ;s tknqbZ iy ukVd
ds vna j ,d fopkj ds lkFk inS k gkrs s gAaS og fopkj l?a k"kZ dk gks ;k fuek.Z k dkA blh rjg ls ekLd
vkjS iiVs l~ dk bLres ky dos y ,d fotq+vy ,yheVas Mkyus ds fy, gh ugh]a cfYd mldk ,d ed+ln
gkrs k gAS tlS s x/kk iqjk.k ukVd eas jktk dh rLohj dk mYVk&iqYVk gkus k] jktk ds rkt dk jktk ds lj
ls cM+k gkus k vkjS mldh rLohj ;k eq[kkVS s dk mYVk&lh/kk gks tkuk] ukVd ds IykVW dk vkjS fopkj dk
vfHké fgLlk gAS blh rjg eq[kkVS kas vkjS iiVs l~ dk bLres ky Øe'k% vkruZ kn vkjS pkj jxa ukVdkas eas
fd;k x;k gAS

ukVd ds fuek.Z k eas ^tue* us dgkuh dk Hkh bLres ky fd;k gAS felky ds rkjS ij iesz pna dh
Dykfld Ñfr lR;kxgz ;k fgla k ijeks /ke%Z dks yds j Hkh tu ukV;~ epa us jpuk,a dh gAaS ukxktuqZ ds
miU;kl o#.k ds cVs s dks yds j jpuk dh gAS pVxkoa ds l'kL=k fonkz gs tlS s ,fs rgkfld fo"k; ij ukVd
cuk;k gAS vius iqjkus feFkdkas dh iquO;k[Z ;k djrs gq, 'kca dw o/k tlS h Ñfr dh jpuk dh gAS ,d pht+
tks geus xkfs ona iq#"kkÙs ke n's kikMa s ls lh[kh] og gS lHa kkfor bfrgkl dh ckrA mUgkuas s lR;'kk/s kd ukVd
ds nkjS ku gekjs lkeus ,d ckr j[kh Fkh lHa kkfor bfrgkl dh( fd ;s tks ckras gks jgh gaS jkukMs vkjS Qqys
ds chp] og bfrgkl u gks yfs du lHa kkfor bfrgkl rks gks ldrk gAS tks ,d gh le; e]as ,d gh 'kgj
eas jg jgs g]aS ,d nlw js dks tkurs g]aS rks jkukMs tc cky&fookg djrs gaS rks fuf'pr gh Qqys muds ikl
tk;xas s vkjS dgxas s fd ;g rqe D;k dj jgs gk\s rqe rks vkna kys u ds urs k gkAs rqe [+kqn ,ls h ckr djkxs s
rks lekt ij D;k vlj iM+xs k\ ;g ,d rjg ls fyf[kr bfrgkl ugha gS yfs du lHa kkfor bfrgkl rks
gks ldrk gAS vkjS dqN ,ls h gh lHa kkfor ckrkas dks yds j 'kacwd o/k lkeus vkrk gAS ;g 'kca dw ds lkFk
gh D;kas gkrs k gS vkf[k+ jdkj\ ;g dgha fy[kk ugha gS fdlh ijq k.k eAas yfs du bl ukVd eas ge ,d lHa kkfor
feFkd dks gh vkxs c<+krs g]aS mldh gh ifjdYiuk djrs gaS fd ,ls k D;kas gkrs k gAS bl ckr ds Hkh dkbs Z
fu'kku ugha gaS fd lR;dke] tkckyk vkjS 'kca dw vkil eas dHkh feys Hkh gkAas yfs du ;g dgkuh vkxs x<+h
tkrh gAS gks ldrk gS ;s vyx&vyx nkjS eas g,q gkas ;k g,q gh u gkAas yfs du dgkfu;kas dks lHa kkfor cukus
dh lkps geus lh[kh gS vkjS mls fd;k Hkh gAS

tu ukV;~ epa us lxa hr ds Lrj ij Hkh cgqr lkjh pht+as dh gAaS xkukas ds Lrj ij n[s kk tk;s rks
cfsz [+r;u Q+keW Z dk bLres ky geus vius ukVdkas eas fd;k gAS v/a kjs k vkQ+rkc ekxa xs k eas tc ckny dks ekj
iM+rh gS rks ,d xk;dlegw Q+kjS u vkdj xkuk xkrk gS & ^;gh gkrs k gS ejs h ft+anxh e]as ;gh lp gS bls
ekuks u ekukAs * ;g deVas gS vkjS ;g deVas dk Q+keW Z vkjS rjhd+k geus c[sz +r ls lh[kk gAS txg&txg
ij ge ukVd ds vna j bldk bLres ky djrs gAaS vkjS ;gh ugh]a ukVd ds Q+keW Z dks yds j cglas pyrh
jgrh gAaS turk ds vna j ge tc ukVd djus tk jgs gaS rks ;g loky mBrk gS fd ukVd dh Hkk"kk D;k
gk\s gekjs ukVd dk Q+keW Z D;k gk\s Q+keW Z ds Lrj ij geus ;g ckr t+:j dgh gS fd gekjk ukVd flia y
gks yfs du flia fyLVd u gkAs eryc mlds vna j ifz Ø;k dh tfVyrk,a rks gk]as yfs du turk rd mls

472 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

igqpa kus eas ge ck/kk,a mRié u djAas gekjh dgkuh dgus ds rjhd+s vkjS ckr djus ds rjhd+s ls og ckr
ykxs kas rd igqpa As bleas tc ck/kk vkrh gS rks dbZ ckj ge ukVd dks Mkª iW Hkh dj nrs s gAaS vkjS ;gh ugh]a
tc dke djrs gq, geas yxrk gS fd gekjk ukVd bl le;] LFkku o dky ds fy, rFkk ml eqnn~ s ds
fy, mi;qDr ugha gS rks ppkZ ds ckn cu&s cuk;s ukVd dks Hkh Mkª iW djus eas geas dkbs Z fgpfdpkgV ugha
gkrs hA

1992 eas tu ukV;~ epa us ckcjh efLtn ds <gk;s tkus ds Q+kjS u ckn ,d ukVd cuk;k ftls xqiz
eas n[s kus ds ckn ;g Q+lS yk fd;k x;k fd bls turk ds chp vHkh ugha [kys uk pkfg,A mls NkMs +dj fQj
^tue* us iyVnw kl ds thou ij vk/kkfjr lceas lkfgc Hkjijw gS th ukVd cuk;kA lkia nz kf;d lnH~ kko
ij ;g ,d cgs n dke;kc ukVd jgkA blh rjg Q+keW Z dh ckr tc djrs gaS rks _fRod ?kVd dgrs gaS
fd geas viuh fo/kkvkas ls gh ugha cfYd nqfu;kHkj dh fo/kkvkas ls [+kqn dks tkMs +uk gAS vkt ^tue* eas
,ls s ykxs gas ftUgkuas s jxa epa ds vuds igyqvkas ds ckjs eas i<+k vkjS tkuk gAS ge dFkk fp=kkas ij Hkh dke
dj jgs gaS vkjS vkxs Hkh djxas As ;gh ugh]a dHkh&dHkh ,ls k Hkh gkrs k gS fd ftl :i eas ge vius ukVd
dh dYiuk djrs gaS vkjS tc bfrgkl dks n[s krs gaS rks ikrs g]aS olS h ifjdYiuk,a gcw gw u lgh yfs du igys
Hkh gqbZ gAaS gchc lkgc vius y[s k eas ,d ukVd dk ft+Ø djrs gaS ftleas ,d dykdkj Q+DS Vhª xVs ij
ukVd dk ikLs Vj yxkrk g]S nlw jk dykdkj ¼iqfyl okyk½ mls jkds rk g]S cgl gkrs h g]S ukVd 'kq: gks
tkrk gAS dqN ,ls h gh 'kq#vkr gYYkk ckys ukVd dh gAS igys geus ^;fw uVh fFk;Vs j* ds fyfoxa U;tw +iis j
dk ft+Ø fd;k Fkk ftleas itaw hoknh v[+kckjkas vkjS vlyh [+kcjkas ds chp ds vra j dks MkDW ;&w Mkª ekbZ vna kt+
eas n'kk;Z k x;k FkkA tue ds ukVd ;s fny ekxa s ekjs xq#th eas xqtjkr ujlga kj ds ckn v[+kckjkas dh
lqf[+k;Z kas vkjS rLohjkas dks bLres ky djrs gq, dforkvkas vkjS l?a k ifjokj ij ,d O;Xa ; ds t+fj;s
ifjfLFkfr;kas ij fVIi.kh dh x;hA vk'k; ;g gS fd rjg&rjg dh fo/kkvkas ds lkFk ^tue* us i;z kxs fd;s
gAaS vuds :ikas eas uqDdM+ ukVdkas vkjS epa ukVdkas dks ck/a kk gAS ed+ln ;g jgk fd tu ukV;~ deZ dks
fujra j le)` fd;k tk;s rkfd ge turk dh lkLa Ñfrd t+:jrkas dks ijw k dj ik;Aas

vkt tu ukV;~ epa eas tks dykdkj dke dj jgs gaS mueas vf/kdk'a k 'kkfS d;k jxa dehZ gAaS dqN ,d
les h&ikz Qs +'s kuy gaS tks fd ikz Qs +'s kuy llas hfcfyVh ds lkFk dke dj jgs gAaS gk]a ge ,d fØ,fVo ;fw uV
dh rjg gaS ftldk fd _fRod ?kVd ft+Ø djrs gAS yfs du gekjk jkys fØ,fVo ;fw uV ls FkkMs +k c<+dj
gAS gekjh dkfs 'k'k jgrh gS fd fgna Lq rku dh uDq dM+ ukVd dh eMa fy;kas o nlw jh eMa fy;kas ds chp eas loa kn
LFkkfir gks ik;As blds fy, le;&le; ij ehfVXa l dk vk;kts u Hkh djrs jgrs gAaS gekjh dkfs 'k'k ;gh
jgrh gS fd O;kolkf;d jxa epa ds nlw js fun'Zs kdkas vkjS eMa fy;kas ds lkFk ,d loa kn LFkkfir dj ik;Aas
;g dkfs 'k'k muls lh[kus dh &&[k+klrkjS ls dk'S ky lh[kus dh && rFkk mudks vius dke ls iHz kkfor dj
ikus dh Hkh gkrs h gAS

ge vius uqDdM+ ukVdkas eas ls dbZ ukVdkas dks ,d jis Vjh dh rjg ft+na k j[k ik;s gAaS yfs du epa
ukVdkas ds lkFk ge ;g ugha dj ik;s gAaS vc geus ,d NkVs h lh txg cuk;h g&S &LVfw M;ks lQ+nj] tks
gekjs fy, ,d fujra jrk ds lkFk inz 'kuZ djus dh txg gks ldrh gAS bl txg ds bnfZ xnZ vkjS Hkh
xfrfof/k;ka djus dk gekjk i;z kl g]S ftueas fQ+Ye 'kk]s ukVdkas ds inz 'kuZ ] lxa hr] ckrphr] dfork ikB]
y[s kdk&as cqf)thfo;kas ls ckrphr] inz 'kuZ h vkfn gks ldrh gAS ftl bykd+s eas ;g LVfw M;ks gS ogka dh
LFkkuh; turk dks vkjS ml vkcknh eas ektS nw LFkkuh; dykdkjkas dks Hkh vius lkFk tkMs + ikus dk gekjk

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 473

,d i;z Ru gAS tu ukV;~ epa dk ;g dke lQ+nj ds ml lius dk ,d fgLlk gS ftleas os ,d
tui{kh; okeiFa kh fFk;Vs j ds fuek.Z k ds fy, ,d lLa Fkku dh ckr djrs gAaS fu'p; gh tu ukV;~ epa
us u dos y bIVk ds ed+ln ls ijsz .kk yh gS cfYd bIVk ds vna j pyh jpuk ifz Ø;k vkjS mldh jpukRed
cglkas ls Hkh cgqr dqN lh[kk gAS
—————————————————————

eks- % 9312061821] 9868592999

ge oD+r ds lhus eas ,d 'kEv tyk tk;as
lk;s h gqbZ jkgkas ds t+jkZas dks txk tk;as
dqN jxa mM+k tk;as dqN jxa tek tk;as
bl n'r dks uX+ekas ls xqyt+kj cuk tk;as
^ftl lEr ls xqt+jas ge dqN Qyw f[kyk tk;\as *

&&fQ+jkd+ xksj[kiqjh]
cT+es ft+na xh % jxa s 'kk;jh] i-` 238

474 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

^geus bl b'd+ esa D;k lh[kk gS D;k ik;k gS*

vlx+j otkgr

HkfDr vkanksyu ds ckn izxfr'khy lkfgfR;d&lkaLÑfrd vkanksyu nwljk lcls cM+k vkSj vf[ky
Hkkjrh; Lrj ij pyk vkna kys u ekuk tkrk gAS ;g vkna kys u 1936 ds vklikl ls u dos y tkjh gS cfYd
ys[ku ds vfrfjDr dyk dh vU; foèkkvksa esa viuh tMs+a tek pqdk gSA vusd dkj.kksa ls vkanksyu dh
,dkfèkd 'kk[kk,a fn[kk;h iM+rh g]aS ij ixz fr'khy vkna kys u pfaw d jktuhfrd ugha cfYd opS kfjd vkna kys u
Fkk vkSj gS] blfy, bldh 'kk[kk,a ,d isM+ dh 'kk[kk,a gSa ftu ij ,d gh Qy vkrk gSA pwafd tM+as ogh
gSa] ruk ogh gS] 'kk[kk,a QSy x;h gSa ysfdu o`{k dh ewy izÑfr ugha cnyh gSA

izxfr'khy vkanksyu 'kq: gksus ls igys Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj jpukèk£erk esa os eqís ekStwn Fks ftudh
vksj izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k us è;ku vkd£"kr djk;k Fkk] ysfdu eqíksa dh tkudkjh vkSj mudh dykRed
iLz rfq r HkkFsa kjh FkhA ^tk's k* eyhgkcknh dks 'kk;js bfa dykc dgk tkrk gAS vljk#y gd+ etkt+ Økfa r vkjS
jksekal ds dfo ekus tkrs gSaA ysfdu budh Økafr njvly vLi"V fonzksg vkSj ;gka rd fd vjktdrk
dh lhek dks Nwus okyh Økafr gSA lj eqgEen ^bd+cky* Hkh xsgwa ds ml [ksr dks tyk nsus dh ckr djrs
gaS ftl [krs ls fdlku dks jkVs h ugha feyrhA tk's k dh dfork eas Hkh fn'kkghu Økfa r ;k fonkz gs gAS ^etkt*+
Hkh vkxs c<+ dj ml ^bUnj lHkk* dk r[+rks&rkt Qwaduk pkgrs gSaA r[+rs 'kkgh vkSj lezkV ds rkt ij
nedrk iRFkj rksM+uk pkgrs gSaA

jk"Vhª ; vkna kys u dk ykok tc id x;k Fkk vkjS cgus dh fn'kk [kkts jgk Fkk] rc ixz fr'khy y[s kd
la?k dk mn; gksrk gS ftlus fonzksg] vlarks"k vkSj vjktdrk dks ,d u;h fn'kk nh FkhA

bleas dkbs Z lna gs ugha gS fd chloha 'krkCnh dk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ixz fr'khy vkna kys u dh nus gAS gekjs
cM+s ys[kd] pkgs os izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k ds leFkZd gksa ;k fojksèkh gksa] fuf'pr :i ls vius lkfgR;
esa mu ^ewY;ksa* vkSj ^vkn'kks±* dk izfriknu dj jgs Fks tks izxfr'khy vkanksyu dh nsu FksA chloha 'krkCnh
ds Js"B fganh ys[kd 'kks"k.k] lkekftd vlekurk] vU;k;] vR;kpkj] èkek±èkrk ds fo#) [kM+s fn[kk;h
nsrs gSaA ;g n`f"V fu'p; gh izxfr'khy vkanksyu dh nsu gSA

fopkjèkkjk dyk ugha gSA fopkjèkkjk ds vkyksd esa vius lekt ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djus
ds ckn mldh dykRed izLrqfr dyk dgh tkrh gSA ;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd vius vkidks ?kksf"kr
:i ls izxfr'khy vkanksyu dk fojksèkh ekuus okys ys[kdksa dk ys[ku izxfr'khy gSA bl lanHkZ esa
ikfdLrku ds izfl) dgkuhdkj bafrt+kj gqlSu dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d ckj ckrphr esa
mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd os izxfr'khy vkanksyu ds fojksèkh gSaA blds tokc esa eSaus gSjr ls dgk fd ysfdu
vkidk iwjk ys[ku izxfr'khy gSA ,sls vkSj dbZ mnkgj.k fey tk;saxsA ;gka t+:jh gS fd izxfr'khy
vkanksyu rFkk mldh oSpkfjdh dks ,d nwljs dk i;kZ; u ekuk tk;sA n'kZu vkanksyu ls cM+k gksrk gSA

eSaus 1963&64 ds vklikl fy[kuk 'kq: fd;k rks eq>s izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k ds ckjs esa dksbZ [+kkl
tkudkjh u FkhA lksfo;r la?k ds ckjs esa] et+nwjksa&fdlkuksa dh ljdkj ds ckjs esa dqN lquh&lquk;h

