9 teachers social book 9 @ 2077 ctp_Neat

As per the report published by statical pocket book of Nepal 2014 AD, the status of
education give in the table below:

Types of School Number of Schools Teacher Students
Primary 34,743 1,83,922 44,01,780
Lower secondary 14867 36295 1828351
Secondary 8726 38363 896919
High Secondary 3596 Not mentioned 415343
Source: Statical Pocket Book of Nepal 2014 AD

Present Status of Education in Nepal

The development in education has been rapid since BS 2007. The literacy rate was
only 2% in BS 2007 increased up to 65.9% in BS 2068 as per the census report of
BS 2068. In comparison to developed countries it is very low. Out of total population
male literacy is 75.1% and female literacy is 57.4%. This data shows that the female
literacy is vulnerable as compared to the male. There are many factors affecting
literacy in Nepal. They are as follows:
Difficult topography
Lack of infrastructures
Lack of teaching materials including books
Lack of schools in shorter distance mostly
in the hilly and the Himalayan region
Lack of progressive learning

The Government of Nepal is trying to give best to
promote the level of education. Some of its efforts students using tuin as transport for
are given below: crossing river
Improved and Liberal Education Policy

The Ministry of Education has liberated education policy in which any interested
investors can invest their money, time and energy in education under the law.
After fulfilling certain criteria anyone can open schools, colleges or any educational
institutions. There is a provision to impart education in mother tongue up to the
primary level.
Curriculum and Resources Update

The education department is updating its curriculum to make education more practical,
scientific classroom-friendly, student-oriented and time bound. It is organizing teachers
training seminars providing teaching- learning material, launching special programs
on literacy such as “ Education for All”, “Secondary Education Support Program”, etc.
Education for Targeted Group

The government has been launching special literacy campaign to women, backward
ethnic groups,illiterate adults, poverty, physically challenged and poor people.

51 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

New Education Structure

The government has changed its structure in school level education (grade I to XII).
Old Structure of School Education in Nepal

Pre-primary Primary Lower Secondary Secondary Higher Secondary
1 year grade 1-5 grade 6-8 grade 9-10 grade 11-12
New Structure of School Education in Nepal

Pre-primary Basic education Secondary
1 year grade 1-8 Grade 9-12

Letter Grading Scheme

To introduce global education system and literacy rate the government has introduced
a letter grading system in school education (grade 1 to 10). The grading system came
into practice from BS 2072. The declaration made under the frame-work developed by
the national curriculum plan and the Ministry of Education under these scheme no
student shall be liable to failure in exams. The grade sheet will be marked with A+
to E grading scheme instead of percentage and number system practiced before. The
sample of grading scheme is as follows:

Marks (%) 90-100 80-90 70-80 60-70 50-60 40-50 30-40 20-30 0-20
Grade A+ A B+ B C+ C D+ D E
Partially Very
Descriptor Outstanding Excellent Very Good Good Satisfactory Acceptable Insufficient
Acceptable Insufficient
Grade Point 4 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8


Activity


Study the major universities established in Nepal:

Name of the university Year in BS
Tribhuwan University, Kirtipur 2016
Nepal Sanskrit university, Dang 2043
Kathmandu University, Kavre 2048
Purbanchal University, Biratnagar 2055
Pokhara university, Pokhara 2055
Lumbini Bouddha University, Rupandehi 2062
Madhya Paschimanchal University, Surkhet 2067
Sudur Paschimanchal University, Mahendranagar 2067
Agriculture and Forestry, Rampur, Chitwan 2067
Rajarshi, Janak (Proposed), Janakpur
National Open University (proposed), Kathmandu


Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 52

Draw a bar graph using the above given data.

Figure FACTS In a bar graph there is gap between two bars where as in histogram there is
no gap between the bars.
Bar Graph Histograph

100%
90%
80%
5
70%
4.5
60% 4
3.5
50%
3
40% 2.5
2
30%
1.5
20% 1
0.5
10%
0
0% Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

bar graph histogram
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is education?
2. Education in Nepal has several problems to face lack of awareness, poor
economic condition, uneven distribution of facilities, etc. How do you resolve
the problems?
3. Write the aims of education in order based on priority.
4. “Letter grading system” is introduced to minimize failure of student. Does it
support to produce skilled manpower in the country? Give your opinion.
5. Make a list of efforts made by the government to increase literacy in Nepal.





Community Work


Collect the literacy data of your locality and separate the literacy data of male and
female. Draw a pie-chart on it.





Project Work

Prepare a questionnaire to ask the educated people of the community, teachers and
parents or guardians to find out whether the newly introduced Letter Grading Scheme
introduced by Education Department is applicable in the context of Nepal or not. Make
a report and present it in your class.


53 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Lesson Health
2.5



FACTS Make Sure you brush and floss your teeth twice
to Understand a day to avoid plaque. Plaque produces smelly
gases and bacteria which lead to bad breath
and gum disease.


Case Study


Narayan Thakur is a resident of Thulung Dudhkoshi Rural
Municipality -7. One day in Baisakh 2073 he accidentally
fell off from a tree and suffered a head injury. He was in a
very serious condition and required immediate treatment
but he didn’t have enough money.

He was taken to a hospital for treatment but there was no spare bed. Again he was taken to
another hospital but unfortunately the doctor had gone on strike, so, they refused to treat him.
In this way he spent 5 hours. His situation was critical. Finally, he was admitted to a nearby
the government hospital and got good treatment at low cost. Later his neighbours also came
and supported him financially. With good treatment and care of doctors and nurses, Narayan
got speedy recovery.

The above case study shows that in a democratic country people expect the government
to work for their welfare. This could be through the provision of education, health,
employment, housing or the development of roads, electricity, etc. In this lesson we
shall find out the meaning and problems as well as solutions related to health in Nepal.
Health means our ability to remain free of illness and injuries. But health isn’t only
about diseases. Apart from diseases we need to think of other factors that affect our
health. For example, if people get clean drinking water or a pollution-free environment
they are likely to be healthy. On the other hand if people do not get adequate food
to eat or have to live in cramped condition, they suffer from illness and cannot enjoy
food, games and study.

Health as Pre-requisites of Development


Health is the greatest wealth. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease and infirmity”. It means we should be physically fit as well as
mentally fit bearing responsibility of a family, society and a nation as well. Thus, to
remain healthy a person should remain physically mentally and socially fit. Thus,
health refers to the well-being of four aspects combined together. They are absence
of diseases or infirmities in body, physical fitness in appearance or structure, mental
fitness in thought or rightness and social adjustment in the society through his


Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 54

attitude or positivity in behaviour. Therefore, a healthy person must be fit for the
society members who can protect the people in any adverse situation.

Health Status in Nepal

Health status in Nepal is very poor. Life Expectancy is just 68 years according to
census BS 2068 and endemic diseases, epidemic, malnutrition, etc. are common.














Bir Hospital
The first hospital of Nepal is Bir hospital built in BS 1947 during the time of Bir
Shumsher. The medical treatment started in Nepal after the construction of this
hospital. Thereafter, many hospitals were established in Nepal. Still the health
status of Nepalese is very poor and miserable. There are several reasons for it, such
as poverty, illiteracy, ignorance and unaffordable health services. The poor health
condition is responsible for low life expectancy, child mortality rate, infant mortality
rate and maternal mortality rate.
The remote districts like Jumla, Humla, Taplejung, Solukhumbu, Rolpa, Dolpa,
Bajura, Baitadi, Jajarkot, Kalikot, etc. are still in dark. Due to the lack of health
facilities many people in these districts are suffering from epidemic every year.

Efforts of Government

Life expectancy shows the health condition of the people. In comparison to the
developed countries Nepal’s life expectancy is too low. In developed countries the life
expectancy is 85 years and above. It is so because, in developed countries, there are
more facilities of health care and high health conscious people. The constitution of
Nepal 2072 has stated health as the fundamental right of the citizen. The provision
of free basic health service is committed to providing through health centres and
health posts. A number of health camps, immunization programmes and awareness
programmes are running in the country. The status of health is given below:
Particulars 2013 AD [Including Private]
Hospitals 12571
Primary health centres 23022
Health posts 19098
Sub health posts 2247
Ayurvedic clinics 8013

Source: Nepal Medical council 2014
55 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

The above data shows the health status of the country. It is still not enough with
the increasing population. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the government to
provide quality healthcare services to all its citizens especially to the poor and the
disadvantaged group.



Activity


Prepare a poster to raise health awareness among the people on the occasion of
the World Health Day.


