Lesson Trade
8.5
FACTS US exports of goods and services reached nearly
to Understand $2.23 trillion in 2015. In other words, American
workers, farmers and companies can compete and
win in the world economy.
The activity of buying and selling goods
and services is called Trade. It is also
known for the commercial transaction
that involves the export and import
of goods and services. Through the
wholesalers and retailers the produced
goods are reached to the consumers.
The trade is classified into internal
trade and external or foreign trade.
Types of Trade
There are two types of trade. They are
i. Internal or Domestic Trade
ii. External or Foreign Trade
i. Internal or Domestic Trade
The buying or selling of goods, services
and raw materials within the country is called
internal trade. The goods that are manufactured
within the country and imported from the other
country are used in internal or domestic trade.
ii. External or Foreign Trade
The buying or selling of goods, services and raw materials with two countries is
called foreign or external trade. A country buys the products from the other countries
which are not produced in the country. Similarly, the surplus amounts of goods are
exported to the other countries. Therefore, the external trade practices localization
and globalization. In other words, globalization means the exporting the local products
and making them globalized.
External trade is highly beneficial than the internal trade because it helps to earn
foreign currency. It increases job opportunities and enhances the living standard
301 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
of people. Some countries prefer to import
goods from other countries even it is
produced there. Because the imported
goods are cheaper than they are produced
inside the country.
Present Status of Trade in Nepal
Nepal has been incurring loss in
foreign trade.
Nepal exports raw materials at low
level.
Nepal’s foreign trade is heavily concentrated on India than other countries.
Nepal imports readymade, luxurious and expensive goods and exports mainly
raw materials, readymade garments, carpets, curio, arts, other agricultural
materials and forest products.
Concept of Trade Balance
Trade balance means the comparison of the total imports and exports of goods per
annum. Trade balance can have both negative and positive value on the basis of
import and export of products.
Trade Surplus
If export is more than import it is trade surplus. Trade surplus is the profit or benefit
in trade. The ratio of export of goods should be more than import in a year is called
trade surplus. The basic conditions should be required to get trade surplus. They are:
more export than import, export of finished products rather than raw material and
encourage the export of machinery and expensive tools and equipment rather than
the cheaper products.
Importance of Trade and
Foreign Trade
We know that trade plays a vital role in
the growth of economy. It has a great
role for transforming the economy. It
has a great role for transforming the
economy of a country into progressive
path. It mobilizes the economy of a
country. Some of the importance of
trade and foreign trade are given below:
World Trade Organization
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Optimum utilization of resources
Earning of foreign currency
Promotes employment opportunities.
Brings progress in internal and external trade.
Give benefits to the consumers by importing products from various countries in
cheaper rate and it controls price hiking.
Foreign trade fulfills the basic need by supplying the products from foreign
countries. Such as LPG and other petroleum products, iron, steel, paper, food
items, textiles, etc.
It helps to acquire foreign currencies by exporting local products.
To maintain international standard of goods the industry needs to establish
with advanced technology.
External trade helps to maintain and expands trade relationship with many
countries. In order to maintain trade relations Nepal has become the member
of the World Trade Organization.
Trend of foreign Trade in Nepal
The present practice of foreign trade is not beneficial for the country in terms of
economic enhancement. Nepal has been conducting foreign trade since the time
immemorial. In the past, the trade relations were maintained with very less countries
but it was very strong. Nepal was economically very strong in economy. It mostly
exported goods to India, China and Tibet and imported from the same nations. About
trade with India, it is mentioned in Arthashastra of Kautilya, the famous economist
of India. According to him the woollen blanket had high demands in Indian market.
Along with it Nepal used to export hide, musk, herbs, etc. to India as well as Tibet and
China. Still Nepal’s trade is hugely based on closest neighbours. Mostly it is fostered
with India very highly. Nepal imports many items from other countries and exports
too. These are discussed below:
Export Trend
Export trend of Nepal is very poor. It is mostly limited to agricultural and semi-
processed product because there are very less industries established in Nepal. Nepal
mainly exports Tea, carpet, oil seeds, textile (Nepali garments) and curio arts.
Import Trend
Nepal depends on many items to other countries. It lacks many goods to produce
due to lack of industries. The products which are imported by Nepal are petroleum
products, machinery goods, electrical appliances, medicines, salts, fertilizers, motor
and motor parts, dairy products, construction materials, etc.
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Activity
Discuss the trend of trade before 50 years and now in Nepal.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define trade.
2. Why is trade important?
3. What are trade surplus and trade deficit? Explain with examples.
4. Explain the trend of foreign trade in Nepal.
5. Mention the benefits of foreign trade.
6. In what ways can problems of trade deficit be controlled? Write their solutions.
Community Work
Visit any multinational company and get the details on the following topics:
i. Name of the company ii. Write its background.
iii. Present condition of trade of the company
iv. Trade balance v. Problem faced by the country
vi. Possible solutions vii. Conclusion
Prepare a report based on the given topics and present it to your teacher.
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Lesson Structure of Foreign Trade in Nepal
8.6
FACTS Imports in Nepal decreased to 84170.10 million
to Understand NPR in March from 89972.80 million NPR in February of 2016.
Imports in Nepal average 29341.68 million NPR from 2001
until 2016. It mainly imports oil, gold, iron, steel, clothes,
electronic appliances, food and vehicles.
Read the following passage:
Eighty-five percent of the Nepalese exports consist of food and raw materials.
Seventy percent of total imports consist of food, gasoline, oil, cigarettes and
other minor items. In the last few years, though the imports of finished
consumption goods have increased, imports of food have decreased. Imports
of goods related to industrial development have been increasing. Nepal, like
many other developing countries, depends on the export of primary goods
and the import of consumer goods and producer goods. Fluctuations in the
rise of primary goods and the import of consumer goods and producer goods
many have adverse effects upon the Nepalese development effort if corrective
measures are not taken. Most of the Nepalese trade, i.e. more than 90 percent
is with India. Trade with China is still relatively small. Trade with overseas
countries is very small, although it has been increasing during the last few
years. Nepal exports jute and jute goods to overseas countries and imports
construction materials, producer and consumer goods from these countries.
Imports of capital goods will continue to increase, a part of which must come
from hard currency areas. Therefore, to meet hard currency payments, export
to overseas countries must be increased.
The above passage is about the status of trade in Nepal. The structure of foreign trade
depends on the nature of goods that a country imports and exports. The nature of
goods which are imported to Nepal and exported from Nepal is the structure of foreign
trade in Nepal. The structure of foreign trade in Nepal is given below:
Export Structure
Nepal is economically poor country. It has not been able to produce goods adequately.
The goods from Nepal exports are mostly agricultural raw materials like tea,
yarshagumba (cordyceps), ginger, cardamom, ghee, oilseeds, jute products, etc.
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Import Structure
There is higher import of goods in developing countries like Nepal. It is difficult to
fulfill the need of people by the only domestic products. Moreover, there is very less
industries established in the country. So it is difficult to fulfill our need only by the
domestic products. Therefore, it is our obligation that we have to import machinery,
gadgets and other materials for our daily use. Some of the basic products that are
imported are cement, chemical fertilizer, medicine, electronic device, medicines,
motor parts, vehicles, (motor), coal, petroleum, dairy products, machines, agricultural
tools, etc.
Activity
Discuss the structure of foreign trade.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by the structure of foreign trade?
2. Make a list of import and export goods items.
3. While comparing the goods between import and export, which one is higher,
import or export? Given reasons.
4. Why are Nepalese products taken as the second option for the Nepalese consumers?
5. “Landlockedness is the major obstacle to foreign trade in Nepal. Justify the
statement.
Community Work
Visit a local shop and observe there. Ask the shopkeeper and make separate lists of
items imported from foreign countries and produced in our country. Present your list in
the class and discuss whether the imported items can be produced in our country.
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Lesson Trade Diversification in Nepal
8.7
FACTS Trade diversification can bring benefits by allowing
to Understand countries to exploit their comparative advantage,
reap the benefits of scale economics and ensure
competition, greater variety and potentiality, more
stable markets and prices.
The process of expanding trade of different items to different countries by not being
limited only with the specific goods and country is called trade diversification. In other
words trade diversification means not only limiting the trade of the country to certain
places and countries but finding out the newer places and countries to trade with. It
also means that to do trade and business with many countries instead of one country.
The growth of a country is seen if trade is practiced with diversification. It helps to
increase economic growth of not only country but also an individual. Consumers get
goods of their choice in cheaper rate. It allows the varieties of products and services
to get benefits in international market.
There are two types of trade diversification.
1. Diversification of Place
The supplying and selling the goods produced in any region or a country to
another region or a country is called diversification of trade on the basis of place.
Nepal has started to trade with many countries following the diversification policy
in trade. It helps in reducing trade deficit. In the past, as we have laready learnt in
previous chapter, Nepal’s trade relation was maintained with India, Tibet and China
only but slowly and gradually it started having trade with overseas countries too. It
th
became possible after the adaptation of liberal policy of trade. The 4 Five-year Plan
(BS 2027-2032) adopted the trade diversification policy. The main objective was to gain
economic gain as well as to maintain the trade relationship with many countries.
It is very effective with foreign trade. Nepal's foreign trade is not much effective.
