Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development
Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur as an additional learning material for Grade 9.
Bijay Kumar Basnet
Samjhana Dhakal
Hom Laxmi Gurung
Saroj Lamichhane
Geeta Bhattarai
Teachers Publication
Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors : Bijay Kumar Basnet
Samjhana Dhakal
Hom Laxmi Gurung
Saroj Lamichhane
Geeta Bhattarai
Publisher : Teachers Publication Pvt. Ltd
Kathmandu, Nepal
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
© Copyright : The Publisher copied, transmitted or in any electronic form without
First Edition : BS 2074 (2017 AD) the permission of the publisher or copyright holder.
Revised : BS 2075 (2018 AD)
Revised : BS 2077 (2020 AD)
Design & Art : PSDesigns # 9849055680
Printed in Nepal
Preface
Realizing the urgent need of a standard, reliable and goal-oriented textbooks carefully well-graded
Dynamic Social Studies series has been written in line with the recently revised curriculum of the
Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Ministry of Education, Government of Nepal.
The students at this level should be encouraged to develop creative and critical thinking around the
themes and come up with problem-solving aptitude also. Our goal has been to promote students'
interest in this discipline and stimulate them to accept Social Studies as a viable subject in their career.
The series possesses the following salient features to facilitate easy and creative learning:
• Learning Outcomes in terms of competencies have been listed to familiarise the students with the
basic learning that they are expected to achieve through the chapter materials.
• Facts to Understand may arouse interest in students to explore more to learn the relevant facts.
• Contents are orderly, simplified, insightful, comprehensive and interesting and are from
simple to complex in order to facilitate easy understanding.
• Lessons are so structured in such a way to enable progressive and constructive learning with a
logical development of the content. Moreover, sufficient elaboration of the lesson has been done.
• Special attention has been paid to the socio-cultural aspect of Nepal. Moreover, they are
thoroughly inclusive.
• Utmost care has been taken to understand the level of understanding and interests of the
children.
• A simple and lucid language has been used.
• Latest information has been added to make students get appropriately updated.
• Case Study has been incorporated to make the concept clear to the students.
• Relevant data and pictures have been added to facilitate creative learning, interpretation skill,
thinking and reasoning skill.
• Activities have been developed and designed to sharpen their creativity and critical thinking.
• Ample exercises for continuous and comprehensive assessment to meet the objectives set by the
curriculum.
• Community Work has been incorporated so as to make the knowledge and skill of the students
apply to the community and students can learn from the community as well.
• Project Work has been provided to make students develop presentation skill.
• Review Questions have been developed as follow-up activities at the end of every unit in order to
consolidate and reinforce children’s learning.
• Appendices have been included to make students learn relevant subject matter for examinations
and career.
• Every effort has been made to make designing and printing attractive.
We would like to extend our sincerest gratitude to the entire team of the Teachers Publication who
trusted us to take up this project and encouraged us relentlessly to bring the series out in this shape.
We genuinely express our deepest sense of gratitude to all who have cordially supported and
encouraged us directly or indirectly during the course of preparation of the series.
Our special thanks go to Perspective Designers and team for their unrelenting and meticulous
designing act.
We have left no stone unturned to make this series foolproof from any unwarranted mistakes. Still some
errors may have crept in, for which we look up to the readers to impart us constructive suggestions
and critical feedback so that they may be rectified in the future editions.
Last but not the least, we are highly indebted to all the founders, directors, principals, administrators,
vice principals, in-charges, teachers and all our well-wishers across the country for their cheerful
encouragement, affection and on-going support.
Happy Reading!
The Authors
Contents
Unit Topics Pg. No.
1 WE AND OUR SOCIETY
7
Lesson 1.1 Development of a Society 8
Lesson 1.2 Types of a Society 11
Lesson 1.3 Elements of an Ideal Society 14
Lesson 1.4 Socialization 17
Lesson 1.5 Our Identities 20
Lesson 1.6 National Pride 26
Review Questions 31
2 DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURES OF DEVELOPMENT
33
Lesson 2.1 Concept of Development and Means and Resources 34
Lesson 2.2 Pre-conditions of Development 39
Lesson 2.3 Pre-requisites of Development 46
Lesson 2.4 Education 49
Lesson 2.5 Health 54
Lesson 2.6 Transportation 57
Lesson 2.7 Communication 61
Lesson 2.8 Electricity 65
Lesson 2.9 Drinking Water 69
Lesson 2.10 Traditional Knowledge, Skill and Technology and Their Creative Use 73
Review Questions 75
3 OUR TRADITIONS, SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES
77
Lesson 3.1 Nepali Paintings (Chitrakala) 78
Lesson 3.2 Nepali Sculpture (Murtikala) 83
Lesson 3.3 Nepali Architecture (Vastukala) 87
Lesson 3.4 Secularism and Religious Tolerance in Nepal 91
Lesson 3.5 Religious Sites of Nepal 95
Lesson 3.6 National Luminaries and Their Contributions 99
Lesson 3.7 Empathy and Cooperation 105
Lesson 3.8 Peace and Culture 108
Review Questions 111
4 SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
113
Lesson 4.1 Identification of Social Problems and Their Solutions 114
Lesson 4.2 Corruption 118
Lesson 4.3 Drug Abuse 123
Lesson 4.4 Social Problems: Prostitution and Bullying and Their Solutions 127
Lesson 4.5 Role of Local and National Organizations in Social Reforms 133
Lesson 4.6 Efforts Made for Social Reforms 136
Lesson 4.7 Conflict Cycle and Its Resolution 139
Review Questions 142
5 CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS
143
Lesson 5.1 An Introduction to Constitution 144
Lesson 5.2 Constitutional Development in Nepal 147
Lesson 5.3 Constituent Assembly 151
Lesson 5.4 Salient Features of the Constitution of Nepal 2072 154
Lesson 5.5 Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens 157
Lesson 5.6 Right to Information 163
Lesson 5.7 Good Governance 166
Lesson 5.8 Rule of Law 170
Lesson 5.9 Democratic Culture 173
Lesson 5.10 Civil Society and Its Role 176
Lesson 5.11 Peace and Order 178
Lesson 5.12 Unity in Diversity 180
Lesson 5.13 Nationality and Issues of National Concern 182
Review Questions 185
6 OUR EARTH
187
Lesson 6.1 Longitude and Time 188
Lesson 6.2 Local Time and Standard Time 191
Lesson 6.3 Physical Features of Nepal 194
Lesson 6.4 The Climate of Nepal 198
Lesson 6.5 Geographical Diversity and Vegetation of Nepal 202
Lesson 6.6 Diverse Land Features and Lifestyle of Nepal 206
Lesson 6.7 Status of Water Resources and Its Utility in Nepal 210
Lesson 6.8 Map Work 215
Lesson 6.9 Knowledge on Distance or Scale and Its Uses 218
Lesson 6.10 The Physical Features of Asia 220
Lesson 6.11 The Economic Activities and Social Life of Asia 224
Lesson 6.12 The Physical Features of Europe 227
Lesson 6.13 The Social and Economic Activities of Europe 230
Lesson 6.14 The Physical Features of Australia 233
Lesson 6.15 The Social and Economic Activities of People of Australia 236
Lesson 6.16 Comparative Study between Asia, Australia and Europe 239
Review Questions 242
7 OUR PAST
243
Lesson 7.1 Source of History of Nepal and Its Preservation 244
Lesson 7.2 Shakya Dynasty: A History of Kapilvastu 247
Lesson 7.2 Prithvi Narayan Shah and Unification Campaign 251
Lesson 7.3 Continuation of Unification Campaign 256
Lesson 7.4 Effect of Unification Campaign 259
Lesson 7.5 The Anglo-Nepal War 261
Lesson 7.6 Contribution of Galliant Warrior in the Anglo-Nepal War 263
Lesson 7.7 Causes of Rise and Fall of the Rana Regime 268
Lesson 7.8 Achievement of the Rana Period 272
Lesson 7.9 Industrial Revolution and Its Impact 275
Lesson 7.10 Genealogy 278
Lesson 7.11 Our Ancestors: Our Pride 280
Review Questions 284
8 OUR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
285
Lesson 8.1 Agriculture 286
Lesson 8.2 Modernization and Commercialization of Agriculture 290
Lesson 8.3 Industry 293
Lesson 8.4 Medium and Large Scale Industries 297
Lesson 8.5 Trade 301
Lesson 8.6 Structure of Foreign Trade in Nepal 305
Lesson 8.7 Trade Diversification in Nepal 307
Lesson 8.8 Interrelationship between Agriculture, Industry and Trade 310
Lesson 8.9 Economic Planning 313
Lesson 8.10 Contribution of Economic Planning in Poverty Alleviation and Promotion of Employment 316
Lesson 8.11 Entrepreneurship 318
Lesson 8.12 Job Creation and Its Management 320
Lesson 8.13 Labour 322
Review Questions 326
9 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP, PEACE AND COOPERATION
327
Lesson 9.1 Donor Countries and Agencies in Nepal 328
Lesson 9.2 Nepal in the United Nations Organization 332
Lesson 9.3 Nepal’s Contribution to World Peace 335
Lesson 9.4 Diplomatic Mission 337
Lesson 9.5 Contemporary Events 341
Review Questions 346
APPENDIXES: 1-4 348 - 352
Unit
1 WE AND OUR SOCIETY
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
UNIT CONTENTS the unit are to enable students to:
1.1 Development of a Society 8 q define society
1.2 Types of a Society 11 q describe the types of a society
1.3 Elements of an Ideal q figure out the elements of an ideal society
Society 14
1.4 Socialization 17 q definition and process of socialization
1.5 Our Identities 20 q identify the items of national pride of Nepal
1.6 National Pride 26
Review Questions 31
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit - 1
Total Period(s): 15
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ 1 – – 1 2 2 x 1 = 2 2x1.8=3.6
2. SATQ 1 1 – – 2 2 x 4 = 8 8x1.8=14.4
3. LATQ – – – – – – –
Total 2 1 – 1 4 10 10 x1.8=18
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q = Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
7 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Development of a Society
1.1
FACTS Knowledge is power. Information is liberating.