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 475

tkudkfj;ka FkhaA mnwZ dh i`"BHkwfe ds dkj.k et+nwj dfo ,glku&fcu&nkfu'k dh dqN jpuk,a i<+h FkhaA
fQj èkhjs&èkhjs ml t+ekus ds ys[kdkas Ñ'u panj] lvknr glu eaVks] [+oktk vgen vCckl] bLer
pqx+rkbZ dks i<+uk 'kq: fd;kA ysfdu QS+t+ vgen ^QS+t+* us tks vlj Mkyk] mldk c;ku ukeqefdu gSA
yxrk Fkk tlS s jxkas eas ykok nkMS + jgk gAS eaS vkjS ejs s fe=keµ tq ¶+ Q+ j+ vyh ¼ mejkotku Qs+e½] 'kd+hy
vgen v¸;cw h ¼dkbs Z irk ugha dgka g½aS Q+tS + ds nhokus gks x;As Q+tS + ds ekè;e ls ixz fr'khyrk dks tkuus
vkSj le>us dk iz;kl 'kq: gqvkA

fiNys rhl&pkyhl lkykas eas vuds mrkjpµ <+ko vk;s yfs du ixz fr'khy prs uk dk fujra j fodkl
gkrs k jgkA vkna kys u ds f'kfFky iM+ tkus ds ckn Hkh ixz fr'khy fopkjkas dh rkd+r rFkk mldh vko';drk
us ys[kdksa dks viuh vksj vkd£"kr fd;k gSA laxBu dh f'kfFkyrk dk ,d ykHk Hkh gqvk gS fd vkt
izxfr'khy@tuoknh ys[kd laxBu vfèkd mnkj gSa rFkk dêjiaFk dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha jg x;h gSA

ixz fr'khy y[s kd vkna kys u us vkèkh 'krkCnh ls Hkh T+;knk le; rd cgrq egÙoi.w kZ eíq kas ij yxkrkj
cgl pyk;h gS ftlds QyLo:i cgqr ls cqfu;knh eqís Li"V gq, gSaA ys[kd dh izfrc)rk dks ysdj
tks O;kid vkSj xgjh cgl pyk;h x;h Fkh] mlus cM+h gn rd ys[kdksa dks viuk ut+fj;k lkQ+ djus
eas enn nh gAS vkt fgna h ds ikz ;% lHkh y[s kd ;g Lohdkj djrs gaS fd ifz rc)rk ds fcuk y[s ku vlHa ko
gSA izfrc)rk ds vk;ke gks ldrs gSa ysfdu fcuk izfrc) gq, ys[ku ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blh izdkj
ls izkphu lkfgR; ds izfr Hkh izxfr'khy vkanksyu us ,d cM+h cgl pyk;h FkhA bl cgl dk eq[; eqík
;g Fkk fd Dykfldh lkfgR; ds izfr gekjk n`f"Vdks.k D;k gksuk pkfg,\ D;k ge Dykfldh lkfgR; ls
dqN lh[k ldrs gSa ;k og gekjs fy, R;kT; gS\ bl egÙoiw.kZ loky ds izfr izxfr'khy vkykspdksa us
tks lEefr cuk;h Fkh] og vkt ekU; gAS ge ikz phu ;k Dykfldh lkfgR; dk lEeku djrs gaS vkjS mlls
cgqr dqN lh[k ldrs gSa] ysfdu fy[kuk gesa vius gh rjhds+ ls pkfg,A

njvly ixz fr'khy@tuoknh lkfgfR;d prs uk us fgna h&mnZw lkfgR;dkjkas dks bruk fn;k gS fd mldh
lhek,a ugha r; dh tk ldrhaA fganh&mnwZ ds vkilh fj'rs vkSj mldh oSKkfud rFkk rk£dd O;k[;k Hkh
blh psruk dk fgLlk jgh gSA bl nkSjku bu nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa vkSj buds lkfgR; esa ftruk vknku&iznku
gqvk] og laHkor% blls igys dHkh ugha gqvkA

lkfgR; esa izxfr'khy@tuoknh psruk vkt] esjs [+k;ky ls] fdlh ncko ds u gksus ds dkj.k Lor%
vkxs c<+ jgh gSA mldk foLrkj gks jgk gSA og u;s ys[kdksa ds fy, lh[kus vkSj le>us ds ,d vkSt+kj
ds :i esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA

eks-% 0981849015

476 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

izxfr'khy lkfgR; vkanksyu vkSj eSa

fo".kq ukxj

ejs s tlS s ykxs tc d+ye idM+uk lh[k jgs Fk]s rc efq Drckès k l'kjhj rks ugha Fk]s yfs du fQj Hkh pkjkas
vkjs ogh vkjS ogh Fkoµs s Fk]s mudh dfork Fkh] mudh vkykps uk Fkh] mudh dgkfu;ka FkhAa exj lcls
T;+ knk mudh dfork Fkh vkjS os [k’ nq ;kuh mudk thou FkkA vK;s rc rd fdukjs yx pdq s FkAs vkt
ds vKs; ds lcls cM+s iz'kald v'kksd oktis;h rd mudh dfork dks ysdj dgus yxs Fks fd ;s fxð
vc cw<+k gks pqdk gS] blls ia[k QSyk;s ugha tk jgs] D;ksa O;FkZ esa mM+us dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gS! vius
,d iqjkus iz'kald dh bl ¯unk ls vKs; brus vkgr gq, Fks fd cjlksa rd mUgksaus oktsi;h th dks ?kkl
ugha Mkyh Fkh] vafre le; esa gh tkdj og FkksM+k fi?kys FksA ml t+ekus esa 'kk;n jkefoykl 'kekZ dks
NksM+dj eqfDrcksèk dks xfj;kus dk lkgl&nqLlkgl] tgka rd eq>s ;kn gS] fdlh vkSj cM+s vkykspd esa
ugha FkkA vkSj rc jkefoykl th us eqfDrcksèk dk tks ewY;kadu fd;k Fkk] mls dkSu ekurk Fkk vkSj lp
dgsa rks vkt Hkh dkSu ekurk gS! rc Jhdkar oekZ tSls x+SjekDlZoknh rks mu yksxksa esa ls Fks ftUgksaus vius
izHkko dk bLrseky djds Hkkjrh; KkuihB ls eqfDrcksèk dh jpuk,a Niok;ha FkhaA

dqy feykdj] eqfDrcksèk dk uke fy;s cx+Sj rc fdlh dk dke ugha pyrk FkkA dqN rks brus Mjs
g,q Fks fd vupkgs mudh jkeukeh fy;s ?kew rs Fks vkjS ugha ?kew rs rks mudk cMs +k ikj ugha gkrs kA vc rkMs +us
gh gksaxs eB vkSj x<+ lc vkSj vfHkO;fDr ds lkjs [+krjs mBkus dh ckr gok esa bruh T+;knk xwatrh Fkh
fd yxrk Fkk] esjs tSlksa dks vc dqN gksdj gh jgsxkA [+kSj] ugha gqvk] ;g vyx ckr gS vkSj blds fy,
eqfDrcksèk vkSj mudh dfork nks"kh ughaA ml nkSjku uDlyokn vius mHkkj ij Fkk] blfy, okeiaFk ds
izHkko esa ,slk yxuk fdlh ds fy, x+Sj&ykft+eh Hkh ugha FkkA eSa dguk pkgrk gwa fd gesa 'kq#vkr esa gh
,slk okrkoj.k feykA

izxfr'khyrk dh fojklr gesa lhèkh cgqr de] eqfDrcksèk dh dfork&vkykspuk ds t+fj;s T+;knk
feyhA og fojklr ,d Lrj ij ^bIa ;kjs * Fkhtµ lS kfd jkefoykl th vkfn ekurs Fkyµs fs du gekjh ih<h+
'kk;n bldh rkbZn djsxh fd og gesa vius lcls jpukRed :i esa feyhA mlesa izxfr'khyrk vkSj
ekDloZ kn dh tM+ le> ugha Fkh] mldk jpukRed i;z kxs vkjS dk;kUZ o;u FkkA mlds ihNs ,d ,ls s dfo
dk thouO;ogkj Fkk] ftlus vR;ra dfBu thou l?a k"kZ >ys k Fkk] exj blds ckotnw jpukRedrk ds ifz r
xgjs leiZ.k ls dksbZ fopyu ugha Fkk] fcuk mlds urhtksa dh ijokg fd;sA

mlh le; nks ckrsa FkksM+h&FkksM+h le> esa vkus yxh Fkhsa fd lkfgR; esa tru ls viuk [ksy t+ekus
dk egRo ugha] D;ksafd dgha ls dksbZ ,d eqfDrcksèk vk ldrk gS ¼tks dgha ls Hkh vkidk izfr;ksxh u
Fkk] u gksuk pkgrk Fkk½ vkSj og lkjk iqjkuk tek&tek;k [ksy fcxkM+ ldrk gSA tks og thrs th dHkh
lksp ugha ik;k Fkk] og ej dj dj ldrk gSA vkSj dy rd tks vkids vius Fks] ftUgsa vkius c<+kus
dk xkSjo gkfly djus dh Hkjiwj dksf'k'k dh Fkh] os Hkh vki ls eqag eksM+ ldrs gSa ¼t+jk i<+sa rkj lIrd
ds l'a kkfs èkr&ifjo£ðr lLa dj.k eas ufs epna tuS vkfn ds oDrO;½A rks [kys vkfn tekus dh dkfs 'k'k djuk

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 477

O;FkZ gSA varr% blls fujk'kk gh feyrh gSA vius dke dks djrs tkus dk gh egRo gS] fQj pkgs vkidks
thrs th ;k ejus ds ckn Hkh dksbZ u iwNsA iwNus u iwNus dk Q+Slyk vkusokyksa ij NksM+ nsus ls cM+h
O;kogkfjdrk dqN ughaA viuk dke djds mlls eqDr gks tkuk pkfg,A nwljh ,d ckr vkSj le> esa
vk;h fd dfBurk ;k tfVyrk vius vki esa dksbZ ¯unuh; ckr Hkh ugha gS vkSj gj ckr tks rFkkdfFkr
:i ls turk dks le> esa vkrh gS] ogh Js"B gksrh gS] ogh fud"k gksrh gS] ;g le> Hkh x+yr vkSj
x+Sj&jpukRed gSA

csgn 'kq#vkr dh ;kuh tc cdjh vkfn ij dfork fy[kus dh mez fudy pqdh Fkh] rc dh esjh
dforkvksa ij eqfDrcksèk dk [+kjkc :i esa vlj iM+k vkSj ;g vPNk gqvk fd os Mk;fj;ka vc [kks pqdh
gSaA ysfdu eqfDrcksèk ds fy[ks dk ijks{k vlj xgjk gqvkA ^vaèksjs esa* dfork us & tks rc D;k le> esa
vkrhfµ o'k"s k :i ls iHz kkfor fd;kA vius vklikl ds vèa kjs s dks igpkuus dk de ls de og ejs s fy,
igyk xaHkhj ikB FkkA yxHkx mlh nkSj esa vdfork dh ckr Hkh gksus yxh Fkh vkSj eSa vius NksVs ls d+Lcs
esa dYiuk fd;k djrk Fkk fd txnh'k prqosZnh ,d cM+s ls gky esa cSB dj fujarj nk: fi;k djrs gksaxs]
irk ugha ,slk D;ksa yxrk FkkA mlh nkSj esa d+jhc&d+jhc j?kqohj lgk; dk vkRegR;k ds fo#ð vkjS
Jhdkar oekZ dk ek;kni.Z k dfork laxzg vk;s FksA vius ,d vè;kid dh Ñik ls ;s vkSj vkèkqfud
dfo;ksa ds vU; dfork ladyu Hkh i<+s FksA >wB D;ksa dgaw] ml le; j?kqohj th ls T+;knk vPNh Jhdkar
th dh dfork yxh Fkh] mldh x+Sj&laHkzkar rksM+QksM+ csgn vPNh yxh FkhA ckn esa ukxktqZu] 'ke'ksj vkSj
f=kykspu dh rjQ+ Hkh è;ku T+;knk egÙoiw.kZ <ax ls x;k] ysfdu ;s dqN ckn dh ckrsa gS] fnYyh vkus
ds ckn dh] gkykafd ukxktqZu dh dfork ls ifjp; iqjkuk Fkk vkSj mUgsa vius d+Lcs esa nks ckj
ns[kus&lquus&feyus dk lkSHkkX; izkIr gqvk FkkA

rks ewy ckr ;g gS fd 1936 esa tks izxfr'khy vkanksyu 'kq: gqvk Fkk] og 1968&71 ds chp eq>
rd eq[; :i ls ok;k eqfDrcksèk igqapuk 'kq: gqvk FkkA izsepan dks rks cpiu esa lcdh rjg i<+k Fkk
vkSj os cgqr vPNs Hkh yxrs Fks 'kq: ls] exj mUgsa ,d izxfr'khy dh rjg ugha] cfYd ,d ys[kd dh
rjg i<+k Fkk vkSj ljkgk FkkA fnypLi ckr ;g Fkh fd eqfDrcksèk gksa ;k ukxktqZu gksa ;k 'ke'ksj gksa ;k
f=kykspu gksa] ;s viuh dfork ds dkj.k rks cM+s yxrs gh Fks] vius thou&la?k"kks± ds dkj.k Hkh cM+s yxrs
Fks vkSj ;g le> dHkh x+yr lkfcr ugha gqbZA blfy, lektokn vkSj ekDlZokn ds chp >wyrs eq> tSls
vkneh dks tuoknh ys[kd la?k cuus ij tc lqèkh'k ipkSjh us [khapk rks eSa FkksM+h f>>d ds ckn ¯[kp
x;kA bl vkanksyu us tks ewY; ok;k eqfDrcksèk eq>s fn;s] os fdlh u fdlh :i esa esjs lkFk gSa] Hkys gh
mudk viuh jpuk vkSj O;fDrRo esa :ikarj.k djus esa eSa vlQy jgk gwaA bruk t+:j gqvk gS fd ml
izHkko dk gh vlj gS fd jpukRedrk ds izfr ,d [kqykiu vk;k] ftlesa ,d cM+k vlj fnYyh vkdj
j?kqohj lgk; ds laidZ esa vkus dk Hkh FkkA ,d ys[kd dks vius jpukRed fodkl ds fy, gjne
pkSdUuk jguk pkfg,] dqN Hkh djrs le; ys[kd dh ;g le> dke djuh pkfg,] ;g lh[k feyhA
vlj rks eq> ij vkSj Hkh cgqr ls gksaxs vkSj gksus pkfg,A czs[+r dk vlj flj p<+dj cksyrk jgk] vc
Hkh cksyrk gSA rksYlrks; dk iqu#RFkku i<+dj rks tSls eSa fgy gh x;k] yxk fd ,sls vlaHko f'k[kj Nq,
tk pqds gSa fd fo".kq ukxj] rqe rks ej dj Hkh dqN u dj ikvksxsA nksLrks;oLdh ds ;FkkFkZokn us] ;FkkFkZ
dh xgu fujk'kkvksa vkSj vaèksjksa us bruk fody f[kUu fd;k fd bl ys[kd ds ikl rks tkus ls Hkh vc

478 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

Mj yxrk gS vkSj u tkus dh det+ksjh ij jat gksrk gSA jksts+fop vkSj ¯'kcksZLdk dks tks Nw u lds] og
dfodeZ gh O;FkZ yxrk gSA

Hkokuhilz kn feJ Hkys gh xkèa khoknh jgs gk]as exj muds vkjfa Hkd dkO; dh ljyrk&lgtrk&QDdMi+ u
cgqr gh dke dk yxrk jgk gSA ukxktqZu ds tuoknh gksus ij rks [+kSj dksbZ cgl gh ugha gS] exj eq>s
ekQ+ fd;k tk;s fd i;z kxs oknh dforkfµ tlls ukxktuZq dk dHkh dkbs Z lca èa k ugha jgkmµ lds lcls cMs+
dfo ukxktqZu yxrs gSaA muds iz;ksxokn dh tM+sa gekjh ijaijk esa gSa Hkh vkSj ugha Hkh gSaA blfy, vKs;
dk tks gYyk bl le; ep jgk gS] og eq>s izk;ksftr vkSj izxfr'khy ijaijk ds yksxksa dks ihV nsus dh
¯gld dksf'k'k T+;knk yxrk gS] mudk ewY;kadu djus dh dksf'k'k deA 'kk;n eqfDrcksèk ds le; dk
cnyk vc fy;k tk jgk gS vkSj mlesa os Hkh 'kkfey gSa tks rc eqfDrcksèk ds lcls cM+s iz'kald FksA pyks]
bUgsa Hkh viuk [ksy [ksy ysus nksA dksbZ eqfDrcksèk fd+Le dk dfo ;g lkjk [ksy fcxkM+ nsxk vkSj ftldk
ftruk nk; gS] mls mruk gh Lohdkj fd;k tk;sxkA

eks- 9810892198

ge u;s bfrgkl dk igyk ojd gSa [kqyk
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u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 479

2164] MsEih;j uxj

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vyx ls u viuh ^jpuk ifz Ø;k* ds ckjs eas crkuk vklku g]S u ixz fr'khy vkna kys u ds lkFk pkj
n'kd eas QyS s vius fj'rs dks Ck;ku djukA u tkus D;kas ,ls s dke ds [k+;ky ls gh eu ckfs >y gkus s vkjS
Fkdus yxrk gAS dkfs 'k'k djas Hkh rks yxrk gS ijw h dh ijw h ft+anxh gh viuh tM+ksa lers m[kM+ dj lkFk
pys vkus dks dgus yxh gAS cgjgky] eqjyh th dh LkkfRod MkVa &MiV ds vkxs ge's kk ,ls h eukcs k/kkvkas
dh flêh&fiêh xeq gks jgrh gAS fygktk+ ftruh vHkh rko gS mruk bl ^Hkkjh iRFkj* dks mBkus dh dkfs 'k'k
djrk gAaw

ikz xs fsz lo rgjhd dk flyflyk dbZ rjg ds ips hnk ?kqekokas vkjS mrkj&p<+ko ls xqt+jk gAS vkt uo
mifuo's koknh fo/ola d vkØe.k ds chp chgM+ [k+rjkas vkjS vHkRw kiow Z lHa kkoukvkas ls Hkjs ,dne u;s
ifjn'` ; dks n[s k dj yxrk gS fd ifz rjk/s k dh bl 'kkunkj ijia jk ds xqe gkrs s gq, l=w kkas dh igpku djus
vkjS bldk iqujkfo"dkj djus dk ;gh oD+r g]S gkykfa d ;g ,d cgs n dfBu pqukrS h gAS ^fgna h tkfr* dh
vx.z kh ifz rHkk,a u;s vuql/a kku vkjS vkfo"dkj ds vkykPs kukRed Je ls egqa ekMs + dj ftl rjg bu fnukas
vkReinz 'kuZ ds vk;kts ukas vkjS egkRs lokas eas vkReeqX/k gks dj Mcw h gqbZ g]aS mlls t+:j cM+h ek;lw h gkrs h
gAS

fiNys 70&80 lkykas eas y[s kdkas vkjS lLa df` rdfe;Z kas dh de ls de pkj ;k ikpa ihf<+;kas us
vyx&vyx eqd+kekas ls ixz fr'khy lkfgfR;d&lkLa df` rd vkna kys u vkjS O;kid tuoknh&vkna kys u ;k
mldh fojklr ds lkFk dkbs Z u dkbs Z fj'rk cuk;k gS vkjS fdlh u fdlh rjg dk rtq+ckZ gkfly fd;k
gAS lcdh viuh&viuh dgkfu;ka gkxas hA bUgas feyk dj 'kk;n bl rgjhd dk T+;knk lVhd vkjS ltho
uD+'kk ge n[s k ik;xas As

ejs k tUe eFkqjk 'kgj eas gqvkA T+;knkrj ykxs ckgj ls ,d ikz phu 'kgj dh Nfo eas f?klh&fiVh
vklS r feFkd&dYiukvkas ls cus blds bdgjs er` [kkys dks gh n[s krs gAaS njvly bleas jg dj gh vki
;g tku ikrs gaS fd blds vna j ,d nlw jk gh Bkls vkjS thfor 'kgj g]S ftldh db&Z dbZ ijras g]aS ftu
ij vyx&vyx oD+rkas ds xgjs vkjS gYds vkM+&s frjNs dbZ fu'kku gAaS ;kas Hkh vkidk 'kgj rks ogh gkrs k
gS ftls vki viuh vk[a k ls n[s krs gaS vkjS vius vuqHko ls igpkurs gaS ;k tlS k viuk vDl og vkids
vna j Mky nrs k gAS

reke vo#) fodkl] Hk;kud vkRefoLef` r] vkdkz ed Q+kflLV lfd;z rk] fouk'k] fodr` hdj.k
vkjS foLFkkiu ds ckotnw eq>s yxrk gS fd mÙkj Hkkjrh; d+Lckas ds cqfu;knh xBu eas dkbs Z ckr g]S thfor
vkjS /kM+drh fgna qLrkfu;r] ftls vkf[+kjh rkjS ij u"V djuk cgs n dfBu gAS de ls de vHkh rd ,ls k
yxrk jgk gAS vkt+knh ds ckn ds o"kkaZs eas Hkh yca s le; rd reke cnulhfc;k]as foniwz rkvkas vkjS
foMca ukvkas ds ckotnw bu d+Lckas ds lkekftd&lkLa df` rd thou e]as ykxs kas eas vkjS LFkkiR; eas ,d rjg
dh tfS odrk] cgqYkrk vkjS ikz .ke;rk cph gqbZ FkhA cgqr lkjh NVw h gqbZ [kqyh gqbZ txgas fn[kk;h ns tkrh
FkhAa gj 'kgj dk ,d vyx Bkls pgs jk fn[kk;h nrs k FkkA ixz fr'khy vkjS gLr{kis dkjh 'kfDr;kas us bl