Exercise



Answer the following questions:

1. What is health as defined by the WHO?
2. “Healthy manpower is the foundation of the development of a nation.” How?
Explain.
3. Most of the doctors say “we love our country, we are prepared to go and work
in remote areas but provide us with water, electricity, equipment, etc.” Do you
think that the doctor’s demand is right or wrong?” Explain.
4. Mention the problems and solutions to health problems in your community.
5. Prepare a case study about health related problem and mention their
problems too.
6. Study the table given in the text and prepare a pie chart.






Community Work


Visit your community and fill up the information about the health status of the
people.
Name of the health post/centres ……………………………
Number of private and government hospitals ……………………………
Cancer hospital ……………………………
Tuberculosis hospital ……………………………
Leprosy hospital ……………………………
Child Hospital ……………………………
Maternity hospital ……………………………



Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 56

Lesson Transportation
2.6



FACTS What kind of transportation do you use while
to Understand going to school?




Infrastructure is the basic structures needed for a society or organization to function.
The means of transport and communication available in modern time. You can travel
a great distance within a short time and you can make contact with anybody in any
part of the world immediately.
The word transport is derived from a Latin word “Transporter” which means “carry
across.” So, transportation is to carry people or goods from one place to another by means
of transportation like vehicles, an aircraft or a ship. It is an important infrastructure
of development. It carries goods and people. It is essential to run industries in the
country and for many other development activities. Though transportation is the key
to development in a country, it is very poor in Nepal. A good system of the transport
network is needed for a country’s economic and social growth. Industries get their
agricultural raw materials and prepare finished goods to supply in the markets
through transportation. Tourists can visit places of interest. Trade and business can
flourish. Local products find a market. Human relations and cooperation are widened.
But the lack of transport makes all these activities difficult and the overall socio-
economic development is obstructed.

Transportation in Nepal

The world has become smaller due to the availability of transportation. There are
five modes of transportation, they are: (i) Roadways (ii) Railways (iii) Airways
(iv) Waterways and (v) Ropeways. All of them play significant role in positive
transformation of a society. Nepal is a land locked country covered with 83% of hills
and mountains. The difficult topography hinder to install the infrastructures. In
Nepal, the most prominent mode of transport is roadways, because it is cheaper in
rate and affordable by everyone. The air service is expensive for the people. Besides,
roadways and airways, ropeways and railways are also in operation in Nepal but
they are not common. The development of road network is also difficult and more
expensive in the hilly region and the Himalayan region.

Transportation is a major means of economic development, deliverance of public
service and social unity. It is beneficial to decrease regional disparity, accelerate
economic activities, promote trade and business and develop the other sectors. In
Nepal, being a land locked and Himalayan country roadways is the cheapest and most
th
reliable. By the end of 12 three year interim plan roadways have already reached
73 districts of Nepal. The total length of road construction is 25,133 km including
black-topped (7,799km), gravelled (6,830km) and earthen (10,504km).


57 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Efforts of Government

The government of Nepal is giving its best effort to develop transport system in
Nepal. The priority is given since the first Five-year Plan BS 2013. But due to various
problems such as lack of capital, lack of skilled manpower and advanced technology,
political instability, difficult topography, etc. developmental work could not be carried
out. Despite these problems the construction of international airport in Pokhara,
Bhairahawa and proposed plan for Nijgadh are appreciable. Similarly, completion
of the B.P highway added development to the country. The concept of fast track and
outer ring road gives new energy to the Nepalese.


The Highways in Nepal

Sl.No. Highways Places Linked Distance in KM
1 Mechi Highway Charali- Taplejung 231
2. Madan Bhandari Highway Dharan - Dhankuta 52
3. Siddhicharan Highway Katari - Okhaldhunga 35
4. Koshi Highway Rani - Itahari - Dharan - 111
Dhankuta - Sankhuwasabha
5. Araniko Highway Kathmandu - Kodari 114
6. Pasang Lhamu Highway Kathmandu - Dhunche 117
7. B.P. Koirala Highway Dhulikhel - Bardiwas 91
8. Tribhuwan Highway Kathmandu - Birgunj 192
9. Prithvi Highway Naubise - Pokhara 173

10. Bhupi Sherchan Highway Pokhara - Baglung 73
11. Siddhartha Highway Pokhara - Sunauli 184
12. Pushpa Lal Highway Lamosanghu - Ramechhap 130
13. Bhanu Bhakata Acharya Highway Dumre - Beshisahar 43
14. Ratna Highway Nepalgunj - Surkhet 90
15. Karnali Highway Surkhet - Jumla 220
16. Bhimdutta Panta Highway Dhangadhi - Dadheldhura 135
17. Dr. KI Singh Highway Syaule - Silgadhi 65
18. Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Highway Khodpe - Bajhang 110

19. Seti Highway Doti - Dadheldhura 66
20. Dasarath Chand Highway Jhulaghat 105
21. East West Highway Mechi-Mahakali 1028
22 Mid-Hill Highway Chiyabhanjyang (Ilam) 1772
- Jhulaghat (Bhaitadi)
Source: Department of Road, Nepal Government

Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 58

The government of Nepal has taken the following strategy and made the plans in
order to develop road transportation in Nepal.
Strategies

1. To expand the transportation by increasing the access in agriculture, industries,
hydroelectricity, education, tourism and health
2. To give priority to the maintenance or road network by protecting it guaranteeing
its effective traffic
3. To expand the inter-district road network and connect district headquarters in
order to increase access to transportation
4. To start construction of alternative roads connecting Kathmandu with the Terai
5. To develop East-West Highway as an Asian and Regional Trade Highway
according to the concept of South Asian Regional Development
6. To initiate programmes on alternative means of transportation like waterways,
ropeways and railways

th
The 15 plan also aims to bring reliable road construction. In the same time the
government plans to install other modes of transport.


Activity


Study the map and Discuss the transportation condition of Nepal.




































59 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Exercise


Answer the following questions:
1. Many accidents in Nepal are caused due to bad roads. Justify the statement.
2. Why is transportation considered as an infrastructure of development?
3. Mention the problems of construction of roads in Nepal.
4. Road transportation is the prominent means of transport in Nepal. Why?
6. Read the news published in various newspapers and prepare a case study.

“Apples rot due to no road.”
- News from Humla


“Life Transformed after Network of Roads.”
- a news from Gorkha

“Ginger Got Market due to New Road.”
- a news from Ilam


“Patient Dies with No Vehicle.”
- a news from from Karnali






Community Work


Draw a map displaying the road network in your area.
Show the link with the main road, include main stops, stations and other public
features along the road. Demonstrate it in your class.





















Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 60

Lesson Communication
2.7



FACTS When we receive telephone we say the word
to Understand “Hello”. Actually, Hello was the name of Graham
Bell’s wife. When Graham Bell invented the
telephone, first he called his wife Hello.


Communication is the process of sharing and receiving news, views and reviews. It
is the system of exchanging ones opinion, feelings, etc. It brings the people and the
countries of the world closer to each other. The collection of information from North,
East, West and South is known as NEWS.

Communication in the Past


There were no good communication in the past. People used to travel from one place
to another to give information. It used to take more time and energy. In the kingdoms
rulers used to keep “Dhol” (drum). The courtiers used to beat drums before to make
people aware and then only they used to give information. When postal services were
started proper information passed to the people but it was only limited within the
literate people. So, it was not much effective. When telephone service started then
people’s life become very faster and easier. The television attracted people of all age.
Children, youths, males, females, everyone enjoy the various programs on television.

Forms of Communication

There are many forms of communication,
such as postal service, radio service,
telephone service, television service,
newspaper, fax, email, telex and films and
music. These means of communication
are categorized into (i) print media (ii)
electronic media and (iii) oral form. The
newspaper, magazine, journals, book,
etc. come under print media whereas
electronic device indicates radio, television,
computer, internet, mobile phones,
telephones, etc. with virtual means such
as waves or satellites. The ideas with what
people are familiar or they have acquired
through print or electronic devices can be different means of communication
disseminated to other mass through oral
device. People discuss with each other through information passed from one another.
Oral device is considered as an important medium of communication in remote parts
of Nepal due to a lack of other means of communication.

61 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Communication in Nepal

Communication is considered as a very
important infrastructure of development.
Although the history of communication
is not much long in Nepal but it brought
a tremendous change in the Nepalese
society.