So Nepal should diversify its trade more by looking towards expanding trade
opportunities mostly in exports, producing better qualities of diversified products
to ensure the development of trade and industries. To involve itself into the 'global
production network' Nepal needs to dismantle the trade obstacles, reduce trade costs
and improve supply, capacity of diverse goods in diverse countries in the world.
2. Diversification of Commodities or the Products
It is the process of including different items for export. If a country needs to get
promotion in foreign trade, it has to concentrate on its commodities or goods. Foreign
trade should not be limited only to little production of goods and their sales to the
307 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
limited countries. In the past, the goods or items exported by Nepal was very limited
such as foodstuffs like rice, flow, sugar, lentils, woollen products, musk, hides, etc.
but now according to the policy of diversification of trade, Nepal has increased the
products to export like ready-made garments, leather products, curio arts, silverware,
tea, handicrafts materials and more. It has extended the trade relations with many
countries too.
Trade Promotion and Marketing
To increase the sales and develop the trade relationships, the country should start
various strategies in trade promotion and marketing. There is lack of trade promotion
in Nepal from the government level. It is very essential to identify the market demand,
good and reliable market and then regular supply of products take the market very
easily. In the same time quality also should be maintained, it is the most essential
thing. Nevertheless, the attempt of the government to promote trade through adoption
of liberal trade policy may help a lot in this regard.
There are many things to do for promotion and to diversify the trade apart from its
production. For that, the following work should be followed:
The production of quality goods must be focused.
The traditionally produced goods like art crafts must be prioritized
The workers or human resources must be trained well so that they can produce
goods of better quality after becoming more skillful.
Exploring new markets and producing the goods according to the demand of
international market
Formulating and implementing easy tax policy and strategy for trade promotion
and marketing
Initiating for the privileges to be obtained by landlocked country
Pay attention on the border management by the government.
Providing quality education and trainings to the laborers
The Trade Policy of Nepal
The foreign trade of Nepal was limited to India and Tibet only till 1960s. To extend
it, then government started deep discussion and finally adopted 'trade diversification
and import substitution policy’, since 1965. Still no noticeable change could be seen.
So the Nepal government introduced and adopted new policy called 'liberal trade
policy' in 1992 AD to diversify trade. The main objectives of the policy were:
To promote internal and external trade
Support economic liberalization
Encourage the private sector participation.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 308
Increase job oriented trade.
Reduce trade imbalance.
Targeted to diversify trade
Government is giving its best effort for the promotion and marketing of trade.
Collection of the statistics of Nepal’s foreign trade
Operation of training programs for the production of Allo and Jute
Started training programs for readymade garment production in order to
increase the efficiency of laborers
Operate training programs for women, Dalit, Adibasi, Janajati and
unemployment youths to Allo thread production, development and knitting
clothes
Despite such efforts, plans and policies there has been no progress as such in foreign
trade of Nepal. Since 1970 AD Nepal has always been facing trade deficit and the gap
of loss has been increasing year after year.
Activity
Discuss in a group of your classmates about the techniques of marketing.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by trade diversification?
2. Explain the ways to diversify trade.
3. What is trade promotion and marketing?
4. Explain the role of promotion and marketing in trade diversification.
5. Explain the trade policy adopted by the Nepal government.
6. Show the interrelations between trade diversification and marketing and
promotion of trade.
Community Work
Conduct a research on trade diversification in Nepal.
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Lesson Interrelationship between
8.8
Agriculture, Industry and Trade
FACTS Tractors were invented in the 1880s to pull ploughs
to Understand through fields. By the 1920s the all purposes
modern tractor had been developed. With different
attachments tractors can be used for ploughing,
planting, cultivating, harvesting moving soil and hold
heavy equipment. This only invention is very useful in
agriculture, industry and trade.
Nepal is an agricultural country. According to the census BS 2068, still 67% of the
total population is engaged in agriculture. The raw materials required for industries
are produced from agricultural sectors. For example, wheat flour from wheat, beaten
rice from rice, cigarette from tobacco, sugar from sugarcane, tea from tea leaves and
so on. All the raw materials to produce these items are acquired from agriculture.
The agriculture, industry and trade are interconnected with each other. They are
also interdependent to each other. If agriculture is developed it helps in development
of industry. Similarly, if industry is developed it helps to develop trade. In this way
the development of one affects the development of others. The effects can be both
negative and positive. The agricultural development promotes agro-based industries
and industries also help to promote by producing various agricultural tools. In the
same way if trade is developed well the development of agriculture and industry is
possible because there will be high demand of products in the market, they can be
agricultural products of industrial products. Due to the industrialization process and
trade, the industrial products reach to the market. Thus, there is inseparable bond
between agriculture, industry and trade.
The relationship between agriculture, industry and trade is shown in the figure below:
AGRICULTURE
TRADE INDUSTRY
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Need and Potential of Agriculture-based Industries in Nepal
Industries in Nepal are not developed very highly. They are very limited too. Therefore,
trade is also not prospered. People are still depending on agriculture but agriculture
is done in traditional ways. These show that there is strong need of agriculture
based industries for the sound agricultural development in Nepal. If agricultural
raw materials are consumed highly in agro-based industries, then farmers would get
right value of their products. It helps to increase their living standard. So production
of agricultural raw material in a large scale is required to expand the industrial
production. This will encourage the local production as well as increase in employment
opportunities, either seasonal or for long term.
The interrelationship between Agriculture, Industry and Trade is given below:
Agriculture Industry Trade
It provides raw It produces tools, It supplies raw
materials such as insecticides, pesticides, materials from the
sugarcane, jute, chemical fertilizers, agriculture to the
tobacco, rice, maize, machinery, required for industries.
wheat, tea, leaves, etc. agriculture.
for industries.
It promotes trade It promotes trade It expands markets
and market through through its industrial for agricultural and
agricultural products. products and goods. industrial products and
helps to gain in trade.
It helps to minimize It encourages farmers It encourages both the
environmental top adopt commercial farmers and industrialist
degradation or pollution farming through to produce the goods
caused by industries. the consumption in large scale, which is
Plants absorb carbon- of agricultural raw beneficial for all three.
dioxide to make materials.
environmental clean.
It increases the It encourages traders It encourages
accessibility of trade to involve actively in industrialist to produce
expansion. trade. goods of good quality.
It serves the people It serves the people It increases the value of
engaged in industries involved in agriculture agricultural raw material
and trade as a source and trade through and the industrial
of staple food and its production and products in national and
medicinal herbs. commodities. international market.
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Activity
Take a chart paper and paste two each products by showing interrelationship
between agriculture, industry and trade.
(For example, if you paste a piece of cloth then paste raw cotton to show connection
with agriculture and any brand name to show the relations with trade.)
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Show the significant relationship between agriculture, industry and trade.
2. 'Industry is the backbone of nation’s economy'. Justify.
3. Why is it essential to establish more number of agro-based industries
in Nepal?
4. Identify the given pictures below and explain them.
a. b.
c. d.
5. Agriculture is the source of food and raw materials. Explain.
Community Work
What types of raw material are produced in your locality? Find them out and make a list.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 312
Lesson Economic Planning
8.9
FACTS The first Economic Planning was started in
to Understand BS 2013 in the form of Five-year Plan to bring
overall development of the country.
A plan is a program made in order to achieve certain goals within a specified period
to time by utilizing estimated time, investment, manpower and available resources.
Every conscious person makes a plan for acquiring goal. Plan is essential condition
for the development of a country because the success of a project depends upon a
plan. Thus, economic planning is an approach of achieving certain predetermined
objectives within a specified time. It is the process of making the economic decision by
using limited means of resources on priority basis.
The government makes a plan to achieve specific objectives in the country on the
priority basis by utilizing available means and resources. Such plans made by the
government that aims at growing country’s economy is called economic planning.
It is the activity of deciding the best way of using money, labour, resources, time
to make country’s economy successful. In 1928 AD, then United Soviet Socialist of
Republic (USSR) introduced the economic planning for the first time in the world.
After that many other countries in the world started adopting economic planning.
Nepal also has adopted economic planning since BS 2013 (1956 AD). In the beginning
th
it was fixed for 5 years till 10 Year Plan (BS 2059-2064) then after 3-year. Interim
plan started. The plans prepared by the National Planning Commission. The Prime
Minister is the chairman of the commission. Each plan should set its aims that are to
be achieved in the targeted period and should decide on how to achieve them. If any
of the targeted project on ongoing plan couldn’t be met then it will be included in the
succeeding plan.
Objectives and Areas to Focus on a Planning
The main objectives of the economic planning are speedy development, regional
balance in development and better utilization of means and resources. The areas that
need to focus while preparing plans are:
1. Clear targets and strategies
2. Sufficient budget to use and other resources
3. Vision of short term and long-term needs in the country
4. Specified time period
5. Protection of environment
History of Economic Planning in Nepal
The Ranas introduced the concept of economic in Nepal. The 20-year plan was launched
by Juddha Shumsher, it was reduced by 5 years during the period of Mohan Shumsher
and made it 15 years. At the advent of democracy in BS 2007, Matrika Prasad Koirala
established the Ministry of Planning and Development in 2009. However, the efforts
of these all became failed but finally in BS 2013 the systematic planning started in
313 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Nepal. It was declared by king Mahendra in BS 2012 to be effective from BS 2013.
