Lesson Prithvi Narayan Shah and
7.3
Unification Campaign
FACTS “On returning to Chandragiri Hill, I asked which were the
to Understand places of Nepal? They showed me one place calling it
Kantipur, another Patan and the next Bhadgaon. Suddenly,
a strong wish becoming the king of those townships
developed in my soul.”
- Divine Counsel
Till the end of the Medieval Period, Nepal was a geographical expression only as
it was divided into 52 small principalities, rulers of different clans like Lichchhavi,
Kirant, Malla, Sen, Khas, Shah, ruled over the kingdoms. The relations among
these states were not warm. There were internal rivalries and battles among them
which made them very weak. The rulers were arrogant and engaged in groupism and
conspiracies. The number of such scattered states often changed due to the battle and
their annexation to each other. The major states divided that time were:
Eastern Part Three Sen kingdoms: Makwanpur, Chaudandi and Bijaypur
Central Part Three Malla Kingdoms (Valley Kingdoms): Kantipur, Patan and Bhadgaon
Western Part Baise Rajya (Karnali region) and Chaubise Rajya (Gandaki region)
In neighbouring country India, the East India Company was aggressively extending
its territories. Their main motive was to make colony for extension of trade and market
to Tibet, collection of raw materials and the suitable climate. Prithvi Narayan Shah
well understood that the independence and existence of Nepal would be at great risk.
Therefore, he grew attention, realization and determination to those small principalities
and annexed them into a greater Nepal. That time he had hardly 1200 soldiers.
Prithvi Narayan Shah was the founder of modern Nepal. He was the eldest son of
Narbhupal Shah, the king of Gorkha and Kaushal Yawali. Narbhupal Shah had four
queens and seven sons. The tree chart of Narbhupal Shah is given below:
251 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Narbhupal Shah
Chandraprabhawati Kaushalyawati Buddhamati Subhadrawoti
(childless)
Prithvi Narayan Shah Dalmardan Shah Prithvipati Shah
Brindakeshar Shah Sur Pratap Shah
Kirtimahoddam Shah Daljit Shah
Prithvi Narayan Shah was born on Poush 27, 1779 in Gorkha. He was brought up
by eldest queen Chandraprabhawati. She gave him lessons of the Ramayan, the
Mahabharat, politics, diplomacy, horse riding, archery as well as the qualities required
to be the king. At the age of 14 years he married with the Indra Kumari, the daughter
of Hemkarna Sen of Makwanpur in BS 1793 but the marriage was unsuccessful. So
he did the second marriage with Narendra Laxmi, the daughter of Abhiman Singh, a
Rajput chief of Benaras in BS 1797. He made friendship with the prince of Bhaktapur.
He recruited many people from the Terai in Gorkhali army and introduced Marwat
System. His first unification Campaign started with the invasion on Nuwakot in 1800
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BS. After the demise of his father and he ascended the throne on 25 Chaitra, 1799.
His first attack was unsuccessful. But he got succeeded in the second attack due to his
tireless effort throughout his life resulted that he could extend the territory of Nepal
up to the Mechi river in the east. The founder of Nepal Prithvi Narayan Shah took his
st
last breadth at the age of 52 years at Devighat of the Trishuli river on 1 Magh 1831.
Unification Campaign
Unsuccessful Invasion of Nuwakot, 1800 BS
Prithvi Narayan Shah became the king of Gorkha in BS 1779. He planned to begin
the unification Campaign from Nuwakot. He sent Gorkhali troops under Kaji Biraj
Thapa. The volume of the Trishuli river was very high, so Biraj Thapa waited at
Khinchet by the side of the Trishuli river for an appropriate time to launch the
attack. Prithvi Narayan Shah didn’t have that much of patience and even didn’t trust
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 252
him. So he sent another Gorkhali troop under the command of Maheshwor Panta. The
troops under Maheshwor Panta were badly defeated.
The main motive to conquer Nuwakot (Kerung) was:
1. The trade route between Tibet and Kathmandu
2. High altitude is suitable to make fort.
3. It had fertile land.
4. Prithvi Narayan Shah wanted to take revenge of his father’s defeat in BS 1794
Reasons behind the defeat
1. Lack of geographical knowledge
2. Lack of trained and sufficient soldiers
3. Lack of study about the geography of the Nuwakot
4. Lack of coordination between the commanders and the army battalion
5. Poor preparation of the attack
After the unsuccessful invasion Prithvi Narayan Shah felt to increase trained soldiers,
arms and ammunition as well as cooperation from the people of Gorkha. Bise Nagarchi,
a tailor suggested him to collect 1 rupee cash or kinds (items) equivalent to the cash
from each house in Gorkha to solve the economic obstacles. The king agreed with his
suggestion. Altogether Rs 12,000 was collected and Rs 14000 was borrowed from the
local businessmen. Then, the Gorkhali king went to Benaras and collected some arms
and ammunition. Abhiman Singh sent Indian weapon experts named Shekh Jabar,
Muhammad Taqi and Bekhsingh to Gorkha to give training to the Gorkhali army.
Prithvi Narayan Shah appointed and gave trainings to the army. To attract people to
join the army he introduced “Marwat System”, in which in case of death of any army
in the battle field, his family was provisioned to get compensation.
Prithvi Narayan Shah developed political relations with neighbouring states.
Lamjung was its age old enemy. He sent Kalu Pandey to develop relationship and in
other states too.
Conquest of Nuwakot
After the grand and extensive preparation Prithvi Narayan Shah led his troop of
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about 1000 soldiers to attack Nuwakot on 14 Ashwin 1801 in the appearance of
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peasants. On 15 Ashwin 1801, the Gorkhali troop surrounded Nuwakot from its
three sides by Kalu Pandey, Mahoddamkirti and Prithvi Narayan Shah himself, then
attack on Nuwakot. Jayanta Rana, the commander (governor) of Nuwakot had been
to Kantipur, seeking additional reinforcement, but due to the festive-mood king Jaya
Prakash Malla ignored the urgency of Jayanta Rana.
In the absence of Jayanta Rana, his son, Shankhamani Rana took the command of
Nuwakot soldiers. Sudden attack of Gorkhalese couldn’t resist by Nuwakot soldier.
Dalmardan Shah, 14 years old brother of Prithvi Narayan Shah, killed Shankhamani
Rana. The remaining soldiers fled to Belkot. The Gorkhali king captured Nuwakot.
253 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
When Jayanta Rana heard this bad news, he went to Belkot instead of Nuwakot.
Prithvi Narayan Shah along with his Gorkhali troop followed him to Belkot, He was
asked for surrender and side with Gorkha but he refused saying “of course, I’m yours,
but I’m obliged to Jaya Prakash Malla”. Then under the command of Kaalu Pandey,
the Gorkhali force attacked Belkot and conquered. Jayanta Rana was arrested and
his skin peeled-off alive. Prithvi Narayan Shah wanted to teach lesson to others that
a betrayer to the Gorkhali soldiers would face the same plight. In this way, after
getting victory over Nuwakot, Gorkha got many benefits.
Victory over Dahachowk, Naladum and Mahadev Pokhari
Prithvi Narayan Shah continued his attempt to surround the Kathmand Valley after
the victory over Nuwakot. Under the command of Tularam Pandey, the Gorkhali
troop captured Dahachowk. Similarly, under the command of Kalu Pandey captured
Naladum and Mahadev Pokhari in BS 1811.
First Attack on Kirtipur
After the victory over Nuwakot, Prithvi Narayan Shah was very excited to conquer
Kirtipur. Though it was against the wish of Army chief Kalu Pandey, Prithvi Narayan
Shah attacked Kirtipur in Bhadra 9, 1814. Gorkhali soldiers couldn’t sustain long
in front of well-equipped 4000 soldiers of united force. Kalu Pandey lost his life and
Prithvi Narayan Shah himself had a narrow escape. He saved his life by running
overnight to Nuwakokt. Total of 400 Gorkhali soldiers were killed in this battle.
Conquest of Makawanpur
Digbandhan Sen was the king of Makwanpur after the death of Hemkarna Sen.
Prithvi Narayan Shah didn’t have good relationship with Digbandhan Sen. So,
Digbandhan Sen established good relationship with Kantipur. Prithvi Narayan Shah
decided to attack on Makwanpur as his eldest wife Indra Kumari was already dead,
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it had become easy to invade on it. On 9 Bhadra 1819 the Gorkhali troop invaded
on Makwanpur. 400 soldiers of Makwanpur were killed. Digbandhan Sen and his
minister Kanak Singh fled to Hariharpur Gadhi to take shelter. Digbandhan took help
from Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal to invade Makwanpur. Under the command of
Gurgin Khan 2000 army came to Makwanpur but they didn’t know the geography of
the hilly area. So some armies swept away by temporary flood created by the Gorkhali
soldiers and rest of them were either killed or chased away. In this way Makwanpur
was annexed into the Gorkha Kingdom.
The Gorkhalese further marched ahead to annex Bara, Parsa, Mahottari, Sarlahi
in the Terai and Panauti, Dhulikhel and Banepa nearby the Kathmandu valley and
tighter the economic blockade over the Kathmandu valley. How did Gorkhali king got
victory over valley kingdoms? The details you will learn in the next chapter.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 254
Activity
Prepare a timeline including the dates and events of Unification Campaign till the
victory of Makwanpur.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Why was Nuwakot frequently invaded by Gorkhali kings? Give reasons.
2. Why was it necessary to conquer Nuwakot and Makwanpur in the unification
campaign.
3. Why is Prithvi Narayan Shah called the founder of modern Nepal?
4. Who was Shankhamani Rana? How was he killed?
5. How did Muslim soldiers chase away by Gorkhalese soldiers?
6. What was the reason of defeat of the Gorkhalese in the first attack on Kirtipur?
Community Work
There are people in your community having different castes and creeds. They all cooperate
with one another on various occasions. You may have a person who is better off and is
cooperating with you. You will observe the following questions and prepare their answers.
Write a report on it.
a. How is a person in your community helping you living peacefully, although he was not
directly cooperating with you?
b. What are the areas in which you are cooperating with the people of your community?
c. What are the areas of cooperation a person in your community is extending to you?
Project Work
Download the documentary “Unification Campaign of Nepal” using the internet and
show it in your class.
255 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Continuation of Unification
7.4
Campaign
FACTS “This is not the nation gained by my trivial efforts,
to Understand this is the garden of all kinds of flowers and may
all be aware of this.”
- Prithvi Narayan Shah
Second Attack on Kirtipur
The economic blockade caused by Prithvi Narayan Shah developed hostility with
Jaya Prakash Malla, the king of Kantipur. The scarcity created difficulties in daily
life. Then Jay Prakash Malla was severely criticized and people were even ready to
accept the Gorkhalese due to hardship of their life. Jaya Prakash Malla sold Gajurs
and idols of temples to make people happy in the crisis by fulfilling their basic needs.