Postal service is the principle means of
communication in any developing country
including Nepal. It was started in BS 1935
. In the beginning it was confined only to
the government work. Later on BS 1938
it was opened for general people. Now the responsibilities of postal services are not
only limited to send and deliver letters but it started postal saving bank also in which
people can deposit their money.
Radio service is very popular means of communication. It is affordable in price,
portable and can run with batteries and can give all types of information including
news, stories, songs, discussion, etc. The Radio Nepal was established in BS 2007.
Now, different FM Radio stations have been started in different towns and cities.

Television is considered as the most effective means of communication. It gives both
news and views through audio visual means. People of all age groups watch television
th
eagerly. By the end of the 14 plan more than 20 television channels are in operation
including Avenues, News 24, Image, Kantipur, Sagarmatha, Terai TV, Himshikhar,
Mountain, etc.






















Similarly, telephone services is the most easiest, fastest as well as most affordable
service. This service was started in BS 1970 during the Rana regime. By BS 2007
it connected with Kathmandu, Dhankuta, Palpa and Pokhara only. At present it is
available in 77 districts of Nepal. There are government and private companies giving
telephone services to the people. The table shows the present status of communication
facilities in Nepal.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 62

Means of communication Number Date of establishment
Postal Service 3991 BS 1935
Radio Service 489 BS 2007
Television Service 20 BS 2041
Newspapers 6166 BS 1958
Film (Satya Harishchandra) – BS 2028
Telephone 55,26,970 (Users) BS 1970
Source: Ministry of Information and Communications
Efforts of Government


Exchange of information through communication has made the world smaller and
closer. We can easily access what is happening in any part of the world just sitting
in a room. Development of information and technology has speed up the pace of
development in all sectors and turn the world into the “Global Village”. In the absence
of communication, development work cannot be carried out and thus, daily activities
will be affected.

th
By the end of the 15 plan, communication has achieved a concrete momentum
since there is remarkable progress in the field. Various agencies such as Rastriya
Samachar Samiti (RSS), Department of Information, Press Council, Gorakhapatra
Corporation, Ministry of Information and Communication, etc. have been playing an
active role. The mobile phone distribution programme run by the government is also
very beneficial to get communication access in all 77 districts in Nepal.

Problems of Communication and Their Solutions in Nepal

The government-owned communication medium like radio, newspaper, television,
news agencies, etc. need to reform. The topography of Nepal is the main hindrance to
develop communication. Some of the problems are listed below:

Difficult topography
Lack of Capital
Lack of skilled manpower
Lack of advanced technology
Poor plans and policies
Unstable government
Poor monitoring system
Where there is a problem, there is a solution too. Some of the solutions are given below:
To encourage people’s participation
Proper use of foreign aids
Installation of advanced technology
Strict implementation of plans and policies
Strict monitoring system to control corruption

63 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Activity


Make a collage of means of communication and discuss its importance.






Exercise


Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by communication? Make a list of mode and means of
communication.
2. “The communication facilities make the world as a global village.” Explain.
3. Which is the principle means of communication? Why?
4. Which means of communication is the most popular in people of all ages people?
Explain with reason.
5. Draw the pictures of the following means of communication neatly:
a. Computer
b. Mobile phone
c. The Front Page of Newspaper
d. Television
e. Radio
6. Watch a program on “National Geography” and write a review.





Community Work


Visit your community and find out the data of internet users and other means of
communication. Prepare a report and present it in your class.





Project Work

Make a PowerPoint presentation on communication facilities.








Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 64

Lesson Electricity
2.8



FACTS The Americans use more electricity for just their
to Understand Christmas lights then some developing countries
like Nepal, Ethiopia, Ecuador, Somalia, etc. use in
the whole year.


Electricity is the main power available in the modern world. It is used in all fields
ranging from household to operation of the industries and heavy construction. Many
development activities can be carried out through the electricity. So it is called an
infrastructures of development. Electricity is used in other elements of infrastructures
of development such as communication, education, health, transportation and
drinking water.






























Hydroelectricity
Electricity is the most important source of energy. It has become an inseparable part
of our life. In the absence of electricity the industrial development is not possible. It
requires machinery and other heavy equipment to produce or manufacture goods.
These huge machines are run by only the support of electricity. It is also used in
many domestic work such as cooking, washing, lighting, cooling, heating, getting
underground water and so on. The modern means of communication like television,
internet, mobile-phone, fax, etc. needs electricity to operate. Thus, it is the basic
infrastructure of development.




65 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Electricity Generation in Nepal

Electricity can be generated from different sources like coal, sunlight, wind, water,
biogas, etc. The electricity generated from rivers, rivulets, lakes, etc. is called
hydroelectricity. Hydro or water is the best source since it is cheaper, reliable and
renewable. The water resource is also called white coal because it is valuable and
renewable which can be used and reused. Hydroelectricity was generated for the
first time in Nepal in 1965 BS during the time of the then Rana Prime Minister
Chandra Shumsher from the Pharping Hydropower Project. Its capacity was
500 KW. Gehendra Shumsher, the first scientist of Nepal, took the initiation to
generate the electricity. There are more than 6000 big or small, seasonal or perennial
rivers are flowing through the country. So, there is high feasibility to generate
electricity. Among the potentiality of producing 83,000 MW of hydroelectricity, only
three big rivers of Nepal like the Saptakoshi, the Sapta Gandaki and the Karnali
have the capacity to produce 65000 MW. Besides these, there are many streams,
perennial rivulets from which micro projects and pico projects can be operated in
Nepal. Pico hydroprojects is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of under
5 KW. It is useful in small, remote communities that requires only a small amount of
electricity. For example, to power one or two fluorescent lights, bulbs and a TV or in
about 50 homes.



























Bhotekoshi hydropower

As per the recent survey, Nepal requires just about 1500 MW of electricity for the
present population but we have been able to produce just 1050 MW hydroelectricity
till now. The remote areas are still out of reach of electricity. If we produce electricity
as per the potentiality, we can use sufficiently in industries, education, health, etc.
as per the requirement and can sell the surplus production to the SAARC member
th
nations. The Power Development Agreement (PDA) was signed on the 18 SAARC
Summit held in Kathmandu on 26-27 November 2014 AD. This agreement was signed
to avoid energy crisis in the member nations.


Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 66

Problems of Energy Generation in Nepal

Nepal has high potentiality to generate hydropower but due to lack of proper utilization
of the resources. The Nepalese are facing an acute problem of load shedding. As per
the survey report, Nepal has produced just 1050 MW of hydroelectricity by the end of
th
the 14 Three-year Plan which is not even 1% of the capacity. The electricity produced
from alternative sources are micro hydro project- 23MW, solar energy 12 MW, wind
energy 20 KW, bio-gas 11 KW. There is high probability to generate electricity from
the resources available in the country.
The major problems on generating electricity are as follows:

Lack of capital
Lack of skilled manpower
Lack of advanced technology
Insufficient and improper plans and policies
Political instability
Improper political commitment and strong willpower of the politicians
Insecure investment
High dependency on foreign aid and assistance
Increased corruption

Efforts of the Government

The Government of Nepal has realized the problem seen in electricity generation.
th
The running plan, i.e. the 15 Five-year Plan (2077-2081) has set several objectives
th
and policies for development of electricity in Nepal. The target of 15 period plan
to produce electricity is 5000 MW. Some major efforts led by the government are as
follows:
1. Production, distribution and consumption system of energy will be developed
scientifically.
2. Investment will be managed through national investors including public,
private, cooperative and community sector and international investors.
3. Local consumers will be provided with share value in the production of big hydro
projects.
4. Leakage of energy will be controlled or minimized.
5. The place with topographical difficulties will be prioritized with alternative sources
of energy such as solar, wind, bio-gas and micro hydro projects also can be installed.
6. The organic wastage produced in the urban areas will be converted into energy.
The initiative taken by the government can encourage people to produce
bio-fuel as an alternate energy to petroleum.
7. Simple, clear and transparent policies will be adopted for the development of
electricity.



67 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

8. Extensive report will be prepared on Pancheshwor and Sapta Koshi hydro projects.
While carrying such big projects, climatic aspect will be given due consideration.
9. The concept of “Sustainable Energy Power for All” and “Rural Electrification”
will be promoted for increasing accessibility of electricity at rural area.
10. A process will be initiated to link small and micro hydro projects to the
national grid.



Activity


Draw a picture showing the process of generating hydroelectricity. Take the help
of your teacher.





Exercise


1. What is energy?
2. Why is energy considered as the infrastructure of development?
3. What is the importance of electricity?
4. Explain the major plan of government to increase the potentiality of electricity.
5. “Nepal’s average annual per capita energy (electricity) consumption is 161KW
(CBS 2013) one of the lowest consumption in South Asia.” Give reasons.
6. Mention any five problems on electricity generation in Nepal.