480 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

yca s vjls eas dHkh vius j.kuhfrd egRo ds dk;{Z k=s k ds :i eas bUgas fpfUgr ugha fd;kA blds foijhr
nf{k.kifa Fk;kas us ge's kk bUgas vius dk;{Z k=s k dh rjg fpfUgr fd;kA fygkt+k ;gka Q+klhokn ds dhM+s iyrs
iuirs jgAs fiNys chl&rhl lky ls ^ekl dYpj* ;k ^ekus ks dYpj* ds yqEius cqyMkts +j ds uhps budk
leryhdj.k py jgk gAS blh leryhdj.k eas budk reke u;k&iqjkuk Hknn~ kiu] fiNM+kiu vkjS
u'` kla rk,a lc dqN vra HkqDZ r gks x;k gAS

eFkqjk 'kgj ;equk unh ds if'peh rV ij fnYyh vkjS vkxjk ds chp clk gAS dguk pkfg, fd
blh ds ck;&as nk;as fnYyh vkjS vkxjk d+k;e gq,A lquk Fkk dfu"d ds t+ekus eas ¼igyh 'krkCnh e½as ;g
mldh nlw jh jkt/kkuh Fkh ¼igyh jkt/kkuh 'kk;n d/a kkj Fkh½A ml le; eFkjq k eas ck)S /keZ dk ckys ckyk
FkkA dfu"d dh i[z ;kr HkXu efw rZ ¼flQ+Z /kM+ vkjS gkFk eas ryokj½ vHkh rd eFkqjk E;fw t+;e ¼tgka dHkh
oklqnos 'kj.k vxoz ky D;jw Vs j jgs Fk½s eas gAS ;gha mR[kuu ls ikz Ir gqbaZ igyh 'krkCnh dh xk/a kkj 'kyS h dh
vuds foy{k.k efw r;Z ka Hkh g]aS ftueas djoV fy;s gFkys h ds cy lh/ks yVs s gq, cq) dh ukS QqV dh ifz rek
Hkh gAS ck)S /keZ ds vykok tuS er dh Hkh vR;ra ikz phu lkbVl~ ;gka fpfUgr dh x;h gAaS 'kkDr er]
rkfa =kdk]sa 'koS k]as ukFk ifa Fk;kas vkjS lfw Q+;kas ds Hkh vR;ra ikz phu dnas z ;gka fn[kk;h nrs s gAaS o"S .kolia nz k; dk
rks ;g x<+ gh gAS cYyHkkpk;Z ds jxa eas ijw k ctz {k=s k yca s le; rd jxa k gqvk jgk gAS buds T+;knkrj
ihB blh {k=s k eas gAaS gk]a vc v"VNki ds dfo Nhr Lokeh ds o'a kt ;equk ds fdukjs puk t+kjs xje dh
nqdku [kkys dj cBS s jgrs gAaS dqEHkunkl Hkh dqN gh ehy njw xkos /kuZ eas jgrs Fk]s tks viuh Hkh"k.k fu/
kuZ rk ds fy, [;kr Fks vkjS ftUgkuas s dHkh fy[kk Fkk] ^lra u dkaS dgk lhdjh lkaS dke*A ikl gh ona` kou
eas prS U; dh Lef` r vc rd thfor g]S ftlds l=w k cxa ky vkjS mRrj iow hZ Hkkjr rd tkrs gAaS

uotkxj.k dky eas Hkh ;gka dbZ 'kf[+l;ras gqbAaZ Hkkjrnas q eMa y ds lnL; vkjS ijh{kk xq# ds y[s kd
ykyk Jhfuokl nkl ;gha ls fnYyh x;s FkAs ykyk Jhfuokl nkl ds firk ;gka lBs y[keh pna ds ;gka
euq he Fk]s ckn eas muds ^o'a k o{` k* dk fgLlk gks x;As vldMaq k ?kkV ds fdukjs gh lBs y[keh pna dh goys h
FkhA dgrs gaS }kfjdk/kh'k dk fo'kky efa nj mUgha dk cuk;k gqvk gAS mudk cM+k dkjkcs kj Fkk vkjS 'kk;n
os mÙkj Hkkjr ds vPNs [k+kls cdaS jkas eas FkAs ¼muds ckjs eas fiNys fnukas fdlh puS y ij ;g [+kcj nh tk
jgh Fkh fd mUgkuas s ,d ckj bLZ V bfa M;k dia uh ds vQ+ljkas ls fey dj rktegy dks [+kjhnus dk lknS k
dj fy;k Fkk vkjS VMas j Hkj fn;k FkkA irk ugha ,fs rgkfld rF; D;k gAS ½ Hkkjrnas q eMa y ds ,d vkjS
lnL; jk/kkpj.k xkLs okeh Hkh eFkqjk ls ikpa &N% ehy njw ona` kou ds fdlh egra ifjokj ds Fks vkjS dgk
tkrk gS fdlh fnu Hkkx dj Hkkjrnas q eMa y eas 'kkfey gks x;s FkAs eFkqjk eas èkqzin xk;u dh ikz phu ijia jk
njs rd cuh jghA rkulus ds xq# gfjnkl ls yds j pna u th rd ;g pyh vkrh FkhA /kqzin xk;u dk
pyu eFkqjk ds dbZ efa njkas eas vkt+knh ds ckn rd cuk jgkA

cpiu eas eFkqjk eas ckjgkas eghus rht&R;kgS kj&ioZ dk gM+ckxas epk jgrkA lkou eas ijw s eghus cM+h
l[a ;k eas NRrhlx<+] >kj[kMa ] cqna ys [kMa ] #gys [kMa ] ckM+ejs ] tlS yejs ] dkfB;kckM+ & mÙkj vkjS if'pe
Hkkjr ds njw njkt+ bykd+kas ls x+jhc en&Z vkjS r cPpkas ds tRFks lc viuh ikVs fy;ka lHa kkys /kEk'Z kkykvkas e]as
?kjkas esa QyS s gkrs As dbZ ckj Nrkas ij ;k xfy;kas eas bVaZ kas ds pYw gkas ij [kkuk cukrs fn[k tkrAs dbZ ckj ekjs
i[a k dkfS M+;ka vkjS ?kq?a k: ck/a k dj uR` ; dj jgs gkrs As d+jhc&d+jhc lHkh bykd+kas ds vyx&vyx iMa s Fk]s
tks nf{k.kk&nLrjw h olyw rs FkAs nus s ds fy, dqN u gkrs k rks ;equk eas lda Yi NqM+ok dj NkMs + nrs s vkjS lky
eas dHkh muds bykd+kas eas tk dj lh/kh olyw h djrAs LV's ku ij mrjrs gh iMa kas dh HkhM+ ?kjs yrs hA igyk

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 481

loky ;gh gkrs k ^dkuS ft+yk\* ykokfjl ;k=kh dh ¼;kuh ftldk dkbs Z fu/kkfZ jr iMa k ;k dqy iqjkfs gr
ugh½a LV's ku ij gh lkda fs rd Hkk"kk eas ckys h yxk dj uhykeh gks tkrhA x+jhc bykd+kas ds iMa s Hkh vi{s kkdr`
x+jhc gkrs s FkAs ekjokM+h] xqtjkrh lBs k]as HkLw okfe;kas vkjS fey ekfydkas ds iMa s T+;knkrj vehj FkAs bueas
ls dbZ vius gkVs y Hkh pykrs vkjS clas HkhA

gekjs ifjokj eas dkbs Z ;tekuh ugha FkhA vius dks ^jktlh* vkjS ^[+kkunkuh* le>rs vkjS [+kqn dks
^vtkph* ¼v;kph½ dgrs Fk]s 'kgj eas ik#vk dgykrs FkAs dkbs Z M<s + lkS o"kZ igys ;equk ikj gkFkjl ls
eFkqjk vkdj cls FkAs gkFkjl ds jktk dh c[+'kh gqbZ t+ehnkfj;ka vkjS jktLo olyw h ds vf/kdkj 'kk;n
muds ikl FkAs 'kk;n gkFkjl dh fj;klr ds jktijq kfs gr jgs gkxas As eFkjq k vkdj mUgkuas s ,d fo'kky goys h
cuk yh Fkh vkjS dbZ t+k;nknas [+kjhn yhAa /khj&s /khjs dNq ctq xq kaZs dh v¸;kf'k;kas vkjS fQ+t+yw [+kfp;Z kas ds pyrs
dt+Zs eas Mcw rs x;s vkjS goys h dks NkMs + lkjh t+k;nknas gkFk ls fudy x;hAa yfs du vdM+ vHkh rd ckd+h
FkhA jLlh ty x;h Fkh yfs du cy ugha tys FkAs Qkd+kd'kh eas Hkh [kcw 'kfs [+k;ka c?kkjrAs By,q cBS uk ilna
FkkA ukdS jhi's kk ykxs kas dks fgd+kjr ls n[s krAs ykyVus as vkjS dfq Ii;ka tyk dj pkiS M+ vkjS rk'k [kys rs jgrAs

ejs s firk dk thou dqucs dh bl goys h ls d+rbZ tqnk FkkA mudh eka mUgas nk&s <kbZ lky dk NkMs +
dj py clh FkhAa muds firk Qd+hjkuk rch;r vkjS nk'kfZ ud fet+kt ds O;fDr FkAs 14 lky dh mez
eas firkth dks lkrS ys s cM+s HkkbZ us goys h ls fudky fn;kA cos k ekfS l;kas us mUgas ikykA NqViu ls gh lxa hr
ls fj'rk cu x;k vkjS dqN fnu ckn y'dj ¼Xokfy;j½ eas jg dj lxa hr dh reke vkiS pkfjd f'k{kk
mUgkuas s x/a koZ egkfo|ky; eMa y ds ek?ko lxa hr fo|ky; ls gkfly dhA blh chp ekfS l;kas us 'kknh dj
nhA muds firk dkVs k eas jgrs FkAs xqt+kjs ds fy, nl #i;s ifz rekg mUgas Hkts rs FkAs Xokfy;j eas nks #i;s
eghus fdjk;s ij ,d dkBs jh yds j os jgrs FkAs mu reke dquckas eas 'kk;n os vdys s i<+&s fy[ks FkAs lxa hr
ls mudk xgjk vkfRed lca /a k FkkA cgqr vPNk xkrs FkAs vkthou lxa hr f'k{kd jgs yfs du mUgas vkt+knh
ls viuh jpuk'khyrk lkeus ykus ds dkbs Z ekdS +s ugha feyAs vkfFkdZ :i ls vf/kdrj mUgkuas s Hkh"k.k
d"Vi.w kZ vkjS vjf{kr thou fcrk;kA

1817 eas vxa tsz +kas us lkluh ls gkFkjl ds fd+ys ij rkis kas ls geyk fd;k ¼lnqa jyky dh] Hkkjr eas
vxa tsz +h jkt eas bldk gokyk g½S A eFkqjk eas jgs vxa tsz + dyDs Vj xkz mt+ dh fdrkc] eFkqjk ees k;s lZ ls eq>s
irk pyk fd bl geys dh i"` BHkfw e bl rjg cuh fd gkFkjl ds jktk us fdUgha N% ykxs kas dk]s ftUgas
dia uh jkt us vijk/kh vkjS ckx+h ?kkfs "kr dj fn;k Fkk] vxa tsz + gqDejkukas dks lkiaS us ls bda kj dj fn;kA
rkis kas ds bl geys eas gkFkjl fj;klr ds ck:n[k+kus eas vkx yx x;h vkjS jktk n;kjke fd+yk vius
iqjkfs gr ds lqiqnZ djds Hkkx x;kA 19oha lnh eas og fd+yk ekVs s rkjS ij vxa tsz +kas ds d+Ct+s eas jgk yfs du
20oha lnh eas fQj ls fdlh fof/k ls mUgha dks okfil fey x;kA vkt Hkh N% lky ds pdz eas ,d&,d
lky ijia jkxr :i ls N% ppjs s Hkkb;kas ds o'a k/kj fd+ys dks lHa kkyrs gAaS fd+ys eas cyHknz vkjS jos rh dh
efw r;Z ka gaS vkjS nkÅth dk ifz l) eys k yxrk gS vkjS uqekb'k vk;kfs tr gkrs h gAS d+jhc 15&20 fnu rd
gj jkts + ogka ldlZ ] nxa y] ukVd] d+OOkkyh] eq'kk;jk] crS ckt+h ox+jS g dqN u dqN pyrk g]S [kcw jk'S kfu;ka
gkrs h gaS vkjS rjg&rjg ds diaS ox+Sjg yxrs gAaS bl fd+ys eas eaS 1960&61 vkjS 1967&68 eas dqN eghus
jgk gAaw ,dk/k ckj ijw k eys k n[s kk gS ¼rc ejs h mez N%&lkr lky jgh gkxs h½A gchc iVas j dh dO+okfy;ka
¼xkns eas gkjekfs u;e j[k dj] mudk mNy&mNy dj xkuk ^;s [k+kd dk irq yk gS yfs du] Hkxoku Hkh bleas
feyrs g]aS 'krS ku Hkh bleas feyrs g*aS ½] pxa ij crS ckt+h] nxa y] eq'kk;jk] ldlZ ] dfo lEeys u lc dqN

482 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

eq>s ;kn gAS dfo lEeys u eas uhjt us viuk i[z ;kr xhr ^dkjoka xqt+j x;k* lquk;k FkkA v'kkds pd/z
kj ds firk jk/k's ;ke ixz YHk ,d vPNs dfo Fks vkjS 'kk;n gkFkjl dh fctyh fey eas dke djrs FkAs
mudh dfork Hkh rHkh euaS s lquhA v'kkds us Hkhs ¼tks rc rd pd/z kj ugha gq, Fks vkjS uds j igus ,d
fd'kkjs Fk½s ] dkbs Z NkVs h lh rqd+cna h] viuh dPph vkokt+ eas i's k dh FkhA fuHk;Z gkFkjlh Hkh Fks tks ,d
ifz rHkk'kkyh dfo ds vykok gkFkjl ds uVojyky dh rjg e'kgjw FkAs dbZ ckj tys tk pqds Fk]s vkjS
Bx fo|k ds vius fd+Llkas ds fy, njw &njw rd tkus tkrs FkAs d#.k jl ds dfo f'k'kqiky flga ^fuèkuZ *
Fks tks vDlj ,d gh dfork ^ge gaS jgo;S k Hkb;k xkoa d*s lqukrs FkAs ,d Hkkjr Hk"w k.k Hkh Fks tks mnkl
dfork,a i<+rs FkAs Kkuorh lDlus k vkjS ;qok lkes Bkdqj e/kqj dBa eas pk'kuh ?kkys dj xhr i's k djrs
vkjS cky dfo cjS kxh epa dks fFk;fs Vdª y cuk nrs ]s phu vkjS ikfdLrku ds f[+kykQ+ x+qLls eas fxjcs ka
[khpa &[khpa dj fpYykr]s yydkjrs gq, dfork,a i's k djrAs gqYyM+&dqYyM+ lHkh dh pqVdqycs kt+h lkFk
eas pyrhA gkFkjl dh fctyh fey ds ,d dfo lEeys u eas euaS s gfjo'a k jk; cPPku dks Hkh lquk] ^,d
Fkk bjZ ,d Fkk ohj* ox+SjgA

'kgj ls ckgj futuZ eas [kM+k ;g fprdcjk fdyk] 'kgj eas njw ls gh fn[kk;h nrs k] pyrh jys xkM+h
ls HkhA 'kgj ls ckgj [kkbZ ij cuh ,d yca h iqfy;k ikj djds Hkjw s Vhykas ds chp og dkQ+h Åpa kbZ ij
cuk FkkA ikuh dh cM+h Vda h vkjS rglhynkj&uk;c rglhynkj ds vkokl ds vykok og txg fcYdqy
futuZ FkhA gka ihNs dh vkjs ,d NkVs h lh cx+hph t+:j Fkh] tgka gj fnu dqN ykxs vkrs FkAs fdys ds
xcqa n eas rkis ds geys us ,d cgqr cM+k lk Nns dj fn;k Fkk vkjS fd+ys dh Nr ij tk dj mleas >kda us
ij fn[kk;h nrs k fd <js lkjs dcrw j xqVjxaw dj jgs gAaS dcrw jkas dh <js kas chV ls og x/a kkrk jgrk vkjS
pexknM+ Nrkas ls yVds gq, gkrs As fd+ys ds ,d vkjs yxHkx ,d fdykes hVj txa y eas pyus ij dkbs Z nks
gt+kj xt+ eas QyS k ,d f'ko efa nj dk ifjlj FkkA f'ko ds foxgz ds pkjkas vkjs lea jej dh iVV~ h ij
lLa dr` eas tks okD; [kqnk Fkk mldk vk'k; Fkk] ^lu~ 1806 ¼\½ eas jktk n;kjke us vius xq# d's ko nos
th dh ;kn eas cuok;k*A ;gh d's ko nos lkr ;k vkB ih<+h igys ds gekjs iqj[ks FkAs

vHkh dkbs Z ,d ;k M<s + lky igys 40&45 lky ckn eaS ,d fnu vyhx<+ ls gkFkjl pyk x;kA ejs s
cM+s HkkbZ ml lky ogha FkAs n[s kk lc dqN cny x;k gAS [kkb]Z iqfy;k] cqft;Z k]a txa y lc x+k;c gAaS 'kgj
vkjS fd+ys dh njw h Blw e&Blw Hkj pqdh gAS fd+ys dh 'kDy igpkuh ugha tkrhA pkjkas vkjs cLrh Bqdh gqbZ
gAS fdys dk xqca n vc ,d jxa &s pqus efa nj dk xqca n ut+j vkrk gAS vxa tsz +kas dh xkys kckjh ls cuh [kkgs dh
txg ,d lqn'kuZ njokt+k cuk fn;k x;k gS vkjS blds vna j ekjcy fpIl dk Q+'kZ dj fn;k x;k gAS
;g lc fMikVeZ Vas vkQW + vkfd;Z kys kts h dh n[s kj[s k eas gqvk gAS

yxk fd chp ds nks lkS lky fdlh vkjS gh rkis ls feLekj fd;s tk pqds gAaS
1817 ds rkis ds geys dk ,d Hkkjh xkys k cpiu eas euaS s dHkh eFkqjk e]as ?kj eas fdlh cM+s lna dw
dks nckus ds fy, j[kk n[s kk FkkA ,d le; irk pyus ij euaS s dgk bls vkdkbZ o dks ns nhft,A vHkh
rd og gkFkjl ds fd+ys ds efa nj eas j[kk gAS
[k+jS ] ejs k cpiu fdlh vkjS gh n's kdky eas xqt+jk g]S ftlds ckjs eas dHkh ekdS +k gqvk rks vyx ls
rQ+lhy ls crkÅxa kA
1967&68 ds fnukas eas dHkh ;kas gh dNq &dNq fy[kuk 'k:q gks x;kA dkbs Z 'kkdS + inS k u gvq k Fkk] etcjw h
FkhA dgk tk ldrk gS ml le; bldh eq>s l[+r t+:jr FkhA vHkh rd ekDloZ kn ls ifjp; ugha gqvk