to Understand Education is the premise of progress, in every
society, in every family.
society
Concept
A society is a group of people living in an organized community by sharing tradition
norms and values. The term 'society' is derived from the Latin word 'socious' which
means friendship or mutual bond. Thus, a society is an organized form of friendship
mutual relationship or it is a part of community having common interest, rules,
traditions and common activities of the people.
It holds the common features and keeps on changing for overall progress.
A society can be characterized by patterns of social relations between individuals who
share their cultural aspects as norms, values, language behaviour, constumes and
same social territory. Every member of the society has common aims and objectives
to achieve. It is the network of the relationships between the individuals.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 8
Importance of a Society
People and society are interrelated to each other. People in a society develops 'We
feeling' to accomplish every activity with mutual cooperation and harmony. There is
no existence of a society without constituent members. They remain organized and
possess the sense of We and Ours. So, the members living in a society need to develop
good relationships among the members in a society. It develops unity, peace, harmony
and strong bond between the individuals and a society.
Characteristics of a Society
There are many features of a society. Some of the major features are given below:
A society is dynamic and progressive.
It has a fixed and common goal.
It is a network of cultured social relationship.
It has systematic plans, programmes and codes of conduct to make progress of
a society.
There is a feeling of ownership, unity, oneness, mutual interaction, security and
common need of an individual.
Every member of a society protects their rights and privileges in the society.
Every member is guided to bring socio-cultural and economic development in
the society.
There is reciprocal relation between an individual and a society.
Development of a Society
Development is a dynamic process. It refers to the positive and progressive change. If
something new is observed in quality and quantity of something or somebody then it is
called development. The positive change in the social activities, process and structure
is called the development of a society. Development of a society indicates entire change
including internal social structures, social relations, social organization, economy, etc.
In the development process every society passes from simple to complex, equality to
inequality, unity to diversity, uncivilized or uncultured to well civilized and cultured,
homogeneous to heterogeneous and primitive to modern.
Characteristics of Development of a Society
It is a universal process.
It is a process of group change rather than in an individual.
It is usual and planned.
It is the process of transformation.
The development process is not the same everywhere.
9 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Activity
a. Prepare a chart reflecting the characteristics of your society.
b. Talk to your grandparents or parents and find out the facts about the society
30 years ago and now. What are the changes can be found in present society?
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define a society.
2. Mention the types of a society and explain them briefly.
3. Describe the importance of a society.
4. What are the characteristics of a society? Make a list.
5. On what bases is a society developed? Explain briefly.
Community Work
Visit your community and find out the lifestyle of people. Prepare a report on the basis
of your visit and present to your teacher.
Project Work
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation using the Internet (computer) on development
activities in your society.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 10
Lesson Types of a Society
1.2
FACTS We’re blaming 'society’, yet we are the member
to Understand of a society. So to make it a better place we must
change ourselves first.
A society has passed through various stages of development from primitive society
to modern society. The development process is slow and gradual. According to many
sociologists and anthropologists, society is classified on the basis of condition, bases of
livelihood, culture or level of a society.
A society can be categorized, based on its economic progress, political and organizational
development, comparative development between urban and rural areas, development
in science and technology, quality life, norms and values, behaviours, etc. English
Anthropologist Sir Edward Burnett Taylor classified society into three stages:
(a) Hunting and Gathering Stage (b) Barbaric Stage (c) Civilized Stage
Karl Marx divided society on the basis of mode of production.
(a) Primitive Society (b) Slavery Society (c) Feudal Society
(d) Capitalist Society and (e) Socialist Society
In this way many Anthropologists and Sociologists have categorised society on the
basis of different aspects. There are six types of a society widely accepted by the
sociologists and anthropologists. They are as follows:
Based on Economy : Capitalist Society, Mixed Society and Socialist Society.
Based on Language : Unilingual Society, Bilingual Society and Multilingual
Society
Based on Settlement : Rural Society and Urban Society
Based on Religion : Hindu Society, Buddhist Society, Muslim Society,
Christian Society, Sikh Society, etc.
Based on Time : Ancient Society, Medieval Society and Modern Society
Based on Mode of Life : Hunting and Gathering Society, Pastoral Society,
Horticultural Society, Agrarian Society and Industrial
Society.
In this chapter you will learn about the society based on mode of life in details and the
technologies used by humans in development process:
1. Hunting and Gathering Society
This society is considered as the first stage of human development towards the
social life. The staple food of human in this society was raw meat of wild animals,
fruits, roots, nuts, etc. hunted and collected from forest. They were barbaric and
uncultured. There was no permanent settlement. Thus, they were nomads. Humans
11 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
used to move around the forest in search of food. There were no societal relations
like family, marriage, relatives, etc. They used simple tools and weapons of stone for
hunting wild animals and collecting roots and food. In this society human was only
the consumer, not the producer. There were no division of labour. However, female
used to look after their children and collect nuts, roots and fruits and males went for
hunting wild animals. The life of human was insecure and difficult. Small children
used to live together with their mother. So they felt secure in a group when males
felt the importance to live in group then they also joined the group and started living
together. In this way in a family about 50 members started living together.
The Rautes and the Kusundas are still practising nomadic life in Nepal. They practise
slash and burn cultivation, which is also known as shifting cultivation. Even the
aborigines in Australia, Malaysia, South Africa, India are having such societies.
2. Pastoral Society
People in such society started rearing cattle to get meat easily whenever
required. People started depending upon domestic animals to meet their needs. When
the human needs could not be fulfilled through hunting and gathering, this type of a
society was formed. Humans in this society also lived a nomadic life moving with their
herds from one pasture land to another. In such societies mainly cattle and goats were
common. The groups were created on the bases of a society having more cattle and
having less cattle. Human settlement became periodical rather than the complete
nomadic life of human became little easier than before. This type of society still can
find in Nepal, Africa, Tibet and Middle East.
3. Horticultural Society
Cultivation of fruits and vegetables are called horticulture. In this society
various kind of fruits and vegetables became staple food. Humans learn to practice
Slash and burn method to increase the production. Their nomadic life turned into the
fixed settlement. This society was the initial stage of agricultural stage. Such society
can be found in Kenya and New Guinea. Some societies in Nepal are earning their
livelihood from horticulture.