Community Work


1. Visit any hydro-power project lies nearby your area. Observe everything in details and
prepare the report on it to present in the class.
2. Write an article on "the steps taken by the Nepal Electricity Authority to resolve load
shedding problem is praiseworthy".















Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 68

Lesson Drinking Water
2.9



FACTS The World Drinking Water Day is celebrated
nd
to Understand every year on March 22 to make people aware
about the importance of pure drinking water.



Water is indispensable in our life. We cannot survive without water. It is as important
as air. We need 2-3 litres of water to drink in a day to live a healthy life. The water
that we drink must be pure and safe. Drinking contaminated water can cause water
borne diseases like typhoid, jaundice, diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, etc. Most of the
communicable diseases transmits from water. Epidemic spreads due to contaminated
water can cause vulnerable situation.





Case Study




Kumalgaun Village,
in Kalikot district is
having 413 households.
Kanchha Kumal is the
resident of Kumalgaun. Cholera outbroke in
Kalikot district, four Rural Municipalities including
Kumalgaun village were affected. Death toll
already more than 150 and more than 10,000
people were affected. Due to the geographical difficulties and inaccessibility of transportation
to this district controlling cholera outbreak was difficult. Medicine and doctors reached in some
districts where road transport was accessible, but Kumalgaun remain untouched. After 7 days
of epidemic outbreak one reporter reached Kanchha’s house. He was sitting outside holding
his daughter. When a reporter asked him about his condition, his eyes burst into tears. He
showed the condition of his wife who was sleeping inside along with her younger son in critical
condition. His eldest son was cremated that morning only. The Reporter felt sorry and asked
about the doctors and medicine but Kanchha denied of getting any medicines and checked up by
any doctors. The reporter gave a few packets of ORS to him and return to his camp. Next day the
reporter was curious to know the situation of Kanchha Kumal. He went to visit him. After walk
for 30 minutes he reached there. Kanchha was sitting in the same position but this time he was
not holding a daughter. The reporter again asked him about his well-being then he started crying.
He controlled himself and said about the sudden demise of his wife and the youngest son. The
youngest daughter was also infected and sleeping on the bed where her mother was sleeping
yesterday. The condition of Kanchha Kumal was so pathetic. He was only the representative of
Kalikot district. Epidemic reached Jajarkot district also.


69 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

A team from the Nepal Health Research Council headed towards the affected Kalikot. The
district hospital collected the stool samples and data of death toll and infected people.
They found the epidemic was caused by “Vibrio Cholera: which is found in stale food and
contaminated water. Then they started the treatment of the victims.


Above case study shows the adverse affect of contaminated water. Therefore, pure
drinking water is very essential to live a healthy life.

Ways to Purify Water

Boiling Filtration Chlorination
SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection System)













boiling filteration chlorination

Sources of Drinking Water

From various sources people are using drinking water in Nepal. Such as ponds, lakes,
rivers, streams rivulets, spouts, tube-well, well, roar pump, etc. People drink directly
from the source which is not safe.














pond tube-well well













stream stone tap river
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 70

Problems

In urban areas a pipeline is installed to supply water but due to overpopulation water
supply is not sufficient. People use contaminated water mixed with pollutants such as
sewage, drainage, wastes, etc. In rural areas people have to walk long about 2/3 hours
to fetch mere a bucket-full of water. In this way more time and energy is consumed.
In the Himalayan region, all the land area is covered with snow. So people make
snow melt and drink. In hills, people drink directly from the sources. These sources
are not safe for drinking.

Similarly, in the Terai people drink underground water which contains Arsenic.
Economically, strong people may buy jar or tanker water but poor people suffer a lot
due to lack of poor drinking water supply or contaminated water. Thus, it becomes
ironical to herald Nepal as the second richest country in water resources in the world.
The major problems of drinking water in Nepal is given as follows in points:

Shortage of sufficient drinking water with the increasing households
Irregular supply of water with impurity
Lack of awareness of people and ignorance on its importance
Lack of effective plans and policies, supervision and implementation.
Pollution in the sources of water and arsenic mixed in underground water in
the Terai
Expensive in installation of pipelines in hills where houses are scattered
Solutions

New big projects should be launched like Melamchi Drinking Water to supply
pure drinking water sufficiently.
Supply of drinking water should be regular.
Filter plant should be kept to purify and supply water.
Public participation should be increased.
Consumers must be alert on water leakage and environmental pollution.
Strong planning should be done with proper implementation.
Local resources should be preserved.
Easy access to WASH (Water Sanitation and Hygiene) in every remote areas.

Efforts of the Government

The government has set the target to supply safe drinking to 83.6% people and
sanitation to 62%. Some reform policies of the government are as follows:
To provide drinking water and sanitation facility to all the citizens
To improve drinking water supply, purity and services gradually
To encourage rainwater collection where there is no regular source of water




71 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

To conserve traditional sources of drinking water like spouts, springs, ponds,
lakes, etc.
To emphasize “One Budget, One Project, One Report”program for timely
completion of the project
















Activity


The World Water Day is celebrated every year on March 22. The theme of
2016 World Water Day was “Better Water, Better Jobs”. Organize the speech
competition based on theme showing the correlations between water and jobs





Exercise


Answer the following questions:

1. Why is drinking water considered as an infrastructure of development?
2. Read the case study given in the text and explain the drinking water problems
in remote areas.
3. How much water do you use at home daily and for what purpose? Make a chart.
4. Mention the water borne diseases caused by drinking contaminated water.
5. How does public participation help to conserve water? Explain with example.






Community Work


Visit your community and collect the information about the drinking water facilities
and the source of drinking water. And, also find out whether the people are satisfied
with the drinking water supplied in their community. Prepare a report and present it in
your class.



Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 72

Lesson Traditional Knowledge, Skill and
2.10
Technology and Their Creative Use




FACTS Most of the modern technologies are the
to Understand modification of local technologies.

Date: 2077-2-22
Sukedhara, Kathmandu


Dear Sister,
Sumi
How are you? I hope everything is fine there. I am fine and doing my best to get good
grade in class 9.
You, asked me about the creative use of traditional knowledge, skill and technology.
When I came to Kathmandu from my village, I saw many things in modified form of
local technologies.

Since the beginning of human civilization man has developed many technologies for
their use. If you see around, you can find many technologies that are helping mankind
in various ways. This kind of technology is called local technology. Local technology is
also known as Indigenous Technology.

Traditional technologies are reliable, cheap and durable. They are based on local
skills and knowledge. These technologies are eco-friendly too. For example, water
grinding mills, aran, pottery making, handmade paper, pulling loads in bullock cart,
making butter in a wooden vessel called Theki and Madani, etc.











Sister, you know that the uses of Theki and Madani. Our mother used to get butter by
using a wooden vessel called Theki in which Madani is used as turbine. It rotates with
the help of rope called Neti. The continuous rolling of turbine results in the formation
of butter.
Similarly, still we use Dhiki and Janto to grind cereals, cook food using Guitha, Kol to
extract sugarcane juice or oil. These are very useful local and traditional technologies.
The technologies took several forms in the span of time and finally, it has been modified
and introduced in modern form. I saw many such modified form of technologies in
Kathmandu. Do you want to Know? Listen! I saw electric mixer grinder, flour mill
73 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

run by electricity or by diesel, etc. The electric mixer grinder is similar to Janto and
Okhal-Musli and Lohoro Silauto. The blades for grinding are prepared from iron. In
this system, blade grinds cereals and flour is collected in a pot which is made up of
iron.















Sister, when I see all these local technologies I wish to thank our ancestors. They
were very intelligent. They used their knowledge and skills to make life easier. These
skills are transformed from one generation to another. We use Nanglo (winnowing
tray), Doko, Dalo, Thunse (bamboo basket), etc. These tools simplify our daily life.
Pottery depicting particular culture of an ethnic group living in Nepal. Some other
technologies are Tuin, leg water pump, etc. These local technologies have assisted
Nepalese lifestyle in many ways.
Now, I will tell you the importance of local technologies, Listen to me carefully:

Local technology has helped in upgrading lifestyle of people.
It has positive impact on the productivity.
It has made the life easier and more comfortable.
Local technology transforms life from complexity to simplicity.
It is eco-friendly.
It is the base for development of modern technology.
It saves time and energy.
It gives proud feelings to get legacy of our fore fathers and our traditional
richness.
It helps to promote cultural identity and promote tourism.
Sister, I miss Dhakane made by mother. Gundruk, Sinki, Masyaura are my ever time
favourite. The taste of Mohi (whey) made in Dhiri (bamboo vessel) give heavenly
feelings specially in summer. Are you using the same Surahi (clay pot) which I brought
from haat bazar? In Kathmandu people use a refrigerator to drink cold water.