Taking advantage of their crisis Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked Kirtipur in 1821 BS
under the command of Sur Pratap Shah. The increased enemity among the valley
kings, Patan and Bhadgaon didn’t help Kirtipur, it was the territory of Kantipur.
Despite of getting any help, people of Kirtipur fought very bravely and defeated the
Gorkhalese. Sur Pratap Shah lost his right eye and Daljit Singh, the commander got
injured. Gorkhalese got no option and retreated to save their lives.
Victory over Kirtipur
The Gorkhalese changed their strategy after the continuous defeat from Kirtipur.
Kaji Bansha Raj Pandey was sent to impose economy blockade upon Kirtipur. The
condition of the people of Kirtipur became very miserable due to the blockade for six
months. The Gorkhalese cut off the water supply to Kirtipur and even kidnapped the
son of Kaji Dhanwanta, the in-charge of Kirtipur. The situation became worse day by
day, the people of Kirtipur opened the main gate on Chaitra 3, 1823 and surrendered
in front of the Gorkhali king. Prithivi Narayan Shah wanted to take revenge of his
previous loss.
Jaya Prakash Malla felt threatened after the defeat of Kirtipur. Then he sought
help from the British in India to help him against the Gorkhalese. The well-equipped
2500 British soldiers were sent under the Captain George Kinlock. Prithvi Narayan
shah sent the Gorkhali troops to chase away. The Gorkhalese suddenly attacked
them at Pauwagadhi, when the British troops arrived on the slope of Sindhuligadhi.
They were easily defeated. The Gorkhalese captured about 500 guns of the English
force too.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 256
Victory over the Valley Kingdoms
The dream of Prithivi Narayan Shah came very closed to fulfill. By hook or by crook,
he wanted to have the valley kingdoms in his control. Without wasting his time in the
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midnight of Indrajatra festival, i.e. 13 Ashwin 1825, he attacked Kantipur from three
sides: Bhimsenthan, Naradevi and Tundikhel. Jaya Prakash Malla could not resist
the sudden attack for longer time as Prithivi Narayan Shah himself was leading the
troops from Naradevi. Jay Prakash Malla fled to Patan with his Nagarkoti soldiers.
Thus, Kantipur was annexed to Gorkha after a short battle only.
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After 11 days of conquest on 24 Ashwin Prithivi Narayan Shah wanted to annex
Patan. The Pradhans of Patan were powerful and wise, they decided to surrender but
were sentenced to death later. When the Gorkhali king attacked Patan, Tej Narsingh
Malla, the king of Patan and Jaya Prakash Malla together fled to Bhadgaon. In this
way Patan was annexed very easily.
Prithivi Narayan Shah requested Ranjit Malla, the king of Bhadgaon to handover the
th
fugitive kings, but he refused. Thus, Prithivi Narayan Shah attack Bhadgaon on 28
Kartik 1826 under the command of Sur Pratap Shah. Finally after the fierce battle
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Bhadgaon came under the Gorkhali king on 1 Mangsir 1826 BS.
After the victory king Prithivi Narayan Shah showed little mercy with three defeated
kings and asked for assuring their last wishes. Jaya Prakash Malla wished to spend
the rest of life in Pashupatinath and died later. Ranjit Malla desired for shoes and an
umbrella as symbolic to desire for territory and throne respectively. Later, he went to
Benaras whereas Tej Narsingh Malla did not show any wish, so he was imprisoned.
After conquering the valley kingdoms, Prithivi Narayan Shah attempted to annex
the west. He attacked Tanahu, Kaski and Lamjung but these states formed a secret
alliance in the initiation of Palpa and Parbat and defeated Gorkha. Then Tanahun,
Kaski and Lamjung declared themselves as independent states. Thereafter Prithivi
Narayan Shah gave up the expansion of western states.
Annexation in the East
When the annexation of western side was postponed, the eastern movement started.
As a result, Chaudandi was occupied by the Gorkhali troops in 1830 BS. Karna Sen,
the king of Chaudandi fled to Bijayapur but Bijayapur was also captured by the
Gorkhali soldiers in 1831 BS. Then Karna Sen and Buddhi Karna Rai, the minister
of Bijayapur fled to Sikkim. Abhiman Singh Basnet, the commander of the Gorkhali
(Nepali) army requested the Lepcha king of Sikkim to return Buddhi Karna Rai and
Karna Sen. But they again fled to Kolkata from Sikkim. Later, in the mediation of
Gorkhali chieftain (Mukhiya) Ram Krishna Kunwar, Lepcha king of Sikkim, returned
the part of Ilam to Nepal. Many Limbu Haangs (local kings) were freed from any kind
of harassment. In this way the eastern border of Nepal extended up to the Mechi
River.
257 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Activity
Collect some pictures of Gorkha Palace and Nuwakot Palace and make a collage
to paste in your classroom.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What was the effect seen on Kantipur due to the blockade imposed by the
Gorkhali king?
2. Why did Patan and Bhadgaon not help Kirtipur?
3. What strategy was adopted by Prithivi Narayan Shah to get victory over
Kirtipur?
4. Explain the invasion and victory over the valley kingdoms.
5. How did the Gorkhali king restore Ilam in Nepal?
Community Work
Visit your area and find out the historical monuments. Find out the details and prepare
a report. Present in your class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 258
Lesson Effect of Unification Campaign
7.5
FACTS “History is not everything but it is a starting point. History is
to Understand a clock that people use to tell their political and culture time
of day. It is a compass they use to find themselves on the
map of human geography. It tells them where they are but,
more importantly, what they must be.” - John Henrik Clarke
After the death of Prithivi Narayan Shah, his eldest son Pratap Shah ascended to
the throne. He continued unification campaign led by Prithivi Narayan Shah. Pratap
Singh Shah annexed Chitwan but he died soon. His son Rana Bahadur Shah was
only 2 years and 5 months old and became a minor king. Rajendra Laxmi, Queen
mother, took the state power under her control and continued the unification
campaign. Rajendra Laxmi annexed Lamjung, Tanahu and Kaski, which belonged
to the Chaubise Rajya in between BS 1834 to 1842 . After her death Bahadur Shah,
the youngest son of Prithvi Narayan Shah, became the regent of minor king Rana
Bahadur Shah. He continued the campaign and won the western part of Sikkim
and extended the eastern border up to the Tista river. Then he set for the west. By
BS 1844 he annexed all the Chaubise Rajyas. Then he attacked the Baise Rajya and
won the Karnali region. He won the Doti state in BS 1847 and extended the border
in the west to the Mahakali river. He attacked Almoda, the capital of Kumau and won
in the same year. Thereafter he attacked Shrinagar, the capital of Gadhwal. Due to
the war with Tibet in the north the campaign had to be stopped.
After the death of Bahadur Shah, Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa and commander
Amar Singh Thapa continued the unification campaign. Again in BS 1861 Shrinagar
was attacked and Gardhwal was fully annexed into Nepal. The western border
extended up to the Jamuna river. After that small states lying between the Jamuna
and the Sutluj river were annexed. In BS 1863 Amar Singh Thapa crossed Sutluj river
and attacked Kangada but Nepalese soldiers couldn’t win Kangda fort. Jwalamukhi
treaty was signed with the initiation of Ranjit Singh, the king of Punjab and Nepalese
army retreated to the Sutluj river.
In this way the unification campaign started by Prithivi Narayan Shah in BS 1799
had resulted in Greater Nepal extending from the Tista in the east to the Sutluj in
the west by BS 1863 .
A Greater Nepal originated from small state Gorkha like Germany originated from
Prussia, Italy from Sardinia and Britain from Wessex.
Effects of Unification
The effects of unification campaign are shown below
1. Strengthening Nationality
The unification campaign strengthened the feeling of nation and nationality.
All the small states turned into a single nation. It joined not only the territory but also
the feelings of unity among the people.
259 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
2. Divine Counsel; A path Finder
Divine counsel, an instructions of Prithivi Narayan Shah became a milestone for
good governance and social reform. It also alerted people from doing any mischievous
activities.
3. Treaty with Tibet
The treaty belonged to trade and commerce between Nepal and Tibet in
BS 1832 was signed according to the foreign policy made by Prithivi Narayan Shah.
It promoted the economic status of the country.
4. End of Conflicts
The conspiracies, fear, rivalry, suspects, etc. end with the unification campaign. It
was mostly prevailed between the Baise, the Chaubise, the Mallas and the Sen Rajyas.
Similarly, some other effects are:
It controlled the foreign invasion and interference
As Kathmandu was declared the capital of Nepal, it reduced the administration
expenses.
It increased the participation of people in governance system.
Nepali people became sovereign citizens of Nepal.
Feeling of cooperation developed.
Activity
Collect the Divine Counsel, read and then discuss with your friends.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by regency? Who were the regents of Rana Bahadur Shah?
2. How did the successors of Prithivi Narayan Shah continue unification campaign?
3. What effects did the unification of Nepal cause in the contemporary social
condition of the country?
4. Describe the role of Rajendra Laxmi and Bahadur Shah for the unification
campaign of Nepal.
5. How did unification campaign stop in the western part?
Community Work
Meet a historian of your community and ask them to share the history of unification
campaign. Note down their information and present it in the class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 260
Lesson Anglo-Nepal War
7.6
FACTS The Anglo-Nepal war concluded with a treaty
to Understand signed at Sugauli, a place in Motihari District of
India on Falgun 23, 1872 BS (March 4, 1816 AD)
This treaty is known as the Sugauli Treaty.
The war that broke out between Nepal and British East India Company in 1814 AD is
called the Anglo-Nepal War. The war was continued for two years in which Nepalese
warriors fought bravely against the British soldiers. The major causes of this war
have been described below:
1. Natural Cause
Nepal is a beautiful country with suitable conditions for human settlement. The
British came from a cold place, so they were searching for the same types of places of
climatic condition to run their administration in India. But the Government of Nepal
prohibited the entry of foreigners in Nepal.
2. Economic Cause
The British with imperialistic policy wanted to maintain trade relations with
Tibet via Nepal’s route. They could get sufficient raw materials for industry and would
boost up economy more strongly. The forest in Nepal with strong trunk can be used
for making ship and railway track. They wanted to get as much medicinal herbs as
possible from Nepal.
3. Political Cause
Bhimsen Thapa wanted to chase away the British not only from India but from
the whole Asia. He had appealed Punjab, Gwalior and Maratha to unite against the
British imperialism. He was increasing weapons and providing trainings to soldiers.
The trainers were hired from France.
Moreover, the defeated kings of the Baise and the Chaubise Rajyas provoked the
British General to attack in the hope of regaining their lost territory. They used to
pass secret information to the British East India Company.