4. Agrarian Society
People learnt to cultivate in such society. The livelihood of humans depend
on agriculture. According to Karl Marx, the society was divided into two classes:
Feudal and Peasant. Feudal were the landlords who owned large area of land
and Peasants were the farmers, who worked in field to produce crops Agricultural
society also developed the concept of trade. To fulfill the basic requirement people
started exchanging crops known as barter system. The system started along with the
production of sufficient crops. It is believed that the agrarian society was started from
Egypt. Nepal is an agricultural country. According to the census 2011 AD still 67% of
total population is engaged in agriculture.
5. Industrial Society
In such society, occupation of human beings got changed. The livelihood depended
on industry and industrial product. The society running its people’s livelihood from
industries, industrial products for trade and business is called Industrial Society.
In this society the industrialist is called the capitalist and the people working in
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 12
th
industries are called labourers or proletariats. This type of society emerged in the 18
century mainly from European nations, right after the Industrial Revolution. There
was a huge gap between capitalists and the proletariats.
The industrial society was a civilized and cultured society. Many people in the world
belong to this society. People got quality education and implement their knowledge
practically to develop their nation. The developed countries like UK, USA, Japan,
France, Germany, etc. are the examples of industrial societies. The Modern Society
began with the industrial society.
6. Post Modern Society
People living in developed countries are enjoying all the facilities and luxuries.
Such societies come under areas in developing countries are facilitate with modern
facilities but rural areas are still deprive of getting facilities. In Nepal some major
cities like Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar, Birgunj, etc. are modernized but rural
areas are still depending on traditional lifestyle.
Activity
Draw a picture of Agrarian society and industrial society. What are the differences
you find in both the societies? Discuss with your friends.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Mention the types of societies.
2. Name some Sociologists and Anthropologists who divided the society into
different categories.
3. Compare between Hunting and Gathering Society and Pastoral Society.
4. 'Education, Science and Technology are the key to an Industrial Society.' Justify
the statement.
5. Which society do you like most? Why?
6. How are developed countries like the UK, the USA, Japan enlisted in developed
countries?
7. In what types of society do you live? Write its characteristics.
Community Work
Take an interview from the senior citizens of your society to know the development of their
society. Prepare a report on the basis of their interview.
13 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Elements of an Ideal Society
1.3
FACTS African Society is a multilingual society. Arabic
to Understand langauge is spoken by 170 million people followed
by English 130 million, Swahili 100 million, French
115 million, Berber 50 million, Hausa 50 million,
Portuguese 20 million and Spanish 10 million.
Society is a common home where every member lives a life with dignity, feels proud of
being its member, get identity, recognition and a chance to develop personality. Such
society is called an Ideal Society. There are many elements of an ideal society. Some
of them are given below:
Collective Feelings
The members living in a society are very close to each other. There is a collective
feeling in members of the society. Mutual cooperation and support, common feelings
of unity is the common factors of the society. They support each other and participate
in each other’s festivals and programmes.
Good Relations
When people gather in a place, meet each other, develop relationship then a kind of
good feelings develops within them. They start caring for each other, sharing feelings
and supporting each other. This 'we feelings' develops good relations among the
members automatically and it binds people together.
Fixed Territory
A society has fixed geographical territory. Members living in the region become closer
to each other and develop affinity among them. They share joys and sorrows with each
other. In such a way they remain close to each other.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 14
Common Life
A society identifies the lifestyle of the people. There is common lifestyle of the people
living in the same society. The lifestyle of its members is determined according to the
form of a society. Members of the society work and fulfill their basic needs such as
education, health, entertainment, security, etc. from the same society.
Distinct Name
Members living in a society get recognition through its name because every society
possesses its own name. The distinct and specific name of the society brings the
member close to each other and feel proud of their society.
Glorious Feeling of the Past
Every society carries its past and cultural values. The events of the past gives the
feeling of glory to the member of the society. Ancestors are the guides for the present
generation. Their contributions and good deeds are considered with the most respect
and are adopted by their descendants. People feel proud and further work to glorify
the deed of their ancestors.
Permanency
Nature of a society is permanent. Every member of the society is closely related with
climate, geography, lifestyle, profession, etc. Members develop a deep feeling with
each other living in the same society.
Common Norms and Values
Every member in a society inculcates the sense of responsibility and understanding.
They follow the common norms and values. Norms are the typical pattern of behaviours
that are considered normal in a society. The activities of the members of the society
are checked and controlled by such norms. Every member of the society must follow
such norms. It is mandatory for all the members.
Population
Population is an essential factor to form a society. The number of people in a particular
group who inhabit an area may increase or decrease due to birth, death and migration
the size of population of a society is not fixed.
Security
Every member of a society must feel secure. They should pay enough attention to an
individual, a family and social security.
15 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Unity and Responsibility
Every member in a society develops the sense of unity and responsibility. Unity is
strength if there is unity among the members of a society for collective work, gaining
efficiency and making decision for the common benefit of a society.
Code of Conduct
There is a sort of un-codified rules and cultural norms, values and ethics in a society. It
is followed by the members of a society. No one is likely to breach it since all members
are bound by laws, rules and regulation of the society. The code of conduct is fair or
non-discriminatory and implemented equally to everyone.
Activity
Discuss among the friends on the factors on essential for maintaining stability in
the society.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define a ideal society.
2. What are the elements of an ideal society?
3. How are fixed territory and population important in the formation of a society?
4. Explain any three components of an ideal society in brief.
Community Work
Meet an elderly person of your community and find out any exemplary work of any senior
citizen who has enhanced the glory of your community. Prepare a report based on the
conversation.
Project Work
Collect the pictures and make collage to show glorious history of your society. Also
explain them for more clarification.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 16
Lesson Socialization
1.4
FACTS Socialization is a complex process of interaction
to Understand through which the individual learns the habits,
skills, beliefs and standards of judgement that are
necessary for his effective participation in social
group and communities. Socialization is a learning
that enables the learner to perform social roles.
- George A. Lundberg, a Sociologist
The process of learning of social behaviour, socially accepted values, principles,
ideology, etc. and practice accordingly by the member of a society is called socialization.
A society is a common home of individuals. It is structured in which community of
people binds together by the similar traditions, culture, institutions or nationality.
The society is dynamic. It is changed as per the needs of time. There are several
factors which bring changes in the society such as gradual transformation in cultural
norms and values, lifestyle, income social status, etc. naturally. All these are the
parts of socialization. However, there are some other social activities to be adopted
and formed as per need and necessities. The process of socialization begins from birth
and goes till death, but with some changes and no completion.
Components of Socialization
There are some elements of socialization which denote the factors leading to the
process of socialization. Some of them are given below:
Social Interaction
To lead a social life, communication or interaction is very essential. The best way of
communication is the use of a language. The language helps to increase efficiency
effectiveness, love and closeness among the people. One needs to interact openly with
other members to understand their feelings culture and co-operation and share joys
and sorrows. Thus interaction leads to fair, smooth and positive socialization.
Love, Intimacy and Cooperation
People can be open with others when there are love and affection with others. These
brings closeness or intimacy among the members of the society. People will be ready
to help at anytime and anywhere. This plays a key role to move towards the path
of positive socialization. The feeling of love, affection and cooperation make the
socialization process stronger.
17 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Language
Language is the effective and efficient way to develop socialization. It helps people to
communicate directly with others. They can understand the feelings of the other people
if the language is known. But if there is a language problem, then a person cannot
communicate properly. As a result s/he cannot share his/her feelings, necessities and
others' feelings also cannot be understood and the process of socialization can be slow.
Therefore, a language is a very important element.
Agents of Socialization
Socialization is a continuous learning process. It begins with birth and continues till
death. There are many agents determining the learning process of socialization. Such
as geography of a society, socio-political and economic condition, language, religion,
customs and traditions, etc. Broadly, agents of socialization are categorized into two
parts on the basis of time and space. They are Primary Agents and Secondary Agents.
1. Primary Agents
The process of learning starts from mother, family, relatives, neighbours,
friends right after the birth and continue for life time in an informal way is called
Primary Agent. For instance, mother is the first agent for socialization in childhood.
She teaches her child to speak, walk, etc. Then family members teach the social
behaviour, when child grows he/she makes peer group and starts learning from them.
Similarly, neighbours and relatives teach many kinds of social norms, values, culture,
traditions and lifestyles. Therefore, family, relatives, peer group and neighbours are
the primary agents of socialization.