I hope you understood many things from this letter about the use of local technologies,
knowledge and skills. If you got any confusion then don’t hesitate to ask me.

Please convey my Dhog to Aama and Baba and love to our younger brother.

Your brother
Rupen

Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 74

Activity


Collect at least ten pictures of local technologies and make collage in your social
studies copy and show it to your teacher.





Exercise


Answer the following questions:

1. What do you mean by local technology?
2. Write the importance of local knowledge, skills and technology?
3. What sorts of traditional or local technologies have you used? Write any three
of them.
4. Write short notes on the following with figures:
a. Janto
b. Nanglo
c. Dhikki

5. How is local technology the basis of modern technology? Illustrate with examples.





Community Work


Collect the data of local technology users in your community.
Find out the items they have used.
Prepare a bar graph on the basis of the data you have collected.




Review Questions




Answer the following questions:
1. Define development in your own sentence.
2. What are the factors responsible to maintain sustainable
development?
3. What do you mean by per capita income?


75 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

4. Organize a speech competition on 'literacy’, a prerequisite of
development.
5. What is entrepreneurship? How is it a prerequisite of development?
6. Draft a dialogue between two people on "Schools should be declared
as zone of peace".
7. Write a short note on the condition of education in your local area.
8. Healthy manpower is the foundation of national development.”
Justify the statement.
9. Why is transport considered an important infrastructure of
development?
10. What are the main uses of electricity? Make a list.
11. Write the formula to calculate per capita income. Also find out the
present PCI of Nepal, the USA, Japan and China with the help of
either teacher or internet.
12. Show the relationship among GDP, GNP and PCI.
13. “Only the skills in reading, writing and arithmetic calculation
cannot denote exact literacy.” Evaluate the statement with reasons.
14. Prepare a case study on public participation.
15. Reema says 'we need telephone service first to disseminate the
casualties and destruction' but Hari says 'No, no! Road facility helps
to bring aid material and other things for construction of our houses
and buildings.” In your opinion, which elements of infrastructure
are very essential? Explain with suitable examples.
16. Define education.
17. Explain the educational history of Nepal.
18. Organize a debate on the topic 'Education should be imparted either
based on books or curriculum based in which playing by learning
method is applied'.
19. What do you think, letter grading system can practically be applied
or not?
20. What is arsenic? Why is it harmful for human health?
21. Karnali Province and Province No. 7 are highly affected by epidemic
every year. Find out its reason and the solutions to control epidemic.
22. If you were a minister of Health of Nepal, what programmes would
you launch to minimize the health programme?
23. “Water water everywhere, but there is no water to drink.' Explain
the statement.
24. Which is the major means of transportation reliable in Nepal?
25. “Bad roads lead to accidents'. Justify with a suitable example.




Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 76

Unit OUR TRADITIONS, SOCIAL NORMS
3 AND VALUES







Learning Outcomes of the Unit

UNIT CONTENTS The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
3.1 Nepali Paintings the unit are to enable students to:
(Chitrakala) 78 q know about the knowledge of traditional arts
3.2 Nepali Sculpture
(Murtikala) 83 q classify the Traditional art
3.3 Nepali Architecture q know the history of Nepal, Nepalese painting,
(Vastukala) 87 sculpture and Nepalese architecture with examples
3.4 Secularism and Religious q show the importance of religion, importance of
Tolerance in Nepal 91 religious tolerance in secularism
3.5 Religious Sites of Nepal 95 q know the contribution of national luminaries to the
3.6 National Luminaries and Their nation
Contributions 99 q know the concept of empathy and cooperation and its
3.7 Empathy and Cooperation 105 importance
3.8 Peace and Culture 108 q highlight the importance of peace culture
Review Questions 111


























Evaluation Scheme for the Unit - 3
Total Period(s): 16
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ – – 1 – 1 1 x 1 = 1 1x1.8=1.8
2. SATQ – 1 – 1 2 2 x 4 = 8 8x1.8=14.4
3. LATQ – – – – – – –
Total – 1 1 1 3 9 9 x1.8=16.2
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q = Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
77 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Lesson Nepali Paintings (Chitrakala)
3.1



FACTS Nepalese art carries higher values and importance.
to Understand It has high demand in western countries.



INTRODUCTION


Our customs and traditions are unique in the world. Tradition is a belief that has prevalent
for a long time among a particular group of people and custom is a way of behaving
things in people or in a community. We are social animals. So social thinking leads
our traditions and customs. Social values and norms are mainly guided by the society.
Similarly, our rites and rituals from birth to death are guided by the religious faith. Some
of the customs and the traditions of Nepal are Masto tradition of Karnali Pradesh and
Sudurpaschim Pradesh. Fasting tradition of Awadhi community of the Terai region of
province 5, etc.

Our customs and traditions are reflected in Nepali art and paintings. Nepali art is
related with different religions and gods and goddesses. It is highly influenced by
religion. Art is the expression of a creative mind.

Painting



























Painting Collage
Painting is the art or work of using paints. It is an expression of anything in the
form of a picture. It is said that the picture speaks thousand words. Paintings tell
the whole things about the culture and history. Our lifestyle, level of thinking and


Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 78

patterns of behaviours are reflected in painting. Nepali painting is highly based on
religions. It is said that painting was imported during the Lichchhavi Period in Nepal.
th
th
'Pragyaparamita' of the 10 and the 11 century made on copper plate is considered
as the oldest painting of Nepali. The painting consists of the picture of Pancha Buddha
and five stars one side and the pictures of Pragyaparamita, Bajrasatwa and other
goddesses on the other side.

Paintings can be divided into three types. They are:
i. Book Painting ii. Scroll Painting iii. Wall Painting














Book Painting



























Book Painting is also called 'Grantha Chitra'. The painting found in various books are
called book painting. They are also called treatise painting. In the past the painting
was done on copper plates, Bhojpatra, Tadi patra (palm leaf), etc. In which people
used to express their feelings. Later, due to the development of science and technology
modern book paintings are available on papers.

Scroll Painting

This painting is also called Pauva chitra. Scroll paintings are drawn on clothes or
papers. These paintings are popular among the Hindus and the Buddhists. A scroll
painting has a distinct place in the Nepalese painting. It is called Pauva in Nepali,

79 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

patta in Sanskrit and Thanka in Tibetan. These paintings are created on the basis of
important themes and style. The painting is done basically using water colour. Different
colours like bright yellow, intense blue, deep green are used to make paintings.


























scroll painting
Scroll painting is classified into two types. They are patta and mandala. In a patta
painting, the picture of the main deity is at its center with all deities on all sides. In a
Mandala painting there is a sign of objects like swastika or any symbols of the center
and the other deities surround it.

Thankas are made in two different shapes. They are square and circular in shapes.
Thankas were first originated in Tibet and were imported in Nepal. The size of scroll
painting is bigger than book paintings. A scroll painting is full of various artistic
designs of natural scenes and things like rivers, hills, clouds, flowers, trees, etc.

During religious performances Mahayana community of Buddhism made scroll
painting. If we visit monasteries of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur, we can see
a good number of precious and eye catching Thanka paintings. These paintings are
the centre of attraction for the tourist. Nowadays, Thanka paintings are exported in
a large number to foreign countries. This helps to raise incomes of the Nepalese who
are involved in this field and encourage other people to involve in this painting.

Wall Painting

The painting is popularly known as Bhitte chitra. The painting made on wall of houses
temples, monasteries, etc. are called wall painting. It is also called mural painting.
Ancient people used to paint on the walls of temples, house, etc. with the belief that
the paintings could avoid devils, evils, witches and negativity to protect themselves.
Still such paintings are found in ancient temples some palaces, Inns, etc. They are
of great value and reflect our history, traditional lifestyle and cultural norms and
values.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 80

According to Hindu culture the picture of Naag is pasted on the main entrance every
year during Naag Panchami. Though we claim that still painting is popular in our
societies, its objective is to decorate rather than avoiding devils and witches.





























wall painting
th
The painting made on the wall of Taleju Bhawani temple of Bhaktapur in about 15
century is considered the oldest wall painting. The most significant wall painting of
Shantipur of Swoyambhu, Basantapur Durbar, Kumarighar of Kathmandu were made
th
in the 18 century. Mostly in the wall painting stories of the Ramayan, the Mahabharat,
the Jatak tales, animals like pigeons, peacocks, etc. are commonly portrayed.
Mithila painting has its own significances. It is one of the most refined form of
painting. It is very popular in the Terai Region. It is also known as Madhubani
painting because this painting was imported from Madhubani, Bihar State of India
for the first time. This painting is mostly fostered in Janakpurdham. This painting
contains religious stories such as wedding of Ram, Sita, birds, animals, flowers, Kali,
Durga, Ganesh, Krishna, etc. The special features of Mithila painting is that mostly
women are involved in this painting. They do not use artificial colours but the natural
colours are used made from different herb flowers, etc. Therefore, Mithila painting
is special and little more expensive than other paintings. It is made in clothes. It is
being commercialized. Nowadays people earn good income and identify our culture
and traditional paintings are promoted.