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 483

FkkA ?kj ij eR` ;q dh Nk;k fVdh gqbZ FkhA lkla #dk gqvk] tlS s lc dqN r; gks vkjS vkxs mlh ds xqt+jus
dh irz h{kk gkAs ?kj ds jkxs &'kkds &?kkjs vkfFkdZ d"V vkjS nuaS fnu Dy's kkas ds n'q pØ eas f?kj dj fpÙk eas xgjh
mnklh] f[kUurk vkjS ojS kX; Hkkouk Hkj x;h FkhA eu dpq yk jgrkA dgha Hkh Hkkx tkus dk [k+ ;ky ckj&ckj
lj mBkrkA yfs du vPNh ckr ;g Fkh fd flQ+Z >ys rk ugha Fkk] n[s krk&le>rk Hkh Fkk vkjS ;g [kcw
le>rk Fkk fd eaS vdys k gh bls ugha >ys jgkA ?kj dbZ ckj fdlh foLer` ykokfjl mn?~ oLr [kMa gj tlS k
tku iM+rkA yfs du ejs s eu eas mlds fy, xgjh lca /a k Hkkouk vkjS vknj dh Hkkouk FkhA

dbZ cjl ckn] fnYyh vkus ds ckn tc lR;ftr js dh ikFkjs ikpa kyh n[s kh rks tlS s vius ^vk|fcca *
ls lkeuk gks x;kA yxk] vj]s ;gh rks eaS gaw vkjS ejs h viuh nqfu;k vkjS ejs h viuh dgkuhA rQ+lhyas
t+:j dqN vyx gks x;h Fkha yfs du uD+'kk ,dne ogh FkkA 'kk;n fdlh Hkh jpuk dks euaS s vius brus
d+jhc ugha ik;k ftruk bl vnH~ kqr fQ+Ye dkAs iesz pna dh ^bnZ xkg* vkjS ^ilw dh jkr* bleas vkjS tkMs +
nas rks vra %dj.k dk cqfu;knh fp=k dkQ+h gn rd ijw k gks tkrk gAS

reke dEcf[+r;k]sa vdys is u vkjS ;=a k.kk ds chp Hkh eFkqjk ds 'kq: ds o"kZ dkQ+h Hkjijw vkjS mojZ
FkAs ckgj dh cgqjxa h ofS o/;e;rk ckj&ckj eq>s [khpa yrs h vkjS ejs s vifjiDo fpÙk dks vPNh rjg vius
lkFk feyk yrs hA lkjs lkrs s tlS s [kqy x;s FkAs dqN&dqN ogh ckr Fkh ^ckgj eaS dj fn;k x;k g]aw vna j
ls Hkj fn;k x;k g*aw A eFkqjk dk foy{k.k LFkkiR; vkjS Hknw '` ; vkjS [kqyk vkdk'k gh eq>s yqHkkus ds fy,
dkQ+h FkkA goys h dh Åpa h Nr ls lkjk 'kgj fn[kk;h nrs kA ;equk unh vkjS mlds ikj ds txa y Hkh] ft/
kj l;w knZs ; gkrs k FkkA goys h ds fiNokM+s dkyh dkbZ ls <da s ikz phu fnxca j tuS efa nj ds ihNs l;w Z vLr
gkrs kA jkr dks Nr ij yVs s gq, ,d Åpa h eqMa js ij /kqzo rkjk fVdk gkrs kA mlds pkjkas vkjs ?kew rs lIrf"kZ
eMa y dks igpkuuk gj fnu dk ,d [kys FkkA rkjkas eas ,d ^lkr lgys h dk >qedk* Hkh FkkA 'kqdz rkjk
rks Fkk ghA ckfj'kkas eas tc cknykas dk Hkjijw d+kfQ+yk lkeus ls rts +h ls dpw djrk gqvk vkrk rks goys h
ds lcls Åpa s d{k dh f[kM+dh vpkud [kqyrh vkjS mleas ,d 'k[+l t+kjs kas ls gkda yxkrk ^pys vkvk]s
pys vkvks egkjkt] t+kjs ls cjlk*s A

;equk unh ejs s cpiu rd ,d cgrh gqbZ xgjh vkjS fueyZ unh yxrh FkhA dHkh&dHkh dia dikrs
tkM+kas dh lcq g pkj cts Hkh eka ds lkFk tkus dk tc ekdS +k feyk rks vna j gkFk Mky dj n[s kus ij xuq xuq h
vkjS xeZ yxrhA

'kk;n og vdys s txg dk deky ugha gkrs kA 'kk;n dNq ml nkjS dk] dNq vius gky dk vkjS dkQh+
dqN ml mez dk deky Hkh gqvk djrk gAS ,d le; gkrs k gS tc gj pht+ Nw dj xqt+jrh g]S vkidks
cqyk dj ys tkrh gAS ,d le; gkrs k gS tc enS ku T+;knk fo'kky yxrs g]aS Vhys T+;knk Åpa s vkjS xfy;ka
tknqb]Z ckfj'kkas vkjS cknykas dk xtuZ &rtuZ T+;knk mexa ls Hkjk] vkleku T+;knk [kqyk&[kqyk] T+;knk
pedhyk] rkjkas ls T+;knk Hkjk gqvkA

eFkqjk eas euaS s [kcw vkokjxh dhA eq>s yxrk gS ,d vkokjk et+njw ckyd ;k fd'kkjs ds cpiu eas
Hkh fdlh u fdlh rjg dk BkB t+:j gkrs k gAS ;g t+:j gS fd vxj yM+dh gkrs k rks gjfxt+ ;kas c[+'kk
u tkrkA ,ls h vkokjxh ulhc u gqbZ gkrs hA vfLrRo&j{kk ds fdlh viekui.w kZ ;q) eas f?kj dj vklkuh
ls dqpyk x;k gkrs kA dbZ ckj ?kj ds dkekas eas db&Z dbZ fnu yxk jgrkA dbZ ckj lkjk fnu ?kj ls x+k;c
jgrk vkjS jkr dks 11&12 cts gkFk Mky dj ikyS h dh lkda y [kkys dj vna j nkf[+ky gks tkrkA lkjh 'kke
ikdksaZ eas ;k ckt+kjkas eas vdys k ?kew rk jgrkA 'kgj ds lkjs rek'ks n[s k dj vkrkA eFkqjk ds reke eys &s Bys ]s

484 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

ukVS da h Hkh eaS fnypLih ls n[s krkA dbZ ckj jkg pyr&s pyrs fBBd tkrk vkjS njw [kM+k c<w +s ykxs kas dh
Vkfs y;ksa ;k uktS oku xfIi;kas dh eMa fy;kas dh ckras njs rd x+kjS ls lqurkA

1963 eas eaS pqipki tokgjyky ugs : dks lquus vdys k inS y ona` kou pyk x;k vkjS lh/kk muds
epa ds uhps rd tk igqpa kA os jked"` .k fe'ku ds ,d vLirky dk mn?~ kkVu djus vk;s FkAs ckn eas os
jyS h dh txg vk;As muds Hkk"k.k dk flQ+Z ,d okD;k'a k vc eq>s ;kn gS ^bRrk cM+k gekjk n's k g*S A ykVS
dj eka dks crk;k] tks dbZ ckj dg pqdh Fkh fd mlus NRrk ckt+kj eas [kM+s gks dj ,d ckj egkRek xkèa kh
vkjS ,d ckj lqHkk"k pna z ckls dh lokjh xqt+jrh n[s kh FkhA

eFkqjk eas gh euaS s Mk-W ykfs g;k dks nks ckj lqukA nkus kas gh ckj pkdS dh fo'kky efLtn ds uhps okyh
lCt+heMa h eas mUgkuas s Hkk"k.k fn;k FkkA euaS s di` ykuh dks Hkh lquk vkjS ,l-,e- tk's kh dks HkhA eMa y
deh'ku okys ch-ih- eMa y] dijwZ h Bkdqj] e/kq fye;]s tktZ Q+ukfZa Ml tlS s lektoknh vkjS nknk

èkekfZ èkdkjh] dkdk dkyys dj vkfn dh lHkkvkas eas Hkh muds Hkk"k.k luq As ,d ckj jke jkT; ifj"kn~ dh
pquko lHkk dks ijw k lquk] mleas djik=kh th us Hkh"k.k dE;qfuLVfojk/s kh Hkk"k.k fn;kA pkna h ds flga klu
ij ikyFkh ekj dj fojkteku poa jN=k /kkjh }kfjdk ihB ds 'kda jkpk;Z vra eas nks okD; ckys ]s ^eq>s dqN
ugha dguk cl bruk dguk gS fd vkidk eqlyeku jk"Viª fr i's kkc ?kj eas fxj dj ej x;k gAS le>
yhft, ;g n's k ds fy, vfu"V dk lda rs gAS vc geas Hktu djus tkuk gAS jkejkT; ifj"kn~ ds mEehnokj
dks Hkxoku jke dk vorkj lef>,A* ,d ckj Hkjriqj ds jktk cPpw flga Hkh eFkqjk ls ykds lHkk ds
pquko ds fy, iRz ;k'kh FkAs os Hkh lt&/kt dj ikx dyxh yxk dj ghjs dh vxa fw B;ka igus pkna h ds
flga klu ij cBS dj ckys As muds ifjp; eas dgk x;k fd] ^;s os 'kjw ohj gaS ftUgkuas s ldS M+kas eos kas dks ekrS
ds ?kkV mrkjkA*

unh ls ykVS rs g,q ctfj;k ikj djus ij xfy;ksa ds ,d >jq eVq dk fljk FkkA dkbs Z lk&S M<s + lkS xfy;ka
FkhAa lda jh] pkMS +h( lHkh [kcw Åpa h&uhph&lh/kh <ykukas ds lkFk ,d nlw js eas fudyrh gbq AaZ vkil eas vPNh
rjg xFqa kh gqbAaZ dqy feyk dj ,d Åpa s Vhys ij fdyk&s nks fdyks ehVj HkHw kkx ij QyS k ;g tky FkkA
bUgha tknbq Z xfy;kas eas dgha ejs k ?kj FkkA blds ,d Åpa s gkyW ueq k ijq kus dejs dks dpgjh dgrs FkAs '‘ k:q
eas blls yxrk ,d dvq ka Fkk ftls ckn eas ikV fn;k x;kA ,d v/a kjs h lhyu Hkjh lh<+hnkj ljq xa ueq k ikyS h
Fkh] ftlds ,d dkus s ls ijw h goys h dh xna xh dh fudklh gkrs h FkhA vDlj ;g #d tkrh vkjS ijw s ?kj
eas cncw Hkjh gkrs hA firkth ds lkFk ge dbZ ckj yca k ckla Mkydj mls [kkys rs rks dhpM+ dk jys k
fudyrkA

eFkqjk 'kgj dh pkfS c;k ikM+s dh bl fofp=k cLrh dk bl ft+ys ds vra orZ hZ xkz eh.k vpa ykas ls dkbs Z
vkjS xfs ud fj'rk ugha tku iM+rk FkkA xfy;kas esa xtw j ?kkVh] ddkjs kas dh ?kkVh] xyh ihjipa ] egkys h dh
ikjS tlS s iqjkus ukekas ls irk pyrk tlS s dkbs Z vkjS gh vkcknh ;gka jgh gkxs hA yxrk gS rhu&pkj lkS lky
igys dgha ckgj ls ,d vkjS gh vkcknh dks ijw k mBk dj ykdj ;gka j[k fn;k x;k gAS ;gka dh ctz Hkk"kk
Hkh xkz eh.k ctz ls dkQ+h vyx tku iM+rh Fkh vkjS ^pkjS klh o"S .kou dh okrk*Z okyh ctz Hkk"kk ds d+jhc
yxrh FkhA gkykfa d ckys pky eas mnZw ds 'kCnkas dh vPNh&[k+klh mifLFkfr FkhA elyu ejs h eka ds fy,
'kQ+k[k+kuk] enjlk] tkt+:] xqly?kj] r[S k+kuk] cq[k+kjh tlS s fdrus gh 'kCn bLres ky ds 'kCn FkAs ft+ys eas
[kcw feyh&tqyh vkcknh FkhA yfs du 'kgj eas eq[;r% cfu;&s ckeu dh gh n'` ;ekurk Fkh vkjS mUgha dk
lkLa df` rd opLZ o FkkA nfyr cLrh 'kgj ds lhekra ij ,d mfPNUu cLrh Fkh vkjS mls vra kikM+k dgk

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 485

tkrk FkkA blh cLrh ls fL=k;ka enZ vk dj iqjkus 'kgj dh rxa xfy;kas dh cncnw kj [kqyh ukfy;kas vkjS
xna xh dks gj fnu lkQ djrs FkAs blh rjg eqlyekukas ds Hkh dqN mfPNUu ^?kVs kls * FkAs ngs kr eas ckeu]
Bkdqj] tkV vkcknh dh ncxa bZ FkhA lcds vius x+qMa k fxjkgs 'kgj ds dkyW ts kas eas FkAs 'kgj vkjS ngs kr ds
ckeukas ds chp eas ijLij ;q) jgrkA

Åpa &s Åpa s edkukas okyh pkfS c;k ikM+s dh bu rxa xfy;kas eas FkkMs +h&FkkMs +h njw ij FkfM+;k]as pk[S kfa M;k]as
vFkkba ;kas vkjS ydM+h ds r[krkas ij eyxa fd+Le ds enZ cBS s gkrs As vDlj uxa &s v/kuxa s cnu] xeNk&vxa kNs k
yiVs s ;k yxa kVs eAas Hkkfa r&Hkkfa r ds fryd&Nkis yxk;]s ekVs h&ekVs h pkfs V;ka yVdk;As budh Vkfs y;ka jkts +
'kke dgha u dgha flycVV~ s [kM+dkrha vkjS gkda yxkrh fn[k tkrhAa Hkkxa ds Bds s eFkqjk eas mlh rjg Fks
tlS s nlw js d+Lckas eas 'kjkc ds Bds s gqvk djrAs foJke ?kkV budh fd;z k'khyrk dk dnas hz ; LFky FkkA ;equk
ls yxs ckt+kjkas dh cna nqdkukas ds r[krkas ij Hkh ;gh Hkkxa ih;s cBS s feyrAs dbZ ckj ,d nlw js ds [kuw
ds I;kl]s igyokukas ds fxjkgs ] ykBh] cYye] Qlk]Z tyS h fy;s 50&60 ds tRFkkas eas xfy;kas eas ijMs djrAs
buds }}a ;q)kas eas dbZ d+Ry gks pqds FkAs lquk Fkk fd vius 'kq#vkrh fnukas eas n;kuna ljLorh xqtjkr ls
eFkqjk vk x;s Fks vkjS ogha N% lky rd mUgkuas s vius xq# ^iKz k p{kq* nMa h Lokeh fojtkuna ljLorh ds
ikl O;kdj.k vkjS ofS nd lkfgR; dk v/;;u fd;k FkkA rc os mlh foJke ?kkV ij ,d dkBs jh yds j
jgrs FkAs viuk ikuh [kqn Hkj dj ykrs FkAs dgrs gaS mu fnukas eFkqjk ds iMa &s iqjkfs grkas ds voekuuki.w kZ
O;ogkj dks pqipki >ys rs gq, gh muds eu eas iqjkfs grokn ds fy, rhoz ?k.` kk inS k gks x;hA

ejs s cpiu rd pkfS c;k ikM+s eas 'kk;n ,d Hkh xtsz q,V efgyk ugha FkhA pkj&ikpa gt+kj ?kjkas ds bl
>qjeqV eas ,d Hkh ukdS jhi's kk vkjS r fn[kk;h u nrs hA enZ xfy;kas eas cBS s gkrs ]s vkjS ras dgh&a dgha >jk[s kksa ls
>kda rh fn[k tkrhAa bjZ kuh <xa dh yls ;k dxa jw s yxh pknjas yiVs s pyrs gq, os ifas Xoukas dh rjg ut+j
vkrhAa fdlh fudV lca /a kh dh eR` ;q ds ckn lky Hkj mUgas L;kis ;k ^'kkds * eas jguk gkrs kA mu fnukas eyS s
diM+s iguus gkrs As rc ijw k pgs jk pknj eas fyiVk gkrs k vkjS iryh lh f>jhZ ls mudh flQ+Z vk[a kas ;k ukd
fn[kk;h nrs hA vyx&vyx mez dh fo/kok,a vDlj fn[kk;h nrs hAa dbZ fo/kok,a reke mez d's k mrjok
dj jgrha vkjS viuh lt+k dkVrhAa rc rd fo/kok&fookg dk ,d Hkh mnkgj.k ugha FkkA xrkJe Vhys
ij ,d jkekuqt lia nz k; dk efa nj Fkk ftlds ckgj ,d cgqr cM+k vkxa uuqek pcrw jk Fkk] ml ij ckla
dh [kifPp;kas ls cuk ,d cM+k lk nM+ck Fkk] ftleas gj fnu fo/kokvkas ds dhruZ dh >k;a &>k;a pyrhA
mUgas gj fnu dhruZ ds iPphl ;k ipkl ilS s feyrs FkAs xrkJe ds pcrw js ij tc dHkh [kys us tkrs
rks dHkh&dHkh mlh nM+cs ls gekjh dkfa r cqvk ¼ftudk lj eqMa k gqvk Fkk½ fudy dj vkrha vkjS lj ij
gkFk Qjs dj ikpa ilS s eq>s Fkek dj okfil vna j pyh tkrhAa

ejs k Ldyw Hkh vnH~ krq FkkA ctfj;k ls yxk gvq k dkt+hikM+k ekgS Yyk FkkA ;gha uxjikfydk dk Ldyw
Fkk ^Jh xkis ky ikz beZ jh ikB'kkyk*] tgka eaS ikpa lky i<+kA x+jhckas dh cLrh] T+;knkrj eqlyekuA
dkjhxj&jQ+wxj] jxa jts +] irxa lkt+] nth+]Z #bZ /kquus okyAs bUgha ifjokjkas ds vkjS dqN ikl ds ekgS Yykas ds
x+jhc cPpkas dk Ldyw Fkk] flQ+Z yM+dkas dkA ¼ijw s 'kgj eas yM+fd;kas ds flQ+Z ,d ;k nks Ldyw FkAs ½ fxjus
ds fy, gjne r;S kj ,d cM+h lh bekjr Fkh ftlls ge's kk eyck f[kjrk jgrk FkkA nhokjas Qyw h gbq aZ ftuls
dHkh&dHkh pgw s Hkh fudy vkrs Fk]s Nras /kldh gqb]aZ edM+h ds tky]s db&aZ dbaZ pexknM+ yVds gq,A bVaZ kas
ds ÅcM+&[kkcM+ [kjta kas ij uxa h t+ehu ij ;k dHkh VkV&ifê;kas ij cBS uk gkrs k FkkA ckgj dPps ?kjs eas
yxus okyh d{kk esa eqfx+;Z ka vkjS cdfj;ka ?kew rh jgrh FkhAa lHkh cPps uxa &/kM+xa ] uxa s ijS ] dqN lqFkUuk