The plan was declared as Five-year Plan. It was the first systematic plan for the
th
development of the country. The Five-year Plan was continued till 10 Five-year Plan
nd
in 2064. Only the 2 economic planning (2019-2022) was Three-year Plan, rest of the
plans were Five-year Plan. The years of BS 2018-2019, BS 2047-2049 were without
any planning because of the political crisis in the country. These years were called
'Plan Holiday’, the years without plans.
The new system of plan was introduced after BS 2064, that is Three-year Interim
th
Plan instead of five years. It was the 11 economic plan. The government has decided
to start Three-year Plan for rapid development of the country as well as unobstructed
development in the country because there was ongoing political movement in the
th
country. The peace process had not come to its final point. By BS 2070, the 12
th
Economic Planning have been over and the 14 Three-year Planning is going to by
th
(2073/74/74-75/76) 2076 Asar. The government announced 15 Five-year Plan for
2076-2081).
Benefits of Planning
A planned activities can result in many advantages. Some of them are given below:
Needs and necessities can be fulfilled on priority basis.
Optimum utilization of resources
Proper utilization of budget
Rapid economic and infrastructural development
Social environmental and regional justice is guaranteed
Smooth completion of the projects in specific period of time
Good harmony between population and environment
Fifteen Five Years Plan 2076 - 2081
Background
th
The main motto of the current 15 Five Year Plan is "Prosperous Nepal, Happy
Nepali".
Objectives
a. To provide easily accessible, qualitative and modern infrastructure, productive
employment generation, high sustainable inclusive economic growth through
poverty alleviation.
b. To provide qualitative health and a healthy environment, social justice,
accountable social service and quality of life.
c. To protect the national benefit democracy, sovereignty and ensure socio-
economic transformation for a strong economic foundation.
Goal
To increase the economic growth rate to 10.5% and eradicate absolute poverty (reduce
100%) by BS 2100.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 314
Strategies
a. Facilitate accelerated, sustainable and employment oriented economic growth.
b. Facilitating accessible and quality medical care and education.
c. International and non-industrial immobility and development of residence.
d. Increasing production and productivity.
e. Provide comprehensive, effective social security and safety.
f. Alleviating poverty and ensuring equality and justice-based society.
g. Conservation of natural resources and development of sustainability.
h. Strengthening of public service, provincial balancing and integration of central
unit.
i. Involvement of all tiers of government to achieve economic growth.
Priorities
a. Development of hydroelectricity and different energies.
b. Increase the profitability, expansion and commercialization of the farming
segment.
c. Development of the tourism, industry and business segments.
d. Development of fundamental instruction and well being, drinking water and
sanitation sectors.
e. Promotion of good administration.
f. Development of roadways and other physical foundations.
g. Protection of natural resources and the environment.
Activity
Prepare a plan to run the daily expense of your family member with the specific budget.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define economic planning.
2. When was the first economic planning executed in Nepal?
3. What are the objectives and prioritized area of planning?
4. Explain the history of economic planning of Nepal.
5. What are the benefits of planning? Explain
6. Prepare a case study on planning for income and expenditure of middle class
family.
Community Work
Prepare a model plan including program determining the objectives of your community,
prioritizing them and stating the strategies to achieve the objectives.
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Lesson Contribution of Economic Planning in Poverty
8.10 Alleviation and Promotion of Employment
FACTS Poverty eradication is at the top of the Southern
to Understand African Development Community (SADC) agenda.
Approximately half of the population living on less
than $1 per day, according to the International Council
on Social Welfare. Hunger, Malnutrition, Gender
inequalities, exploitation, marginalization and HIV/AIDS
are a few of the complex challenges that contribute to
poverty in the SADC region.
The planned development utilizes the resources and means appropriately. It also
makes the work completion on time and economic. It also increases the economic
activities, utilization of human resources and natural resources, helps to reduce
poverty and promote employment.
The contribution of Economic Planning in poverty alleviation and promotion of
Employment is given below:
1. Increases Economic Growth Rate
If development is carried out in a planned way the country can be highly
benefited from the available means and resources. The country can acquire higher
economic growth by exploiting resources wisely and in planned way.
2. Creates Employment Opportunities
Economic Planning aims at developing industrialization and other
infrastructures which generate employment for the people.
3. Reduce Poverty
Development is done in a planned way to create an employment opportunities.
It can be very helpful to reduce poverty. Several programmes includes in periodic plan
for vocational education, skill-oriented training, self-employment, etc. help in poverty
alleviation.
4. Extends Foreign Trade
The periodic plans have policies of extending foreign employment opportunities
which empower the youths and their families economically and poverty reduces
effectively.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 316
5. Increases Capital Formation
Capital formation means the transfer of savings from individuals or government
to business investment. When the common people get opportunities of employment,
learning skills and increasing their efficiency, the economic activities grow
considerably. A good economic planning can provide such opportunities to people. The
saving capacity of people increases with the increase of economic activities. People are
encouraged to invest their money in business for making more money. Consequently,
there is increase in capital formation
Activity
Discuss the program launched by your Rural Municipality/Municipality to reduce
unemployment problems, eliminate poverty and enhance lifestyle of the
people in your community.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What are the relationships between economic planning and poverty alleviation?
2. How does economic planning help in poverty alleviation?
3. “Employment is the basic strategy for poverty alleviation”. Justify the statement.
4. In what ways can planned development strengthen the national economy and
alleviate poverty?
5. Why is planned development necessary? Explain.
Community Work
Attend any community-based program launched by your Rural Municipality/
Municipality based on economic growth and present it in the class.
317 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson
8.11 Entrepreneurship
FACTS “Entrepreneur is a person who runs business for
to Understand earning profit”.
- Collins Barrow
The entrepreneur is a person who takes the risk of running a business by using resources
to develop a product or service and sell it, for example, to open the restaurant of your own.
Entrepreneurship is the willingness and capacity of developing business activities in
order to make profit. In other work, it is the process that develops an entrepreneur
and in turn various related activities grow.
Entrepreneurship is one of the pre-requisites of development.
There is a great contribution of entrepreneurship to bring changes
in the human lifestyle and their activities. It is necessary to
motivate every citizen for the development of entrepreneurship
because it contributes greatly to the nation’s economy as well
as personal growth. The term 'entrepreneurship' is developed
from the word 'entrepreneur' which means a person who starts
a business and is willing to take risk loss in order to make
money. The word is derived from a French world 'entreprendre'
which means to undertake.
Qualities of Successful Entrepreneurs
To become a successful entrepreneur, a person must be incorporated to the following
major qualities.
Confidence: Entrepreneurs are confident with the knowledge that they will
make their business successful. The entrepreneur believes their right action
and correct decisions rather than asking questions about their success.
Competitive: They know that they can do a job better than others. They need to
win at the business that they created.
Determination: Entrepreneurs have very strong will power. They do not get
frustrated by their defeats. They consider their defeat as an opportunity for
success. The successful entrepreneur is completely determined towards his
work. He will not leave any work incomplete.
Discipline: Discipline is an ornament of a successful entrepreneur. They are
very disciplined enough to take steps everyday toward the achievement of
their objectives.
Strong Communication Skills: The successful entrepreneurs have good
communication skills to motivate employees as well as to sell the products.
Politeness and charming personality favours them at any situation.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 318
Open-minded: Entrepreneurs are open-minded. They have the ability to look
around and focus towards their goal. They realize that every moment and
situation is a business opportunity.
Self-starter: Entrepreneurs are very active. They know what they need to do and
they start themselves. They do not wait for someone to give them permission.
Passion: Business is the passion of successful entrepreneurs. They genuinely
love their work. The believe in doing research and create new ideas to make
their business better.
The Benefits of Entrepreneurship
Some of the benefits of entrepreneurship are given below:
i. If entrepreneurship develops, then it helps to increase the economic activities at
large scale.
ii. The capital rises when enterprises start to increase.
iii. The entrepreneur always seeks new ways and methods of enhancing the quality
of the goods or services of the enterprises. Hence the quality of the goods and
services increases.
In this way entrepreneurship paved way to economic enhancement and transformation
of one’s individual life society and the nation.
Activity
Prepare a picture collage of entrepreneur subjected to different field.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define entrepreneurship. Also, differentiate between entrepreneurs and
entrepreneurship.
2. Explain the good qualities of an entrepreneur. Make a list and explain them
briefly.
3. What are the benefits of entrepreneurship? Mention them.
4. Prepare a plan to provide necessary job oriented trainings to the youths of your
community in order to make them successful entrepreneurs.
Community Work
Consult with an entrepreneur of your community or district, your teacher and guardians
and identify the procedures to be an entrepreneur. On the basis of your findings,
prepare a plan to involve yourself in entrepreneurship.
319 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson
8.12 Job Creation and Its Management
FACTS “Good Management is the art of making problems so
to Understand interesting and their solutions so constructive that
everyone wants to get to work and deal with them.”
- Paul Hawken
The creation means identifying new areas of business and creating job opportunities.
To do any job one should develop knowledge and skills. Once a job is created, one
should not need to depend only on the government for employment. Self-employment
can create many opportunities to groom in one’s life.
Read the news-story published in a newspaper explaining how the situation of Jyamire
changed after the creation of employment.