2. Secondary Agents
The process of learning starts when a child attains school. This kind of learning
is a bit systematic. A child is compelled to scheduled time and has to undergo through
rules and regulations and maintain discipline. This type of learning is called Secondary
Agent. Educational institutions, social, religious, cultural and financial institutions
are the examples of secondary agents of socialization.
In educational institutions, a child is compelled to read textbooks, appear examinations
and participate in extracurricular activities. Later, they expand their horizon when
they attend colleges and universities. They can be in contact with many social
organizations, NGOs and INGOs to serve the society voluntarily and on paid basis.
Importance of Socialization
Socialization teaches an individual the basic skills and social knowledge to live
in a society too.
Through socialization an individual attains a perfect personality by fulfilling
social obligations and becomes a respectful member of the society.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 18
A person learns social norms, values and ideology from the socialization.
Socialization helps a person to be good with full of social attitude.
Activity
Discuss in a group the learning process of an infant interacting and behaving with
other members of a family.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand by socialization?
2. In what ways do human beings become socialized?
3. What are the components of socialization? Make a list.
4. Explain any two agents of socialization.
5. How does interaction and language help to develop socialization?
6. What are the types of socialization? Explain them in detail.
7. Mention the importance of socialization.
Community Work
Visit your locality and collect the information about the development process of socialization
and its benefits.
Project Work
Make a conversation in the form of comic stripe sharing your experience with your
friends about the difficulties you faced during the first day of school.
19 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Our Identities
1.5
FACTS Although there are many cultural and ethnic groups
to Understand in Nepal, they always lived in peace and harmony
with each other. There always was tolerance
among the various cultures and no dispute
occurred that could affect the cultural solidarity of
the country.
Nepal is a small landlocked country in terms of area but there is world within itself.
There are 125 ethnic groups followed by 123 different languages according to the
census 2011 AD. There are many typical features in our country that identify us
among others. They have been making us distinctive and known to the world. Nepal
is enriched by a number of identities and the special features. They are unique
and stand as our valuable assets. We must not forget or become negligent in their
protection and promotion.
Some unique identities of Nepal are discussed below:
Natural Identity
Nepal has diverse geographical features. Physically, it is divided into three features:
mountain, hills and the Terai. The topography, climate, soil and vegetation are distinct
in three regions. The mountain region includes three parts: the Outer Mountains,
Bhots and Main Mountains. Its topography is different than the other regions. There
is very steep land mostly filled with ice, rock and glaciers. Among the 14 largest
peaks in the world which are above eight thousands meter, 8 peaks are located in this
region. Mt. Everest, the highest peak of the world, is located in this region.
The Hilly region is sloppy and divided into Chure range, Mid hill and the Mahabharat
range. Similarly, the Terai region has flat land features and consist of three parts,
Outer Terai, Inner Terai and Bhavar. These diverse topography added natural beauty
of the country and supported the origin of several perennial rivers. There are more
than 6000 rivers and rivulets in Nepal. Three rivers the Koshi, the Karnali and the
Gandaki and some other watersheds have made Nepal rich in the water resources.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 20
Climate is also diverse in Nepal according to its land feature. The mountain region
has cold climate, hills have moderate climate and the Terai region has hot climate.
The soil in the Terai is fertile and sub-tropical evergreen forest is found here. The
vegetation found in the hill is deciduous type and soil is semi-fertile. Similarly, climate
in mountain is extremely cold and not suitable for human settlement and agriculture.
Coniferous forest is found in the mountainous region. Alpine and Tundra vegetation
is found in the northern part of the mountainous region.
Ethnic Identity
Terai people Himali people
As per the census of BS 2068 (2011 AD), Nepal consists of 125 ethnic groups. The
Chhetris are more in number followed by the Brahmins, the Magars, the Tharus,
the Tamangs, the Newars, etc. Unity in diversity is well maintained in Nepal. It is
the responsibility of all of us to preserve our script, language, culture of every ethnic
group to maintain their dignity and to build a unified and prosperous nation.
The following census chart shows the population of ethnic groups living in Nepal.
Sl.No. Ethnicities Population Percentage (%)
1. The Chhetris 43,98,179 16.6
2. The Brahmins 32,26,903 12.2
3. The Magars 18,87,733 7.1
4. The Tharus 17,37,470 6.6
5. The Tamangs 15,39,830 5.8
6. The Newars 13,21,933 5
7. The Kamis 12,58,554 4.8
8. The Muslims 11,64,255 4.4
9. The Yadavs 10,544,58 4
10. The Rais 6,20,004 2.3
Source: National Census BS 2068 (2011AD)
21 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Regional Identity
Physically, Nepal is divided into three regions, the Himalayan region, the Hilly region
and the Terai region. People living in these three regions have common "We Feelings".
They have very proud feeling of being Nepali and belong to Nepal.
Lingual Identity
There are 123 different languages spoken in the country as per the census
BS 2068. So, we can say there is lingual diversity in Nepal. There are four major
categories of language groups. They are Bharepoli, Bhotburmeli, Aagneya and
Dravid. The Nepali language is originated from Bharopeli group. Nepali language
is used as the official language as well as Lingua Franca. The word Lingua Franca
is the common language used by the people of diverse background as the medium of
communication. Many other languages and dialects are used as mother tongue by the
people of respective races.
Except Nepali, the other languages like Maithili, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Tharu, Hindi,
Urdu, Rajbanshi, etc. come under Bharopeli group. Danuwar language widely used in
the Terai. Sherpa and Tamang languages come under Bhotburmeli group and Satar
and Santhali languages come under Aagneya group.
The constitution of Nepal 2072 guaranteed Nepali and all other existing mother tongue
as National language (Part 1, Article 6). Some of the languages are well developed and
rich but some need protection and preservation as they are on the verge of extinction.
The following table shows the status of the languages spoken in Nepal.
Sl.No. Language Population Percentage
1. Nepali 1,18,26,953 44.6
2 Maithili 30,92,530 11.7
3. Bhojpuri 15,84,958 6
4. Tharu 15,29,875 5.8
5. Tamang 13,53,311 5.1
6. Newar 8,46,557 3.2
7. Bajjika 7,93,416 3
8. Magar 7,88,530 3
9. Doteli 7,87,827 3
10. Urdu 6,91,546 2.6
Source: National Census BS 2068 (2011AD)
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 22
Religious Identity
Temple Stupa
Mosque Church
Nepal is a multi-religious country. The lifestyles, rites and rituals and culture are
based on religion. There is an excellent example of unity and religious tolerance
among the people of different religions. Although people are following different
religions but they live together with unity sharing their culture and participate in
each other's religious and cultural activities. The major religions followed in Nepal
are Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Kirant, etc. These religions have their
own ideology and philosophical doctrine. However, the followers pay equal tribute to
other religions as well. The constitution of Nepal BS 2072 also guaranteed right to
religion as a fundamental right. Secularism is declared on Jestha 4, 2063 in which
all the religions are given equal priority by the country. As per the census BS 2068,
more than 10 religions are being followed in Nepal. Among them the Hinduism are in
majority followed by Buddhism.
The following table shows the religious communities in Nepal:
23 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Sl.No. Religion Population Percentage
1. Hinduism 2,15,51,492 81.343
2. Buddhism 23,96,099 9.044
3. Islam 11,62,370 4.387
4. Kirant 8,07,169 3.047
5. Christianity 3,75,699 1.418
6. Nature 1,21,982 0.460
7. Bon 13,006 0.049
8. Jainism 3,214 0.012
9. Bahai 1,283 0.005
10. Sikhism 609 0.002
11. Others 61,581 0.232
Total Population 2,64,94,504 100.000
Source: National Census, BS 2068
Gender Identity
Gender equality in Nepal is maintained in Nepal from the religious point of view.
Hinduism and Buddhism are the two major religions followed in Nepal. In these
religions gender equality is highly maintained. In Hinduism, both gods and goddesses
are worshipped. Goddesses are worshipped for power, wealth, knowledge and so on.
For example, goddess Saraswoti, is worshipped for knowledge, Laxmi for wealth,
Durga, Kali for power to get victory over evils, etc. Lord Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva are
considered as the creator, the preserver and the destroyer and are worshipped with
great devotion. Meanwhile, there is a tradition of Kumari worshipped among the
Newars in the Kathmandu valley. She is considered as the living goddess. In Buddhist
community gender equality is highly maintained. There is no discrimination between
males and females. Every work is equally performed by them.