486 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

yVdk;As yfs du [kcw dkgs jke epk jgrkA ijw k ekgS Yyk cPpkas dh p[kp[k vkjS ph[k+&iqdkj ls xtqa k;eku
jgrkA vDlj v/;kid dkbs Z ughAa os dHkh&dHkh vpkud dgha ls vkdj gYyk ckys rs vkjS dqN cPpkas
dks ihV&ikV dj] eqx+kZ cuk dj dgha vn'` ; gks tkrAs dqN fl[kkus dk pyu u FkkA ';keiV [+kkyh gh
jgrkA gk]a cPpkas dh rf[+r;ka vxj [+kkyh ik;h tkrha rks cras kas ls fiVk;h gkrs hA dqN fnu] dqN d{kk,a
dkt+hikM+s ds gh ,d th.k&Z 'kh.kZ ifjR;Dr fxjtk?kj dh Nr ij Hkh yxhAa Åij tkus dk jkLrk ,d rxa
v/a kjs h lqjxa ls gks dj Fkk] ftleas pkj&N% xk;as vkjS ,d&vk/k lkMa + cBS s jgrs vkjS muds xkcs j dh rh[kh
x/a k Hkjh jgrhA nkus kas vkjs ndq kuas Fkha ftudh Nr ls yVds g,q cgrq gh /khes cYckas dh jk'S kuh eas dNq jQxw+ j
vkjS flxa kj&iVkj dk dke djus okys lj >qdk;s lqb;ka pykrs jgrAs

;g Ldyw eq>s [+kcw vPNk yxrkA f'k{kk dh deh D;k v[kjrh D;kfas d vra %dj.k vkjS lKa ku dks
ijw h [kqjkd feyrh Fkh! olS s Hkh ?kjkas ls njw jgus dk ,d vPNk cgkuk FkkA dHkh&dHkh iqjkus iqy ls gks
dj ;equk ikj pys tkr]s tgka vke vkjS ve:n ds ckx+ FkAs

pkFS kh d{kk eas gh tkdj i<+u&s fy[kus eas ejs h fnypLih tkxh tc [k'q kfd+Lerh ls ona` kou ds lkus hjke
xkLs okeh f'k{kd gq, ftUgkuas s vly eas cM+h vkReh;rk ls eq>s v{kj Kku djk;k vkjS ejs s gLry[s k dks
lq/kkjkA os vius tcs eas rg djds ,d NkVs k lk pkdw j[krs Fks vkjS ckla ;k ljdMa s ds uts +s dks QVkQV
Nhydj lqna j lh d+ye idM+k nrs s FkAs

'kgj eas ft+yk iqLrdkYk; lers rhu ;k pkj ifCyd ykbcfsz j;ka Fkh]a ftueas ,dk/k cgqr gh iqjkuh
FkhA /khj&s /khjs mueas ckjh&ckjh ls tc rc tkus yxkA pna k ekek] ijkx] /ke;Z qx vkjS lkIrkfgd fgna qLrku
i<+us dks fey tkrAs ;gha euaS s dq'kokgk dkra ls yds j iesz pa n] 'kjrpna z vkjS j.s kq dh fdrkcas i<+hAa cM+s
HkkbZ fQ+Yekas vkjS lkfgR; ds [kcw 'kkdS hu FkAs ckx+h FkAs cM+s c<w +s mUgas dHkh&dHkh vdkj.k ^dE;qfuLV* dgk
djrs vkjS mUgas vPNk yxrkA mnZw dh 'kjs k&s 'kk;jh vkjS efrjke] ?kukuna ds Lko;S kas ls mudh Mk;fj;ka Hkjh
jgrhAa fQ+Yeh xkus Hkh [kcw xkrs vkjS ghjk&s fgjkbs ukas dh rLohjas Hkh dkV dj j[krAs mudh ,d fe=k&eMa yh
Fkh ¼ftueas egnas z ugs ] fotnas z ekFkjq ] ';ke vkjS fo".kq fojkV e[q ; Fk½s A egnas z ugs vkjS fo".kq fojkV ctz Hkk"kk
vkjS [kM+h ckys h nkus kas esa dfork,a fy[krs Fks vkjS ,d vPNs dfo ds :Ik eas ifz rf”Br FkAs budk lO;lkph
ls lia dZ FkkA ;s ykxs vkil eas ekgS Yys dh BM+h ij fdlh miU;kl ;k fQ+Ye ij ?kVa kas ckras djrs vkjS
eaS pqipki lqurk jgrkA eq>s ;kn gS ,d ckj ttjZ gFkkMS +s uked miU;kl ij mUgkuas s dbZ fnu cgl dh
FkhA ,d fnu fotnas z ekFkqj us bykgkckn ls ykVS dj lqfe=kuna u ira ds lkFk viuh eqykd+kr dk foLrr`
fd+Llk lquk;k FkkA

bUk fnukas eaS ?kj esa 'kkL=kh; lxa hr] n'kuZ ;gka rd fd vk;oq nZs vkjS ikz df` rd fpfdRlk ls tMq +h vuds
fdrkcas tks miyC/k Fkh]a i<+us yxkA lxa hr dh fdrkcas firkth dh Fkh]a ckd+h reke fdrkcas ckck ¼nknkth½
ds lxa gz dh FkhAa firkth et+njw rch;r ds FkAs Je'khyrk vkjS lknxh ds lkFk mueas ,d ufS rd fd+Le
dh dBkjs rk FkhA dkz /s kh cgqr FkAs pj[kk dkrrs vkjS [kknh igurs FkAs drk gqvk lrw yds j eaS Hkh dbZ ckj
muds lkFk [kknh vkJe tkrk vkjS cnys eas ljlkas dk rys ox+jS g yds j vkrkA olS s iqf"Vekxh;Z o"S .ko
FkAs yfs du /kkfedZ dedZ kMa kas vkjS vkMca jkas ls fp<+rs FkAs

firkth tc LoLFk Fks rc cM+s lojs s lxa hr dk fj;kt+ 'kq: djrAs lqcg&lqcg eq>s og lxa hr lquuk
cgrq vPNk yxrkA lxa hr ls mUgkuas s e>q s cyiow dZ vyx j[kk FkkA tc os xk jgs gkrs s ;k fdlh dks fl[kk
jgs gkrs s vkjS eaS vklikl gkrs k rks os dM+h vkokt+ eas dgrs ^ckgj [kys k*s A fdlh us dgk fd bls Hkh

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 487

fl[kkb,] rks dgr]s lxa hr lh[kk rks Hk[w kkas ejxs kA fQj Hkh euaS s pkjs h ls NBh Dykl eas rhu lky ds fy,
okf.kT; ds fodYi eas lxa hr ys fy;kA egkjk"Vª ds ;'kora x.k's k dys dj geas fl[kkrs FkAs rhu lky ckn
gh firkth ij ;g ckr t+kfgj gks ldhA

firkth us lxa hr dh ijw h rkyhe ek/ko lxa hr fo|ky; Xokfy;j ls gkfly dh FkhA egS j ?kjkus ds
oklqnos th tks eFkqjk eas gh jgrs Fks vkjS tks vYykmnn~ hu [+kka lkgc ds f'k"; Fk]s vly eas lxa hr dh
cqfu;knh rkyhe mUgha ls firkth dks feyh FkhA oklqnos th ds ckjs eas vYykmnn~ hu [+kka lkgc us 'kk;n
dgha fy[kk Hkh gAS mudk vfoLej.kh; xk;u euaS s cpiu eas lquk FkkA og ,d jkes kpa d vuqHko FkkA jkx
e?s k eYgkj xk jgs FkAs ;g fo'kq) l;a kxs gh dgk tk;xs k fd ckny f?kjus yxs vkjS ?keklku ckfj'k gkus s
yxhA yfs du rc euaS s lkps k fd bUghas ds xkus ls ckfj'k gqbZ gAS eaS 'kq: eas firkth vkjS cM+s HkkbZ ds lkFk]
ckn eas vdys ]s cgqr lkjh lxa hr lHkkvkas eas tkrk FkkA [k+kldj gj o"kZ eFkqjk vkjS ona` kou eas gkus s okys
gfjnkl lxa hr lEeys u eAas vuds ckj ykVS rs gq, lqcg gks tkrhA 'kkL=kh; lxa hr dk eq>s dqN Kku u
FkkA yfs du lquuk ge's kk [kcw vPNk yxrk FkkA ona` kou eas fuf/kou ds futuZ ifjlj eas Lokeh gfjnkl
dh lekf/k FkhA ,d NkVs h lh dqfV;k FkhA gfjnkl rkulus ds xq# FkAs ;gha jkrHkj lxa hr lEeys u pyrk
FkkA vc dkbs Z rhu&pkj lky igys euaS s n[s kk rks fny cBS x;k fd mlds pkjkas vkjs jxa &fcjxa s efa nj [kM+s
dj fn;s x;s g]aS >k;a &>k;a gks jgh gS vkjS /keZ dk Hknn~ k dkjkcs kj cM+s ieS kus ij py jgk gAS gfjnkl dh
dqfV;k dgha [kks x;h gS vkjS ;g 'kkra txg ccknZ gks pqdh gAS

lkroh&a vkBoha d{kk eas vxa tsz +h vkjS bfrgkl fo"k;kas ds f'k{kd d"` .k dqekj [kMa ys oky ekfS yd vna kt+
ds fopkj'khy f'k{kd FkAs ¼cgrq ckn ds o"kkaZs eas os opS kfjd :i ls Hkh gekjs lg;kxs h vkjS lkFkh cu x;As ½
d{kk ls ckgj Hkh os e>q ls [kcw ckras djrs FkAs os 'kgj ls ckgj futuZ eas cus f'ko rky ds ikl ,d dkBs jh
eas vius firk ds lkFk jgrs FkAs mUgkuas s ,d fnu e>q ls vius foxr thou ds ckjs eas vxa tsz +h fucèa k fy[kus
dks dgkA ;g [kqn ds fy, fy[kus dk ejs k igyk vuqHko FkkA 1968 eas johna uz kFk VxS kjs dh dfork,a euaS s
i<+hAa 'kk;n xhrkta fy ds jgL; xku FkAs bu dforkvkas us eq>s yiVs fy;kA budh vkReihM+k vkjS
vfrdez .k dh jkes faS Vd O;kdqyrk] viuh rhorz k vkjS lPpkbZ ds lkFk ejs s eeZ dks Nw x;hA euaS s [kMa ys oky
lkgc ls ckr dhA mUgkuas s dgk ^rqEgas Hkh dfork,a fy[kuh pkfg,] rqEgkjh ckr rks rqEgha dg ldrs gkAs *
eq>s mudh ckr lp yxh vkjS euaS s dfork,a fy[kuk 'kq: dj fn;kA mu 'kq#vkrh dforkvkas eas jgL;okn
;k vkRefuons u rks ugha Fkk yfs du ,d rjg dh vkra fjd cds yh t+:j FkhA

1969 eas xk/a kh&yfs uu tUe'krkCnh o"kZ FkkA eFkqjk ds MEs ih;j ikdZ eas ^bMa k&s lkfs o;r dYpjy
lkls k;Vh* dh inz 'kuZ h yxh] ogha ejs h gfjo'a k ds lkFk lO;lkph ls eqykd+kr gqbAZ os fdlh vU; ls ckr
djrs gq, cM+s vkts Loh vna kt+ eas euqLef` r dh cf[k;k m/kMs + jgs FkAs gfjo'a k us dgk ,l- ,y- of'k"B g]asS
dE;qfuLV gAaS euaS s dgk lO;lkph g]aS dfo gAaS D;kfas d ,d ckj jkg pyrs ejs s HkkbZ us muls eq>s feykrs
gq, dgk Fkk fd ;s Hkh dfork,a fy[krs gASa gfjo'a k dh muls dqN mYVh&lh/kh cgl Hkh gqbAZ mUgkuas s gesa
vius ?kj vkefa =kr fd;kA bl rjg ejs k muds ;gka vkuk&tkuk 'kq: gqvkA

mDr inz 'kuZ h eas gh nlw js fnu ,d [kqyh lHkk eas jktk egnas z irz ki vkjS ifa Mr lnqa j yky ds O;k[;ku
gq,A egnas z irz ki os 'k[+l Fks ftUgkuas s lqHkk"k pna z ckls ls Hkh igys vQ+xkfuLrku tkdj ,d vkt+kn fgna
QktS dk xBu dj Mkyk Fkk vkjS ,d ijNkb± ljdkj (Shadow Government) cuk dj vkt+kn
Hkkjr dk foy{k.k lfa o/kku iLz rkfor dj fn;k Fkk] ftleas vkt+kn fgna qLrku dk /keZ ^iesz /ke*Z ?kkfs "kr

488 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

fd;k x;k FkkA ifa Mr lnqa j yky Lok/khurk lus kuh Fks vkjS Hkkjr eas vxa tsz +h jkt ds i[z ;kr y[s kd FkAs
lnaq j yky dh iLq rd dks fcfz V'k gdq ew r us t+Cr dj fy;k Fkk vkjS xk/a kh us bldk fojkès k fd;k FkkA egnas z
irz ki 'kk;n fdlh fnDd+r dh otg ls epa ij ihNs dh vkjs vdys s ,d dqlhZ ij cBS s Fk]s tcfd lnqa j
yky muds vkxs uhps elun yxk dj cBS s FkAs nkus kas vLlh&vLlh lky ds c<w +s FkAs egnas z irz ki dh fcYdyq
n/w k dh rjg lQ+ns yca h ygjkrh nk<+h Fkh vkjS os 'kk;n dkbs Z pedhyk LdkQ+Z xys eas Mkys gq, FkAs ml
lHkk dk og n'` ; eaS dHkh Hkyw ugha ik;kA tc lnqa j yky us 1918 eas yfs uu ds lkFk viuh vkjS egnas z
irz ki dh eqykd+kr dk ft+dz lquk;k vkjS crk;k fd yfs uu dks tc irk pyk fd fgna qLrku l]s tgka
vkt+knh dh txa py jgh g]S nks uktS oku muls feyus vk;s gaS rks mUgkuas s cgs n I;kj ls mudk Lokxr fd;k
vkjS vius nkus kas gkFkkas esa lkeus ls nks dqfl;Z ka mBk dj yk;s vkjS mUgas vius ikl fcBk;kA lnqa j yky
lcq d jgs Fks vkjS ihNs eMq +&eM+ dj dgrs tkrs Fk]s ^;kn gS egnas z irz ki!* dHkh os xk/a kh rks dHkh ekvkRs lrs xaq
dk ft+dz djds t+kjs &t+kjs ls jkus s yxrAs bu lHkh ls mudh vPNh eqykd+kr FkhA ekvks ds O;fDrxr
fue=a k.k ij vuds ckj os phu x;As os Hkfw e&lq/kkjkas ds icz y i{k/kj Fks vkjS Hkkjr] lkfs o;r l?a k vkjS
phu dh et+crw fe=krk pkgrs FkAs

tc rd eFkqjk eas Fkk lO;lkph ls yxHkx gj fnu eqykd+kr gkrs hA og dkBs jhuqek dejk] 2164]
MEs ih;j uxj] ftleas ceqf'dy ,d [kkV vkjS pkj&ikpa NkVs h dqfl;Z ka Qla h gqbZ Fkh]a ,d yxkrkj
pyrh&fQjrh ^od'Z kki* dh rjg FkkA ge's kk u;h&u;h cglkas ls xeZ jgrk ;k dHkh dkbs Z ogka iQwz + i<+
jgk gkrs k ;k fdrkckas ds cMa y ck/a k jgk gkrs kA ejs k vuqeku g]S lO;lkph yxHkx 70&80 ikLs VdkMZ jkts +
fy[krs gkxas As muds ikLs VdkMZ lia .w kZ fgna h inz 's k eas fo[;kr gks x;s FkAs dqN vra n'Zs kh; Hkh fy[krAs dkxt+
dk bruh dta lw h ls bLres ky djrs fd mu ij xqLlk vkrkA ikLs VdkMZ eas v{kjkas ds lkla yus s dh txg
Hkh u gkrs hA dbZ ckj vius fy, vk;s fdlh i=k dks dkz lW djd]s mlh dkxt+ dh [+kkyh ihB ij fdlh
vkjS dks i=k fy[k dj Hkts nrs As reke fgna h&mnHZw kk"kh jkT;kas ls mudk lrr vkjS vVVw tulia dZ cuk
jgrkA yxHkx gj mRrj Hkkjrh; d+Lcs esa mUgas tkuus oky]s muls lia dZ eas c/a ks de ls de nl&chl ykxs
t+:j FkAs mueas y[s kd] depZ kjh] v/;kid] Nk=k] fey et+njw ] fngkM+h ij dke djus oky]s vl[a ;
tu&lxa Bukas ds dk;dZ rk]Z ?kjys w fL=k;ka lHkh 'kkfey FkAs fdlh us mudh dkbs Z pht+ i<+h Fkh] fdlh us mUgas
lquk Fkk] fdlh us muls ckrphr dh Fkh] dkbs Z mudk Hkts k lkfgR; forfjr djrk Fkk vkjS mUgas euhvkMjZ
Hkts rk Fkk] fdlh us dHkh mudk LVMh lfdyZ vVMaS fd;k Fkk ;k fdlh dkUW Qlasz ;k lfs eukj eas feyk FkkA

lO;lkph ls eqykd+kr fu.kk;Z d fl) gqbAZ fny&fnekx+ vkjS thou lc dqN cny x;kA 'kq: eas nks
,d ckj dqN rh[kh cglas Hkh gqbaZ yfs du le>us eas T+;knk le; ugha yxk fd ;gh ,d jkLrk gS vkjS ;gh
ejs k i{k gAS vius gh thoukuqHko vkjS ilIZs 'kla dks ,d ifji{sz ; fey x;k] pkjkas vkjs QyS h lf` "V vkjS
Bkls lekt&jpuk dks n[s kus dk ,d Qesz odZ fey x;kA dqN djus dh bPNk inS k gqbZ vkjS vR;ra foLrr`
dk;{Z k=s k fn[kk;h fn;kA <js kas u;s lkFkh fey]s I;kjs ykxs vkjS t+:jh fdrkcAas ge tlS s vius n's k&dky eas
vk x;]s vius bfrgkl&Hkxw kys ds chp [kM+s gks x;As

lO;lkph dh vkRek eas ,d fodyrk Fkh vkjS ,d gB FkkA fny&fnekx+ gj {k.k lfd;z ] gLr{kis
dh bPNk ls lpa kfyr mudh ÅtkZ dHkh de u gkrs h] D;kfas d os ÅtkZ ds u;&s u;s lkz rs [kkys rs jgrAs
lO;lkph ,d tcnLZ r dE;fw udVs j FkAs mudk y[s ku Hkh ckys pky dk gh ueuw k gAS [kcw cjrus ls r;S kj
gqb]Z vkM+&s frjNs l/ks gq, rhj pykrh] [kqtkZ dh [+kkfyl fgna qLrkuh ckys h mudh ekrH` kk"kk FkhA ;g Hkk"kk