Five years ago Jyamire was a very backward village. There were no good
transportation, facilities of electricity, communication was poor and
drinking water facility was not available. There were no market facilities
nearby the area. There were some tea shops and merely two or three grocery
stores in the village. In every afternoon local youths of nearby villages used to
get together there for having snacks and tea. The shopkeepers also managed
carrom-board and ludo so that the youths could have entertainment. After
sometime, it turned into a kind of gambling. Not only the unemployed youths
but also some farmers and job holders used to gather there during their free
time and involve in drinking alcohol and gambling. The shopkeepers were
busy to sell their products and happy to gain more profit. The situation
of Jyamire was getting worse but no one was aware about it. The poverty
rate was increasing which resulted in beginnings chaos, quarrel, theft,
robbery, kidnapping, insecurity and dispute in the society. No one in the
neighbours had peace of mind. Some educated youths of the village decided
to do something to change the situation. They started searching employment
but due to the lack of technical knowledge and vocational education they
didn’t get jobs. They thought to do their own business but it required money
to start own business. The local cooperative society gave them soft loan.
Then the youths involved themselves in skill oriented training operated by
the local government.
After the completion of skill-oriented training, educated youths became
skillful. Some of them started their own business and some of them employed
in government offices and some were engaged in private companies too. In
this way, they got employed. Jyamire has been transformed into a small
town in place of village. The educated youths made other unemployed youths
to adopt skill through training and knowledge. They also realized their
past mistakes and committed themselves to involve in any job. Then they
started various income generating activities like dairy farming, vegetable
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 320
farming, furniture industry, cyber café, etc. Now they are engaged in their
own jobs. People became aware too after getting jobs. They formed ward
committee to develop their ward. Total budget of 14 lakhs received from the
government for infrastructural development. Many local people got seasonal
employment in their own ward like construction of road, to install pipes for
drinking water supply, install electric poles to electrify the ward, etc. The
earned money is utilized for good education, health facilities saving and to
enhance the living standard. There is no fight, robbery, quarrel, etc. All are
busy at work. Jyamire is declared as an example for other villages too.
The above story shows the importance of job as a source of income. There are many
benefits of job like helps to run day to day expenses, basic needs can be fulfilled,
enhance living standards, etc. creating jobs not enough but it is very essential to
manage it. For example, resources management, timing place, investment as per the
market demand, etc. are some essential factors come under the job management. The
proper managerial system enhances the area of job.
Activity
Prepare a case study similar to the story given in text related to the job creation
and its benefits.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by job creation?
2. How does employment change the lifestyle of an individual?
3. What kind of job is doing by your parents? Why do they choose that job? Ask
them and write.
4. Who brought a positive change in Jyamire? How?
5. Identify some of the ways to generate employment in the country and describe
them with reason.
6. What is meant by job management? What things must be considered to manage
a job? Explain.
Community Work
Visit and observe the situation of your community and find out what kind of job is
preferable and how you create a job. Mention with resources and also explain the
ways of job management also. On the basis of your findings prepare a report and
present it in your class.
321 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson
8.13 Labour
FACTS “Labour is the first price, the original purchase-
to Understand money that was paid for all things. It was not by
gold or by silver, but by labour that all wealth of the
world was originally purchased.”
- Adam Smith
A person who gives effort physically or mentally to earn money or to complete any
tasks is called labour. The aggregate of all human physical and mental effort used in
creation of goods and services is called labour. Labour is a primary factor of production.
The size of a nation’s labour force is determined by the size of its adult population and
the event to which the adults are either working or are prepared to offer their labour
for wages.
As the labour is concerned with workers, it has been defined in the Labour Act 2048
as 'worker means a person employed on the basis of remuneration to work in any
building, premises, machinery or any part there of used for any production process or
providing service or any act relating to such work or for any unscheduled work and this
expression also includes any worker working at piece-rate, contract or agreement.”
“Labour is prior to and independent of capital. Capital is only the fruit of labour.”
- Abraham Lincoln
Types of Labour
Labour can be classified on different
bases. On the basis of productivity it is
divided into the following categories:
1. Productive and
Unproductive Labour
The labour which is socially
and legally acceptable is productive
labour. Such productive labour is
categorized on the basis of effort of the
body. If a labour is done to harm the
society or if it is not legally acceptable,
it is called unproductive labour, productive labour
e.g. robbery, smuggling, bribery, etc.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 322
2. Physical and Mental Labour
If work is done with one’s physical strength and ability of the body parts that is
called physical labour, for example, porter, coolie, farmers, cart driver, etc. If a labour
is done using the skills, brain, creativity and logic then such labour is called mental
labour. For example, teacher, lawyers, doctor, etc.
mental labour physical labour
3. Skilled and Unskilled Labour
If a labour is done by using efficiency, knowledge, training and skills, it is called
skilled labour. The skilled labour has high demand in international labour market.
Example of such labours are teachers, lawyers, doctors, engineers, etc. The labour
which does not require any specialized skill, education and training is called unskilled
labour, for example, porters, cart drivers, etc.
Labour is equally needed for the economic prosperity of a nation except the unproductive
labour. They are the burden for the society who obstruct the development of the
country.
“Labour is the great producers of wealth, it moves all other causes."
- Daniel Webster
Importance of Labour
Labour plays an important role in the income generation of a nation. It increases the
economic activities in the country by utilizing available means and resources. Some
of the importance of labour are given as follows:
i. Labour contributes to economic enhancement through economic activities of
a country.
ii. Labour produces necessary goods and services.
iii. Labour mobilizes the capital and resources for the production of goods
and services.
iv. Through the utilization of labour foreign currency can be earned.
v. Labour utilizes the waste resources and inactive manpower.
323 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Dignity of Labour Do You Know
To respect labour is to respect
work. All the occupations are
st
equal. No occupation is superior 1 May is celebrated as the International
or inferior. The type, quality, Labour’s Day.
quantity of labour we get involved
in the nature of labour, we should
have faith in what we do. There should not be any kind of discrimination on the basis
of work in which one engages to fulfill his/her needs.
The professions like doctors, engineers, lawyers, etc. are given due respect in the
society but they are not only enough to develop the country. The manual labour that
is considered as less respected than others like cobblers, sweepers, farmers, tailors,
etc. are also equally important for the development of the country. The labour done
by physical labourers might not be easy enough to be done by so-called respectable
labours. If you need to mend your shoes then where do you go? Of course to the
cobbler because he is the one who mend shoes not the others. Therefore, we should
understand the value of each occupation. Dignity of labour is to give equal respect to
all occupations without any discrimination.
“ I believe in the dignity of labour, whether with head or hand.”
- John D Rockeffeler
Dignity of Labour in Nepal
Nepal is very rich in natural resources but these resources have not been utilized
properly. A great number of people are unemployed in the country, as a result about
1500-2000 Nepalese youths are leaving Nepal for foreign employment per month. The
labour includes educated and uneducated both. If their knowledge and skills can be
used, our country’s economy would turn aside down positively. But due to the lack of
utilization of means and resources country is getting poorer. This situation emerged
due to the differences in job. People want to have so-called respectable job in the
country with handsome salary, no matter how much efficient and educated they are
but in the foreign land they will be ready to do any job they find. This is the mentality
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 324
of the people living in the country. There is no dignity of labour maintained in the
country. If they understood the value of labour, then it would be better to stay in the
country and work rather than paying a large amount of money to the brokers and
going abroad for risky and difficult work. So it is essential to prevent the rapid flow
of manpower to the foreign land and encourage them to use their labour, skill and
knowledge in their own motherland for its economic prosperity.
Activity
Discuss with your friend about the condition of foreign labour.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand by labour?
2. Explain the Labour Act 2048.
3. How does labour bring economic prosperity in the nation? Explain.
4. Write an essay on 'Dignity of Labour”.
5. How do you give respect to the labour? Write with examples.
6. Explain the importance of labour.
Community Work
Make a list of 10 people living in your community having different occupation. Explain
their importance on the basis of priority.
Project Work
Prepare a presentation on the condition of labour in the foreign country.
325 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Review Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. Define agriculture. State the condition of agriculture in Nepal.
2. 'No matter how hard some Nepalese farmers work, the yield is not
good enough to last round the year.' Give reasons.
3. What kinds of crops are cultivated in your locality? Make a list.
4. Differentiate between subsistence farming and commercial farming.
5. 'Agriculture is a source of food and raw materials for industries.'
Justify the statement with suitable examples.
6. Define industry. What are the types of industry? Explain with examples.
7. What are the possibilities of establishment of industries in Nepal?
Describe.
8. Write the problems of establishment of industry and their solutions.
9. Differentiate between the medium scale and the large scale
industries according to the new industrial policy.
10. Define trade.
11. What are the differences between national and international trade?
12. Explain the term:
i. Trade balance ii. Trade Surplus iii. Trade deficit
13. What are the problems faced by Nepal in foreign trade?
14. Make a list of import and export items in Nepal.
15. What is meant by trade diversification?
16. How does trade diversification help in the promotion of trade?
17. What is marketing?
18. 'Nepal has a great need of promotion of trade and marketing.' Justify.
19. 'Though available in market, Nepali consumers hesitate to buy and
use Nepali products.' Do you agree? State clearly with reasons.
20. In what ways is trade diversified?
21. Show the interrelationship between Agriculture, Industry and Trade.
22. Why is it necessary to establish as many agro-based industries as
possible in Nepal?