4. Immediate Cause
The two places Butwal and Syuraj were used by Palpa in the condition of paying
land revenue annually. These two places belong to Nawab Bazir of Avadh in India.
During the unification, Palpa was annexed to Nepal’s territory in 1863 BS. Thus
Nepal annexed Butwal and Shivaraj into the Nepalese territory and stopped paying
taxes too. After conquering, the East India Company also claimed Butwal and Syuraj
on their own.
261 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Governor-General Lord Hasting sent a threatening letter with an ultimatum of 25
days to evacuate the place. Bhimsen Thapa did not respond to the letter, the East
st
India Company declared war against Nepal on 1 November 1814. Actually, the
British forces entered Nepal 8 days before the declaration of war. If they wanted,
it could be solved peacefully through table talk and negotiation. It proves that the
Britishers wanted an issue to declare a war. Brave Nepalese warriors fought till their
end but unfortunately war couldn’t go in favour of Nepal.
Nepal had to sign one sided treaty in Sugauli in a humiliating manner. It was signed
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on Falgun 23, 1872 (March 4, 1816) and returned 1/3 of the total territory annexed
to Nepal.
Consequences of the Anglo-Nepal War
1. Nepal had to sign the Sugauli Treaty in a humiliating condition.
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2. Nepal had to lose its 1/3 territory.
3. The recruitment of Nepalese people into the British army
4. Beginning of conspiracy within the palace and the end of Nepal’s expansion
5. The British ambassador time and again interfered in the internal affairs of
Nepal in spite of objection made by Nepal from time to time.
Activity
Discuss the Sugauli Treaty in your class.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand the Anglo-Nepal war? When did it break out?
2. What were the natural, economic and political causes of the Anglo-Nepal war?
3. “Bhimsen Thapa was not scared of the threat given by the British. He was brave
and courageous.” Justify the statement.
4. Write an editorial for a national daily newspaper explaining the causes of the
Anglo-Nepal war.
5. What were the consequences of the Anglo-Nepal war? Make a list.
Community Work
Visit your community and take an interview with elderly people about the history of
ethnicity of community.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 262
Lesson Contribution of Gallant Warriors in
7.7
the Anglo-Nepal War
FACTS Father of Bhimsen Thapa was Amar Singh Thapa
to Understand and Father of Amar Singh Thapa was Bhim Singh
Thapa, but they are not connected to each other.
Many Nepalese warriors fought very bravely against the British soldiers. There were
many Gallant warriors who fought till their end to protect the sovereignty of the
nation. Among them Balabhadra Kunwar, Amar Singh Thapa, Bhakti Thapa made
their enemy surprise through their bravery. Here, we are going to discuss these
warriors.
Balabhadra Kunwar
Balabhadra Kunwar took the command of Fort
of Kalanga, which was constructed in the place
called Nalapani in Mussoorie at an altitude
of 600 feet. He had to defend the area with
limited soldiers of around 600 troops. From the
British side major Gillespie and Colonel Maubi
were advancing to capture the Khalanga Fort
with 3500 soldiers, 11 cannons and many guns
and rifles. They were divided into 4 groups to
surround the Fort from all sides and attack at
once.
Major General Sir Robert Rolls Gillespie sent a Balabhadra Kunwar
letter to Balabhadra a night before the attack.
In his letter, Gillespie asked Balabhadra Kunwar to surrender, to which Balabhadra
Kunwar replied, “I am not in the habit of reading a letter at midnight. I will meet
Gillespie soon.” Saying this he tore the letter. Next morning the English troops
attacked and fired cannon balls at the fort. The Nepalese troops from the other side
responded with guns, stones, bricks, arrows and logs. The women and children fought
very bravely. Lieutenant Ellis who was leading the British troops was hit by a bullet
fired from the Nepalese soldiers and was killed. The British soldiers were depressed
by the Nepalese attack. This made Major Gillespie start marching to the fort with a
gun in one hand and sword in the other. As he was trying to climb up the wall of the
fort, he was also killed in the battle field by a bullet fired by the Nepalese soldiers. A
total of 266 soldiers lost their lives from the side of the British. They could not sustain
for long so fled to Dehradun. After having defeated the English, Balabhadra Kunwar
sent a letter to Kathmandu and appealed for more reinforcement. But the troop from
Nahan which had come for help were blocked on the way by the English troops.
263 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
After much preparation under colonel Maubi, the English troops attacked the fort
of Khalanga for the second time. The Nepalese troops counter attacked with stone,
rocks, guns, logs and domestic weapons too. Even English captain Mensitart and
Princep praised the bravery showed by the Nepalese women in the war. They even
tried to cover the holes in their body made by the cannon ball and fought with their
enemy. Failing to defeat the Nepalese force through direct attack, Maubi adopted the
strategy of trick.
The English troops surrounded the fort from all sides and cut off the water supply
and fired upon the women carrying water. The limited water stored in 115 pitchers
were also damaged in the battle. As a result many soldiers started dying for water.
Nepalese troop found impossible to survive in the fort due to no water and the odour
of dead bodies lying in the fort. The remaining men and women came out of the fort,
leaving it forever to quench their thirst and to get rid of bad odours of the dead bodies.
They quenched their thirst from a nearby river and made their way to another fort of
Jitgadh for its security amidst heavy firing from the British soldiers.
While leaving the fort Balabhadra Kunwar said at the loud voice, "it was impossible
for you to have victory over the fort, but I leave it on my own accord". The British
were stunned and started praising Balabhadra Kunwar and his handful soldiers. The
even erected stones in memory and bravery of Balabhadra Kunwar and his soldiers.
The inscription that describes “This is inscribed as a tribute of respect for our gallant
adversary, Babudder (Balabhadra) commander of the fort and his brave Gorkhas”.
Captain Princep and Captain Vansittart praised the bravery showed by Nepalese
women in the war in their book.
Amar Singh Thapa
Amar Singh Thapa was the son of Bagh Bhim
Singh Thapa. He got the title of Bada Kaji
after the death of his father in the battle of
Palanchowk. Bada Kaji Amar Singh Thapa
played an important role at the time of the victory
of Baise and Chaubise States and extension of
Nepal’s boundary up to Sutlej. He was entrusted
the responsibility of operation of the war in the
west including Kamau and Gadhwal. He was
also known as the “Living Lion of Nepal”. He was
the Bada Kaji General of the Nepalese forces of
the western from in the Anglo-Nepal War. Sir Amar Singh Thapa
David Ochterloney was the commander from
English side. He made Malaun fort at Ramgadh. He fought very bravely against the
British to protect the fort. His major achievement was the attack on several places in
western states of Nepal like Jumla, Doti, Kumaon, Gadhwal, Dehradun, Shrinagar,
Nalagadh, Taragadh, Champa, etc. A year before the war, his son had even made
sworn-fried with the son of Major General Ochterlony. So Ochterlony attempted to
lure him for sideing and surrender instead he’ll get respectable position in British
East India but refused and prepared for war.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 264
As Nepal was defeated in the war in other places, he had no alternative except to
surrender or sue for peace after receiving the news of defeat of the Nepalese soldiers.
Thus, he had to sign the Sugauli Treaty and handover Malaun fort to the British. He
was very much depressed by the defeat in the war and humiliating the Sugauli Treaty
and left the armed force and went to Gosaikunda, became an ascetic and lived there
till his last breath.
The English men praised his valour, even after his death. He obtained extraordinary
courage and sacrifice his life for the sake of the country.
Bhakti Thapa
Bhakti Thapa was chieftain (Mukhiya): born and
brought up in Lamjung. He was an army officer in
the troop of the king of Lamjung, Kehari Narayan
Singh and had fought against Gorkha on his
behalf. Later, he joined Gorkha army and took part
in the unification campaign during the Regency of
Rajendra Laxmi and Bahadur Shah, Participating
against Baise and Chaubise Rajya. He took the
responsibility to defend Deuthal Fort from the
British soldiers. It was just one kilometre away
from Malaun Fort. The English attacked Malaun
fort. The English attacked Malaun fort and Bhakti
Thapa went to help Amar Singh Thapa. In the Bhakti Thapa
meantime, the English captured Deuthal. To freed
Deuthal, Bhakti Thapa fought with the British
with a sword in hand. The British troop firing bullets were pouring shells on him,
but he was not frightened. At last, bullet hit him on his chest, ultimately he died. He
fought very bravely it was applauded by his enemy too. His dead body was covered
with a shawl and with military honour handed over to Amar Singh Thapa. He showed
his courage and bravery at the age of 70 years which has also become a source of
inspiration.
Bam Shah
Bam Shah was the administrator of Kumaon. He was appointed by Prime Minister
Bhimsen Thapa during the Anglo-Nepal War. He was appointed in Almoda in
Kumaon in the western fort and had strongly defended the fort and its surroundings.
The British Army attacked Almoda under the command of Edward Garderner. The
Nepalese troops continuously fought for four days under the command of Bam Shah.
The additional Nepalese troops arrived from Kathmandu under the command of
Hastidal Shahi but the troop was surrounded by the British forces near Almoda. As
a result, Bam Shah and his troop did not get extra support and surrendered on April
28, 1815. Then they evacuated Kumaon. British sent the proposal to Bam Shah to
join the British army but he strongly refused them. In this way Bam Shah’s loyalty,
commitment and sacrifice to defend the sovereignty of Nepal and the Nepalese is an
ever inspiring example in the history of Nepal.
265 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Ranabir Singh Thapa
Ranabir Singh Thapa was the youngest brother of
Bhimsen Thapa. He was deputed to Makwanpur
to command the Nepalese troop during the Anglo-
Nepal War of BS 1871 (1814 AD). His troops
badly defeated the advancing English troops.
After the Anglo-Nepal War he was appointed
as the administrator of Palpa and General of
Kalibaksh and Sabuj battalion. After some years
of his service, he took retirement and adopted an
ascetic life with the new famous name “Swami
Avayananda”.
Ranabir Singh Thapa
Ujir Singh Thapa
Ujir Singh Thapa was the son of Nayan Singh
Thapa and the grandson of General Amar Singh
Thapa, father of Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa.
Nayan Singh was his second son. After the death
of Amar Singh Thapa, his grandson Ujir Singh
Thapa became the governor of Palpa. He was
deputed to defend Palpa. General Wood was the
British commander of that sector. About 4000
soldiers of the British troops were marching
towards Palpa Via Butwal under the command
of Ujir Singh Thapa. The British force were badly
charged by the Nepalese troops. They drove the
invading forces. Ujir Singh Thapa’s bravery to Ujir Singh Thapa
defend sovereignty will always be remembered
in the history of Nepal.
Ranajor Singh Thapa
In the war of Jaithak fort with the British
soldier, the other side of Mahakali river Ranajor
Singh Thapa took command of 500 soldiers.