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 489

i<+h u tkrh Fkh] lquk;h nrs h FkhA ;g 'kUw ; Kku dh ekrH` kk"kk ugh]a vuqHko dh thfor Hkk"kk FkhA ,d
rjg dh iRz ;{krk] lkehI; vkjS Li'kZ txkrh FkhA ;kn ugha dHkh lO;lkph us egkohj ilz kn f}ons h dh
fgna h eas dqN fy[kk gk]s ftls fgna h dks fo}Rrk ds vkMca j eas fyiVs vdknfed Blius us lheVas tlS k cuk
fn;k gAS lO;lkph ds cqfu;knh O;fDrRo ds reke l=w k ekeyw h ft+na xh vkjS ekeyw h ykxs kas ds lkFk gh
fyiVs gq, FkAs os blh ikuh dh eNyh Fk]s blls ckgj os u dHkh vk;s u ,ls h dHkh mudh vfHkyk"kk gqbAZ
os tc ftjg djrs rks lkeus okyk cqjh rjg f?kj tkrkA mlds reke nqjkxgz <hys iM+ tkr]s eu&efLr"d
dh fd+ycs fa n;ka cds kj gks tkrha vkjS prs uk ds Nne~ vyx&Fkyx fn[kk;h nus s yxrs vkjS /khj&s /khjs og ,d
cnyh gqbZ txg vk dj [kM+k gks tkrkA mudh NkVs h&NkVs h iqfLrdkvkas ds nl&nl] chl&chl gt+kj ds
vuds lLa dj.k Nis vkjS fcdAs ;g fgna h dh nqfu;k eas vius vki eas ,d felky gAS

70 ds n'kd ds lO;lkph geas uotkxj.kdkyhu 'kf[+l;rkas dh ;kn fnykr Fk]s tcfd bl nkjS eas
,ls s ykxs kas dks <<aw uk dfBu FkkA mueas ogh ikz ekf.kdrk] lknxh] lPpkb]Z ljkds kjkas dk [kjkiu] opS kfjd
nq)"Z krZ k vkjS i{k fuek.Z k dh cps uS h Fkh] tks Lor=a krk l?a k"kZ vkjS uotkxj.k ds nkjS ds O;fDrRokas eas gh
fey ikrh gAS njvly lO;lkph us vius dke ls bl nkjS ds uotkxj.k dh t+:jr vkjS lHa kkoukvkas
dh vkjs gh b'kkjk fd;k gAS fiNys 40 o"kkaZs dh J"s B jpukRed miyfC/k;kas vkjS tuoknh lkLa df` rd
vkUnkys u ds vFkiZ .w kZ rtqckaZs ds ihNs lO;lkph ds Je dk fuf'pr gkFk gAS
lO;lkph dkjs s y[s kd u FkAs Nk=kk]as uktS okuk]as fdlkukas dks lxa fBr djus ds dkekas eas O;Lr jgus ds vykok
os fjD'kk&rkxa k ;fw u;u] Mkjs h&fuokM+ Q+DS Vhª vkjS fifaz Vx ilSz ds et+njw k&as dia kts +hVjkas vkfn ds l?a k"kkasZ eas O;Lr
jgrAs jys dfe;Z k]as chek vkjS cdaS depZ kfj;kas eas Hkh dke djrAs 1974 dh vkyW bfa M;k jys os LVkª bd eas
os tys eas cna dj fn;s x;s FkAs ,d vjls rd mUgkuas s ,d lkIrkfgd i=k] dkz fa r fdj.k Hkh fudkyk] tks
ijw s ft+ys eas ed+cyw FkkA

gkys h xVs ls cxa kyh?kkV ds chp vk;Z lekt jkMs ds HkhM+ Hkjs xoa bZ ckt+kj eas ,d cM+k lk dPpk
?kjs Fkk] ftleas nks NkVs s dejs FkAs 'kk;n fjD'kk&rkxa k ;fw u;u bldk fdjk;k nrs h FkhA ,dk/k [kqyk rkxa k
vkjS rhu&pkj fjD'ks vkjS ,dk/k Bfs y;ka ;gka ge's kk lqLrkrh jgrhAa rkxa k pkyd ukcS r pkpk vkjS Nk=k
urs k ct` ekgs u cus hoky bls lHa kkyrAs ;gh reke dkekas dk dnas hz ; dk;kyZ ; FkkA 'kke gkrs &s gkrs s ;gka
uktS oku Nk=k vkjS dkexkj ykxs kas dh HkhM+ ut+j vkus yxrhA ;g dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk iqjkuk n¶+rj FkkA
Hkkjr&phu l?a k"kZ ds nkjS ku vkj,l,l dh mUeÙk HkhM+ us bl ij geyk dj fn;k FkkA

nf{k.kiFa k dh mifLFkfr eFkqjk 'kgj eas ge's kk icz y jghA foHkktu ds ckn vkjS fQj 60 ds ckn
ds o"kkaZs eas Hkkjr&phu ;q) dh i"` BHkfw e eas vkjS fQj 67 eas ^xkS gR;k* ds Nne~ eqnn~ s ij [kM+s fd;s
mUekni.w kZ ifz rxkeh vfHk;kukas us vkj,l,l dh rkd+r dks dbZ xquk dj fn;kA ikiqyj dYpj vkjS
/kkfedZ m|kxs ds l=w k Hkh T+;knkrj bUgha ds gkFk jgAs lO;lkph vkjS mudk dke ,ls h rkd+rkas dks lhèks
HkM+dkrk FkkA vkj,l,l ds ^ckfS )dk*as eas dE;qfuT+e dks yds j ,d ijw k l=k pyk;k tkrkA nRrkis ra
Fkxas M+h muds dE;qfuT+e fo'k"s kK Fk]s tks crkrs fd Hkkjrh; lLa df` r eas flQ+Z jkts +h&jkVs h dks egRo ugha
fn;k x;k cfYd iq#"kkFkZ prq"V; dks ekuk x;k gS ftleas /ke]Z vFk]Z dke] ek{s k eas ^vFk*Z flQ+Z ,d
Hkkx gAS gekjs ;gka dkfS VY; dk vFk'Z kkL=k rks gS gh] lkFk gh vFkoZ ons Hkh gS tks ^vFk*Z ij gh fopkj
djrk gAS ^lke ons * Hkh gAS os ;g Hkh dgrs fd ekDlZ fgna qLrku vkdj dfiyeqfu dh lk[a ;dkfjdk
pqjk ys x;k vkjS mlus dfS iVy dh jpuk dj nhA

490 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

vkj,l,l us dbZ ckj lO;lkph dks fu'kkuk cuk;kA ,d ckj muds fdlh ipZs dks yds j
mUekn txk;k x;kA os ftl dkyW ts eas v/;kid Fks mldk euS ts eVas yxHkx vkj,l,l ds gh fu;=a k.k
eas FkkA f'k{kdkas eas Hkh dbZ muds ipz kjd Fk]s yfs du lO;lkph dbZ ckj mUgas lh/kh pqukrS h nrs As ,d
ckj v/a kjs s eas ud+y djus okys xqMa kas us mu ij geyk fd;k] ml le; dfo o.s kq xkis ky muds lkFk
FkAs mUgas Hkh dqN pkVs vk;hA xqMa k fxjkgs kas dks NkMs + dj Nk=kkas dk cgqer vDlj eq[kj :i ls muds
lkFk jgk vkjS v/;kidkas dk ,d cM+k fgLlk HkhA mudh vfa re ;k=kk ds le; ijw k 'kgj gh tlS s meM+
iM+k Fkk vkjS tc muds 'ko dks yds j muds dkyW ts ds lkeus xqt+js rks Nk=kkas vkjS v/;kidkas us J)kta fy
nus s ds fy, njs rd bl gqt+ew dks jkds s j[kkA

eFkqjk eas Nk=kkas ds chp Hkh yxkrkj dke gks jgk FkkA LVMw Vas QMS j's ku vkQW + bfa M;k dk xBu
mUgha fnukas gqvk FkkA igyh u's kuy dkQa lasz ds fy, ;iw h dk Mfs yx's ku eFkqjk tDa 'ku ls gh Vusª eas lokj
gqvkA eaS vkjS ejs s vuds nkLs r mUgas NkMs +us LV's ku x;As ckn ds fnukas eas eaS vius dkyW ts dh ;fw uV
dk lfpo FkkA ctz ekgs u cus hoky gekjs urs k gkus s ds lkFk&lkFk ijw s 'kgj ds Nk=k urs k FkAs vfuy
pk/S kjh Hkh Fks tks vPNh dfork,a fy[krs Fks vkjS Nk=kkas eas [kcw dke djrs FkAs viuk ekps kZ ¼dk'khukFk
flga dk miU;kl½ mUgas fo'k"s k fi;z FkkA v'kkds pd/z kj ¼rc v'kkds 'kek½Z muds nkLs r FkAs v'kkds
ds firk eFkqjk gh vkdj jgus yxs FkAs mudk ,d fifz Vxa ilsz Fkk vkjS lO;lkph dk muds ;gka dkQ+h
vkuk tkuk FkkA os ,d vPNh ukVS da h dia uh Hkh pykrs FkAs muds }kjk i's k dh x;h ifz l) ukVS da h]
vej flga jkBkjS euaS s cpiu eas n[s kh FkhA vfuy y[kuÅ ls vk;s FkAs viuh ukuh ds lkFk vdys s
MEs ih;j ds ,d cM+s ls ?kj eas jgrs FkAs ukuh dkbs Z 80 lky dh mez eas ekVs h [knn~ j dh lkM+h igus p'ek
yxk;s cgs n icz q) efgyk FkhAa vkt+knh ds l?a k"kZ dh Nki mudh 'kf[+l;r ij lkQ+ fn[kk;h nrs h FkhA
;qokvkas dh vkna kys ukRed xfrfof/k;kas ls tlS s mueas tku Hkj tkrhA ikLs Vj fpidkus ds fy, ybs Z ukuh
gh r;S kj djrhAa 1973 dh jys os LVkª bd vkjS mlds ckn Hkkjr cna dh okyW jkbfVxa dk vMM~ k vfuy
dk ?kj gh FkkA
ge dqN fe=kkas us ,d fnu ,d iqLrdky; cukus dh ;kts uk cuk;hA lkps k x;k fd 'kgj ds
vyx&vyx rhu ;k pkj by+kdkas eas bldh bdkb;ka gkAas 'kgj ds rhu ;k pkj lkfFk;kas ds ?kjkas eas
vyx&vyx bykd+kas eas ixz fr iqLrdky; ds uke l]s ,d&,d vyekjh eas pquh gqbZ fdrkcas j[kh x;hAa
r; fd;k x;k fd blds lnL;kas ls muds }kjk i<+h x;h gj fdrkc ij ckrphr Hkh fd;k djxas As
iqLrdky; ds fy, /ku Hkh ,d=k gkus s yxkA dqN fnukas ckn] fopkj&foe'kZ ds ckn ;g Q+lS yk gqvk
fd flQ+Z iqLrdky; ls dke ugha pyxs k geas ,d lkLa df` rd epa dk xBu djuk pkfg,A lO;lkph
blls lger gq, vkjS tuoknh lkLa df` rd epa dk xBu eFkqjk eas gks x;kA epa dqN fnukas vk;Z lekt
jkMs ds n¶+rj ls gh pykA mlds ckn fnu's k vxoz ky u]s tks epa ds fuek.Z k eas 'kq: ls gekjs lkFk lfd;z
Fk]s vius ?kjokykas ls dg dj t+ehu dk ,d VqdM+k Mfs Ei;j uxj eas geas fnyk fn;k] tgka i;kIZ r
U;uw re O;oLFkk,a FkhAa

lkLa df` rd epa dbZ lkykas rd lfd;z jgk vkjS blus cgqr lkjk dke fd;kA ykbcfsz j;ka blh
dk fgLlk cu x;hAa lkIrkfgd :i ls ¼'kk;n gj cq/kokj ;k 'kfuokj½ 40&50 ;qok ¼T+;knkrj yM+ds
vkjS dqN yM+fd;k½a ] 'kgj ds dqN cqtqxZ vkjS tu lxa Bukas ds dk;dZ rkZ bdVB~ s gkrs s vkjS fdlh Toyra
fo"k; ij ppkZ djrAs cM+s lfs eukj Hkh gq,A geh ykxs kas eas ls dbZ ykxs i<+us ds fy, ipZs r;S kj djrAs

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 491

lLa df` r ds i'z u ij] cqf)thfo;kas dh Hkfw edk ij] vekuoh;dj.k ds ckjs eas mu fnukas fy[ks dqN ipZs
eq>s vHkh rd ;kn gAaS dqN&dqN fnu ds vra jky ij fQ+Ye 'kks Hkh vk;kfs tr fd;s tkrAs jktdey
VkdW ht+ cqd djds iqjkuh vPNh fQYeas NkVa dj ykrAs ekfW uxZa 'kks ds fy, ijw s 'kgj eas ?kew &?kew dj
fVfdVas cps ha tkrh]a gkyW ge's kk Hkj tkrkA fQ+Ye ds chp eas ?kk"s k.kk dh tkrh fd bl fQ+Ye ij ppkZ
vxys jfookj Q+yka txg Q+yka le; gkxs h] tks vk ldas t+:j vk;Aas bl ppkZ ds fy, Hkh geeas ls
dkbs Z ipkZ fy[krkA rhljh d+le ij ckrphr ds fy, ipkZ fy[kuk eq>s ;kn gAS mu fnukas 'kk;n dqN
MkDW ;qeVaS hª t+ Hkh fn[kk;h x;hAa ,d ukVd xqzi Hkh cuk ftlus dbZ ukVd [kys As ohjnas z lDlus k tks ckn
eas fnYyh jxa epa l]s rel lhfj;y ls vkjS vra r% cca bZ dh fQ+Ye bMa LVhª ls tqM+ x;]s bUgha 'kq#vkrh
ukVdkas eas fgLlk yrs As buds cM+s HkkbZ y{e.k nknk epa ds lfd;z dk;dZ rkvZ ksa eas ls FkAs bUgha fnukas
epa eas yM+fd;kas dk ,d vyx foxa cuk;k x;k ftlls epa eas muds eqnn~ s dnas hz ;rk ik ldas vkjS
mudh Hkkxhnkjh c<+ ldAs

ejs s fnYyh pys vkus ds ckn Hkh yca s le; rd epa dh xfrfof/k;ka pyrh jghAa gkykfa d
lHkh 'kq#vkrh urs R` odkjh lkFkh b/kj&m/kj pys x;s FkAs gfjo'a k prqonZs h vkxjk pys x;As ogka Hkh mUgkuas s
,ls k gh dqN dke vkxs pyk;s j[kkA fnu's k vxoz ky vkjS v'kkds vxoz ky O;olk;kas eas lya Xu gks x;As
Hkkjr Hk"w k.k U;kf;d los kvkas eas pys x;As eaS fnYyh vk x;k vkjS ejs k lca /a k yxHkx VVw x;kA fQj
Hkh eFkqjk eas v'kkds cla y] lquhy vkpk;]Z jRu's k] ckeuth] minas z vkfn ykxs Fk]s eqjkjh yky Fks vkjS
Mk-W jktdqekj Fks ftUgkuas s epa dh deku lHa kky yhA 1990 ds vklikl tc mÙkj Hkkjr eas lkia nz kf;d
Q+kflLV 'kkfDr;kas ds t+gjhys vfHk;ku rts + Fks rc eFkqjk eas epa us ,d cM+s ieS kus dk dfo lEeys u
vk;kfs tr fd;kA lO;lkph vkjS gfjo'a k prqonZs h us bleas v'kkds pd/z kj dk lg;kxs fy;kA bleas epa
ds vuds i's kos j dfo Hkh Fk]s vkjS ejs k vuqeku gS os fcuk fdlh ikfjJfed ds bleas dfork,a i<+us
vk;s FkAs

lO;lkph us eFkqjk ds lkfgfR;d ekgkyS dks Hkh dkQ+h dqN cnykA dfo lEeys u gkrs ]s
ftueas Qgw M+ pqVdykas vkjS v/a kjk"Voª knh y¶+Q+kt+h dk vkye jgrkA ctz Hkk"kk eas vHkh rd jhfrdky
py jgk FkkA ctz Hkk"kk ds dfo vyx ls xkfs "B;ka djrAs dHkh&dHkh dqN vPNs eq'kk;js t+:j gqvk
djrAs lO;lkph ds i;z Rukas ls ctz Hkk"kk ds vuds ifz rHkk'kkyh dfo;ksa dk Loj cny x;kA fgna h
dfo;kas ds Hkh dbZ legw Fks ftudh dfork eas vk/kqfudrk vkjS ledkyhurk ds rRo eq[kj gq,A ,d
fe=k tks lLa dr` eas dfork fy[kk djrs mUgkuas s mu fnukas yfs uu Lrk=s k Hkh fy[kkA

lnj eas y[s kdkas dk ,d legw FkkA blh rjg 'kgj eas HkhA nkus kas gh txg yxkrkj xkfs "B;ka
pyrhAa blds vykok vU; dbZ ykxs Fks tks et+njw h djrs Fks vkjS vPNk fy[krs FkAs 'kehe lkc lkbfdy
dh NkVs h&ekVs h ejer vkjS ipa j tkMs +us dk dke djrs Fks vkjS vPNh 'kk;jh djrs FkAs os vDlj
fjD'kk&rkxa k ;fw u;u ds n¶+rj eas vkrs Fks vkjS dHkh&dHkh lcds fy, ?kj ls iq, cuok ds ykrs FkAs
j?kqukFk tks ,d jkt feL=kh Fkk vDlj ,d vPNh lh /kqu eas ;g xhr xkrk] ^dguk u dHkh Hkyw ds
t+jnkj Hkys g]aS ih&ih ds rjs k [kuw ] ;s vx;kj iys g*aS A xk/a kh ikdZ ds ,d eq'kk;js eas ,d ckj ,d 'k[+l
us x+kfyc dh xt+y] ^fny gh rks gS u lxa ks f[k+'r* rjUuqe ds lkFk lquk;h Fkh] og /kqu ejs s eu eas
vHkh Hkh T;kas dh R;kas clh gqbZ gAS lqukus okyk 'k[+l vDlj pkdS dh efLtn ds uhps yxus okyh
lCt+heMa h eas lfCt+;ka cps rk gqvk fn[kk;h nrs kA