23. What do you mean by economic planning?
24. When was the first economic plan executed in Nepal?
25. In what ways can planned development strengthen the national
economy and alleviated poverty? Explain with examples.
26. What do you mean by entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship?
27. What is meant by management of employment? What things must
be considered to manage an employment? Explain clearly.
28. What is labour? Why is it important?
29. What is 'dignity of labour’? Why is it important?
30. How can labour bring economic prosperity to the nation? Describe clearly.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 326
Unit INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP,
9 PEACE AND COOPERATION
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
UNIT CONTENTS
9.1 Donor Countries and The competencies of the social studies curriculum
Agencies in Nepal 328 in the unit are to enable students to:
9.2 Nepal in United Nations
Organization 332 q analyze the cooperation and relationship of donor
9.3 Nepal’s Contribution to countries and agencies of Nepal
World Peace 335 q recognize Nepal as a member of the UNO
9.4 Diplomatic Mission 337 q explain the roles played by Nepal for in US Peace
9.5 Contemporary Events 341 Keeping Force
Review Questions 346 q explain the diplomatic mission of Nepal
q update with the contemporary affairs
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit - 9
Total Period(s): 15
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ 1 – 1 – 2 2 x 1 = 2 2x1.8=3.6
2. SATQ 1 – – – 1 1 x 4 = 4 4x1.8=7.2
3. LATQ – – – – – – –
Total 2 – 1 – 3 6 6 x1.8=10.8
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q = Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
327 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Donor Countries and Agencies in Nepal
9.1
FACTS Nepal has been a recipient of foreign assistance since 1952
to Understand AD when it joined the Colombo plan for cooperative, Economic
and social Development in Asia and the pacific. The plan was
established under a slightly different name, by the common
Wealth Nations in 1951.
Nepal is a small landlocked country. Although the country is rich in natural resource
but due to the lack of utilization of the available resources enough income couldn’t
be generated. Though none of the country can become able in all aspects of need and
development. It must extend its cordial relations with other countries around the
globe. Such relations can be maintained through diplomatic relations international
games and sports, education, cultural exchange programmes, etc. It also can be
extended through diplomatic relations that might be bilateral or multilateral. As a
result, the country can obtain various types of support such as financial support,
technical support, etc. The financial support itself is the donation. The donation is
given for the developmental projects and other sorts of work. Accordingly, Nepal has
th
maintained friendly and formal relations with 158 countries in the world till 26
January, 2018.
Nepal’s Diplomatic Relations
The relationship which is maintained by the two countries on official level is called
diplomatic relations. Nepal relations with foreign country began formally after the
establishment of diplomatic relationship with the UK in 1816 AD. After this Nepal
came into the contact of many countries in the modern world. The diplomatic relations
of Nepal was very limited before the advent of democracy in BS 2007. The relations
was maintained with Britain, India, the United States and France only. But Now
Nepal has maintained relationship with many countries. The number of countries has
reached 138 when the diplomatic relations was established with Papua New Guinea
th
th
on 12 April 2013 AD. At present till 26 January, 2018 the number of countries has
reaches 158 to maintain diplomatic relationship. Uzbekistan is the latest Country.
The country has traditionally maintained a non aligned policy and enjoys friendly
relations with other countries. Its foreign policy is guided by the principles of the
United Nations Charter, non alignment, panchaseel (Five principles), international
law and the values of world peace.
Bilateral and Multilateral Relationship
Nepal has maintained bilateral relations and multilateral relations with many
countries like China, Mongolia, Russia, India, etc. Bilateral relations can be
maintained with two countries; for example, Nepal and India, Nepal and China,
etc. whereas multi-lateral relation is maintained with many countries through the
UN specialized agencies or any organization. For example, Nepal participates as a
member of the World Bank, International monetary Fund (IMF) Colombo Plan and
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 328
the Asian Development Bank (ADB). So being a member of such agencies. Nepal can
be maintained diplomatic relations with many countries at a time. In this way Nepal
has been able to obtain foreign aid for different developmental projects and expand
the horizon of friendship.
Donor Countries and Agencies
A country which provided aid to a developing country is a donor and the country which
receives the donation is called a recipient country. So Nepal is a recipient country.
It is receiving financial and technical assistance to develop physical infrastructures
in various sectors. Friendly countries around the world provide necessary supports
to meet our requirement. Some agencies and missions are also supporting Nepal in
different fields.
In Nepal, there is a forum of donor countries known as Nepal Development Forum
(Nepal Bikas Manch). The forums hold the meeting and arrange to support Nepal as
per its requirement. The help could be extended to any areas like technical, financial,
educational or any area of infrastructures. It may range from poverty alleviation, health
education, agriculture, tourism, forestry, national security and energy development.
Nepal’s first diplomatic relationship was maintained with the United Kingdom in
rd
BS 1873 (3 March 1816) right after the Sugauli Treaty. It means it has become 200
years since then UK has been contributing in many ways. Other prominent donor
countries for Nepal include China, Japan, India, the USA, Germany, Canada, France,
Norway, etc. and some agencies like IMF, world Bank, ADB, EU and so many INGOs
have equally supporting Nepal. The example of assistance could be seen during the
massive earthquake in BS 2072. Many donor nations kept Nepal on top priority to
assist in such situation. In this way Nepal is getting many ways from the donor nations.
List of Donor Nations and Their Contributions to Nepal
Sl. Donor Flags Diplomatic Major Contributions
No. Countries Relations
1. the UK March 3 Naayanghat-Butwal Road, Dharan-Dhakuta road
1816 Agriculture Investigation Centre in Lumle and
Pakhribas
Budhanilkantha School
British Library
Nepalese Youths Recruitment in British Army
2. Japan 1956 AD Kulekhani Hydroelectricity Project
Gongabu Buspark
Bridges on Bagmati at Thapathali,
Karnali- Chisapani and Malekhu
Agriculture Development Project
Ground Water Project in the Terai
Radio Broadcasting Centres in Kathmandu and
Pokhara
329 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
3. China August 1, Prithvi Highway, Araniko Highway,
1955 Ring road in Kathmandu, Proposed for Outer Ring
Road in Kathmandu
Tripureshwor- Suryabinayak Trolley Bus Service
Sunkoshi Hydropower Project, Sindhupalchowk
Hetauda Textile Industry, Bhrikuti Paper Factory,
Bhaktapur Brick Factory, Hari Siddhi Bricks and Tiles
Factory, Bansbari Leather Factory, etc.
Civil Hospital (Kathmandu), BP Koirala Cancer
Hospital (Chitwan)
Birendra International Convention Centre, Baneshwor,
Kathmandu
Scholarship for Higher Studies in China
4. India June 13, BP Koirala Health Academy, Dharan
1947 Manmohan Memorial Polytechnic, Morang
National Trauma Centre, Kathmandu
Trishuli and Benighat Hydropower Centre, Nuwakot
Some sections of East-west Highway
Farbisgunj-Biratnagar Railway Link
Mahendranagar –Tanakpur link Road
Scholarship for Nepalese Students in India
Ambulance Distribution for Hospital
Bus distribution for Schools
Some Donor Agencies and Their Contributions to Nepal
1. The World Bank Sept. 6, Kulekhani Hydropower project Makwanpur
It comprises of 1961 Agriculture Human Resources Project
IBRD)International Project related to highways irrigation, drinking water
Bank for and drainage
Reconstruction School reconstruction in the earthquake affected areas
and Development Nepal Industrial Development Corporation
Association Basic and Primary education
2. Asian Dec.19, Tanahu Hydropower Project
Development 1966 Melamchi Drinking water project
Bank (ADB) FWDR Urban Development Project
Kathmandu Valley Waste water Management Project
Community drinking water and sanitation project
Aid in electricity development in Public sector
Teachers Training
Budget Support loan after earth quake in BS 2072
Disaster Risk Reduction Project
Various Community-based Projects
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 330
There are many donor countries and agencies besides these agencies helping Nepal
financially and technically. Canada, Italy, Germany, IMF, OPEC (Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries) WTO (World Trade Organization) SAFTA (South
Asian Free Trade Area) BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectorial
Technical and Economic Cooperation, etc. have been supporting a lot for the
development of Nepal.
Activity
Collect any 5 flags of donor countries and agencies and make a collage and also
discuss their activities.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define Diplomatic Relation
2. What is the role of donor countries and agencies?
3. What are the bases of Nepal's foreign Policy? Describe.
4. Mention the importance of foreign aids in the developing countries like Nepal.
5. "Need of international relation, understanding and cooperation is the basis
requirement of today’s world". Justify the statement.
6. Make a list of donor countries with their contributions to Nepal.
Community Work
Meet a ward member of your municipality or Rural Municipality and ask him about
donation that your community got from a donor agency, the project implemented from
the donation benefits got by the people in your community.
On the basis of your research prepare a report and present it in the class.
331 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Nepal in United Nations Organization
9.2
FACTS "Almost all countries of the 51 countries that
to Understand founded the United Nations is the winner of the
Second World War."