The Nepalese soldiers fought so bravely that
1500 soldiers couldn’t capture the fort even in 9
attempts. Nepalese troops defeated them badly
and commanders of the British troops were killed
in the fierce battle.
Ranajor Singh Thapa
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 266
Activity
Discuss the bravery exhibited by Balbhadra Kunwar in the war of Khalanga
Nalapani.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Who were the Gallant warriors participated very actively in the Anglo-Nepal
War? Name them.
2. In what ways we can preserve the memorial stone erected for the bravery of
Balabhadra Kunwar in Nalapani by British East India Company? Write an
editorial to the leading newspaper.
3. Name the commander of Deuthal Fort from Nepal during the Anglo-Nepal War.
4. Describe the role of Bhakti Thapa in the period of the Anglo-Nepal War.
5. “Contribution of Ujir Singh Thapa, Bam Shah, Ranabir Singh Thapa and
Ranajor Singh Thapa were equally important.” Justify the statement.
6. Explain the role of Balabhadra Kunwar in the war against the British soldiers.
Community Work
Take an interview from some renowned personalities of your community. Ask them
about the field of their contribution and what they did to serve the nation and to be
known to others. Prepare a report and present it in your class.
267 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Causes of Rise and Fall of the Rana Regime
7.8
FACTS The real name of Junga Bahadur Rana was Bir
to Understand Narsingh Kunwar. His maternal uncle Mathawar
Singh Thapa kept his name Junga as he was
short-tempered since his childhood. After knowing
the life history of Maharana Pratap Junga Bahadur
got inspiration and took the title 'Rana' and kept
after the name 'Junga Bahadur'. In this way he
became popular by his name Junga Bahadur Rana.
Rise of Rana Regime
The Rana Prime Ministers ruled in Nepal for 104 years. They ruled in Nepal from BS
1903 to 2007. They exercised unlimited power and ruled as a dictator or autocratic
ruler. Some of the major causes of the rise of the Rana rulers are:
1. Political Instability
After the demise of Prithvi Narayan Shah, his son Pratap Singh Shah ascended
the throne. But he ruled only after two years nine months and he died. So, his son
Rana Bahadur Shah, at the age of two years and five months became the king.
This situation created the requirement of a regent to rule the kingdom on behalf of
the king. Later, in the ruling period of king Rajendra, queen Rajendra Laxmi and
Bahadur Shah (youngest son of Prithvi Narayan Shah) rule in Nepal as a regent. But
they didn't have good relationship. This situation was created political instability
and the courtiers were divided into various groups such as Pandey, Thapa, Basnet
and Brahmins. The differences between two queens of Rajendra, Samrajya Laxmi,
the elder queen and Rajya Laxmi, the youngest queen was increased. Thapas were
in support of the younger queen whereas Pandeys supported the elder queen. This
situation gave rise to conspiracies, murder, conflict among the people for the power in
the royal palace. So, Junga Bahadur took opportunity from the political instability.
2. Series of Murder
After the murder of Mathwar Singh Thapa, Chautariya Fatte Jung became the
prime minister of Nepal. However, Gagan singh Khawas was the most powerful person
in the court because he was the favourite person of the queen Rajya Laxmi. On the
st
night of 31 Bhadra, 1903 BS, Gagan Singh was mysteriously murdered. On the same
night there was an assembly to find out the murder. That murder turned out into the
court massacre popularly known as the Kot Parva, followed by the Bhandarkal Parva
and the Alau Parva.
3. Three Massacres (Parvas)
a. Kot Parva
The Kot Parva was the immediate cause of the rise of Junga Bahadur Rana to
the power. The main cause of Kot Parva was the murder of Gagan Singh Khawas on
Bhadra 31,1903.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 268
Enlarged with anger, the queen ordered all the courtiers, military and civil officials,
nobels to assemble at the Kot to find out the murderers. They came unarmed but
Junga Bahadur managed himself with full of arms and ammunition. When the
investigation started, brothers of Junga Bahadur spread the rumour that Abhiman
Singh Basnet killed Gagan Singh Khawas. The queen immediately ordered to capture
him, then Abhiman Singh shouted, “Junga is the murderer of Gagan Singh Khawas.”
After hearing so, Junga Bahadur gave signal to his brothers to shoot Abhiman Singh,
the army General of the royal palace. Then after, they killed all the enemies one by
one in this massacre more than 25 officials including Prime Minister Fatte Jung and
General Abhiman Singh Bashet were killed and more than 600 were exiled. Junga
Bahadur was appointed as commander in chief of army after the massacre.
b. Bhandarkhal Parva
On Kartik 17, 1903 BS Bhandarkhal Parva occurred when queen Rajya Laxmi
asked him to do favour for making her son Ranendra, the king, instead of Surendra
the legitimate crown Prince, Junga Bahdur refused the proposal. Queen was shocked
and angry. She decided to kill him by giving poison in his food. So she arranged a feast
at the honour of Junga Bahadur Rana on Kartik 17, 1903 BS at Bhandarkhal garden
of Basantapur palace. About 40 hidden gunmen were ready to shot him.
Junga Bahadur came to know about this conspiracy from the priest Bijay Raj. Thus
he went to Bhandarkhal with 6 battalions and kill all the remaining enemies. In this
massacre more than 23 people were killed along with Birdhoj Basnet, Wazir Singh
and Man Singh Basnet. The queen was accused of murder and was exiled to Banaras.
King Rajendra also followed her.
4. Alau Parva
Junga Bahadur declared Surendra as the king and himself as the prime
minister. The king Rajendra tries to take revenge upon Junga Bahadur. He came
with 2000 soldiers to regain his lost throne. Knowing the plan, Junga Bahadur sent
the old Gorkha battalion under the leadership of Sanak Singh.
They attacked each other in Alau, near Birgunj on Shrawan 13, 1904 BS. The troops
of Rajendra was badly defeated and king and queen were kept under house arrest at
Bhaktapur palace. After this massacre Junga Bahadur Rana became the powerful
ruler of the country.
Marital Relations with The Royal Family
Junga Bahadur married the sister of Fatte Jung. He got Surendra married to the
daughter of his brother, Krishna Bahadur. His two sons, Jagat Jung and Jeet Jung
were married to the daughters of king Surendra and his own daughters were married
to Crown Prince Trailokya. This relationship of marriage not only enhanced his glory
but also made him powerful Prime Minister.
269 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
th
Royal Seal of 24 Shrawan 1913
King Surendra became the ceremonial king only. He became the puppet in the hand
of Junga Bahadur. The king Surendra awarded the title of Shree Teen Maharaja of
Kaski and Lamjung to Junga Bahadur on Shrawan 24, 1913. He, then could exercise
very important executive powers including appointment and dismissal of officials,
infliction of punishment and formulation of laws.
Downfall of Rana Regime
Ranas were highly autocratic dictator. They ruled in Nepal for 104 years. There were
many causes of their downfall. They are given below:
1. Family Feud
In the life time Junga Bahadur Rana, many attempts were made to oust him
from the power but they all were in vain. After his death, Ranodop became the prime
minister who was childless. The 1938’s Parva and 1942’s Parva (Massacre) gave a
new turn in the history of the Rana rule. The sons of Dhir Shumsher assassinated
Ranodip and the sons of Junga Bahadur and the role of succession went to the lineage
of Dhir Shumsher Chandra Shumsher conspired and dismissed Dev Shumsher from
the power of premiership. Thus, there were full of clashes, quarrels and conflicts
among the kith and kin.
2. Exclusion of 'C' Class Ranas
Chandra Shumsher initiated the division of class within the Rana family on the
basis of marriage. They were categorized into A, B and C classes and initiated fraction
among the Ranas. This action planted the sense of dissatisfaction and animosity
among the Rana family members. Juddha Shumsher not only abolished 'C' class
Ranas from the succession but also banished them from the country. This made the
'C' Class Ranas opponent of the Rana Regime and supported anti Rana movements
and helped to bring the Rana rule to an end.
Anti-Rana Movement
The Anti-Rana movement germinated right from the time of Junga Bahadur Rana.
After the end of First World War, the Anti-Rana voices were raised in an unorganized
way but Chandra Shumsher suppressed them. Chandra Shumsher also suppressed
the activities of Arya Samaj, Makai Parva, etc. After BS 1987 Charkha Pracharak
Samiti, Prachanda Gorkha, Mahabir School, Library Episode, Parja Parisad, Jayatu
Sanskritum were some examples of Anti-Rana movements. People became more aware
of their rights and these movements encouraged people to fight against the Rana
rule. The execution of four martyrs Shukra Raj Shastri, Dharma Bhakta Mathema,
Gangalal Shrestha and Dasarath Chand added fuel to the fire or revolution.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 270
Abdication of Throne by King Tribhuwan and Armed
Revolution
When king Tribhuwan left the throne and went to India to take political asylum
in Kartik 2007, the Anti-Rana Movement reached its climax. Nepali congress Party
launched and armed revolution against the Rana rule in BS 2007. The Rana could
not continue their regime. The 104-year old Rana regime came to an end in Nepal
th
after the proclamation of democracy on 7 Falgun 2007 (February 19, 1950), which
was eventually declared after tripartite agreement among king Tribhuwan, Nepali
Congress and the Rana in Delhi.
Activity
Draw a timeline on rise of the Rana regime and present it in your class.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Explain the causes of rise of the Rana regime.
2. How long did the Ranas rule in Nepal?
3. What were the Parvas? Explain the series of three Parvas which made Junga
Bahadur Rana as a powerful dictator.
4. What causes the failure of the Rana regime? Explain them in details.
5. King Tribhuwan abdicated throne in BS 2007 to support Armed Revolution.
How did it contribute to the establishment of democracy? Explain.
Community Work
There might be people in your community that they knew many things about peoples
Mass Movement I in BS 2046. Ask the socio-political condition of that time and write
a report on the basis of your interview.
271 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Achievement of the Rana Period
7.9
FACTS Chandra Shumsher spent 36 Lakh rupees to emancipate
to Understand more than 50 thousand slaves and made laws against
enslaving people. He started railway from Amlekhgunj
to Raxaul.
Ranarchy was continued in Nepal for 104 years, started from Junga Bahadur Rana
and ended with Mohan Shumsher. Altogether 9 Rana Prime Ministers ruled over the
country. They were well known for autocracy and dictatorship. All Rana Prime Ministers
centralized power to themselves. All the higher posts ranging from civil service to
military service was occupied by the Ranas. They legalized their rule as a family rule
by limiting everything among their family members. The development work was very
slow and it was carried out for themselves only. But unknowingly they became the
pathfinder of future development and further development. Some of the socio-economic
and administrative reforms made during the Rana regime are given below:
Social Achievements
Nepalese society was traditional, conservative and orthodox, where many evil customs
existed. Child marriage, unequal age marriage, mismatched marriage, polygamy,
caste discrimination, gender inequality were very common. In such situation some
social reforms brought were praiseworthy.