In this way paintings show our culture and traditions. Therefore, it is the duty of
every person to protect and promote it. It helps to attract tourists and so encourages
the young generation to be involved in the commercialization of these paintings to
earn money. It has made their life easier. Indirectly Nepalese culture and tradition
can be preserved.



81 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Activity


Organize a painting competition in your school. With the help of your teacher you
can make colors of your own choice.
Required materials: Abir, Fevicol,Water, brush and bowl

Procedure
Take 1/2 cup abir in a bowl.

Add 2 table spoon fevicol and mix it properly.
Add 1/4 cup of water and stir until it mixes up completely.
Red color is ready.
In this way you can make different colours. It is cheaper and it can be used in a large
amount and easy to prepare.





Exercise


Answer the following questions:

1. What do you mean by painting?
2. Mention the types of painting and explain them briefly.
3. What do you know about the history of Nepali painting? Explain it in details.
4. Differentiate between book painting and wall painting.
5. Although Nepalese painting is popular in world market but Nepal is still not
able to develop as per the demand of the market. Give your suggestions to
promote Nepali painting in the world market.
6. What is Thanka painting? What are the types of Thanka painting? Explain
them briefly.
7. Why is Mithila painting popular? Illustrate with examples.






Community Work

Visit some museums or art gallery and observe the painting and their themes. Find out
more details on that painting. Prepare a report of your findings and present in the class.





Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 82

Lesson Nepali Sculpture (Murtikala)
3.2



FACTS Kailasnath Mahadev statue is the world’s tallest
to Understand Shiva statue located in Chitapol Municipality, Sanga,
Bhaktapur District, Nepal. It is 144 feet (44 m) high.
It is the world’s Fortieth statue, four places below
the Statue of Liberty.


























Dear Ruchika

How are you? I hope you are fine there. I am also fine here
and doing my study well.

When I came to Kathmandu, I visited many religious and
historical places here. I had collected a lot of information
about sculpture too which is very essential in social
studies. First you should understand the meaning
of sculpture. Sculpture is the art of making images
by carving stone, wood, metal, clay, wax and glass in
desired shape and size. I saw many statues of gods
and goddesses as well as the rulers in Durbar
square areas, temples and other places. So, I had
understood that, like painting, sculpture is also
related to religious and cultural traditions.

Sculpture was firstly introduced in the
Lichchhavi Period and flourished fully in the
Malla period. The image of Baman Tribikram
is the oldest image available in the history of

83 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Nepali sculpture. It was made by Lichchhavi king Mandev. The image of Yakshya
and Birupakshya are also the ancient sculpture of Nepal. We visited Pashupatinath
temple. I saw many temples of gods and goddesses. In Aryaghat of Pashupati area I
saw the statue of Birupakshaya also.

Do you know Ruchika? Kathmandu is called the city of temples. Many sculpture
were characterized by religious theme neutrality and simplicity made in Lichchhavi
period. All the images inside or on the premises of the Changu Narayan temple, idol
of Palanchowk Bhagawati, Budhanilkantha and many carved stone taps are some of
the finest examples of Lichchhivi sculpture .

Do you know which sculptures? I have observed the most beautiful ones? Listen!
I have observed the image of Narayan (Bishnu). Sleeping on snakes on water at
Budhanilkantha the most beautiful. I found it is a wonderful creation of Nepal
sculpture. It is a very big image but is believed to have been made up of a single
stone. The art manifested there is highly amazing. Many people from Kathmandu
and surroundings visit there regularly.

Ruchika, you know that after the Lichchhavi Period sculpture was flourished during
Malla period. Statues were made up of stone and wood in the Lichchhavi period
but in the Malla period metal statues became popular. Some of the popular images
during Malla period were Ganesh, Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Laxmi, Saraswati, Buddha
are available in the Kathmandu valley. I visited Banepa and there I saw the idols
of Suryanath of Banepa, Vishnu, Ugrachandi and Bhairav at Bhakatpur, Narshing
at Hanumandhoka, etc. are some of the examples of excellence in sculpture during
theMalla period, Narasimha of Hanumandhoka and Garuda of Mahankal are examples
of the Malla period. Similarly, the gates of Taleju temple in Kathmandu, Lalitpur and
Bhaktapur the golden gate of Bhaktapur Durbar, the golden taps of Patan, statues of
the Malla kings and the doors of temples show the development of sculpture during
the Malla period. So the Malla period was known as the golden period.

Do you know that the sculptures development was also continued in Shah
Dynasty? Yes, Shah rulers also continued the art and paintings but they were
not much interested to flourish sculpture as they were highly focused in extending
territory. The Rana rulers showed their interest to make their own statues. Many
statues made during the Rana period and the Shah Period were destroyed during
Maoist insurgency, but during different occasions the images of deities like Kali,
Durga, Saraswoti are made and worshipped in the Terai.

Nepali art and culture is highly influenced by religion. So Nepali sculptures are
valued mainly from their religious perspective. Despite of their values and importance
Nepalese people are not much interested to buy statues and keep them for decoration.
Therefore, statues have more demands in developed countries. There is still more
scope to develop sculpture. They are:








Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 84

Provide education and training to ardent youths about sculpture.
Conduct frequent exhibition, workshops, seminars, etc.
Raise awareness among ordinary people about
their religions and aesthetic significance.
Publicity of special features and importance of
Nepali sculpture at international level
Award renowned sculpture
The Fine Art Campus of Nepal provides education of
painting and other forms of art. The Nepal Academy
and its related institutions are trying to develop it.
Nepal Association of Fine Art (NAFA) is an important organization to contribute to
the development art and craft.

The places where I visited has their own significant values. I gained much knowledge
from them and wanted to share with you. When you visit Kathmandu I will take you
to these places to see all the sculptures having historical and religious importance.
Convey my dhog to uncle and aunty and love to your brother Swaraj.



Your loving friend
Asmi





Activity


a. Organize an art competition in your school. Ask your friends to make
different statues using flour dough.
Instructions to prepare flour dough
1. Take 2 cups of white fine flour (maida) and 1 cup of salt and mix it.
2. 1/2 cup of water is needed ranges between to cup.
3. Mix the ingredients and knead.
4. If you want a coloured dough, add several drops of food colouring or
poster colour.
5. Flour dough is ready to use. The extra dough after use can be wrapped
in plastic wrap. You can use it next time..

b. Write an essay on "Ancient Nepali sculpture and its importance".









85 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Exercise


Answer the following questions:

1. What is sculpture?
2. Give brief introduction to the history of Nepali sculpture.
3. Prepare an editorial for a daily newspaper about the role of the Lichchhavi
rulers and the Malla rulers in the development of sculpture.
4. “Although the history of Nepali sculpture is old but still it could not be flourished
properly.” Explain with suitable reasons.
5. You may have seen various images and statues. Select one of them which you
like most. Describe briefly on the basis of the following points:
Name

Location
Date of construction

Artist (Optional)
Material used

Importance

6. Explain the role of Nepal Association of Fine Arts (NAFA).






Community Work


Visit any temple, monastery or church of your locality and observe the condition of
sculpture.
Prepare a news article for a newspaper on the basis of your visit.





Project Work

1. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on the statue of Lord Shiva of Sanga, Bhaktapur
and present it in your class.
2. Collect the information and present some popular sculpture from your area. Also
mention their importance.




Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 86

Lesson Nepali Architecture (Vastukala)
3.3



FACTS Nyatapole temple of Bhaktapur built in pagoda style
to Understand was constructed in 1701-1702 AD (BS 1758-1759).




The style in which a building is designed and constructed especially relating to a
specific period, place of culture is called architecture. Our architecture is renowned
for its originality and speciality. It reflects Nepalese lifestyle. In Nepali language
“Vaastu” means a place of dwelling and “Kala” means art. So the word “Vastukala”
means the art of dealing with a place of dwelling. So architecture means the art of
building houses, palaces, temples, monasteries, forts, inns, etc. in a good design.