History of United Nations Organization
When the powerful countries gradually violated the clause and
conditions of the League of Nations which was established in
1920 AD to maintain global peace and security after the world
war I. Again hostility began with the core enemy countries. As
a result the World War II broke out in September 1939,
Franklin D Roosevelt Wiston Churchil
When the War was going on in August 1941 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and
British Prime minister Winston Churchill held a meeting to prevent the world from
any type of war in future and to establish collective peace and security through the
world organization. They prepared the Atlantic Charter agreeing upon to establish
peace in the world. In the charter they passed eight common in principles such as world
peace, mutual cooperation, equality among nations, human rights, social progress,
no acquirement of territory, , etc. This understanding was signed on warship in the
th
Atlantic ocean. Therefore, the charter is known as the Atlantic Charter. On 26 June,
th
1945 altogether 50 Countries signed the UN Charter. Finally, on 24 October 1945,
51 countries formally established the UNO. Its headquarters is in New York, the
USA. Every year October 24 is observed as the UN Day. It is the largest international
organization. The UNO has set the following objectives:
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 332
To develop friendly relations among the nations the world
To maintain international peace and security
To work for the economic and social programme of the world
To achieve international cooperation by solving every nation problem and world
problems
Nepal’s Contribution to UNO
There are altogether 193 member countries of the UNO, Nepal is one of them. It
th
became the member on 14 December 1955 AD. Since then Nepal is deeply committed
to bind itself to the UN Charter. It has been maintaining and promoting global peace
and humanitarian values every moment. Nepal for the first time got a chance to
participate in the General Assembly of the UN as the deputy Chairperson It started
involving in the peace keeping force and the same year as a surveyor. The peace
keeping forces have the weapons but they use them only for their own security.
Besides the Army, the peace keeping force comprises police, electoral experts, lawyers,
landmine, experts, interpreters, construction experts, human right activities, etc. The
peace keeping force was established after Israel was against Lebanon in 1978 AD.
Nepal has been participating in the UN peace keeping Force since the first mission
of the UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) in Lebanon. Thereafter
Nepal peace keeping force has been serving actively and continuously in different
conflicted parts of the world to maintain world peace. It has already served in more
than 37 nations as part of the mission including Sudan, Congo, Somalia, Ivory Coast,
Kosovo, Haiti, Syria, Lebanon, etc. At present, it has been assisting in Burundi Chad
to resolve on going Civil wars.
Nepal is supporting the initiative of the UNO for fostering " Universal brotherhood
and cooperation for these all Nepal’s Contributions to the UN can be highlighted as
follows:
Nepal played a significant role in 1966 AD to approve the report against
apartheid prepared by the special committee.
Nepal has been guided by the commitment bills and charter issued and approved
by the UNO and its specialized agencies.
Nepal played a great role to support China as a permanent member of the
Security Council. So, it helps to maintain balance.
When Nepal became the temporary member of the security council of the UN for
two terms (1969-70) and 1988-1989) it strongly stood against disarmament and
prohibition on nuclear power, arms and ammunition.
Nepal has served as the head of the Least Developed countries (LDC) and raised
voice in this forum.
Mr. Kulchandra Gautam has served as the Deputy General Secretary of the
UNO. He contributed to resolving various conflicts in the world.
333 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Nepal has been deeply concerned on the initiatives and other contemporary issues.
For evaluation of this contribution Mr. Pawan Jung Thapa, the army General of
Nepal, has been appointed as the chief of the UN Peace Keeping Force.
The United Nations has also played a significant role in Nepal’s development, conflict
management, democracy and peace and order. The UN has been providing great
assistance in the field of women empowerment, child welfare, protection and promotion
of human rights. The UN helped to establish the United Nations Mission in Nepal
(UNMIN). It was a temporary political mission to assist the peace process in Nepal.
The role played by the UN in the arm settlement after a decade long insurgency
led by Maoist, election of constituent assembly, integration of Maoist combatant, etc.
st
was highly considerable. Though the UNMIN had to depart from Nepal on 1 Magh
th
2067 (15 January 2011) save the government and the political parties extended its
tenure. The special committee formed by the government completed the task after its
departure.
Activity
Draw a logo of the UNO and Discuss the importance of the UNO.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the UNO? What is the importance of the UNO?
2. What do you mean by the UN Peace Keeping Force?
3. What are contributions of Nepal to Peace Keeping Force?
4. What should be done to make Nepal’s activities more effective and active in the
United Nations?
5. The country which advocates peace in the world maintains peace in its own place.
In this context mention any four ways to maintain permanent peace in Nepal.
Community Work
What kinds of activities are donor countries in your community carrying out to
maintain peace and order? Collect the information consulting with academic person
and present your findings in the class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 334
Lesson Nepal’s Contribution to World Peace
9.3
FACTS 90 precent of modern war casualties are civilians, primarily
to Understand women and children. Conflicts have produced 31 million
refugees and other displaced persons, most of them are
women and children.
Nepal has been actively participating in the UN peace keeping mission since 1978 AD.
Nepal army performs its duty under the direction of Department of Peace Keeping
Operation while in peace keeping mission Mainly, its mission was the identification of
the conflict, solution of the conflict, their activities, etc.
The World Peace Day is observed annually on 21 September. It is
dedicated to peace and specifically the absence of war and violence.
The day was first celebrated in 1982 and is kept by many nations,
political groups, military groups and people in 2013 for the first
time, to reduce war sustainably.
Many countries in the world at present are undergoing through peace symbol
internal conflicts known as civil wars. One particular tribe or
racial group is quarreling with the other for common reasons, for
example, African countries. Some of the disputing countries are North Korea and
South Korea, North Korea and the USA, Palestine, Israel, India and Pakistan, the
USA and Afghanistan, etc. These disputes between the countries lead to cold war, i.e.
cold relation, relation of jealousy and hatred.
Nepal has been raising the voice to end the racial discrimination and colouring to
establish peace in the world. It has been standing strongly against the exploitation,
attack, inhuman activities, quarrel, etc. done by one country to another. Nepal has
succeeded to gain popularity in the international arena due to its neutral and bold
performance and its contribution for the world peace.
Some of the major contributions of Nepal in maintaining world peace are given below:
To solve the disputes in different countries in the world, Nepal has been sending
its peace keeping force for a long time.
Nepal has signed the treaties, resolutions, declarations and commitment of the
UN and its agencies, being its member and has implemented them in the country.
Nepal, being a member of Non- aligned Movement actively participating in its
activities and has not taken the side of any country or group when they involve
in the war or country.
The role of Nepal is significant to establish international peace when it involves
in different committees of the UN. It got elected as a temporary member of the
UN Security Council in 1968 AD and served as Deputy Chairperson in the UN
General Assembly in 1958 AD.
Nepal has signed the treaties against the test of atomic weapons and
their manufacturing.
Nepal appealed for the World Disarmament Conference. It proved that Nepal is
a peace loving country.
335 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Nepal played an important role in preparing a special report against the racial
and colour discrimination (apartheid) in 1966 AD.
In this way Nepal has contributed a lot to maintain world peace. It has taken
membership of different organizations like UNO, the NAM (Non-aligned Movement),
The SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) BIMSTEC and other
regional organizations. The country has committed to develop positively towards
other countries showing the world peace. Nepal has maintained equilibrium position.
It adopts the foreign policy based on the principle of panchsheel (Non-aggression,
Non- interference, sovereignty, equality and peaceful co-existence). Nepal sings the
slogan of "One World One Family for Holistic Peace’'. Similarly, Nepal has shown
praiseworthy performance performed in the SAARC (South Asian Association for
th
th
Regional Cooperation). It hosted the 18 SAARC Summit on 26-27 November,
2014 AD in Kathmandu. In support of 36 points on the Kathmandu Declaration, the
country is committed for regional development and maintains peace and harmony. It
also helps to bring socio-economic, political, social and friendly stability among the
member nations of the SAARC.
In order to reduce jealousy, hatred and hostility among the countries, many
international games are organized. Nepal also organized the SAF (South Asian
Federation), SAG (South Asian Games), the Elephant polo, this game is played only in
Nepal and other international games. Similarly, international trade expo is organized.
These activities help Nepal to develop warm relations with many countries.
Activity
Write the full form of NAM, SAARC, BIMSTEC and search more abbreviation used in the
text book.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by peace?
2. Why is it necessary to maintain peace and international understanding?
3. Make a list of the countries in which Nepalese peace keeping force has sent.
Draw a Flag of each countries.
4. What role has Nepal played in international peace keeping?
5. Write an editorial on the topic "Essence of peace in country's development".
Community Work
Meet a person in your community who was involved in peace keeping force and
get the information about the activities of the army in those conflicted areas. On the
basis of his information prepare a report and present it in your class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 336
Lesson Diplomatic Mission
9.4
FACTS There are altogether 26 embassies 47 consulates
to Understand working to develop relations between the host
countries and Nepal.
A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one state or an international inter-
governmental organization present in another state to represent the sending state
or organization officially in the receiving state. A permanent diplomatic mission is
typically known as an "Embassy" and the head of the mission is known as Ambassador
or High Commissioner. The term 'embassy' is commonly used as a section of a
building in which the work of the diplomatic mission is carried out. The management
of communication and relationship between nations by the member and employees
of each nation's government is known as diplomacy. A member or employee of
a government who represents his/her country in dealing with the other nation by
working in an embassy or consulate abroad is called a diplomat. All the countries send
their diplomats to each other’s country for extending their relationship. All these are
meant for developing relations officially with the country when they appoint through
diplomatic mission.