Junga Bahadur Rana enforced the first written code of law, Muluki Ain (civil code) in
BS 1910 after returning from England to bring legal uniforms in the country. Junga
Bahadur tried to eradicate 'Sati System' but could not achieve success. He declared
the parental property to the unmarried daughter who attained the age of 35 years
and above.
Chandra Shumsher legally eliminated the Sati System in BS 1977 and the Slavery
System in BS 1981. He declared Slave trade illegal and punishable by law. He took the
initiative to resettle the freed slaves at Bhikshakhori, which is popularly known as
Amlekhgunj means Land of Freedom. Widow remarriage was also legally permitted.
Junga Bahadur Rana introduced modern education system in the country in BS 1910.
Bir Shumsher established Bir Hospital, Bir dhara, Bir library, Singha Durbar Baidhya
Khana, Dev Shumsher established more than 100 language schools, published Gorkha
Patra in BS 1958. Dev Shumsher declared Saturday as a public holiday. Chandra
Shumsher established Tri-Chandra college in BS 1975. Padma Shumsher established
school for girls and encouraged women education. He established Padma Kanya
School for girls. Juddha Shumsher established Teku Hospital, schools along with the
SLC board in BS 1990. Despite the reformation social evils such as untouchability,
child marriage, bigamy, mismatch marriage, etc. existed in the Nepalese society.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 272
Economic Achievement
Agriculture was given more priority during the Rana regime. Traditionally, agriculture
was the backbone of Nepalese economy. Junga Bahadur introduced diversification in
agriculture and introduced tea plantation in Ilam. Chandra Shumsher constructed
Chandra Nahar, the first irrigation canal in Nepal in the Trijuga river in Saptari.
Similarly Juddha Shumsher constructed Juddha Nahar (canal) at Manusmara River
in Rautahat for the development of agriculture. The first hydropower project was
established in Pharping with the capacity of 500 KW during the time of Chandra
Shumsher. Electricity generation brought reforms in economy of the country. Juddha
Shumsher also established hydropower station in Sundarijal. Juddha Shumsher
established industries like Biratnagar Jute Mill, Juddha Match Factory, etc. For his
contribution to establish industries, he is known as the Father of Industries. The
economic condition of Nepal was very strong at that time. There was trade relations
with Tibet, India and Europe. Nepalese raw materials were very popular in Europe.
Administrative Achievements
Ranas made several administrative reforms. Junga Bahadur Rana established Ain
Khana and Kaushal Adda to frame law, Muluki Khana to collect taxes or revenue,
Jaisi Kotha for foreign relations with Tibet, China and India. Postal service started for
governmental purpose. The Ranas continued Pajani System, the annual appointment
or dismissal of the officials as to make the officials loyal to the Ranas.
The country was divided into 35 districts during Juddha Shumsher. The Ranas
introduced Daudaha System (visitor system) to listen to the complaints of the common
people and to check the leakage of revenue. There were 9 members in the team of
Daudaha but the chief of the team would be a Rana.
The governing system was fully centralized and the law was the order of Shree
Teen Maharaj (the Rana Prime Minister). Dev Shumsher was very liberal Prime
Minister. He tried to introduce parliamentary System of Government. Padma
Shumsher introduced the first constitution of Nepal in BS 2004, though it couldn’t be
implemented.
In this way despite of being autocratic Ranas brought many reforms in the country.
Activity
Discuss the reforms brought by Rana Prime ministers still exist in the society.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. “Although the Ranas were autocratic ruler and highly dictators but they brought
many reforms in the country”. Justify the statement.
273 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
2. Who abolished Sati and Slavery System and when?
3. Which Rana Prime Minister divided Nepal into 35 districts?
4. Explain the social reforms brought by Chandra Shumsher.
5. Describe the administrative achievements of the Rana regime.
6. Complete the following table:
Rana Prime Ministers Achievements Social Impacts
7. Identify the pictures of the Ranas and write their names.
Community Work
Write a biography of a personality who brought some reforms in your community.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 274
Lesson
7.10 Industrial Revolution and Its Impact
FACTS 1. The first machine invented during industrial Revolution
to Understand was Flying Shuttle in 1743 AD by John Kay. It was
invented to weave cotton in a wooden frame.
2. The Industrial Revolution was another of those
extraordinary jumps forward in the story of civilization.
- Stephen Gardiner
There was tremendous progress that took place in the field of industries in England in
th
th
the late of the 18 and early of the 19 centuries. Before the advent of the Industrial
Revolution, most of the people resided in small, rural communities where people were
involved in agriculture to meet their daily needs. The life was difficult, insufficient
full of disease and malnutrition. People used to produce things manually to fulfill
their necessities.
In due course of time different machines were invented to use in production of goods.
These machines were operated by power and produced goods more in quantities than
the manual work. The beginning of the use of machines in producing goods is called
Industrial Revolution. It was the revolutionary act which enhanced the production
as well as growth in economy. After the Industrial Revolution agricultural country,
England changed into an Industrial Country.
Some revolutionary acts in industries were the use of steam power, the growth of
factories, the division of labours and the mass production rather than the low
production. In fact, the Industrial Revolution was “the transformation in the methods
of production and transportation through the general substitution of power driver
machinery for hand labour”. England was the centre of the revolution due to its
location, surrounded by sea, rivers to generate electricity and it was rich in coal, iron
and sufficient amount of raw materials from agriculture.
Textile
Cottage industries based on wool, cotton, iron, coals were predominant in England
before the Industrial Revolution. In such cottage industries women, men and children
were employed. Agriculture was their primary occupation whereas cottage industries
were the secondary occupation. Frequent war in Europe demanded more weapons
and cloths for uniform. Due to colonization market was extended and demand was
high but the supply was low. Thus, the requirement of high functioning machines
encouraged the inventions of new technology in Europe. To promote cotton clothes in
England, import of clothes were strictly prohibited according to the Act of 1700 AD.
So cotton textile flourished more. Cotton clothes and Linen clothes had high demand
in England, South America, West Indies, Africa, etc.
Spinning wheels were used until 1743 AD. The thread spun by 10 persons became
sufficient for just to one weaver. Therefore, there appeared shortage of cotton thread
to weaver. So in 1743, John Kay, a weaver invented a flying Shuttle, which could work
double and marked the use of machine in factory and began the period of Industrial
275 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Revolution. In 1764, James Hargreaves developed spinning Jenny which was named
after his wife, could run 8 spinning wheels at time. Spinning Jenny brought rapid
change in spinning thread but did not affect much on the practice of cottage industries.
Ark Wright invented water Frame spinning Machines in 1769 AD, which could be run
by water force or even by animals. This helped to raise large factories in place of cotton
factories. Samuel Crompton developed Mule on the basis of Jenny and Water Frame
from which better quality threads were produced. Now, there were enough thread but
the number of weaver was less as weaving was still done by manual labour.
In 1784, power loom was invented by Edmund Cartwright, which could be run by
water force but it was limited to cotton textile only. So water force was used both in
spinning and weaving. It brought a great change in production of clothes.
In dry season water force was not enough when the river would have less water.
When James Watt invented steam engine, the problem was solved. The steam power
was not limited to spinning and weaving but also used in industries, transportation
and press house.
Inventions and Innovations
When engine was invented, iron and coal were highly required to make engines and to
operate them. In 1760 coal was used to mould iron. In 1779 the first iron bridge was
constructed and the first ship was made in 1790. The safety lamp was made in 1837
to work in the coal mine.
Now the large quantity of goods were produced and there was the problem of marketing
of the products, raw materials, iron and coal that made necessary to invent the means
of transportation and communication.
Transport and Communication
John Macdom introduced the idea of road construction. In 1807 ships were used.
th
George Stephenson made train engine on 25 July, 1814 and train in 1825 Benjamin
Franklin invented electricity and Morsey invented the telegraph in 1837. Similarly,
Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Michael Faraday invented the electric
bulb in 1831 and Marcony invented the Radio and the wireless in 1895. These
inventions led to great revolution in the field of transportation and communication
which accelerated the pace of industrialization.
Effects of Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution had several over arching and long term effects on human life.
Some of the effects of Industrial Revolution are given below:
1. Revolution in Agriculture
The traditional and subsistence farming was changed into scientific and
commercial farming. Advanced tools, technologies, improved seeds, insecticides and
pesticides were used for better yielding cash crops, food crops, hybrid plantation,
fodders for animals and improved races of livestock were equally prioritized.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 276
2. Advanced Science and Technology
Development of means of transportation and communication and science and
technology made the life easier, faster and comfortable.
3. Transformation of Village into Cities
When the industries and factories established in rural areas it increased
employment opportunity. It brought development of infrastructures. So gradually the
rural areas turned into the urban areas.
4. Gap between the Rich and the Poor
A few people, owners of the industries became billionaires and large population
lived under extreme poverty due to the low wages. It gives rise to capitalist class and
labour class, class struggle begun. The concept of trade union emerged.
5. Trade Competition and Rise of Imperialism
Britain was the leading industrial country. Other countries too started producing
goods in mass quantity in low tariffs. The easy accessibility of manufactured goods
increases. It created competition in trade. It also increased the demand of new market
to sell their products. Thus the industrialized countries started political hegemony
upon the non-industrialized nation. It later on led to imperialism and colonialism.
Activity
Collect all the dates and event of Industrial Revolution from the book and write
in your char paper.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is Industrial Revolution?
2. How did the Industrial Revolution start?
3. Why did Industrial Revolution start from England? Give reason.
4. Compose a dialogue between two persons describing the effects of the Industrial
Revolution on human life.
5. How did Industrial Revolution promote agriculture?
6. The effect of Industrial Revolution was negative too. Think and give answers.
Community Work
Visit a factory and try to know if it has trade union working for the welfare of the labourers.
Prepare a questionnaire to interview the labourers of the factory and prepare a report on it.
277 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Genealogy
7.11
FACTS “A Personal journey is part of the generation relay.
to Understand Live your legacy then pass it on.”
- Jo Ann V. Glim
The word 'Genealogy' is derived from 'Genea' which means generation and 'logos'
means the knowledge. The knowledge of generation is the etymological meaning
of genealogy. It is the study of family history. A person who studies and prepares
genealogy is called a genealogist. While studying about the family history, they use
historical records, oral interviews, genetic analysis, etc. It can be figured out in a tree
chart too.
Importance of Genealogy
Genealogy is very important to know the family history. It is a passion, hobby,
curiosity or an obsession for the people. Some of the points that show importance of
genealogy are given below:
1. It recognizes or valids that the family stories about someone’s ancestors are true.
2. It determines genealogical proof of a family connections for potential heirs.
3. It settles the questions of land ownership by providing proof of descent.
4. It finds out whether a person is connected to someone famous or common
ancestors, or related to which sages like Basistha, Atri, Upamanyu, etc.