492 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

eFkqjk dh fu;fer lkfgfR;d xkfs "B;kas ds vykok lO;lkph ckgj ls Hkh vuds lkfgR;dkjkas
dks cqykrs jgrs FkAs fotnas z vkjS mudh Hkjriqj eMa yh] Jhg"k]Z o.s kq xkis ky eFkqjk dbZ ckj vk;As
dkfa rekgs u] jktho lDlus k] dqoa j iky flga vkjS lq/kh'k ipkjS h Hkh vk;As ,d ckj f=kykps u Hkh vk;s
vkjS ukxktuqZ Hkh vk;As

eFkqjk eas mu fnukas ekDloZ kn dh f'k{kk dke t+kjs kas ij FkkA LVMh lfdYZ l dk rkra k yxk jgrkA
f'ko oekZ vDlj vk;k djrAs jk"Vhª ; Lok/khurk l?a k"kZ ij nks fnu rd ,d vfoLej.kh; Dykl mUgkuas s
yh FkhA eq>s ;kn gS ,d ckj bjQ+ku gchc lkgc us ,xa Ys l vkjS mudh ,Va h M;~ gw fjxa ij foLrkj ls
gekjh d{kk yh FkhA jktuhfrd vFk'Z kkL=k ij Hkh vyx ls d{kk,a gkrs h FkhAa lO;lkph ds f'k";kas vkjS
ejs s fe=kkas dh l[a ;k rts +h ls c<+ jgh FkhA ge ykxs <js kas fdrkcas i<+ jgs FkAs xkds h]Z rkYlrk;s ] y'w kqu]
p[s +ko] c[sz +r] ukft+e fgder] vkLW =kkos Ldh vkjS jkYW Q+ Q+kDW l ds vykok ,fey cUl]Z ekfs jl dkuQZ +kFs k]Z
;'kiky] jkgqy vkjS f'ko oekZ dks Hkh [kcw i<+rAs f'ko oekZ dh lLa ef` r;ka gekjs chp cgs n ykds fi;z
iqLrd FkhA blds vykok eFkqjk eas eqfDrck/s k dh ,d lkfgfR;d dh Mk;jh ejs h lokfZ /kd fi;z iqLrd
FkhA

jkefoykl 'kekZ us Hkkjr eas dE;qfuLV vkna kys u ds lLa Fkkidkas eas lR;HkDr dks iez q[k :i ls
j[s kkfa dr fd;k gAS mUgkuas s 1925 eas lkE;okfn;kas dh ,d dkUW Qlasz dkuiqj eas cqyk;h FkhA ;s lR;HkDr
ckn eas eFkqjk vk dj gh jgus yxAs dkeW jMs eqt+¶Qj vgen us viuh iqLrd] ekblYs Q+ ,Ma n
dE;qfuLV ikVhZ eas bl dkUW Qlsaz dk gokyk fn;k gAS dgha ;g Hkh dgk gS fd ^lquk gS fd lR;HkDr
bu fnukas ona` kou eas Hktu djrk gAS * ;g lc i<+us ds ckn lO;lkph us lR;HkDr dks [kkts fudkykA
irk pyk fd os eFkqjk ona` kou ds chp xk;=kh rikHs kfw e eas jgrs Fks vkjS ;gka dh vk/;kfRed if=kdk
ds iQwz + oxjS g i<+rs FkAs lO;lkph muls feyus x;As ykVS dj geas crk;k fd lR;HkDr dg jgs Fk]s
iQwz +&oQwz + i<+ ds ;gka ejs k xqt+kjk gks tkrk gAS ;g Hkh dgk fd 1925 eas gekjk ed+ln dE;qfuLVkas dks
lxa fBr djuk ;k ikVhZ cukuk gjfxt+ ugha Fkk cfYd dE;qfuLV fopkjkas dk ipz kj djuk Fkk] tks mu
fnukas ykds fi;z gks jgs FkAs

lO;lkph lkB ds n'kd ds ,d tku&s ekus vkjS ifz rf"Br dfo FkAs ;s y?kqif=kdk vkna kys u ds
u;s foLQkVs d mHkkj ds fnu FkAs 'kq: eas ;;q Rq lk] dYiuk] ygj] fcanq vkjS dFkk fudyrh FkhA Kkukns ;
Hkh fudyrk FkkA dydÙkk ls ^'e'kkuh ih<+h* dh if=kdk foHkfDr fudyrh FkhA HkjS o ilz kn xqIr us
mUgha fnukas ikz jHa k dk idz k'ku 'kq: fd;k FkkA mlds ckn vkjs ] flQ+]Z D;k]as fopkj] okrk;u] oke] ;qx
ifjck/s k] lkef;d] fQYkgky] ;qok] dda ] okefe=k] lca k/s ku tlS h fdruh gh vYidkfyd] nh?kdZ kfyd
¼vfu;rdkyhu½ if=kdk,a bl chp fudyhAa ;s lc lO;lkph ds ikl fu;fer :i ls vkrh Fkha vkjS
bueas ls vuds eas muds y[s k ;k dfork gkrs h FkhA ml nkjS dk 'kk;n gh dkbs Z y[s kd gks ftlls mudk
loa kn u pyrk gkAs jktdey pk/S kjh ml n'kd ds ghjks FkAs eq>s ;kn g]S mUgkuas s vius vkf[+kjh fnukas
eas vLirky ls viuh yca h dfork] ^eqfDr ilz xa * iqLrdkdkj eas ¼dkbs Z ikpa lkS ifz r;k½a Niok dj
forfjr dhAa ,d ifz r lO;lkph dks Hkts h tks euaS s i<+h FkhA

lkfgfR;d ifjn'` ; eas :ikra j.k ds lkQ+ lda rs fn[kk;h ns jgs FkAs vdfork dk tknw VVw jgk Fkk]
yfs du dfork dh Hkk"kk ij mldk xgjk vlj vHkh Hkh fn[kk jgk FkkA lkB ds ckn dk n'kd dnas hz ; lÙkk
ds fo[kMa u dk n'kd gAS itaw hoknh fo'o ds vke vkfFkdZ &lkekftd lda V dh piVs eas ugs : ;qx dh

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 493

,ddnas hz ;rk dk vra gks x;kA cqtqvZ k fycjfyT+e dk pgs jk fxj x;k FkkA ,d ckj <Ddu [kqyus ds
ckn rjg&rjg dh {k=s kh; vkjS LFkkuh; 'kfDr;kas ds vlra k"s k dk foLQkVs d mUekps u gqvkA lkjr% ;g
lÙkk eas Hkkxhnkjh dh vkdk{a kk dk ,d turkfa =kd mHkkj FkkA yfs du ;g rjg&rjg ds mi;kxs ds fy,
[kqyk FkkA cxa ky eas bldh vfHkO;fDr Hkfw eghukas ds fefyVVas l?a k"kkaZs vkjS okeiFa k ds jfs Mdykbt+s'ku vkjS
lqn<` +hdj.k eas gqbAZ rks ckd+h n's k eas {k=s kh;rkoknh 'kfDr;kas vkjS e/; tkfr;kas ds xBc/a ku mHkjAs
mÙkjHkkjr eas nf{k.k iFa k Hkh [+kklk et+crw gqvk ¼xk; vkjS Hkk"kk tlS s eqnn~ kas ij mUekn txk dj
ifz rfd;z koknh 'kfDr;kas us viuh fLFkfr et+crw dj yh Fkh½A

bl nkjS eas ^;qok vlra k"s k* ,d fo'oO;kih ykds fi;z ukjk FkkA fgna h lkfgR; eas bldh ,d fofp=k
fd+Le dh yia V vfHkO;fDr gqbAZ ^vdfork*] ^vdgkuh* vkjS ^fdfle&fdfle dh* dfork vkjS dgkuh
ds ;s vfHk;ku cqfu;knh :i ls 'kgjh vkjS xkz eh.k yia V rcd+kas ds icz y mHkkj dks n'kkrZ s FkAs enoZ knh
yia Vrk ds bl vfrukVdh; lekjkgs eas euq"; dk frjLdkj] L=kh }”s"k] v/a kjk"Voª knh vgda kj vkjS
ukxfjd eYw ;kas dk migkl lHkh dqN feyk gqvk FkkA gj rjg dk vo#) vof'k"V vkjS vuqnkj lkj
rRo ;gka ektS nw FkkA ;g vjktd vkjS vkdkz ed lofZ u"k/s kokn vkjS fiNM+kiu ^O;oLFkk fojk/s k* dh rjg
ifz rf"Br fd;k tk jgk FkkA bu ykxs kas us ^u;h dfork* vkjS vK;s ds ^dqyhurkokn* dk inkQZ +k'k t+:j
fd;k yfs du x+kjS djus ij bu vfHk;kukas eas ipkl ds n'kd ds vk/kqfudrkokn dh eyw ifz rKkvkas dk
gh ^jhbUkQ+kls eZ Us V* FkkA ogh vlkekftdrk] fn'kkghurk] mxz O;fDrokn] ^fuLlgk; udkjkRedrk* fQj
ls lkeus Fkh] T+;knk mxz :i eas 'kk;n viuk nlw jk pdz ijw k dj jgh FkhA ;g u Hkyw uk pkfg, fd
Q+klhokn dbZ ckj ^dqyhurkokn fojk/s k* dh jMs hdy 'kDy eas Hkh idz V gkrs k gAS

1967&68 ds vklikl vdfork] vdgkuh dks yds j cgl 'k:q gks x;h FkhA bu fnukas idz kf'kr dFkk
ds vadksa esa ;g cgl ekStwn gSA rRdkyhu vU; if=kdkvksa esa Hkh bl fgd+kjr Hkjs yaiV
v/a kl'a k;okn dh vkykps uk rts + gks x;h FkhA lO;lkph us Hkh bleas c<+&p<+ Hkkx fy;kA /khjs /khjs ekgkyS
cnyus yxkA vdfork ds ikl viuk dkbs Z ^fMQlas * ugha Fkk] u gh dHkh blus bldh dkbs Z ijokg dhA
dfo;k]as dgkuhdkjkas dk ,d cM+k fgLlk tks lkBkRs rjh lofZ u"k/s kokn ds xgjs vlj eas Fkk mlls rts +h ls
ckgj vkus yxkA n/w kukFk flga ] dk'khukFk flga ] /kfw ey] txMw +h vkfn blds vuds mnkgj.k gAaS

euaS s tc fy[kuk 'kq: fd;k rc rd vdforkoknh eqgkojs dk xgjk vlj FkkA fdlh verw Z O;oLFkk
ds fojk/s k dh eqnkz vkas vkjS rY[k+ vkjS pqLr fQd+jcs +kth vkjS y¶Q+kt+h ls Hkjk verw Z jgs Vfjd gkoh FkkA
dfork vHkh rd ^HkhM+ eas f?kjs gq,] ck[S kyk;s gq, vkneh dk ,dkyki* gh FkhA ;g ,d rjg dh ^'kMS ks
ckfW Dlxa * FkhA eaS lO;lkph ls <js lkjh if=kdk,]a muds vxys fiNys reke vda ys tkrk vkjS ,dk/
k gh fnu eas pkV MkyrkA tYn gh eq>s bl rjg ds Lor% lia .w kZ okxkMca j ls for"` .kk vkjS fp<+ gkus s
yxh vkjS bl rjg ds jgs Vfjd dk cta jiu lkQ+ fn[kk;h nus s yxkA ;kn vkrk gS euaS s mUgha fnukas
okrk;u ds fdlh vda e]as fdlh vdforkoknh if=kdk dh lkexhz dh ¼'kk;n v{k; mik/;k; vkjS
ldynhi flga dh½ dBkjs leh{kk djds viuh bl fp<+ dks O;Dr fd;k FkkA mu fnukas dFkk] oke]
mÙkjk)Z vkjS lkef;d gh lcls ifjiDo vkjS l>w c>w okyh if=kdk,a fn[kk;h nrs h FkhAa fcgkj] cxa ky]
jktLFkku vkjS mÙkj inz 's k ds NkVs &s NkVs s d+Lckas ls fudyus okyh vl[a ; y?kqif=kdk,a ,d rjg ds
turkfa =kd mHkkj dks gh fn[kk jgha FkhAa bueas fy[kus okys ldaS M+kas y[s kdkas dh cps uS h ;gh crkrh fd
u;h turkfa =kdrk dk vda qj.k gks jgk gS vkjS bls jkLrk pkfg,A ckn eas bu if=kdkvkas eas lkekftd

494 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

:ikra j.k ds i'z ukas dh dnas hz ;rk gkus s yxhA 'kq: eas lkfgR; dh lkekftd Hkfw edk] lkfgR; vkjS fopkj/
kkjk] lkfgR; vkjS jktuhfr dk lca /a k] cqf)thfo;kas dh Hkfw edk] ifz rc)rk vkjS i{k/kjrk ds i'z u]
ipz kjkRedrk vkjS dykRedrk ;k :i vkjS oLrq ds vra %lca /a k tlS s ikz Fkfed egRo ds eqnn~ kas ij vuds
y[s k vkjS fVIif.k;ka jgrh]a ftUgkuas s cgqr cqfu;knh dke fd;kA yxrk Fkk tlS s y[s kdkas dh lk{kjrk
;k vkRe f'k{kk dk dkbs Z dk;dZ ez py jgk gkAs blh ds lkFk ;qok vkykps dkas dh ,d mnh;eku ih<+h
us u;h dfork ;qx ds 'khr;q)h; ipz kj dks fQj ls fookn dk fo"k; cuk;k vkjS vK;s ifa Fk;kas ds
dykokn dh rh[kh vkykps uk,a iLz rqr dhAa ;g ikys fs eDl u;s :ikra j.k dks lqxe cukus ds fy, t+:jh
FkhA bUgha fopkjèkkjkRed l?a k"kkaZs eas eqfDrck/s k ds y[s ku dks dnas hz ;rk feyh vkjS reke ;qok jpukdkjkas
dk vkd"k.Z k mldh vkjs rts +h ls c<+kA

1971 eas f=kykps u eFkqjk vk;As f=kykps u us fujkyk dk xhr ^Lugs fu>jZ cg x;k g*S cM+s gh lèks
vna kt+ eas lquk;kA ,dk/k lkus Vs vkjS viuh dfork ^pia k dky&s dkys v{kj ugha phUgrh* Hkh lquk;hA euaS s
mUgha fnukas fy[kh ,d&nks dfork,a cfs nyh ls lquk;ha tks eq>s [k+qn d+rbZ vPNh ugha yx jgh FkhAa yx jgk
Fkk tlS s ;s fdlh vkjS dh dfork,a g]aS ejs h ughAa 1972 eas oke ds nlw js vda eas ejs h nks dfork,a NihAa
mueas dkbs Z [+kkl ckr u Fkh cl os jgs Vfjd ds ipz fyr eqgkojs ls ckgj vkus dh dkfs 'k'k ds dkj.k FkkMs +h
vyx fn[kk;h nrs h FkhAa dns kjukFk vxoz ky vkjS 'k[s kj tk's kh us bUgas dkQ+h ilna fd;kA 1973 eas tc
ckna k lEeys u gqvk rks dns kjukFk vxoz ky dk lO;lkph ds ikl i=k vk;k] ^ftl dh dfork,a oke
eas Nih g]aS ml yM+ds dks lEeys u eas t+:j ykukA*

1972 eas eaS fnYyh foo’ fo|ky; ds lkfgfR;d epa ^ixz fr* dh xk"s Bh eas x;kA ogka 'ke'kjs th dks
vkuk Fkk exj os vk ugha ldAs fnYyh ds vuds dfo;kas us viuh dfork,a i<+hAa eq>s FkkMs +k rkTtqc gqvk]
ejs h dfork,a dkQ+h ilna dh x;hAa ykxs kas us eq>s ?kjs fy;kA eq>s vkt Hkh ;kn g]S t+gjw flnn~ hd+h lkc
t+kjs ls lcdks lquk dj dg jgs Fk]s ^rqe bl yM+ds dk t+:j fnekx+ [k+jkc dj nkxs ]s bls NkMs + nkAs * eq>ls
dgk x;k fd ch , dj ds rqEgas ;gha fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; eas nkf[+kyk yus k gAS

1972 eas gh 'kk;n bfa M;u Ldyw lk's ky lkk’s y lkbla ts + dk+ ;e gvq k FkkA lk's ky lkbfa VLV fnYyh ls
fudyus yxk FkkA blds 'kq: ds vda kas eas ^cqf)thoh* dh vo/kkj.kk ij ,d vPNh cgl Nih FkhA bUgha
dk ,d lfs eukj ^u's kufyT+e ofltZ + bVa ju's kufyT+e* fo"k; ij py jgk Fkk] ftleas b,Z e,l uca fw njhikn
dk O;k[;ku euaS s lqukA ;gha Mk-W vk-s ih- xosz ky ls igyh ckj ejs h eqykd+kr vkUkna idz k'k us djk;hA
dqN gh fnu igys os 'kk;n vejhdk ls fjlpZ djds ykVS s FkAs vkos jdkVs igus gq, Fks vkjS 'kk;n flxjVs
ih jgs FkAs ,d fnu vpkud xosz ky lkgc ejs h dfork,a lquus ogka vk x;]s tgka eaS #dk gqvk FkkA
mUgkuas s 15&20 dfork,a x+kjS ls lquha vkjS eq>ls yca h ckrphr dhA

1973 eas eaS ukxktquZ ] foey oek]Z lq/kh'k] d.kZ flga pkgS ku vkjS vkuna idz k'k dk tRFkk eFkqjk
vk;kA lHkh cxa ky ds v)QZ +klhoknh vkrda dk pgs jk n[s k dj dydÙks ls ykVS jgs FkAs cxa ky eas
fl)kFk'Z kda j js dh fjfxxa vkjS dkfW Ecxa vkiW j's ku vkjS nkleq'a kh ds xq+Ma k fxjkgs ksa us vkrda jkt d+k;e
djds T+;knkrj dkejMs l~ dks muds ?kjkas vkjS bykd+kas ls ckgj [knMs + fn;k FkkA 1100 dkejMs l~ d+Ry
dj fn;s x;s FkAs foey oekZ us mUghas fnukas lkef;d dk rhljk ;k pkFS kk vda Nkik Fkk] ftls os lkFk
yk;s FkAs bleas ukxktquZ dh ifz l) dfork ^vc rks cna djks gs nos h ;g pquko dk igz lu!* Nih FkhA
eFkqjk dh vxoz ky /ke'Z kkyk eas ,d cM+h xk"s Bh gqbAZ ukxktquZ us <js lkjh dfork,a lquk;hAa cxa ky ds

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 495

gkykr ij Hkk"k.k Hkh gq,A ,d NkVs h lh dfork euaS s Hkh lquk;h] ^xkoa dk Ldyw *A ukxktquZ v/;{krk
dj jgs Fk]s ckys s nqckjk t+kjs ls i<+k]s euaS s i<+h rks ckys s ,d ckj fQj i<+kAs ejs s dfork i<+r&s i<+rs os
iqyfdr gks dj mNy iM+s vkjS eq>s lhus ls Hkhpa dj ekbd ij ckys s ^vc ;s yM+dk ftl rjg yfs uu
dks le>xs k ge FkkMs +s gh le> ldrs gAaS * eaS vokd~ jg x;kA blds ckn muls iDdh nkLs rh gks x;hA

vc rd ixz fr'khy vkna kys u dh tMa+s fQj ls gjh gkus h 'k:q gks x;h FkhAa 70 ds ckn ds fnukas eas ijq kus
ixz fr'khy dfo&dFkkdkj] vkykps d] dns kjukFk vxoz ky] ukxktquZ ] f=kykps u] HkjS oilz kn xqIr] pna cz yh
flga ] ekdMaZ ;s ] 'k[s kj tk's kh] vejdkra ] Hkh"e lkguh] lcdh lfd;z rk vpkud fQj ls c<+ x;hA lkB
ds n'kd ds ifz rf"Br y[s kd Hkh] bleas tMq + x;As fcYdyq u;h ih<+h rks b/kj n[s kus gh yxh FkhA dyq feyk
dj ,d u;s dnas hz ; foe'kZ ds bnfZ xnZ ,d og` Ùkj u;h lkfgfR;d fcjknjh cuus yxh FkhA y?kq& if=kdkvkas
us ,d Bhd&Bkd ikBd legw Hkh cuk fy;k FkkA jk"Vhª ; ifjn'` ; ij tuvkna kys u rts + gks jgs FkAs cxa yk
n's k dk eqfDr&l?a k"kZ vkjS mlds ckn fo;ruke ds eqfDr l?a k"kZ vkjS yfS Vu vefs jdu ;k vQhz dh n's kkas
ds ?kVuk fodkl] ijw s ifjn'` ; eas ,d u;k gklS yk inS k dj jgs FkAs blh i"` BHkfw e eas iqjkus ixz fr'khy
vkna kys u dh fojklr fQj ls ltho gks mBhA ixz fr'khy y[s kd l?a k tks ipkl ds n'kd eas dHkh folftrZ
gks x;k Fkk] fQj ls mls thfor djus dh ckras pyus yxhAa