An ancient architecture is a very important cultural heritage of Nepal. The existing
temples, palaces and other buildings of Nepal exhibit an outstanding piece of
Nepali architecture. As painting and sculpture, architecture is also paramount and
scientifically the best in Nepal. On the basis of style, Nepalese architecture is divided
into five categories. They are:
1. The Pagoda style 2. The Stupa or Chaitya style
3. The Shikhar style 4. Mughal style and
5. European style

1. The Pagoda Style

This is considered to have
been introduced to Nepal in the
th
13 century during the Lichchhavi
period. The pagoda style of
architecture means the multi-
storyed temples. It is a form of a
tall tower with several levels, each
of which has its own roof which
stretches over the floor below. Its
roofs are originally made of gold, Pashupatinath Temple
bronze or brass. The ground in
which building is made is little raised with some carved steps decorated with images
on both sides. The important elements of pagoda style are Tundals which contain
beautiful carving at three levels. They are trees and trailers on the top deities in the
middle and human beings or animals on its bottom. Doors and windows on all sides
have wooden carving and further decorated by Torans in arches.
In pagoda style, gajur and pinnacle are the places on the top. The gods and goddesses
to be worshipped are placed in the ground floor. The upper stories have some space
for storing the properties that belong to the temple.

87 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

The beautiful temples and monuments made in pagoda
style are Mangriha palace of Mandev, Changunarayan,
Kailashkut Bhawan, Bhadradiwas Bhawan, etc. The
Pagoda style further developed mostly during the Malla
period. The Pashupatinath Temple, Taleju Bhawani,
Nyatapola (Bhaktapur), Dattatraya (Bhaktapur),
Kasthamandap (Kathmandu), Nautale Durbar and
many more are constructed in the same Pagoda style.
Even seven storeyed durbar of Nuwakot built in the
period of Prithivi Narayan was also built in Pagoda
style.
Nyatapola Temple
2. The Stupa or Chaitya Style

This style is different from the pagoda. It has a broad base and gradually
becomes narrower in the upper part. It is basically
a Buddhist style of architecture. Attached to
the semi circular white dome, there is a square
structure with watchful eyes of Lord Buddha. An
umbrella-like disc round the central single pillar
represents salvation (nirvana).
Emperor Asoka introduced this style of
st
architecture in Nepal in the 1 century.
Swoyambhunath Temple
There are festooned prayer flags extending from
the central pillar and the prayer wheels lie all
around the basal circumference. Asoka stupa of Patan is believed to be the oldest
stupa in Nepal erected by Emperor Ashok. Some other stupas are Bouddhanath,
Swoyambhunath, Charumati Bihar of Chabahil, Mahaboudha Stupa, Mayadevi
Temple of Lumbini, etc. are the examples of stupa or chaitya style.


3. Shikhar Style

The style has its own unique architecture. It is
th
believed that it was developed in the 4 century and
brought from India. Shikhars are similar in design to
Indian temples, best recognized by a majestic dome
roof. The original material is stone. In Nepal this type
th
of architecture was popular during the 17 and the
th
18 century. The striking examples of Shikhar style
are the Krishna temple and the Mahaboudha temple of
Patan. The Krishna temple was constructed by the then
ruler Siddhi Narasingh Malla. Some other examples
are Batsalya Devi temple of Bhaktapur, Shiva temple
of Indrachowk, Kathmandu, Pratappur and Anantapur
temple of swoyambhu are the excellent examples of the
shikhar style.
Krishna Mandir
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 88

4. Mughal Style or Gumbaz Style




















Ram Janaki Temple
A rectangular building with an open area at the centre inside the large surrounding
building which looks like a huge fort. The top part has a dome shape. Such architecture
in a building is called Mughal Style or Gumbaz Style. Janaki temple is an artistic
architectural piece designed in the Mughal Style. Mughal Style was brought from
India during Mughal (Muslim) rule. At the open space inside the temple there is a
place for worshipping the god or goddess. There are other buildings, temples and
mosques which are built in Mughal style.

5. European Style

This style is imported from European
countries when Junga Bahadur Rana visited
European countries for the first time in 1906 BS.
The Singha Durbar, the Keshar Mahal, the Shri
Mahal, the Rani Mahal, etc. are the best examples
of European Style. They represent the modern
architecture of Nepal. After Junga Bahadur other Rani Mahal, Palpa
Ranas were highly influenced by this style. So,
the most of the palaces and buildings made during the Rana rule are in European
style. They symbolize the modern architecture in Nepal.

















Singha Durbar

89 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Activity


Sketch the picture of monuments built in different architectural style and keep in
exhibition during parent’s day or a special occasion of your school.





Exercise


Answer the following questions:

1. Define architecture.
2. What are the different styles used to construct palaces, temples and other
monuments in Nepal. Mention them briefly.
3. How does modern architecture differ from the traditional style?
4. What are the special feature of pagoda style? Mention them.
5. What is Gumbaz style? Differentiate it with Pagoda style.
6. Find out the style of the following temples and palaces:
i. Pashupatinath temple ii. Krishna Mandir
iii. Nyatapola iv. Bouddhanath
v. Dattatreya temple vi. Swoyambhunath Stupa

vii. Janaki temple viii. Singhadurbar
ix. Kasthamandap






Community Work


There are many temples, buildings and palace in your community.
Visit these places and try to find out the style of architecture used in these buildings.





Project Work

Log on to the website: //http//: www.visitnepal.com/Nepal and www.nepalart.com
and collect the information about Nepali art and architecture and prepare a project
work in A4 size paper or prepare PowerPoint presentation and show it to your class.


Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 90

Lesson Secularism and Religious
3.4
Tolerance in Nepal




FACTS Muktinath temple is also called Chumig Gyastsa. It is a sacred
to Understand place for both Hindu and Tibetan Buddhists. It is located at an
altitude of 12,300 feet high in Annapurna circuit. Although it is
the temple of Lord Vishnu, the main priest is Lama Wangyal. It
shows the high Religious Tolerance.

Nepal is a secular state declared by the Interim Constitution of Nepal on Jestha 4,
2063. The constitution provides freedom to practice any religions of one’s own choice.
Secularism means a state that does not have its own official religions. In secularism
religious matters have no influence on the politics, education, governance, social
relationship and any other ideas. All religions are treated equally by the state no
matter whether the followers are in majority or minority. Laws are made independent
to show equal respect to all religions. The state remains neutral in the matter of
religion and does not give any special privileges to be a particular religious group.
















Hindus Muslims














Christians Buddhists

A Secular State, Nepal

The constitution of Nepal 2072 has stated in Part 1, Article 4 as “Nepal is an
independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, democratic, inclusive, socialism-oriented
Federal Democratic Republic State”.

91 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

It further stated that
“Secular means protection
of religion and culture being
practiced since ancient times Do You Know
and religious and cultural
freedom.” Similarly, a
provision of Right to Religious In Asia there are 21 secular countries including Nepal,
Freedom as a fundamental China, India, etc. Bangladesh is both Islamic and secular
right has been made in Part 3, as per its constitution.
Article 26 in the constitution
of Nepal, 2072. It stated that:

1. Every person shall have the right to maintain, practice and preserve his or her
own religion.
2. Every religious group or sect shall have the right to maintain its independent
existence and conduct and preserve its religious sites and trusts.
3. No individual shall act or behave in a manner which may infringe upon the
religion of other forceful conversation to religion is punishable by law.






















House of Representatives

Benefits of Secularism

Nepal was a Hindu kingdom till the beginning of BS 2063. The system of governance
was dominated mainly by the Hindu ideology. The other religions were in minority.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 92

After the people’s movement 2062/63 reinstated the dissolved parliament called the
th
House of Representatives on 11 Baishakh 2063. The reinstated parliament made a
th
historical declaration of 4 Jestha 2063 heralding Nepal a Secular State for the first
time in its history. Later it is was legally institutionalized by the Interim Constitution
st
of Nepal 2063, promulgated on 1 Magh 2063. The constitution of Nepal 2072 has also
guaranteed right to religion as a fundamental right. In this way people of Nepal have
experienced a greater social change along with the emergence of secularism to govern
the country in full democratic system secularism was adopted. It is highly beneficial
to all the citizens in a nation. Some benefits of exercise of secularism in Nepal are
given below:

Ideals of democracy can truly be practiced.
Citizens of all religions get equal facilities and services from the state.
Cultures and traditions of various religious groups can be well preserved and
protected.
A sense of brotherhood develops among the citizens.
State can work freely without the influence of any religious group.
Equality and social justice get more priority.