Saraswoti Kumari Durga Shiva
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 24
Activity
Complete the following table:
a. The total number of languages spoken in Nepal ___________________ .
b. The total number of religions followed in Nepal _________________ .
c. The total number of ethnic groups living in Nepal _________________ .
d. The lyricist and the music composer of the National Anthem of Nepal ____.
e. The total number of peaks above altitude of 8 thousands in Nepal are ____.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Mention any four things of Nepal which make Nepal proud. Describe
them briefly.
2. “Nepal is a multicultural, multilingual and multi-religious country.” Justify
the statement.
3. Draw a pie chart using the table that showed ethnic groups living in Nepal.
4. How is the condition of gender identity in your family and society? Discuss
and write.
5. Write a letter to a foreign friend convincing him/her that “Buddha was born
in Nepal.”
Community Work
Visit your locality and discuss with some women leaders on problems seen in gender
equality and try to find out the solutions. Prepare a report and present it in your class.
Project Work
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on national identity of Nepal .
25 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson National Pride
1.6
FACTS Majipa Lakhey is a special Lakhe known as the
to Understand peaceful Bhairava. The dance of this lakhe takes
place only in the week of full moon of Yenlaa
month of Nepal Sambat. This Lakhe is considered
to be the protector of the children.
Nepal is culturally a rich country. There are several artifacts, religious and historical
monuments, natural beauties which make us feel proud. They are the identity of
Nepalese people which are respected by all in the nation. The things which increase
the glory of the nation and make its citizens feel proud is called National Pride. In this
chapter we will discuss some of our national pride.
Culture
Bisket jatra Indra jatra
Bhoto jatra Gai jatra
Nepal is very rich in culture. There are 125 ethnic groups (census BS 2068) living in
the country. They have their own cultural identity and tradition. However, a kind of
common culture, tradition and identity has been prescribed by the people of different
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 26
ethnic groups living in the different geographical regions and in its diverse climate.
People of different communities or ethnic groups observe typical feasts, rites and
rituals followed by their races and religions.
People living in various parts of Nepal maintaining harmonious relations with each
other, no matter which caste they belong to. For example, Mithila culture of the middle
Terai, Deuda culture of the Far western region, Newar culture of Kathmandu, Khas
culture of Karnali, the Sherpa culture of the Himalayan region, the Thakali culture
of the Hilly region have spread to the people of other castes. We have heterogeneous
society in which different cultures are intermixed.
As a result varieties of cultures and uniqueness on them have become part of our
national pride.
National Flag
The national flag of any country is the identity of a country.
It represents our glory, shows patriotism and nationality,
too. The national flag is used in various programs, school
premises, government offices, in the vehicles of national
dignitaries, etc. It is the pride of the people of every nation.
The constitution of Nepal 2072 stated in Part 1, Article 8
about national flag as:
“The national flag of Nepal, consists of two juxtaposed
triangular figures with a crimson coloured base and deep
blue borders, there being a white emblems of the crescent
moon with eight rays visible out of sixteen in the upper part
and a white emblem of a twelve-ray sun in the lower part.”
Crimson is Nepal’s national colour and it indicates the
bravery of the Nepalese. It is also considered as the symbol
of victory. The blue border symbolizes peace and harmony.
The two triangles symbolize the mountains and the Sun and
the moon respectively symbolize the permanency and hope
that Nepal remain as long as the sun and the moon remains in the universe. Hence,
due to the peculiarity and uniqueness in features the national flag is our national
pride.
National Anthem
National anthem is the official song mainly sung and played during the formal
programmes. It is considered as the pride of the nation. It shows the history, traditions,
bravery and struggle of the citizen to enhance the glory of the nation. When we sing
the national anthem we should stand straight without moving our body to pay homage
to the nation. National anthem is played on national days, morning assembly in the
schools, any formal programmes and sports events.
27 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
The national anthem of Nepal has
changed after the people’s mass ;of}+ y'ª\uf k"mnsf xfdL, Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL
movement II in 2062/63, when ;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf, d]rL–dxfsfnL .
monarchy came to an end and
country was declared the Federal k|s[ltsf sf]6Lsf]6L ;Dkbfsf] cfFrn
Democratic Republic Country.
The lyricist of New National jL/x?sf] /utn], :jtGq / c6n .
Anthem is Pradeep Kumar Rai 1fge"ld, zflGte"ld t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfn
(Byakul Maila) and the music
composer is Amber Gurung. cv08 of] Kof/f] xfd|f] dft[e"ld g]kfn .
The national anthem includes ax'n hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt 5g\ ljzfn .
the geographical diversity,
socio-cultural, religious, ethnic cu|ufdL /fi6« xfd|f], ho ho g]kfn ¤¤¤
diversity. It is further praised
the sovereignty, pride, unity,
bravery, peace, progress, natural beauty, cultural and biological diversity and respect
to the nation.
The constitution of Nepal BS 2072 states about the national anthem in Part I, Article
9 clause I.
Janaki Temple
Janaki Temple
Janaki temple is also called as Ram Janaki temple situated in Janakpur. It is the
birthplace of Goddess Sita. It was built in 1968 BS by Queen Vrisha Bhanu Devi of
Tikamgadh, India, (now Madhya Pradesh, India). The temple is popularly known as
the “Naulakha Mandir”. Since the cost for the construction of the temple was about
nine lakh rupees. The unique religious tolerance can be seen in this temple. Though
it is a Hindu temple, but its architecture is Mughal style. Images of two lions have
been decorated above the north-eastern gate. These images made from the stone.
The temple is two-storey with sixty rooms. There is the main temple of Sita (Janaki)
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 28
in the central part of the temple. The image of Sita found in Ayodhya was brought
and installed in this temple. There is vivaha mandap where lord Ram and Sita got
married. There is a temple of Ram built nearby this temple.
Every year there is fair during Vivaha Panchami. Devotees from Nepal and India
visit to worship Ram Janaki in Janakpur. There are many other temples in Janakpur
which enhanced the glory of the nation.
Pashupatinath
Pashupatinath Temple
Pashupatinath temple is a sacred pilgrimage site for the Hindu followers. It is
located near Gaushala, Kathmandu. The temple is situated near the bank of the
Bagmati River. Lord Shiva is considered as the patron of animals, so he is called as
Pashupatinath. It is the main pilgrimage site for the Hindus. Devotees from Nepal and
India mostly come to worship Lord Shiva mostly on Shivaratri and other occasions.
Though only the Hindus are allowed to enter the compound of the main temple,
non-Hindu followers from all over the world come to visit and see the activities on it.
It is enlisted in the World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in BS 2036 (1979 AD).
The temple is built in pagoda style. It has two levels of roof made up of copper with
gold plate. It has four silver doors. This temple has a golden pinnacle. This is one of
our national pride.
The exact date of construction of this temple is unknown. According to Gopal Raj
Banshawali, Lord Pashupatinath was originated during the Gopal dynasty. When
one Gopal (a shepherd) followed a cow named Bahuhi who used to drop milk every day
in a place nearby the bank of the Bagmati. When he saw rays coming out he started
digging the land. As he started digging, very powerful rays started to come out. It was
29 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
unbearable for Gopal and he died. Other Gopals saw and informed Lord Krishna and
Shivalinga (Jyotirlinga) was established by Lord Krishna. The temple was made by
th
the King Dharma Dutta. The queen of Shiva Singh Malla in 14 century and king
th
Pratap Malla in the 17 century renovated this temple.
Mount Everest
Mount Everest is the highest peak of the world. It is located in the Mahalangur
mountain range. Out of the 14 peaks above the altitude of 8,000 m in the world, 8 are
in Nepal including Everest. The height of Mt. Everest is 8,848m. Michael Karz named
it the “Third Pole” due to its extreme height similar to the North Pole and the South
Pole. The summit was first conquered by Tenzing Norgay Sherpa and Sir Edmund
Hillary in BS 2010 (1953 AD).
Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha)
In the past, Mt. Everest was known as Peak XV but it was named Everest officially
in BS 1922 (1856 AD) after the name of colonel Sir George Everest, the British
Surveyor of the peak. Later Itihaas Shiromani (Great historian) Baburam Acharya
named Sagarmatha in BS 2013 (1956 AD). It is called by different names in different
countries. The Tibetans call it Chomolungma (mother of the universe), the Chinese
call it Zhumulangma Feng.