5. It clears the risk of getting certain medical conditions that tend to run in
families. Suppose in a family if there is a diabetic patient then it can transform
genetically to other generations.
6. It helps to find out the parents in case of loss or adoption.
7. It helps the Research Scholars to study about anyone’s family lineage.
8. It develops a sense of responsibility to preserve the past for the future generation
and sense of self-satisfaction in accurate story telling.
Family Tree
A family tree depicts the family’s lineage on a tree chart. It is interesting to know the
family record. It helps to know the origin of family or where we came from, or trace
the ancestry. It keeps the free record. Genealogists find easy to do DNA Test to find
the lost family. Family Tree DNA has the most comprehensive ancestry data base in
the world.
Case Study Raghav is studying in class 9. His teacher asked his class to prepare a family
tree. At first he was confused that how to make a family tree. He asked
his father then father suggested him the better option, ask his grandfather.
Grandfather easily solved his problem. He made his family tree like this.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 278
Khusmana
Raghav
Bharat
Satish Damber Kumari
Kamala
A family tree of
Raghava (Grandfather)
Udaya Chandra
Activity
Prepare a family tree of your own and paste it on displayboard of your classroom.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by genealogy?
2. “History remembers only the celebrated, genealogy remembers them all.”
Justify the statement.
3. What is the importance of family tree or genealogy? Mention in points.
4. What kind of research work is necessary to prepare a tree chart? Explain.
Community Work
In the field work activity visit at least five families of your community and prepare their
family tree and display on your display-board.
279 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson
7.12 Our Ancestors: Our Pride
FACTS “The desires to fly is an idea handed down to us by
to Understand our ancestors who looked enviously on the birds
soaring freely through space……… on the infinite
highway of the air.”
- Wilbur Wright
An ancestor or forefather is a parent or grandparent, great grandparents who lived
before us. They are the one from whom one is descended. Ancestors handed down our
culture, tradition and all the system of the family, community and the society from
one generation to another.
Nepal is a very rich country in its fundamental and original art, culture, tradition
and lifestyle. This uniqueness is inherited by our ancestors in the past. They gave
guidelines to the younger generation to follow it. There are many things that have
been handed down from one generation to another. Some of them are discussed in
this lesson.
Uniqueness in Culture
Nepal is unique in many factors. The cultural uniqueness, variation in terms of religion
but maintained tolerance in practice. According to census BS 2068, 125 ethnic groups
are living in the country following different cultures. These practices are transformed
to new generations by the old generations. They are adopting cultures and traditions
along with the adoption of science and technologies, actions and thoughts.
Different Periods of History
The Nepalese history has been divided into three distinct divisions, i.e. the Ancient
period, the Medieval Period and the Modern Period. All the periods are unique and
special among themselves. The Nepalese lifestyle, art, craft, culture, tradition, etc. The
traditional arts, culture and valuable heritages and properties of the new generation.
They have adopted everything from their past history. The new generation feel proud
on the unique culture and tradition of our ancestors and learn to preserve, protect and
promote as well as develop them according to the developing situation of the society
without losing the identity and our originality.
Caste Division
According to Hinduism the traditional Nepalese Society was divided into four
major castes. They are the Brahmins, the Chhetris, the Vaishysas and the Sudras.
There were no discrimination among the castes. As the caste division was made
according to the religion on which people followed. So people were very happy to be in
different castes.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 280
people of different castes
Later on caste division was made much wider based on occupation and people got their
surname according to their occupation. For example, Bhandari - The storekeeper,
Vaidhya - Doctor, Joshi - related to the astrology, etc. In this situations too people
were very happy to come under different castes because their occupations would be
identified and respected by the state.
Cultural Practices
different religions and cultures
The cultural practices were highly flourished during the ancient period and practiced
during the medieval period and followed the same in the modern society. The ancient
society was very rich in culture. All the cultural practises started from the ancient
period like to celebrate Dashain and Tihar, Nwaran, Pasni, death rituals, etc. The
same practices followed by medieval society and started more culture to follow. For
example, Pusawan (worshipping the ancestors as god), Chudakarma (Bratabandha),
Shriphal Bibaha (Ihi), Chaurasi Puja, Junko, funeral Procession, etc. are still practiced
in the modern society.
Customs and Lifestyles
marriage bratabandha
Our ancestors develop their own practice. They practised to say Namaste, bowing
their heads to parents, using right hand while eating, worship Deities by facing
towards east, enchanting mantras while worshipping gods and goddesses. This gave
rise to different lifestyles and uniqueness in the world.
281 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Social and Religious Practices
There are many special social practices and religious practices are found in the
Nepalese society. The daily life has highly influenced and guided by religious belief.
Social harmony and religious tolerance is maintained from the time immemorial.
Social norms are developed, which considered Guest as a god (Atithi Devo Bhswa),
help to needy people, respect parents and elders and love juniors, Teachers are
considered as Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwor (Guru Brahma, Guru Vishnu, Guru
Devo Maheshwora, Guru Sakshyat Para Brahma, Tashmai Shree Guruve Namah)
The economic activities depend on Bartar System. People constructed various temples,
Gumbas, Paatis, Pauwas, etc. The art and architectures, paintings and sculptures
were developed from the ancient period and followed by the present generation too. The
artistic architectures like temples, palaces, monuments, made by our ancestors are
still our pride and identity. However, many heritages are destroyed like Dharahara,
Many temples in Durbar Squares, etc. by devastating earthquake of Baisakh 12,
2072. The dedication and determination of Nepalese people the reconstruction work is
going on. People are determined to come back from the pain given by the devastating
earthquake 2072.
Occupation and Education
The main occupation of people is
agriculture, since the ancient period.
They used to produce various crops. Rice,
wheat, maize, etc. were the staple food
land distribution was unequal. Jamindari
a System was highly practised. There was
huge gap between rich and the poor people.
Occupations other than agriculture was
rarely practised. Different communities
have established their own organization
for their welfare, like Bheja, Guthi, etc.
Gurukul Education System
Gurukul Education System was in practice
in which education was imparted through
religious scripts like the Ramayan, the Mahabharat, the Geeta, the Vedas, the
Upanishad, etc. Buddhism followers used to go to Gumbas or monasteries. Similarly,
Madarasa is an educational institution to impart education for Muslim people.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 282
Judicial System
Our ancestors followed judicial system based on
religious practice in the society. Rulers were the
followers of Hinduism. So, it was mainly guided
by the Hinduism. There were not fair judicial
system during ancient period. The judgement were
influenced by the castes also. Comparison to the
other castes the Brahmins used to get very low
degree of punishment.
The system as abolished by Gorkhali king Ram
Shah. Although his judicial System was also
influenced by Hindu religion but he introduced
the fair judicial system. The proverb became very
popular about judicial system of Ram shah that
“Nyaya Napaye Gorkha Jaanu” (If you are deprived
of justice, go to Gorkha). To decide the criminal
cases, there were various posts from the local level to the royal court. It was working
very effective. Power was decentralized among the different authority. Subjects were
very happy with their king.
Activity
Discuss the unique cultures of Nepalese society based on different castes and
religions.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Who are our ancestors?
2. “Our ancestors are our guide or leaders”. Justify the statement.
3. What were the caste division based on Hinduism? Name them.
4. Describe the uniqueness of Nepalese culture.
5. How were the judicial system practised in the past? Who did judicial reform?
Community Work
Visit your community and try to know about the contribution of our ancestors for the
development of your local area. Then write a report on it.
283 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Review Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand by history? Why is history very essential?
Explain.
2. What are the various sources of Nepalese history? Name them with
suitable examples.
3. Explain in details the Shakya Dynasty.
4. Who was Gautam Buddha?
5. Why did Siddhartha Gautam leave his palace?
6. What kind of knowledge did Siddhartha Gautam gain after his
enlightenment?
7. Prepare your family tree chart.
8. Why did Prithvi Narayan Shah attack continuously for two times in
Nuwakot?
9. Why did Jayanta Rana kill so brutally by the Gorkhali soldiers?
10. How was the condition of Nepal before the unification campaign?
11. Explain the political obstacles and financial obstacles during unification
campaign. How did Prithvi Narayan Shah solve the problems?
12. In what ways were the Gorkhalese benefited from the victory over
Nuwakot?
13. What were the main causes behind the Anglo-Nepal War?
14. Why did Butwal and Syuraj become the immediate cause of the
Anglo-Nepal War?
15. 'Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa was a brave son of a brave father'.
Explain the statement in the form of a letter to your friend
highlighting his bravery, boldness and courage and patriotism.
16. Prepare an editorial for a nationality daily newspaper mentioning
the causes of the Anglo-Nepal War.
17. How did British soldiers praise the bravery of Balabhadra Kunwar?
18. Write a letter to the editor of the Kantipur daily, requesting for
necessary preservation of the erected stones in the memory of brave
Nepalese soldiers by the British soldiers during the Anglo-Nepal War.
19. Conduct a speech competition in the class on the topic of 'bravery
shown by the brave Bhakti Thapa in the battle of Deuthal'.
20. Show the major events that led to the rise of the Rana regime in a
timeline.
21. 'The Rana regime is considered a dark age in the history of Nepal'.
Justify the statement.
22. Explain the reforms made by Rana Prime ministers in different
ruling period.
23. Who are ancestors? How do we get guidance from them?
24. Define industrial revolution. What effects were seen in the society
due to industrial revolution?
25. What is genealogy? Why is it important?
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 284
Unit
8 OUR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
UNIT CONTENTS The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
8.1 Agriculture 286 the unit are to enable students to:
8.2 Modernization and q know the importance, problems and solutions of
Commercialization of agriculture, industry and trade in Nepal
Agriculture 290
8.3 Industry 293 q find out the interrelationship between agriculture,
8.4 Medium and Large Scale industry and trade
Industries 297 q know about modernization and commercialization of
8.5 Trade 301 agriculture
8.6 Structure of Foreign
Trade in Nepal 305 q define industry and its importance
8.7 Trade Diversification in Nepal 307 q find out the problem of foreign trade and their solutions
8.8 Interrelationship between q know the concept of trade diversification in Nepal
Agriculture, Industry and Trade 310
8.9 Economic Planning 313 q explain the economic planning and its advantages
8.10 Contribution of Economic Planning q understand the concept of entrepreneurship
in Poverty Alleviation and q figure out the methods of employment generation and
Promotion of Employment 316 its management
8.11 Entrepreneurship 318
8.12 Job Creation and Its q know the dignity of labour for nation building
Management 320
8.13 Labour 322
Review Questions 326
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit - 8
Total Period(s): 17
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ – – – – – – –
2. SATQ – – 1 1 2 2 x 4 = 8 8x1.8=14.4
3. LATQ 1 1 – – 2 2 x 7 = 14 14x1.8=25.2
Total 1 1 1 1 4 22 22 x1.8=39.6
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q = Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
285 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Agriculture
8.1
FACTS According to the census BS 2068, total
to Understand dependency in agriculture in Nepal is 67% . It has
been reduced from 80.1% in 2058 BS census.