History of Diplomatic Mission
Embassy of Nepal in India
Nepal’s first diplomatic network started in the reign of Prithvi Narayan Shah. He
established a foreign office called Jaishi Kotha in BS 1826. In BS 1934, it became a
government department during the Rana regime. Till 1950 AD (BS 2007) Nepal had
diplomatic relations with India, Britain, France and the United States. The Nepalese
Ministry of Foreign Affairs rapidly expanded in 1950s and 1960s .
337 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
At present Nepal has a friendly relation with 138 countries. Among them embassies
have been established in 26 countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka, Japan,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Egypt, Brazil, Qatar, Canada and so on. In some countries like
Kolkata, India, New York, the USA, Lhasa (China), Hong Kong Consulates have been
opened as per the need and demand. Similarly, the capital city of Kathmandu hosts
26 embassies. They are listed below:
Sl.No. Flag Nation Sl.No. Flag Nation
1. Australia 14. Republic of Korea
2. Bangladesh 15. Malaysia
3. Brazil 16. Myanmar
4. China 17. Norway
5. Denmark 18. Pakistan
6. Egypt 19. Qatar
7. Finland 20. Russia
8. France 21. Sri Lanka
9. Germany 22. Switzerland
10. India 23. Thailand
11. Israel 24. United Arab Emirates
12. Japan 25. United kKngdom
13. North Korea 26. United States of America
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 338
Consulate General of India is in Birgunj. Similarly, there are 22 Non- resident
embassies which are residing in New Delhi and working for relation development
of Nepal. Moreover, Nepal has maintained trade relations with many countries to
maintain friendly relations with them. An embassy established in one friendly country
can also be given responsibility to maintain the relationship with other neighbouring
countries.
A consulate or consulate general is generally a representative of the embassy in the
locality outside of the capital city. For example, the consulate general of India is in
Birgunj. It is not similar to diplomatic office but focus on dealing with individual and
business.
Functions of Diplomatic Missions
The diplomatic missions represent their country and maintain diplomatic
norms, values and protocols.
They present the authentic opinion of the country if anything of misunderstanding
or complaint comes regarding the citizens of the country.
They listen and solve the problems and difficulties regarding their citizens
residing there.
They assist the citizen to return home in case of any problem.
They represent the country while doing any kind of treaty or agreement.
They circulate the information and notice to other countries regarding their
polices and some other important decisions.
They manage the preparation on the official visit of the high ranking dignitaries
and other officials representing the government into the nation.
US Embassy in Nepal
Ambassadors are the official messengers or representatives representing the
embassies or their governments. Their duties are based in the relationship between
the two counties. Some of the power and functions of ambassadors are given below:
They are responsible to initiate or continue political negotiations.
An ambassador is to represent the political interest of his/her country in the
host nation
339 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
An ambassador is responsible for initiating legal proceeding on behalf of his/ her
country in the host country, as well as defending against any legal challenges.
Ambassadors have social obligations to attend wedding to holiday parties,
inaugurations to funerals of dignitaries
Ambassadors are responsible to the consult to do day to day administration.
Activity
Prepare a picture collage including flags of the countries which have established
embassies in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define diplomatic mission.
2. How does diplomatic mission promote relation between countries?
3. What is the difference between embassy and the consulate?
4. What are the functions of the diplomatic nations? Make a list
5. Who are the ambassadors?
6. What are the powers and functions of an ambassador?
Community Work
Find out a person of your locality who has an experience of working in the diplomatic
mission. Ask him about the job responsibilities and the service provided by the mission
in other countries. Prepare a report based on your findings.
[Note: If you couldn’t find the person, use the internet to find out the detail.]
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 340
Lesson Contemporary Events
9.5
rd
FACTS The 2015 Nepal blockade, which began on 23 September
to Understand 2015 is an economic and humanitarian crisis which had
severely affected Nepal and its economy.
The world is our common home. The world we are living today is the global world
st
of the 21 century guided by science and technology. Due to the development in
science and technological field the whole world turned into the global village. People
become conscious. Therefore, there is a continuous change in affairs. New discoveries,
creative, innovations are introduced every time. They affect our social-economic and
political life. Being social studies students you need to update with each and every
current affairs of the nation as well as the world.
Some of the contemporary issues or current events are given below: Let’s see them:
Sikkim Chief Minister Pawan Chamling Conferred with Nepal’s Yugkavi
Siddhicharan Prize- 24 May 2016
Sikkim Chief Minister Dr. Pawan Kumar Chamling was conferred with the Yugkavi
nd
Siddhicharan Prize by Nepal Former Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli on 22 May
2016.
The Prestigious Literary Prize was bestowed upon him for his commendable
contributions in promoting Nepali literature in India.
th
The prize was presented on the occasion of the 105 birth anniversary of late poet
Siddhicharan Shrestha. It carries a certificate of appreciation and a sum of 100,000
Nepali Rupees.
Literary works of Dr. Pawan Kumar Chamling
He is an author of many books in Nepali,
English and Hindi. He is also a publisher.
He was conferred with the Sikkim Sahitya
Parished Award, twice for Chintan Puraskar
in 1987 and Bhanu Puraskar in 2010,
Siddhicharan Puraskar in 2016.
His other works in Nepali literature include
Prarambhik Kavita (1978), Antyaheen
Sapana: Mero Bipana (1985), Ma Ko Hoon!
(1992), Sikkim Ra Nariko Maryada and many
more.
341 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Martain Crater named after Nepal Quake- hit Village Langtang- 21 June, 2016
Langtang
A popular trekking Site in Nepal was worst hit by the devastating earthquake. The
International Astronomical Union in June 2016 named a 9.8 kilometres wide cater on
Mass as Langtang, a popular trekking site in Nepal.
Langtang
Langtang is one of the villages of Nepal that was worst hit by the 25 April, 2015
earthquake. As per reports at least 215 people were killed in the village after the
quake triggered on avalanche.
Zika Virus Disease-2016
Zika disease symptom
Zika virus became viral in 2016. Many south America and Central American countries
including Brazil have been greatly affected by a virus called Zika. It is a member of the
virus family Flavi virus and the genus Flavi Virus. It is spread by the day time active
mosquitoes called Aedes. These are the same mosquitoes that were first inspected
in 1947. At present the virus has spread into many pacific island nations too and is
spreading east across the Pacific Ocean. It is declared that about 1.5 million people
could be affected alone in Brazil if it is not checked seriously. The illness cannot be
prevented by medicine or any other vaccine. The precaution is only to protect from
day active mosquito bite.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 342
Nepali- led team makes NASA discoveries- April 10, 2016 and finds answer to the
puzzle why Earth's polar motion was moving eastwards dramatically.
Before 2000, the Earth's spin axis was drifting towards Canada (green arrow
left global) effects of change in water mass in different regions (Centre global)
have pulled the drift east wards and speeded up the rotation (right global).
Kathmandu, April 8
Thanks to a ground breaking research led by a Nepali scientist at NASA, science now
has an answer to a protected puzzle: why was Earth polar nation moving eastward
dramatically from Canada to the United Kingdom- since the beginning if the new
millennium and the mystery behind the east west swings in the polar nation on a
decadal basis.
Both melting of polar ice sheets and global land water storage pattern are responsible
for the change in Earth’s rotation, according to Surendra Adhikari and Erik Ivins
research. Their finding have been published in a paper "climate- driven polar nation
2003- 2015 in journal Science Advances today.
The NASA scientists analysed space decodetic and satellite gravimetric data from
2003 to 2015 to show that all of the main features of polar motion have been explained
by global- scale contained-ocean mass transport owning to the combined effect melting
of the Green land west Antarctic ice sheets and the changes in global continental
water storage.
Earth’s spin axis wobbles on a decadal pattern mean in some years it heads to the east
and in the following years to the west and thus, this decadal swing continues. This
has been well documented for 115 years.
343 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
‘’For the first time ever, we have presented a plausible physical mechanism that
explains the enigmatic decadal oscillation of the pole. It is decadal scale variability
in (global) land water storage pattern that drive the decadal polar motion’’, he said.
The newly discovered line between polar motion and global scale terrestrial water
storage variability has broad implications for the study of the past and future climate
according to the paper.
‘’The main point is that we have established a connection in global and delicate motion
of Earth’s spin axis, Adhikari said. " In a way such motion of pole is sort of barometer
of climate change- just like melting of glacier or rising sea level or rising melting
temperature.’’
"So, we recommend that the polar motion data be utilized to constrain the model of past
climate change which will have important ramifications for future climate change."
Source: The Himalayan Times
Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID - 19)
The 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak is an ongoing public health emergency of
international concern involving coronavirus disease 2019. It is also called COVID-19.
It is first identified in Wuhan,
Hubei Province, China. Till 12
March 2020, more than 4,729
are died by this virus and more
than 110 countries' people are
affected.
Human first get a coronavirus
from contact with animals.
The virus primarily spreads
between people in a similar way
to influenza, via respiratory
droplets produced during
coughing or sneezing. The
time between exposure and Coronavirus Disease symptoms
symptom onset is typically
five days, but may range from two to fourteen days. Symptoms may include fever,
cough, and shortness of breath. Complications may include pneumonia and acute
respiratory distress syndrome. There is currently no vaccine or specific antiviral
treatment. Recommended preventive measures include hand washing, maintaining
distance from people who are sick, avoiding close contact with people suffering from
acute respiratory infections, avoiding unprotected contact with farm or wild animals,
and monitoring and self-isolation for fourteen days if an individual suspects they are
infected.