Every year many tourists visit Nepal to see and climb Mt. Everest. It has contributed
to enhance the glory of the country and the economy. Nepal is known to the world as
the country of Mount Everest. In this way, Mt. Everest is the pride of Nepal.
Activity
Prepare any one model of national pride and show it to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 30
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What are the things that enhance the glory of a nation? Make a list.
2. In what ways have Janaki Temple and Pashupatinath become our national
pride? Explain their significance.
3. How did Mt. Everest get its name? Explain.
4. “Our national anthem tries to maintain the unity in diversity.” Justify the
statement.
5. Explain the significance of the National Flag of Nepal.
Community Work
Visit your locality and find out the things which can be considered as nation’s pride.
Prepare a report including its importance and present it in your class.
Project Work
Prepare a list of the things of national pride and show it in PowerPoint. Present your
PowerPoint with brief description of each heritage.
Review Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. Give a short introduction to 'society'.
2. Discuss the relation between individuals and society.
3. “Societal development in planned and spontaneous”. Justify the
statement.
4. Explain the types of a society.
5. Name two tribal groups in Nepal that still survive by hunting and
gathering.
6. What do you understand by socialization?
7. A person transforms into a social animal from the biological one
through socialization. How?
31 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
8. Draw the symbol of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Kirant and
Christianity.
9. What is national pride?
10. Explain the importance of Janaki temple and Pashupatinath
temple.
11. “Our national anthem tries to maintain the unity in diversity
feature of Nepal and the Nepalese.” Prove the statement.
12. “Development does not concern only with the fulfillment of physical
needs of human beings but also with the improvement of social
conditions.” Explain.
13. How many religions are recorded in Nepal by the census of 2011 AD?
14. Why is Nepal called a secular state? When?
15. Who named Mt. Everest 'Sagarmatha' originally?
16. When is Bisket Jatra originally performed? Ask to your teacher or
search in internet.
17. What is an ideal society?
18. “Socialization is a life-long process.” Justify.
19. What do you mean by gender identity?
20. Why is the national flag a matter of national pride for our nation?
Explain.
21. Explain the details of Pashupatinath temple.
22. Draw a bar diagram using the following data of the table:
Sl. No. Religion Followers in Percent
1. Hinduism 81.3
2. Buddhism 9.04
3. Islam 4.4
4. Christianity 1.4
5. Kirant 3.0
6. Others 0.86
Total 100.00
23. Who was Karl Marx? What kind of division of a society did he make?
24. Name the ethnic groups of Nepal who are still surviving by hunting
and gathering.
25. Which society do you prefer to live in?
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 32
Unit DEVELOPMENT AND
2 INFRASTRUCTURES OF DEVELOPMENT
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
UNIT CONTENTS The competencies of the social studies curriculum in the
2.1 Concept of Development 34 unit are to enable students to:
2.2 Pre-conditions of q understand the concept of development
Development 39
2.3 Pre-requisites of q explain the preconditions for development
Development 46 q show the importance of public participation in development
2.4 Education 49 q make a list of prerequisites of development
2.5 Health 54 q write the meaning and importance of education and its
2.6 Transportation 57 current status in Nepal
2.7 Communication 61 q define health and know the importance and its status in Nepal
2.8 Electricity 65 q the definition of other elements of infrastructure like
2.9 Drinking Water 69 drinking water, communication, transportation and
2.10 Traditional Knowledge, electricity, their importance and the present status in Nepal
Skill and Technology and q know the definition of traditional technology
Their Creative Use 73
Review Questions 75 q compare between traditional technology and the modern
technology
q importance and the preservation of the traditional technologies
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit - 2
Total Period(s): 16
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ 1 – – 1 2 2 x 1 = 2 2x1.8=3.6
2. SATQ 1 1 – – 2 2 x 4 = 8 8x1.8=14.4
3. LATQ – – – – – – –
Total 2 1 1 4 10 10 x1.8=18
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q = Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
33 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Concept of Development and
2.1
Means and Resources
FACTS Development does not concern only with the fulfillment of
to Understand physical needs of human beings but also with the improvement
of social condition. - UN Charter
Meaning of Development
Development is a dynamic process. It brings positive and progressive change in the
society. Many sociologists/anthropologists have defined development in their own words.
John D Manta and Mugari “Development is a process of modernization.”
D.V. Romana “Development is known as growth plus social change. In other words
development is planned growth. It is so planned as to maximize the welfare of
community not only now but forever.”
Hence, development is defined as the act, process or result of developing the stage
of being developed, a gradual unfolding by which something is developed gradual
advance or growth thought progressive change.
[Oxford Dictionary]
We can understand the meaning of development that it brings improvement in every
sector of the country. It is the desirable change in the society, culture, economic
and other aspects of a nation. Sometimes development is considered synonymous to
economic growth. However, it is required to develop other sectors like health, education,
etc. also. Only economic prosperity cannot clarify the core value of development
According to the UN charter “Development is related not only with the material needs
of people but also with the improvement of social condition. Hence, development does
not mean economic development only. It is also social, cultural and institutional
growth. Therefore, it is the overall progress of human beings as well as nation.
Indicators of Development
There are two types of indicators of development they are Qualitative indicators and
Quantitative indicators.
1. Qualitative Indicators
It indicates the social and cultural aspects of the society. Such indicators are as
follows:
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 34
Education, health and nutrition
Political freedom
Employment
Economic equality and human rights
Self-development
Co-ordination and good governance
Peace and security
Freedom and self-decision
Gender equality
Equal distribution of income and property
2. Quantitative Indicators
It indicates the economic aspect. It states that development is possible due to
progress in economic activities. The indicators are as follows:
Increase in per capita income
Increase in gross domestic income
Increase in productivity
Industrialization
Specialization on machine technology and equipment
Construction of infrastructure of development
Better utilization of natural and financial resources
Involvement in globalization
Urbanization
The actual development of a nation can be determined by the Human Development
Index (HDI). If HDI is high, then the country is categorized in developed country. The
HDI is calculated in between 0 and 1.The HDI is calculated on the basic of per capita
income (PCI), life expectancy and literacy rate. The other indicators to measure the
economic growth of the country are Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Nation
Product (GNP). Incresement in these aspects shows the economic growth of a country.
GDP, GNP and PCI for Economic Growth
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The monetary value of all goods and services produced within a nation is territory
over a specified period of time is called Gross Domestic Product.
Gross National Product (GNP)
The monetary value of all goods and services produced within a nation's territory with
addition of any income earned by residents from overseas investment, foreign aids,
remittance is called Gross National product.
35 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Per Capita Income (PCI)
The average income of an individual of a country in a year is called per capita income.
It is calculated by dividing GDP with its total population. The PCI is calculated in
US$ (dollars) to measure the economic development and Human Development Index
PCI is not enough to measure HDI of a country. The other factors like life expectancy
and literacy rate is also equally important
PCI can be expressed mathematically as:
GDP
PCI =
Total Population
Types of Countries in the World based on their Economic
Development
There are three types of countries in the world as stated by the World Bank. They are
developed, developing and least developed countries but broadly it is categorized into
two major groups. They are Developed and Developing countries.
Developed Countries
The countries which are being developed at a rapid pace, gaining high standard of
living, high literacy rate and very high average life expectancy is known as Developed
countries. Some of the examples of developed countries are the USA, Canada, Finland,
Germany, Italy, etc.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 36
Developing Countries
The countries which have slow pace of development, slow economic growth, slow
technical growth, low literacy and low life expectancy are called developing countries.
Some examples of developing countries are Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sudan,
Uganda, Ethiopia, etc.
Differences between Developed and Developing Countries
Developed Countries Developing Countries
1 The countries which are being developed 1. The countries which are being developed at
at a rapid pace, gaining high standard of slow pace, having low standard of living are
living is called developed countries. called developing countries.
2. The literacy rate is very high. 2. The literacy rate is low.
3. The strict rules and systematic 3. Rules are not much strict and unsystematic
administration administration.
4. Corruption is under control. 4. Corruption is high.
5. e.g. the USA, Canada, the UK, France, 5. e.g. Nepal, Bangladesh, Somalia, Haiti,
Germany, Denmark, Finland, etc. Uganda, Sudan, etc.