Agriculture is concerned with the cultivation of land, growing cash crops and food
crops, rearing animals for household purposes or commercial purposes. It is the
major economic activity of the world and basic occupation of the underdeveloped and
developing countries as Nepal. The total dependency on agriculture in Nepal is 67%
and the arable land is 18%. The total 17% of land in the Terai is fertile and 1% of the
hilly region including tars, basin, valleys, etc.
The agriculture has contributed about 36% in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It
has an important role in the economic development of the country. Agriculture is the
main foodstuff not only for the human being but also for the animals and poultry.
It also provides necessary raw materials for agro-industries. If modern scientific
agriculture is adopted and it is commercialized, it can help to reduce unemployment
problem and alleviate poverty.
The agriculture is still practised in Nepal in a traditional way. People are using oxen,
ploughs and other traditional agricultural tools. Still the dependency is high but
resources are limited. Therefore, production in Nepal is not sufficient for the growing
population. So foodstuffs are imported from other countries subsistence farming in
Nepal.
There are two ways to carry out farming they are subsistence and commercial farming
and Nepal mainly practices the first one. In subsistence farming, farmers grow crops
for their livelihood only. They use traditional method. Therefore, production is limited
and sometime even not enough to join hand and mouth.
A peasant or farmer grow crops and rear cattle for his own needs. All the family member
engage in farming. Even though making surplus food, earning money and improving
living standard is very difficult for them. Agriculture gives seasonal employment
because farmers depend on monsoon rain only. Almost for about 4 months, farmers
become jobless. This leads to the low PCI (Per Capita Income) in the country.
In commercial farming, agriculture is done mainly for the purpose of selling. So, all
kinds of methods can be used to get better yielding of crops. Instead of manure chemical
fertilizers are used, improved seeds, pesticides for better crop protection from various
diseases, irrigation facilities, crop rotation, soil testing, etc. are done. Commercial
farming is done in a small number in comparison to the traditional farming. Though in
every economic planning, the priority is given to the commercial farming but due to the
various difficulties, still it couldn’t be practiced. The government has become aware and
conscious to give priority as well as implementation of commercial farming.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 286
Importance of Agriculture in Nepal
Agriculture is the primary occupation for all the human beings. Its dependency is
higher in developing countries than the developed countries. So that in terms of
economy also its importance is high in developing countries like Nepal. Some of the
importance of agriculture are given below:
1. Agriculture is the source of foodstuffs not only for the human being but also for
the cattle.
2. It is the main source of national income.
3. The necessary raw materials for the agro-based industries are supplied from
agriculture.
4. The exported agricultural products help to earn foreign currencies.
5. It provides employment to the people.
6. It is the backbone of nation’s economy.
Effort Made by Government
Agriculture is given due priority since the first Five-year Plant (BS 2013). As it is the
primary occupation of the people the growth and development of agriculture is very
essential. So, the government is also bringing a new strategy to develop agriculture.
The traditional way of agriculture is not able to meet the increasing demand of
agricultural products. So, the government of Nepal is going to initiate a long term plan
called “20 years strategies for Agriculture Development” for scientific development of
agriculture. It is very soon launching “patent right” to the farmers. The government
has also launched the programme of “one Village, One Product” for increasing yield
of agriculture for commercial purpose. With the initiation of the government, efforts
are made to provide improved seeds, agricultural tools, insecticides, pesticides, JTA
in agricultural centres, soil testing, crop rotation, easy loan to the farmers, etc. It
is also committed to the farmers to extend old markets, search new markets and
develop transportation and other required facilities for agricultural development.
Hopefully, after the completion of Mid-hill Highway, many districts in the hilly region
get benefits to develop agriculture.
Scope in Agriculture in Nepal
The diverse land features and diverse climate and varieties of soil are responsible to
grow a variety of crops in different parts of the country. The grasslands and meadows
in hills and mountains serve a lot for cattle rearing.
Agriculture is not limited to the growing crops only. It has great scope to develop
Sericulture (rearing silkworms), Horticulture (growing of fruits and vegetables),
Floriculture (growing of flowers), Pisciculture (farming of fish), Apiculture (bee-
keeping) and Poultry farming from where farmers get extra benefits. The Terai has
fertile land. So, it is suitable for growing food crops as well as cash crops. Hills are
287 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
potential to practice floriculture, horticulture, etc. Similarly, the Himalayan region
is favourable for livestock farming and foothills of the Himalayas are suitable for
fruits cultivation. Rest of the agricultural can be practiced according to the basic
requirement. For example, fish needs water, bees need flowers, etc.
Problems of Agriculture in Nepal
Despite its needs and importance, Nepal has many problems in agriculture. They are
as follows:
1. Unequal distribution of land
2. Traditional method of farming
3. Lack of irrigation facility
4. Lack of storage
5. Lack of agricultural tools
6. Lack of capital
7. Traditional method of farming
8. Lack of proper market
9. Poverty
Solutions
1. Traditional methods of farming should be converted into the scientific method
of farming.
2. Farmers should be given training to use new technology, improved seeds,
chemical fertilizers in appropriate quantity, crop rotation, etc.
3. Government should provide fertilizers, seeds and other essential materials for
agriculture in subsidized rate to the farmers.
4. Irrigation canals should be constructed in more number so that a large area of
arable land can be covered and farmers do not need to wait for monsoon rain.
5. Priority should be given on establishing and developing essential physical
infrastructure in the country.
6. Emphasis should be given to the production of commercial and high value items.
7. Proper plans and policies should be made to ensure agricultural security,
sustainable farmings, quality improvement and market extension for
agricultural products.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 288
Activity
Discuss the major food crops and cash crops grown in Nepal
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand by the term 'agriculture'?
2. Differentiate between the subsistence farming and the commercial farming.
Mention the importance of commercial farming.
3. Why is an agriculture very important in Nepal? Explain.
4. “Though Nepal is an agricultural country. The dependency is still very high in
agriculture but the production is not sufficient for all.” Give reasons.
5. What are the problems of agriculture in Nepal? Also, mention their solutions.
6. What is the probability to develop agriculture in Nepal?
Community Work
Nepalese farmers complain that there is “more pain, less gain” in agriculture. On the
basis of the statement visit your community and find out the situation of agriculture.
Prepare a report on the basis of your research.
Project Work
Collect the food grains grown in your community, make a small packet of each and paste
it in the chart paper. Paste the chart paper on displayboard of your classroom.
289 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Modernization and
8.2
Commercialization of Agriculture
FACTS “Agriculture is not crop production as popular belief
to Understand holds - its the production of food and fiber from the
world’s land and water. Without agriculture it is not
possible to have cities, stock market, banks, university,
church or army. Agriculture is the foundation of
civilization and any stable economy.”
-Allan Savory
harvesting sugarcane and refining on field
The agricultural activities done by applying scientific and modern methods is called
modernization. Farmers use the modern techniques to get better yielding. The modern
techniques such as improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticide and pesticides,
modern agricultural tools such as tractors, thrashers, hand pump, generator, etc.
and soil testing method. Scientific method needs to be applied to livestock farming.
For example, nutritious fodder to the livestock, instead of natural breeding. Artificial
Insemination (AI) should be applied for better breeds and more amount of milk in
case of cows and buffaloes, regular medical attention and treatment are given for good
health and more production.
When food gets sufficient for the families and surplus amount is supplied to the
market to earn money. It is called commercialization. In case of livestock farming
to increase dairy and meat production if different modern technologies are applied,
we get the surplus amount to sell in the market. This is called commercialization of
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 290
livestock farming. In commercialization process the purpose of production of crops or
rearing animals is to sell them in the market and earn money.
Importance of Modernization and Commercialization
Modernization and commercialization methods have many benefits. They are as
follows:
1. It helps to encourage farmers for increasement in better yielding.
2. It decreases the over dependency on agriculture.
3. It creates employment problem.
4. It makes the farmers aware about the uses of modern equipment related to
agriculture.
5. It develops the income generating activities.
6. Peoples living standard will be high.
7. It helps in extension of market.
8. It encourages people to follow the occupations other than agriculture such as
trade and business, industries, services, etc.
Methods to Adopt Modernization and Commercialization
To adopt modernization and commercialization in agriculture the following methods
can be applied:
1. Modern and advanced scientific tools, improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides,
insecticides, etc. should be used.
2. Soil testing and proper quantity of fertilizer is required for better yielding as
well as for the preservation of fertility of soil.
3. Crop diversification should be practiced. Similarly, animals rearing, poultry
farming, cultivation of varieties of crops should be grown for long term.
4. Good irrigation system should be developed.
5. Agricultural technicians like JTA, etc. should be appointed to do researches and
experiments in agriculture. Farmers can be supported and suggestions can be
taken from technicians.
6. Farmers need to adopt the unified farming system by cultivating more than
one crop in the same time to supply necessary nutrients to one another. For
example, farming of turmeric, ginger, etc. inside the mango orchard, etc.
7. Develop the proper storage facility.
8. To impart agricultural education and trainings to the farmers
9. Make farmers aware about the commercialization of agriculture.
291 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
The importance of commercial farming is very high. In developing countries like
Nepal, it plays a vital role such as providing employment opportunities which control
the brain drain problem.
Therefore, there should be joint effort from the side of the farmers and the government
to adopt the modern agricultural system and commercialization production in large
scale. The government should help farmers by providing interest free loan or loan in
minimal interest. So that farmers can buy the required modern equipment to practice
agriculture. Most importantly, the wrong concept in agriculture should be changed
that agriculture is the occupation for the uneducated people only. So the privilege
should be increased very high that even educated people get attracted to the occupation
of agriculture. It helps to get good production through the commercialization of
agriculture.
Activity
Practice crops diversification in your kitchen garden. Discuss the necessary
techniques and equipment that you need.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define modernization and commercialization of agriculture.
2. What benefits do the farmers get by commercialization of farming?
3. Explain the importance of modern and commercial farming.
4. What do educated people not involve in agriculture?
5. Mention the methods of getting modern and commercial farming.
6. The primary occupation of Nepal is agriculture but still it is practicing in a
traditional method. Why? Given reasons.
Community Work
Visit any commercial farms in your community and find out the details of cash and
crops. Based on your research prepare a report and submit it to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 292
Lesson Industry
8.3
FACTS The Industrial Revolution effectively created a
to Understand new economic system known as “Capitalism”.