1973 esa ckank esa izxfr'khy lkfgR;dkjksa dk fo'kky lEesyu gqvkA eSa lO;lkph vkSj
fo'oHa kjukFk mik/;k; ¼tks lEeys u eas tkus ds fy, eFkqjk gh vk x;s Fk½s ds lkFk ckna k x;kA cM+k
egRokdk{a kh vk;kts u FkkA lTtkn t+ghj vkjS je's k flUgk Hkh bleas ektS nw FkAs ixz fr'khy y[s kd l?a k
dh iquikz .Z k ifz r"Bk dk ,tMas k FkkA Hknra vkuna dk'S kY;k;u] ver` jk;] eUeFk ukFk xqIr] Hkxor 'kj.k
mik/;k;] f'konku flga pkgS ku] ukxktquZ ] f=kykps u] vejdkra ] vlx+j otkgr] /kfw ey] o.s kq xkis ky]
pna Hz k"w k.k frokjh] jke xkis ky flga pkgS ku] lur dqekj] ';ke lqna j ?kk"s k] okpLifr] vo/k's k i/z kku] ct` nas z
dkfS 'kd] vftr iq"dy--- irk ugha fdrus ykxs bleas FkAs nks lk&S <kbZ lkS y[s kd t+:j FkAs fnYyh ls
lq/kh'k] d.kZ flga pkgS ku] v'kkds pd/z kj] je's k mik/;k;] je's k jta d] vkuna idz k'k vkfn igqpa s FkAs
vfa re l=k eas dqN njs ds fy, jkt's k tk's kh dh >yd Hkh fn[kk;h nhA mUgkuas s vna j >kda k vkjS iNw k
^o.s kq g\S * vkjS pys x;As eaS muls igyh ckj feyk FkkA dqN gh fnukas igys mudh ,d NkVs h lh vPNh
lh dfork mÙkjk)Z eas Nih FkhA dns kjukFk vxoz ky rks eq[; vk;kts udrkZ gh Fks ¼gkykfa d muds vfHkUu
fe=k jkefoykl 'kekZ ugha igqpa ½s A lEeys u dh 'kq#vkr eas dns kjukFk vxoz ky us ;d+hu fnyk;k fd
[kqyh cgl gkxs hA lEeys u dh v/;{krk lqfe=kkuna u ira dks djuh Fkh] yfs du os 'kk;n vLoLFkrko'k
vk ugha ldAs mUgkuas s viuk lna 's k Hkts fn;k] ftls i<+ dj lquk;k x;kA je's k dqra y e?s k dk i=k
HkhA lEeys u dk mn?~ kkVu egknos h oekZ vkjS v/;{krk Hkxor 'kj.k mik/;k; us dhA nkus kas dk O;k[;ku
vnH~ kqr FkkA egknos h dh vkokt+ ikuh Hkjh Hkkjh cnyh dh vkokt+ FkhA olS h gh tfVy vkjS /kkjkokfgd
okD;kofy;ka Fkha tlS h muds fy[kus eas gAaS ,d ckfS )d i[z kjrk ds lkFk mUgkuas s viuh ckr j[khA Hkxor
'kj.k mikè;k; us vius v/;{kh; oDrO; eas lLa df` r lca /a kh viuh /kkj.kkvkas dks cM+s gh okfXerki.w kZ
ygt+s eas vkjS rdiZ .w kZ <xa ls iLz rqr fd;kA ihNs cBS s ukxktuqZ nkus kas dh ud+y mrkj jgs Fks vkjS et+kd
dj jgs FkAs mUgkuas s eq>ls dgk ^rqe ckjs ugha gks jg]s pyks ckgj pyrs g*aS A eaS muds lkFk iMa ky ls
ckgj rd vk;k] yfs du ejs s dku m/kj gh yxs Fk]s FkkMs +h njs eas fQj ls ogha vk dj cBS x;kA

496 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

vxys fnu lqcg uk'rs ds ckn vlx+j otkgr ds lkFk Åij igkfM+;kas ij x;k] tgka ge nkus kas
us NkVs &s NkVs s jxa &fcjxa s iRFkj bDVB~ s fd;As ikl gh dus unh cgrh FkhA T+;knk xgjh u Fkh] ?kqVukas ls
uhp&s uhps rd gh ikuh FkkA xkys &eVkys iRFkj vkjS f'kyk,a ryh eas xM+s gq, lkQ+ fn[kk;h nrs As y[s kdkas
dks [kqtjkgks Hkh ys tk;k x;kA f=kykps u 'kkL=kh cukjl ds okpLifr vkjS vo/k's k i/z kku dks vxy&cx+y
nck;]s [kqtjkgks dh dyk ds ckjs e]as dHkh fpfM+;kas vkjS iMs +&ik/S kkas ds ckjs e]as rks dHkh 'kkL=kkas ds ckjs
eas dgkfu;ka lquk jgs FkAs eaS muds ihN&s ihNs pqipki lqurk pyrk jgkA yxk ;s xYi 'kyS h eas ?kVa kas
cfr;k ldrs gAaS ckna k eas /kfw ey vkjS [kxnas z Bkdqj nkus kas viuk tkfs x;k dqrkZ vkjS /kkrs h ygjkrs
lkFk&lkFk fn[kk;h nrs As nkus kas fdlh ,d gh v[kkM+s ds igqpa s gq, igyoku yxrs FkAs /kfw ey eq>ls fey
dj cgqr [kq'k gq,A mUgas ejs h dfork,a [kcw vPNh yxhAa mUgkuas s pna Hz k"w k.k frokjh ls dgk] ^bldh
dfork,a Nkidj vkius cgqr Bhd dke fd;k g]S cgqr okftc dfork,a g(aS vPNk rks eaS fdlh dfork
dks ugha dgrk] vPNk rks nky&Hkkr gkrs k g*S A oke eas gh idz kf'kr vkykds /kUok dh dfork ^turk
dk vkneh* dh mUgkuas s cM+h fo/ola d phj&QkM+ dhA eq>s dkQ+h [kyk D;kfas d eaS ml dfork ds xgjs
vlj eas FkkA fgna h vkykps dkas ds fy, Hkh os cgs n ^fluhdy* FkAs lq/kh'k ipkjS h muls dkbs Z cgl djuk
pkgrs Fk]s yfs du os ckj&ckj e[kkyS mM+k dj gla iM+rs FkAs os ckys ]s ^eaS rqels ckr gh ugha djrk*A
je's k jta d vkjS ejs h rjQ+ b'kkjk djds dgk] ^eaS bu ykxs kas dk ;d+hu dj ldrk g]aw rqEgkjk ¼;kuh
fdlh vkykps d dk½ ugh*a A mUgkuas s ;g Hkh dgk] ^tks rjS dj unh ikj ugha dj ldrk] pyrh Vusª
ls dnw ugha ldrk og dkz fa r D;k [k+kd djxs k!*

fnuHkj lkfgfR;d ifjn'` ; dh ppkZ gqb]Z dfork] dgkuh] vkykps uk vkfn dh ledkyhu fLFkfr
dhA jkr dks dfo lEeys u gqvkA /kfw ey us lpa kyu fd;kA ukxktquZ ] f=kykps u] dns kjukFk vxoz ky
vkjS 'khy th us v/;{krk dhA ijw k ckna k 'kgj gh tlS s meM+ iM+k FkkA je's k jta d] ct` nas z dkfS 'kd ds
xhr [kcw teAs o.s kq xkis ky dh dfork,a HkhA ukxktquZ us ?kew &?kew ds vkjS >ew &>ew ds ^ikpa irw
Hkkjrekrk d*s dfork lquk;h] ykxs kas us [kcw rkfy;ka ctk;h]a [k+kldj lkeus cBS s <js kas cPps cgs n iez qfnr
gks jgs FkAs ukxktquZ Hkh [kq'k gks x;]s ckys s ^vki dgas rks ge diM+s mrkj dj] furEc [kkys dj ukPkus
yx*as 'kk;n vkjS Hkh BBs 'kCnkas eas mUgkuas s ;g ckr dgh FkhA Mk-W j.kthr tks eq[; vk;kts dkas eas Fk]s dkQ+h
x+qLls eas dg jgs Fk]s ^bUgas reht+ ugha g]S bUgas irk ugha ckna k 'kgj eas dns kjukFk vxoz ky dh D;k bTt+r
gAS * eq>s Hkh t+cjnLrh epa ij cqyk fy;k x;kA eaS tekoM+s dks n[s k dj d+rbZ vfuPNqd FkkA ;kas Hkh
eq>s viuh dkbs Z dfork ;kn ugha jgrh] tcfd tks ykxs lquk jgs Fks mu lHkh dks viuh dfork,a dBa LFk
FkhAa dkbs Z i<+ u jgk FkkA ejs h fLFkfr fofp=k gks x;hA euaS s mÙkjk)Z ds fdlh vda ls dkbs Z dfork lqukuh
'kq: dhA 'kq: djrs gh HkhM+ cds +kcw gks x;h] [kcw gfw Vxa 'kq: gks x;hA ejs h vkokt+ igys gh cgqr /
kheh Fkh] vc cna gks x;hA dqN njs eaS [+kkek's k [kM+k jgk] vpkud /kfw ey us eq>s gVk dj ekbd lHa kky
fy;k vkjS dM+d vkokt+ eas te ds ckna k 'kgj dks [kcw [kjh&[kkVs h lquk;hA dgk] ^vki gh ds fy,
fy[krs g]aS njw ls vk;s g]aS geas dkbs Z 'kkdS + ugha gS vkidks lqukus dk] vki dkbs Z ,glku ugha dj jgas
gaS ge ijA* ykxs mudh MkVa [kkdj ,dne [kkek's k gks x;As fQj yxs gkFk pqLr vna kt+ eas mUgkuas s viuh
dfork Hkh lquk Mkyh ^lj /kM+ ls vyx gkrs k g]S tlS s uV ckYs V l]s rqe dgrs gks gR;k gks jgh g]S eaS
dgrk gaw edS fs uT+e VVw jgk gAS * ykxs [kq'k gks x;As rc /kfw ey us eq>ls dgk] ^vc viuh dfork
fQj ls 'kq: djk*s A eaS rc rd fcYdqy gh m[kM+ pqdk FkkA fQj Hkh euaS s tYnh&tYnh dfork i<+ Mkyh]

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 497

tlS s dkbs Z vius diM+s leVs dj Hkkx jgk gkAs eq>s irk ugha Fkk] eaS D;k i<+ jgk FkkA yfs du HkhM+ us
eq>s pqipki cnk'Z r dj fy;kA

lqcg dus unh dh vkjs tkrs gq, lc fiNyh jkr ds ejs s gky ij gla jgs FkAs lO;lkph vkjS
ukxktquZ dg jgs Fk]s vjs bls idM+ks dgha dus unh eas Mcw u tk;As

vkf[k+jh fnu lxa BukRed l=k FkkA eUeFk ukFk xqIr bldh v/;{krk dj jgs FkAs ykds fi;z y[s kd
FkAs dkdkjs h dkMa eas mUgas nl cjl dh d+Sn gqbZ FkhA /keZ ds elys ij fcuk ykx&yiVs lkQ+ vkjS dM+h
vuh'ojoknh ikts +h'ku yrs s FkAs bl gxa keh l=k eas lTtkn t+ghj vkf[k+j rd cBS s jgAs f'konku flga
pkgS ku dg jgs Fk]s ^ixz fr'khykas us j.s kq tlS s ifz rHkk'kkyh y[s kdkas dh mi{s kk djds Bhd ugha fd;k*A
dkuiqj ds yfyr ekgs u voLFkh us tc eq[; iLz rko j[kk rks ykxs HkM+d mBAs ml iLz rko eas dkxa lsz
dks jk"Vhª ; itaw hifr oxZ dh ^HkLw okeh fojk/s kh* ikVhZ crkrs gq, mlds lkFk lg;kxs djus dh ckr dh
x;h FkhA jkT; ds oxpZ fj=k ij cgl 'kq: gks x;hA oDrkvkas dks ckys us dk le; u fn;k tk jgk
FkkA njvly vk;kts d pkgrs Fks fd ixz fr'khy y[s kdkas dk lxa Bu >ViV fQj ls cu dj [kM+k gks
tk;]s ftleas gj jxa r ds ykxs 'kkfey gkas yfs du blh le> ds bn&Z fxnZ dke djAas lq/kh'k us tc dqN
vkjS le; ekxa k rks v/;{k us cM+s gh vkdkz ed rjhd+s ls ekbd Nhu fy;kA dkgs jke ep x;kA
pna Hz k"w k.k frokjh us ckga as p<+k dj rts + vkokt+ eas dgk] ^vkius geas D;kas cqyk;k g*S A lur dqekj us
x+qLls eas viuh deht+ gh mrkj MkyhA [kcw gxa kek gqvkA x+uher g]S gkFkkikbZ ugha gqbAZ T+;knkrj ykxs
okdW vkmV dj x;As eaS cUus HkkbZ ¼lTt+kn t+ghj½ dks yxkrkj x+kjS ls n[s k jgk FkkA os vdys s vfopfyr
cBS s jgAs /kiw dk p'ek yxk;As ugs : ls mudh 'kDy dqN&dqN feyrh FkhA os BMa s ygt+s esa ckj&ckj
dg jgs Fk]s ^vjs HkkbZ bu lhih,e okykas dks Hkh dqN ckys us nk*s A

ckna k eas ,d fnu ogka ds uokc us viuh dkBs h ij y[s kdkas dks cqyk;kA 'kkunkj jkf=k Hkkts fn;kA
ckn eas eq>s irk pyk fd bUgha uokc ds ;gka dydÙks ls ykVS rs gq, chekj gkus s ij fet+kZ x+kfyc d+jhc
N% eghus egs eku jgs FkAs

ckna k lEeys u ds ckn lO;lkph us yxHkx gj fgna h Hkk"kh jkT; eas y[s kdkas ds f'kfoj yxk;As y[kuÅ]
t;iqj] dkVs k] jryke] Hkkis ky] Xokfy;j vkfn dbZ LFkkukas ij vuds nk&s nks rhu&rhu fnu ds f'kfoj yxAs
yxHkx bu lHkh eas eaS muds lkFk x;kA ;s lEeys u u;s ixz fr'khy mHkkj dks fn'kkc) djus eas ,d
egRoi.w kZ Hkfw edk vnk dj jgs FkAs gj txg 100&150 y[s kd] ofj"B vkjS ;qok nkus ksa ihf<+;kas d]s tek gks
tkrAs bueas lkfgR; ds bfrgkl] dfork dh Hkk"kk ls yds j vuds lknaS ;'Z kkL=kh; i'z ukas ij xHa khj
fopkj&foe'kZ pyrkA tuoknh y[s kd lxa Bu dk fuek.Z k vHkh njw FkkA yfs du ,d u;s lxa Bu dh
i"` BHkfw e r;S kj gks jgh FkhA

ch-,- djus ds ckn i'z u Fkk] eq>s vkxs D;k djuk pkfg,A fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ds lkFkh dg jgs
Fk]s ;gka vk tkvkAs ejs s eu eas xgjk lda kps FkkA fnYyh eas jgus ds fy, ilS s ,dne u FkAs eFkqjk eas eka
vdys h ejs s lkFk FkhA mudh viuh dkbs Z vk; u FkhA yfs du lO;lkph ckys ]s ^pys tkvk]s dkbs Z u dkbs Z
jkLrk cu tk;xs k*A mUgkuas s vyekjh eas yxh fdrkckas ds uhps fcNs v[+kckj dh rgkas ls 15 #i;s fudky
dj eq>s fn;]s ckys ]s ^fdjk;k j[k yk*s A fnYyh rd Vusª dk fdjk;k flQ+Z ikuS s pkj #i;s Fkk] ;kuh
vklkuh ls ykVS k Hkh tk ldrk FkkA yfs du eaS ykVS k ughAa

498 / u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012

bl ckr dks vc yxHkx 40 o"kZ gks x;As fnYyh eas D;k gqvk] ekdS +k gqvk rks dHkh ;g ckn eas
crkÅxa kA blds ckn cgqr dqN gqvkA dqN fnu fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ds lkfFk;kas ds lkFk jgk] tgka
ukxktuZq Hkh eghukas #ds jgrs FkAs blds ckn t,s u;w x;kA ;g Hkh ,d ijw k ;xq FkkA blh chp vkikRdky
Hkh yxk] gVk HkhA mldh dFkk Hkh [k+klh yca h gAS 1978 eas jkgs rd vk x;kA eaS vkuk rks ugha pkgrk
Fkk] yfs du Mk-W ukeoj flga eq>s t,s u;w ds ckgj dgha Hkh Hkts nus s ij vkeknk FkAs 'kk;n jkgs rd eas Mk-W
xosz ky dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k euaS s eu cuk fy;kA ;gka 'kqHkk ejs s lkFk FkhAa fiNys 34 lkykas eas ge ykxs kas
us ;gka cgqrjs s dke fd;As cgqr fny yxk dj th tku lAs dbZ pht+as cuk;hAa cgqr ls i;z kxs fd;As u;k
^tfeuZ 's ku* n[s kk vkjS mlls cgqr lkjh ÅtkZ vkjS u;h vra nfZ` "V;ka feyhAa bl nkjS ds ,tMas s dks T+;knk
Li"Vrk ls vkjS leko's kh <xa ls le>us dk ekdS +k feykA pht+as dlS s curh gaS ;k dlS s VVw rh g]aS blds
vuds eYw ;oku lcd+ gfj;k.kk ds bl dke eas fNis gq, gAaS yfs du blds ckjs eas vHkh dqN dgus dk
le; ugha gAS

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vkxkeh ;qxkas ds eqfDr&lfS ud] dgka gks rqe
fuihfM+r&'kkfs "kr ekuork ds m)kjd] dgka gks rqe
vkvk]s lkeus vkvks cVs s
eaS rqEgkjk pqca u yxaw k
eaS rqEgas viuk pqca u nxaw k
---
vkvk]s [krs &et+njw vkjS Hkfw enkl uktS oku
vkvk]s [knku&Jfed vkjS Q+SDVjh&odjZ uktS oku
vkvks diaS l ds Nk=k vkjS Q+SdfYV;kas ds uohu ioz h.k ikz /;kid
gk]a gka rqEgkjs gh vna j r;S kj gks jgs gaS
vkxkeh ;qxkas ds fycjVs j

&&ukxktZqu
^eSa rqEgsa viuk pqacu nwaxk* ¼1973½ ls

&&jpukoyh&2] i-` 77&78

u;k iFk v tuojh&twu ¼l;qaDrkd½% 2012 / 499