Resource for Development
Resources Means
Capital Saving, Trade And Commerce, Investment Schools
Education Schools, Colleges, Universities, Technical, Vocational Institutes
Health Hospitals, Health Posts, Health Centres, Health Workers, Medicines
Solar Power, Petroleum, Electricity, Gas Thermal Power, Wind Mills,
Energy
Nuclear Energy
Irrigation Facility Canals, Water Channels, Tube Wells, Pump Sets, Rain Water Collection
Labour Skilled, Semi-Skilled and Unskilled manpower
Communication Radio, TV, Newspaper, Telephone, Fax Email
Transportation Roadways, Airways, Ropeways, Railways, Waterways
Raw Materials Forest and Agricultural Products, Minerals, etc.
Trade and Commerce Banking, Cooperatives, Insurance, Markets, Shops
37 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Activity
Study the table given below and explain the status of the countries in the word.
Nations GNI per capita (US$) Ranking
High Norway 64,992
Income The USA 52,947 Developed
Switzerland 42,261
China 12547
Medium
Income India 5497 Developing
South Africa 12122
Nepal 2311
Low Afghanistan 1885 Least Developed
Income
Central African Republic 581
Source: GNI Per Capita UNDP, 2015
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define development according to the UN Charter.
2. What are the indicators of development?
3. Make a list of Qualitative and Quantitative indicators.
4. Write short notes on GDP, GNP and PCI.
5. Write the full form of HDI.
6. How is the HDI Calculated?
7. Differentiate between developed and developing countries with examples
8. Only the PCI cannot reflect the true state of economic development. Explain in
your own words.
Community Work
Visit your community and ask the elderly people about the development activities
carried out. Compare the development of past 20 years with the present development
and prepare a report.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 38
Lesson Pre-conditions of Development
2.2
FACTS Pre-conditions of development are the requirements to be
to Understand fulfilled before starting and development activities to make
it smooth, durable, cheaper, qualitative and on time.
Preconditions of development mean the favorable conditions prepared before the
developmental activities carried out. In other words preconditions of development
refer to something needed like positive and appropriate environment as prior condition
for the development. It makes the development activities fruitful, durable and
eco-friendly, preconditions are essential. The conditions or elements are required
before starting or carrying out any development activities smoothly are known as pre
conditions of development. There are many such condition to be fulfilled before any
development work. Some of them are given below:
Literacy
The word 'literacy' means the ability to read and write. A person who is able to read
and write and know the use of simple calculation is known as Literate. Literacy is
essential in our life. It is a medium of empowerment. A person can gain knowledge
on social, economic, cultural and political aspects. His /her potentiality can be
realized and it raises the status by sharpening skills and thoughts, encouraging
people’s participation, social good will and cooperation and help in development of an
individual and the nation.
According to census BS 2068 the literacy rate of Nepal is 65.9%. It has increased
than before. In 2058 BS the literacy rate was only 54.1%. It shows that the pace of
development is gradual in the country. The traditional concept of literacy has been
changed. The concept of literacy depends on 3R’s, like Reading, Writing and Rate
Calculation (arithmetic). Nowadays, only 3R’s is not considered enough to be literate,
So 7R’s are considered essential. They are Reading, Writing, Rate calculation, Rights,
Responsibilities, Relationships and Recreation. It shows that reading, writing and
simple mathematical calculation is required but one needs to utilize rights, bear
responsibilities properly to the family and society, develop relationship among the
members in a community or society and take an active part in various social functions,
events and recreational activities to get happiness in life. Thus literacy is related with
the opportunity to be achieved for developing the internal talent. It is the means of
empowerment and enhances confidence.
The literacy program started from the Gurukul Education System in the past. The
following table shows the increment in literacy:
Census in BS Male Female Total (In percent)
2058 65.5 42.8 54.1
2068 75.1 57.4 65.9
39 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Literacy helps to increase awareness regarding social norms and values, encourages
people’s participation, enhance social reputation and cooperation, increase
entrepreneurship, increase in income, bring peace, make a person responsible and
aware of rights and duties.
Entrepreneurship
An entrepreneur is a person who takes the risk of running a business by using resource
to develop a product or service and sell it. The entrepreneurship is the willingness
and capacity of developing business activities in order to make profit. It is a process
that develops entrepreneur and in turn various business related activities develop.
Entrepreneurship provides and develops knowledge and skills so that a person can
be competent to set up his/her own business. It is the education that can be learnt
for the whole life. Entrepreneurship is an economic activity in which a person starts
or organizes a commercial enterprise, especially one involve financial risk. It is one of
the preconditions of development. Without entrepreneurship one cannot develop by
involving in the profession related to industry, trade, agriculture, etc.
Businessmen
The national development depends upon the extension of industry, commerce and
business. These all depend upon entrepreneurship. Many countries are growing
sustainable in economy and many new areas are developed. The discoveries and
invention, exposures make human life comfortable and easier. The entrepreneurship
develop globalization. It helps to bring world closer to each other.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 40
Advantages of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship helps to create self-employment in the society and make the
people self-reliant.
The employment opportunities increase in the country.
The nation’s economy as well as individual’s economy increase and become
stronger.
Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in the development and expansion of nation’s
economy.
People’s Participation
People’s participation is a very important part of development. The active,
energetic and meaningful participation of common people on policy formation and
its implementation for development activities like decision making, execution of
planning, management and supervision of projects with the intention of developing
their own areas is called people’s participation.
People participating in development work
A country cannot develop without the people’s participation. The government alone
cannot solve all the problems of the country. The people’s participation plays an
important role in taking decision, developing the sense of belonging, collecting the
resources and cultivating the feeling of responsibility in people.
41 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Benefits of People’s Participation
Feeling of ownership and pride for the work is cultivated that the development
is for them and is the result of their own hard work.
Development work will be rapid and durable.
Through people’s participation people learn various skills for the development
activities which help in reducing the dependency on others.
People’s participation control the corruption, consequently the development
projects can be completed with minimum cost.
Case Study
In 1950s when Swiss geologist Toni Hagen travelled the length and the breadth of Nepal.
He used to ask the Nepalese what they needed the most. Many told him that they wanted
a bridge. The rivers were barriers and bridges provided accessibility. In the 1980s most
Nepalese told him that they wanted a road. Today, roads reach nearly in every Rural
Municipality in the country, where the government cannot reach, the villagers took part
actively and constructed roads and there are suspension bridges also across most Rivers.
Women’s Participation in Literacy
The women of Salghari, a
remote village have been able
to read and write. At first, they
collected money to buy books.
They formed a consumer group
and collected member fees as
well. They also collected some
money by playing Deusi, Bhailo
during Tihar. They used that
money to buy some more books
and established a library. Some
NGOs have also provided some
books and money to maintain
a library. Now, they have Women’s participating in literacy training
managed a tutor for themselves.
Peace and Security
When there is no conflict it is called peace. Peace and security is the essential element of
development. Peace and development are complementary to each other. Development
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 42
is possible where there is peace and security. Development activities can be carried
out with the peace, harmony, unity, understanding and consensus. Peace is essential
for the development.
involvement of people in peace keeping dialogue
If people in the society live peacefully, hold dialogues effectively with each other,
peace can be maintained. There are three ways of maintaining peace and security in
a nation. First, no infrastructures for development become possible in its absence.
Second, whatever infrastructure has been established gets damaged. Finally, overall
growth of an individual is not possible in conflict, misunderstanding and violence.
The uniformity in saying and doing, estimation of the action, positive thinking and
service-oriented attitude are the main elements to establish peace and harmony in
the society.
UN secretariats of the world
43 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
The countries in the world which have maintained peace and security are highly
developed, efficient administration, good health services, quality education and
high PCI. The countries which are facing conflicts, violence are underdeveloped. For
example, African countries like Somalia, Ethiopia, etc. During the Maoist insurgency
there were no peace and security in the country. More than 17,000 innocent people
died and a lot of properties were destroyed. After the comprehensive peace accord
signed on Mangsir 5, 2063, the country is marching towards peace. Many social
organizations NGOs, INGOs, political parties and citizens themselves worked
together against conflict and brought peace.