China and other many countries of world have included travel restrictions, quarantines,
and curfews. The world's economic instability is occuring because of coronavirus.
(source: WHO, March 2020)
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 344
Arctic to Go Ice-free in less than 3 Decades
Some 80 percent of the Arctic ice may disappear in 30 year, not 90 as scientist had
previously estimated, according to a new study on the impact of global warming. The
scientists made then projections based on models that took accounted for changes
in the Arctic ice, which has been seeing "dramatic declines in its surface" year after.
Therefore, we human beings must take strong initiatives to control greenhouse gases
and global warming.
Activity
Prepare a scrapbook collecting any ten articles from newspapers related to the
current affairs.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is a contemporary event?
2. Why is it important to update with current affairs?
3. Collect any 5 five news articles form any newspapers related to political activities
of Nepal and paste it in your exercise book.
4. Read the leading newspapers and present the socio-economic conditions of Nepal.
5. Make a list of current affairs of 2020 of Nepal from January to till now.
Community Work
Collect the record news of your community, make a list and present in your community.
Review Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by diplomatic relations?
2. What are the benefits by maintaining diplomatic relations?
3. What is bilateral and multilateral relationship?
345 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
4. How can bilateral and multilateral relationship improve relations
with other countries?
5. Write a letter to any of the donors requesting to facilitate your
community with electricity.
6. Write any two donor countries highlighting the areas of their
support and cooperation.
7. What are the bases of Nepal’s foreign policy? Mention them.
8. When did the United Nations formally establish? When did Nepal
become the member of the UNO?
9. Discuss briefly the significance of the Peace Keeping Mission.
10. Name the countries when Nepal has sent Peace Keeping Force to
conflicted areas.
11. Make a list of Nepal’s contribution to the United Nations.
12. Define diplomatic mission. Why is it important?
13. With how many countries has Nepal maintained diplomatic
relationship?
14. State the five principles of Panchasheel.
15. Which is the first country to establish the diplomatic relationship
with Nepal?
16. What kind of assistance does Nepal get from the UK and the USA?
17. What was the contribution of the UNMIN to manage conflict and
bring peace in Nepal?
18. When did Nepal formally join the UNO?
19. Draw the logo of the UNO?
20. How did Nepal get support from donor nations during the
earthquake 2072?
21. Describe briefly the role of individual political parties and the donor
nations during the massive earthquake, BS 2072.
22. What is cold war?
23. What do you mean by international understanding? Why is it essential?
24. Why do the disputes take place between the counties of the world?
25. Justify the statement, 'One World, One Family' on the basis of
international understanding.
26. What do you know by diplomatic missions?
27. How many missions are established in Nepal? Write their names
with flags.
28. In what ways can epidemic like Zika Virus be controlled?
29. Write a biography on your favourite person in your life.
30. What inspirations did you get from the Nepalese living in other
countries contributing to enhance the glory of the Nepal?
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 346
Appendix 1
Sample Timeline
Date Events
st
1 Magh 2063 Promulgation of the Interim Constitution: 2063
th
28 Chaitra 2064 Election of Constituent Assembly I
th
6 Shrawan 2065 Dr. Ram Baran Yadav was elected as president.
th
14 Jestha 2069 Dissolution of Constituent Assembly I
2070
Scale: 2 cm (12 lines) = 1 year
Dissolution of Constituent Assembly I
2069
2068
2067
2066
Dr. Ram Baran Yadav was elected as president
2065 Election of constituent Assembly I
Note: Year is further divided into
months. There are II short lines
2064
Promulgation of the interim constitution: 2063 between two bold lines
2063
Appendix 2
Samples of a Letter to the Editor, News Report and Editorial
Write a letter to the editor of a National Daily Newspaper giving suggestions about celebrating
our national days.
Date: 2074| 01|02
The Editor,
The Rising Nepal,
Gorkhapatra Sansthan, Kathmandu,
Subject: Celebrating National Days
Dear Sir/madam,
I would like to make a request and draw your attention regarding the ways of
celebrating our national days. The most important thing is that most of the people of
our country do not know about our national days. Media like television and newspaper
347 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
do not broadcast and publicise the news on the very day. As a result, most of the
people are not aware and prepared to celebrate this auspicious day.
For this, the various media should publicise about the coming National Days in
time so that the people will be informed. They can prepare plans and programmes so
that the people ca be involved. Both the government and the people should take active
initiative to celebrate our national days with joy and pride
Thank you
Yours sincerely
Prinsa Devkota
Appendix 3
Additional Reading Materials
A Sample of Report Writing
A Research Report on A Historical Mountain "Dharahara’’
Introduction
The impression of Dharahara of Kathmandu in our mind is the same as the Eiffel
Tower of Paris. Dharahara situated in the centre of Kathmandu city is also known
as Bhimsen Tower, established in 1825 AD by Nepal’s first Prime Minister Bhimsen
Thapa. This tower has historical and cultural significance. This report is based on the
research that is carried out on this historical monument.
Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives of the research are as follows:
i. To identify the historical facts of the monument
ii. To observe and present the structure of the monument
iiii. To evaluate the present situation of the monument
Method of Study
Information are collected from both primary and secondary sources. The related books,
newspaper, magazines, etc. were reviewed as the secondary sources of information.
Primary information are collected through the following techniques:
a. Interview: Information about different aspects of the monument is
collected through interview with resource persons like culture experts
and other concerned persons of the monument.
b. Observation: Information about the structure of the monument is
collected through observation of the monument and its surrounding.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 348
Findings
Dharahara which lies besides Sundhara was built by Bhimsen Thapa in the
memory of Queen Lalit Tripura Sundari Devi. Meanwhile some culture experts
say that it was built by Thapa after winning a war over the British to register
this historical account.
Bipendra Maharjan a culture expert says-Dharahara was 11-storey then and
was used by the government to announce events, festivals and important
messages by bowing trumpets. The nine-storey Dharahara, was re-built by
Prime Minister Juddha Sumsher in 1936 after it was destroyed by the great
Bihar Earthquake of 1934.
The 203 feet and nine-storey monument stands tall just with strength Vajra
Sukra (brick dust), chuna (lime), mass (blackgram) and Chaku (caramel). While
he body of Dharahara is built in Moughal style, the walls are in European
style and there is a Shivaling on the top floor. Thus, it is a unique structure
incorporating features from Muslim, Hindu and Christian religions.
Today, nine-storey tower is surrounded in five ropani land-the area includes
garden and a cafeteria. After you enter the gate, you will have to climb 25 steps
that circular the base of this monument and climb 213 steps again to reach
the top. Then in every nine step, there is a huge circular window that aids
air circulation. The seventh floor has a balcony, which offers birds view of the
valley. Anil Chitrakar, a cultural historian says the tower and its adjacent was
not so pleasant to visit as it used to be an open toilet until 2005. It has set a good
example of the partnership between private and government organization.
The nine-storey Dharahara is completely collapsed by the massive earthquake
of 2015. The Nepal government has planned to reconstruct the historical
monument more systematically and earthquake proof style
But the highly destructive earthquake of April 25, 2015 the nine storey
Dharahara got collapsed
Conclusion and Recommendation
th
th
The monument shows social-economic and Geo-political aspect of 18 and 19
th
century of Nepal. Its architecture helps on learning and understanding our 19
century of Nepal. Its architecture helps on learning and understanding our history.
This monument turned into a famous tourist destination. Now, it is necessary to
rebuild the monument established the identity of Nepalese and maintain of people
climbing there. In many countries like China and India, public are only allowed
to take the photographs of certain monuments for their preservation. Thus, the
commercialization of historical monuments like Dharahara by opening to public in
not a solution for its preservation.
349 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Time (min.) 9 9 9 9 20 26 22 22 9 135
75
Marks: Total Weight- age 5 5 5 5 11 15 12 12 5 75 75 Source: CDC , Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal
Total
Total No. of Qu. Long Ans. Type 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 21
Value and Attitude 12% Short Very Long Ans. Short Ans. Type Ans. Type Qu. Qu. Type Qu. Qu. 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 8 1 7
Appendix 4 Secondary Level (Class 9-10) SPECIFICATION GRID (For Written Exam) Application, Creative, Crictical Practical & Research thinking & Analys Skill 23% Subject is 36% Short Very Long Short Very Ans. Short Ans. Ans. Short Type Ans. Type Type Ans. Qu. Type Qu. Qu. Type Qu. Qu. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 8 1 14 17
Knowledge & Understanding 29% Long Short Very Ans. Ans. Short Type Type Ans. Qu. Qu. Type 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 7 12 3
Hour Qu. 15 1 16 16 19 22 27 1 22 17 1 15 170
Subject: SOCIAL STUDIES Subject We and Our Society Our Development Infrastructures Our Tradition, social Norms and Values Social Problems, solutions and Our Responsibilities Civic Sense Our Earth Our Past Our Economic Activities Our International Relation and Cooperation Total Total Weightage Ans. =Answer | Qu. = Question
Unit
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