Industry refers to any business activity that is connected with production, manufacture
and construction of goods and services. The industrial development in Nepal is very
poor. It is considered as the backbone of nation’s economy, but due to the poor economy,
difficult land topography and many other problems related to the industries, it is not
well developed in Nepal. Industry contributes only to 10% GDP whereas it is up to
85% in developed countries.
Based on their services and productions, industries can be categorised into three
types:
1. Primary industries producing raw materials. For example, agriculture, forestry,
mining, etc.
2. Secondary industries producing goods using raw materials or products; for
example, house building, car factories, furnitures, hydropower generation, etc.
3. Tertiary industries producing or providing services not goods; for example,
tourism, hotels, banks, insurance companies, schools, hospitals, cinemas, etc.
are giving services to the people.
The basic requirements are needed to complete the task is called prerequisites. The
prerequisites of industry are raw materials, capital (money), energy, human resources
(all three kinds of human resources but skilled human resources have high demand),
political stability, markets, transportation and communication, etc.
In Nepal, on the basis of the investment capital (Industrial policy - 2067) industries
are divided into following categories. The are as follows:
1. Small Scale Industry
The industries which capital investment upto 5 crores are categorised into small
scale industries.
2. Medium Scale Industry
The industries which have capital investment is between from 5 crores to
15 crore rupees are categorized into medium scale industries.
3. Large Scale Industry
The industry which have the capital investment is more than 15 crore rupees is
categorized into large scale industries.
293 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
The cottage industries while producing the goods or items should follow the criteria
given by the industrial Act 2054 (Amended). They are:
Investment should not exceed 2 lakh.
Electricity cannot be used more than 5 KW.
Handloom, pedal loom, semi-power loom can be used in production
Things to Remember
Types of Industries
Small Scale: Medium Scale: Large Scale:
Capital investment upto Capital investment is capital investment more
5 crores between 5 crore to 15 crores than 15 crores.
Production of Cottage Industries
Artistic products made up of horn, bones,
ceramic fine arts, dying painting, sewing,
weaving and knitting, hand knitted woollen,
mat and blanket (radhi-pakhi), carpentry,
wooden artistic products, etc.
Importance of Industries
The establishment of Nepalese industries began during the period of Juddha
Shumsher. The journey of industry started with the establishment of Biratnagar Jute
Mill in 1936 BS but even after about 140 years the industries is in preliminary state.
Many cottage and Small Scale industries are established but very less number of
medium and large scale industries are established. In the fiscal year 2069/2070 BS
altogether 234 small scale industries were established as per the industrial statistics.
Industries contribute a lot to nation’s economy. It also contributes directly to the
skill development, technology, trade, commerce and business. The fine products
produced in the industries using raw materials will be supplied to the local markets,
nationwide as well as in international markets. The products which are exported to
other countries earn foreign currencies.
It helps in the elimination of poverty creating self-reliant economy. They create
capital, utilize local means and resources, uplift living standards, fulfill daily needs
and promote expert. Additionally, agro-based industries promote agriculture in
double ways, providing right price and encouraging commercial farming. It helps to
earn foreign currencies, save national economy and make surplus in trade. Private
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 294
industries are flourished nicely in Nepal comparing to the government owned
one. Some of the importance of cottage industries and small scale industries are
given below:
Locally available resources are optimally used using local skills and knowledge.
Such industries are operated with less capital.
They create employment opportunities even in seasonal unemployment period
in agriculture.
Such industries conserve and protect art and culture of the nation.
They help to earn foreign currencies which control trade deficit.
Such industries reduce regional deficit.
Despite these importance and benefits cottage industries and small scale industries
have many problems in Nepal. Some of them are mentioned below:
1. Lack of Capital
Though such industries are cheaper and need less investment but due to the
acute poverty it cannot be established in many areas as per requirements too.
2. Lack of Skilled Human Resources
Local skills and knowledge are required to run such industries but there is lack
of such manpower as many people are leaving the country for foreign employment.
3. Lack of Market
The goods produced from such industries do not get proper market.
4. More Expensive than Medium and Large Scale Industries
The goods produced in cottage and small scale industries are more expensive as
compared to the medium scale and large scale industries because of its less production,
manual work, etc. It even cannot maintain the quality.
5. Unstable Industrial Policy
The political instability of the country is the main reason for frequent change
in the policy of industries. This discourages the investors for investment in such
industries.
295 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Solutions
1. Encourage investors
by providing financial
security.
2. Extension of market Do You Know
3. Maintain good quality of
products When the Industrial Revolution started, the amount of
4. Need for stable industrial carbon sitting underneath Britain in the form of coal was
policy by government a big as the amount of carbon sitting under Saudi Arabia
5. Encourage human in the form of oil and this carbon powered the Industrial
resources to establish Revolution, it put the 'Great' in Great Britain and led to
more cottage and small Britain temporary World Domination.
scale industries. - David J.C. Mackay
6. Provide skill oriented
trainings.
Activity
Discuss the products of cottage and small scale industries in Nepal.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by industry?
2. What are the types of industries? Explain briefly.
3. Write the importance of industry in detail.
4. What kind of industry is feasible in Nepal? Share your opinion.
5. Why do you think that there is a great possibilities of cottage and small scale
industries in Nepal? Explain.
6. Mention the problems of industries and their solutions in Nepal.
Community Work
Visit the local market in your community and find out the products of cottage and small
scale industries. Make a list of them and also find out what people are using and why?
Prepare a report and present in the class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 296
Lesson Medium and Large Scale Industries
8.4
FACTS “Each country is different. Keep an open mind and you will be
to Understand able to find where the niche entry level lies - the areas where
there are gaps. You have to keep an ear to the ground and
you can find a business opportunity.”
- Binod Chaudhary
According to the Industrial Enterprises Act BS 2054 (amended) medium scale
industries are those having the fixed capital from 3 crore to 10 crore, huge areas
with modern machines and more manpower. The Large Scale industries are those
which have the fixed capital of more than 10 crore with modern heavy machines, more
human resources and more space.
The major products of such industries are sugar mill, cement factory, beverage
industry, iron industry, leather factory, jute industry, paper industry, cigarette
industry, textile factory, tea industry, brick industry, soap industry, etc. These are
the examples of medium and large industries established in Nepal. The economy of a
nation is highly dependent on industry.
Importance of Medium and Large Scale Industries
Industries play an important role to improve the economic growth of the country.
It creates the employment opportunities and makes the country self-reliant in the
necessary goods and services. The importance of medium scale and large scale
industries are as follows:
1. Growth in National Income
Industries increase the employment and per capita income of the country. The
development of industrialization increase the economic activities. As a result, there is
improvement in the national income.
2. Creation of Employment Opportunity
Every year many Nepalese youths are going abroad in search of jobs. It is
because there is less employment opportunities. If medium and large scale industries
are established in the country, they can get jobs in their own country and the
problems of unemployment can be reduced. According to the statistics published by
the department of industries, altogether 112 large industries and 93 medium scale
industries are established in BS 2069/70.
3. Backbone of Economics Development
Industries produce large scale of industrial goods which enhance the trade and
business the country can be self reliant in terms of industrial goods and can export
those goods to foreign countries.
297 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
4. Maintains Trade Balance
The industrial products produced in a large scale can be exported to the foreign
counties. It increases the earnings of foreign currencies. Imports decrease and the
country can have positive trade balance. It decreases the trade deficit.
5. Agricultural Development
Many agricultural tools, fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and other necessary
equipment for agriculture are produced in industries which help to enhance the
yielding. As a result farmer’s living standard can be improved as well as more
agricultural raw materials can be supplied to the agro-based industries.
6. Increase in National Income
Industries pay huge tax to the government which can use in any
development work.
Possibilities of Medium and Large Industries in Nepal
Raw materials can be obtained from foreign and agricultural products.
The natural beauty, swift flowing rivers and possibility of adventurous activities
like Bungee Jumping, Rafting, Cannoeing, etc.
The utilization of mineral resources available in the country can help in the
development of such industries.
Increase in remittance and growing interest of people for investment also can
help in the development of industries.
The changing system of vocational and technical education, interest to be an
entrepreneur and increase policy of government for foreign investment can also
support the development of industries.
Problems and Solutions to Medium Scale and Large Scale
Industries
Very less establishment of industries also couldn’t show any tremendous progress in
the field of industries. Some of the major problems existing in industries in Nepal are
given below:
1. Lack of Capital
A large amount of money is required to establish medium and large scale industries
but the Nepalese people do not have enough money to invest on such industries.
2. Lack of Raw Materials
Such industries required enough raw materials which are not available
sufficiently in the country. Moreover, heavy tax has to be paid to the government.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 298
3. Lack of Energy
Although Nepal is rich in hydroelectricity but due to the less production,
electricity is not sufficiently available. Such industries run by either electricity or
petroleum power. Both of the sources of energy are lacking in our country. Moreover,
there is a frequent power cut which hampers the industries a lot.
4. Lack of the Proper Transportation
Nepal is a mountainous country. Because of this it is difficult to provide
transportation facilities equally everywhere. The effect of lack of transportation is
seen directly in these industries. That is why it is difficult to transport raw materials
to industries and final products to the markets.
5. Political Instability and Frequent Band and Strikes
There are frequent bands and strikes done in the name of bargaining regarding
salary, facilities, etc. Moreover, political instability has also disturbed the industrial
development on the country.
Solutions
1. Easy Loan Facility
The government should manage the easy loan facilities to the entrepreneurs to
invest money in medium and large scale industries.
2. Enough Supply of Raw Materials
There must be the supply of sufficient amount of raw materials that should be
enough for raw materials.
3. Regular Supply of Energy
Industries cannot be run without energy. Interrupted energy obstructs operation
and production. So there must be the supply of ample amount of raw materials to
these industries.
4. Provide Facilities of Transportation and Communication
These facilities must be extended so that the industries can transport the raw
materials sufficiently to the industries and final products to the market.
5. Extension of Markets
The government should plan to extend markets for the Nepalese products. It
encourages investors to invest money in industries.
299 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
6. Stable Government and Good Industrial Policy
The government must make good industrial policy so as to ensure security to the
investors. Similarly, government also makes some secure policies against the foreign
products to make Nepalese industries able to compete with them. Heavy tax on foreign
goods, reduced tax for Nepalese products and priorities to the Nepalese products are
some of the major solutions to develop medium and large scale industries.
Activity
Discuss the importance of local products than the foreign products. Also ask your
friends that how often they used foreign products.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define medium and large scale industries according to the Industrial Act 2054
(amended).
2. What are the importances of industries in the developing countries like Nepal?
3. How do we promote Nepalese industrial products?
4. What are the problems of industries and their solutions?
5. What can be the strategies of the government to discourage foreign products
and encourage Nepalese products?
Community Work
Identify the possibilities of establishment of any industry in your locality by observing
the availability of raw materials and other infrastructures required for industries.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 300
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