Activity
Read the following extract and answer the following questions:
Binod Chaudhary is an industrialist
of Nepal. He was born in 1955
AD. In American magazine Forbes'
th
in its 28 annual issue published in
2014 enlisted the name of Binod
Chaudhary in one of the billionaires.
He occupied the 1306 position
among 1645 with a net worth to
be US$ 1.3 billion. Since 2014 he
got the space in Forbes.
Binod Chaudhary is the chairman
of CG and Cinnon and has also
investment in Nabil Bank. He
started investment in hotels in Asia.
The most popular noodles brand
Wai Wai has given ultimate success.
The Wai Wai noodles factory is
also established in Majhitar, Rangpo,
Sikkim. It shows the popularity is not limited within Nepal but in India and outside
also. He is the first entrepreneur in Nepal having multinational investment.
1. Introduce Binod Chaudhary as an entrepreneur.
2. What is his status in Forbes' Magazine?
3. How does Nepal get benefit from entrepreneur Binod Chaudhary?
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 44
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand by literacy?
2. Why are preconditions required for development? Make a list of pre-conditions
and explain them briefly.
3. What are the indicators of literacy?
4. Why is sustainable peace and security required?
5. Describe the importance of people’s participation.
6. 'Peoples' participation decreases the cost of project work completion in time
and utilizes resources and provide employment opportunities with feeling of
ownership'. Justify the statement
7. Write an essay on “The school should be made a peace zone.”
Community Work
Find out an entrepreneur in your community and prepare his/her biography. Submit it
to your teacher.
Project Work
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on Bill Gates. Search in Google and get all the
information about him and his struggle in life. Present it in your class.
45 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Pre-requisites of Development
2.3
FACTS Development of infrastructures have several
to Understand benefits directly and indirectly.
For the development available means and resources should be utilized properly. Raw
materials themselves are not enough to develop. So skilled manpower and capital
are required to make the best use of raw materials. The basic facilities and the
services provided for the economic and social development of the nation are known
as Prerequisites of Development. The elements like education, health, transportation
communication, drinking water and electricity play an important role in the social
and economic development of a country. Development requires various means,
resources, facilities, services, etc. to transform a society positively. Prerequisites
are considered as the basic things that are a must for the smooth functioning of a
society. It is also called infrastructures. Besides the six elements of prerequisites
peace, natural resources, human resources, trade, commerce (market), capital, raw
materials, energy, irrigation are also considered as prerequisites.
The infrastructure of development plays a vital role in rapid development of the
society and establish peace in a country. It enhances job opportunities, growth in
economy. These can be growth in GDP, PCI and HDI of a country It gives over all
development of the country. The preconditions of development are:
Peace
Security
Skilled Manpower
Resources
Political Stability
Capable and Competent Leader
People's Participation
Delay of work is called Red Tapism
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 46
Possibilities in Nepal
Nepal is a landlocked country not a mind-locked country. There is high feasibility to
develop the country. It has a variety of landscapes including snow-capped mountains,
mountain ranges, steep hills, valleys, climates, different kinds of forests, perennial
and biennial rivers lakes ponds, stream, glaciers, waterfalls and different kinds of
minerals. They increase its significance. The utilization of these resources properly
can generate very good income.
There are high possibilities to promote tourism. The diverse land features, diverse
climate can attract tourists from many countries. The diverse socio- cultural, aspects
religious and historical movements are the main attractions of the country. Nepal is
the world within itself.
The richness in water resources can be a boon for the country. The fast flowing river
can be used for hydro-electricity generation, irrigation, various recreational activities
and drinking water. The diverse climate and soil support to grow various kinds of
crops and vegetation.
The diverse resources are a boon of nature rather than a curse. So to utilize optimally
we need diligent, skilled, patriotic and responsible human resources. Mostly political
leaders, law makers, responsible people in civil society should have such qualities.
It does not take long to develop Nepal if these resources are well-utilized and
infrastructures of development are provided as per the requirement.
Case Study
People of Budhanilkantha Municiplity
- 11 in Kathmandu were having
much difficulty with a street to enter
their area. So local people of the
community decided to construct road
taking help of “Upabhokta Tole Sudhar
Samiti, Naya Colony” First of all they
collected Rs 13,000 each from every
house for proper drainage and road
construction and took support of Rs
1,00,000 from municipality and started
construction work very soon with the
local participation a small street turned into the wide road in which every vehicle can enter
including water tanker, fire brigade and ambulance. In this way road construction changes the
lifestyle of the people.
47 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Activity
a. “Nepal has potential of high development due to its diverse landscape,
climate, soil, vegetation and water resources” Discuss in your class.
b. Prepare a speech on the most important pre-requisite among the various
pre-requisites. Conduct a speech competition in your classroom. Form a
panel of judges to select the best speech.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean pre-requisite of development? Explain with examples.
2. Write the importance of pre-requisites of development.
3. Although there is high probability to develop the infrastructures but there are
many problems” Find out their solutions.
4. What is Red Tapism?
5. What are the reasons that hinder infrastructures of development?
Community Work
Survey your community and find out the available means of pre-requisites of
infrastructure. Prepare a report and present it in your class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 48
Lesson Education
2.4
FACTS Letter grading scheme is introduced to meet
to Understand International Education System.
Education is the basic need of
human beings. It is the process
of acquiring knowledge, skill
and learning the way of life.
It is to know what is right or
wrong ethical or unethical
and develop the society. It
is essential for the physical,
mental, social, cultural and
moral development of an
individual, the most important
resources of any are its people.
They must be educated and
skillful, trained to utilize showing illustration to the students in the class
available means and resources
to an optimum level. Education makes people conscious, innovative, discipline.
Educated people know the importance of their health and need of development of
the country and proper utilization of available resources. Education produces skilled
manpower who are capable to develop the country.
Aims of Education
Education makes the people creative, competent skillful and efficient. It has many
aims. Some of them are discussed below:
1. To be skillful, innovative and knowledgeable
2. To differentiate between right or wrong
3. To develop proper decision, power and become self-reliant
4. To gain respect in the society
5. To gain higher status and develop the sense of responsibility
6. To develop the habit of learning and sharpen the language skill
7. To get better job and earn good money
8. To get a quality life
9. To become active agent of social transformation
There are three types of education, they are formal, non formal and informal. Formal
education means the process of gaining knowledge by attaining school, college and
49 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
university. Non-formal education is the way to gain knowledge skill and efficiency
through adult literacy classes, seminars, skills, etc.
Similarly, informal education means to learn something from daily experience
of life. In such education there are no written books to learn. It teaches the life’s
lesson. Education sharpens the mind and makes people knowledgeable, conscious,
disciplined, systematic, innovative, productive, diligent and professional.
Education in Nepal
The education system prevalent in the past was Gurukul Education System. In this
system the education was imparted from religious scripts. Students who were called
Shishyas attained education by visiting the Ashram of the Guru and gained religious
as well as moral education. Such system was called as Gurukul System. There were no
system of fees but students had to pay services to Gurus as gratitude. The development
in education could be seen. Gradually, the children of the Royal family started gaining
education by hiring teachers in the places. They also gained religious education from
the Vedas, the Upanishad, the Ramayana, the Gita, etc. as moral education.
The first modern education
started in BS 1910 when
Junga Bahadur Rana returned
from Europe and established
Durbar High School at
Thapathali. Later it was shifted
to Rani Pokhari, Jamal by Bir
Shumsher. The school was
limited to family members and
relatives of the Royal family.
Many Rana rulers after Junga
Bahadur brought educational
reforms to continue the
modern education system in
Nepal. Dev Shumsher opened
more than 100 schools in 114 Durbar High School, Rani Pokhari
days in his regime, Chandra
Shumsher opened Trichandra College in BS 1975 and other schools to teach language.
Juddha Shumsher established the SLC board in 1990 BS and other several schools.
Similarly, Padma Shumsher encouraged women education and established Padma
Kanya School, Kanya Mandir (School), etc.
The last Rana Prime Minister Mohan Shumsher also brought reforms in education.
Nevertheless they did these all for themselves but after democracy all the benefits
were enjoyed by the common people. There were only 321 schools in Nepal, until the
advent of democracy in BS 2007.
Many Schools and colleges were established after the democracy. Tribhuwan
University was established in BS 2016 considered as the first university of Nepal.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 50
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