Religious tolerance can be fostered and healthy relationship can be established
between the followers of different religious groups.

Religious Tolerance in Nepal


Religious tolerance is maintained highly in Nepal since the time immemorial. There
has never been religious riots in the name of religion. Hinduism and Buddhism sprang
up together and respect each other. The Buddhist people worship Pashupatinath as
th
Pancha Buddha and Hindu people worship Lord Buddha as the 9 incarnation of
th
Lord Bishnu(Source: Buddha: 9 incarnation, U.C. Vasistha) . In this way, people are
maintaining religious harmony in the country. On the basis of some facts given below
we can justify that there is religious tolerance in Nepal since ancient period.

The kings of the Gopal and the Kirant dynasties used to follow Shaivism whereas
Lichchhavi king Mandev’s family used to follow both Shaivism and Vaishnav.

Lichchhavi king Mandev constructed Man Vihar paying tribute to Buddhism.
King Pratap Malla permitted Christian pastors to live in Kathmandu.
King Prithvi Narayan Shah invited Muslim artisans from India in the palace
for repairing arms and to train the army.
At present too, a daughter of Shakya community, a Buddhism follower, is worshipped
by the Hindus as a living goddess Kumari. These facts show that the strong proof of
religious tolerance is maintained in the country. As per the census BS 2068, more
than 10 religious groups live in Nepal but we 'feeling' is strongly maintained here. The
people of different religions are sharing their culture and festivals with each other.
Therefore, there is no difference and chaos in the country in the name of religion and
there is unique social and religious tolerance in our country Nepal.

93 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Activity


Draw a picture showing religious tolerance and paste it in your classroom.







Exercise


Answer the following questions:

1. What do you mean by secularism?
2. Explain the importance of secularism.
3. In what ways does secularism promote religious tolerance? Show their inter
relationships.
4. “Religious tolerance is maintained in Nepal from the time immemorial.” Justify
the statement.
5. In what ways is religious tolerance extremely shown in Muktikshetra. Find out
the details and prepare an editorial.
6. Mention the benefits of secularism.








Community Work


Visit your community and take an interview of at least 10 local people about their
satisfaction or dissatisfaction on secularism in Nepal.























Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 94

Lesson Religious Sites of Nepal
3.5



FACTS Nepal has high feasibility to develop religious
to Understand tourism.




Nepal is a multi-religious multi-cultural country. More than 10 religions are being
followed in the country. In every religion there are many sacred temples and
monasteries. The daily life of Nepalese have great influence of the Hinduism and
Buddhism. The birth place of Gautam Buddha Lumbini is a place of reverence
for Buddha all over the world. The most important religious sites for pilgrims are
Pashupatinath, Muktinath, Devghat, Swoyambhunath, Boudhanath, Changu
Narayan, Doleshwor Mahadev, Budhanilkantha, etc. are located in the surroundings
of the Kathmandu valley. Therefore, Kathmandu is popularly known as the city of
temples. One of the tourist even commented about Kathmandu as “Walking through
the streets of the city is like exploring a living museum.” Some tourists said”there are
more idols and statues of gods and goddesses than human beings in Kathmandu”.
These facts show the religious feeling and the faith of people on religion.

People from Nepal as well as the Hindu followers from India visit to worship gods and
goddesses in temples like Pashupatinath, Dakshinkali, Manakamana, Pathivara,
Ram Janaki temple, etc. There are so many such temples in which people have great
devotion. Similarly, Lumbini is worldwide popular for Buddhist followers. Devotees
from Nepal, India, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan, etc. visit Lumbini every year.

In this way there are many eminent religious sites in Nepal. They are as follows:
Sl.No. Religious Site District
1. Arjundhara, Kichakbadh, Satasidham Jhapa
2. Mai Pokhri, Larumba, Sano Pathivara Ilam
3. Singha Devi, Gupteshwor Mahadev Paanchthar
4. Pathivara Taplejung
5. Birat Kali, Sansarimaisthan Morang
6. Budhasubba, Barah Kshetra Sunsari
7. Chhintangdevi, Margasthan Dhankuta
8. Singhabahini Tehrathum
10. Chandisthan, Singhakali Bhojpur
11. Salahesh Siraha
12. Chhinnamasta Saptari
13. Chaudandidevi Udayapur
14. Haleshi Mahadev Khotang


95 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

15. Champadevi Okhaldhunga
16. Syangboche Gumba Solukhumbu
17. Ram Janaki Temple Dhanusha
18. Jaleshwor Mahadev Mohottari
19. Rajwa Shivalaya Sarlahi
20. Kusheshwor Mahadev Sindhuli
21. Kewaleshwor Mahadev Ramechhap
22. Bhimeshwor Than Dolakha
23. Bhimsen, Bhutandevi Makwanpur
24. Gadimai, Kankalidevi Bara
25. Alakhiyamath, Maisthan Parsa
26. Somesworkali, Bikram Baba, Balmiki Ashram Chitwan
27. Larke Ghyang Sindhupalchok
28. Palanchowk Bhagawati, Namobuddha Kavrepalanchok
29. Bhairabi Temple Nuwakot
30. Gosaikunda Rasuwa
31. Nilkantha, Gupteshwor Dhading
32. Changunarayan, Suryavinayak, Nyatapol Bhaktapur
33. Bangalamukhi, Krishna Mandir Patan, Lalitpur
34. Pashupatinath, Swoyambhunath, Jame Masjid Kathmandu
35. Gorakhnath, Manakamana, Gorakhkali Gorkha
36. Ishaneshwar, Dhorbarah Tanahu
37. Devghat, Dhorbarah Tanahun
38. Garaunkali, Alamdevi Syangja
39. Taalbarahi, Bindhyabasini, Shantistupa Kaski
40. Chhek Gumba Manang
41. Muktinath, Narsing Gumba Mustang
42. Galeshwor Mahadev Myagdi
43. Modibeni, Gupteshwor Parbat
44. Kalika Baglung
45. Resunga, Arjun, Rudrabeni Gulmi
46. Rishikeshwor Palpa
47. Tribeni, Balmiki Ashram Nawalparasi
48. Mayadevi, Lumbini, Boudha Gumba Rupandehi
49. Tilaurakot, Tauleshwor Mahadev Kapilvastu
50. Supa Deurali Arghakhanchi
51. Sworgadwari Pyuthan


Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 96

52. Bajubarah Rolpa
53. Kalikadevi Rukum
54. Khairawang Bhagawati Salyan
55. Chaughera Peeth Dang
56. Bageshwori, Masjid Banke
57. Timkodhiya Bardiya
58. Deuti Bajai, Kakre Vihar Surkhet
59. Jwaladevi, Pancha Tirtha Dailekh
60. Paink Masta Temple Jajarkot
61. Tripura Sundari Dolpa
62. Chandannath, Bhairabnath Jumla
63. Malika Gadhi, Kalika Mugu
64. Balpale, Halji Buddha Gumba Humla
65. Badimalika Bhagawati Bajura
66. Jalpadevi, Surmadevi, Dandarmasta Bajhang
67. Baidhyanath Temple Baradevi Achham
68. Shaileshwori Doti
69. Behadababa, Nainadevi, Laxminarayan Kailali
70. Bhramadev, Jwaladevi Kanchanpur
71. Ugratara Dadeldhura
72. Mailoli Temple, Jagannath Baitedi
73. Mallikarjun, Tapovan Darchula
74. Shivajee Temple, Masjid Rautahat
75. Tripura Sundari Kalikot











Jame Masjid Boudhanath Church Sworgadwari




Do You Know




Chhairo Gompa was the first monastery of the Nyingma School of Tibetan
th
Buddhism founded in Upper Mustang. It was established in the 16 century.

97 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

Activity


Collect at least 10 pictures of different temples, monasteries, mosques and
churches and make a collage in chart paper and paste it in your classroom.






Exercise


Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by religious sites?
2. What benefits do we get from the religious sites? Mention any five benefits.
3. Draw a sketch of Pashupatinath temple and write its religious and archaeological
importance.
4. “Although Nepal has many religious places but due to the lack of renovation,
lack of transportation and advertisement, many people do not know about them
or do not show their interest to visit there”. What kind of problem is depicted in
the statement? Write the solutions to the problems.
5.
a. Identify the given picture.
b. Which religion is symbolized
from this picture?
c. Draw the symbol of this religion.







Community Work


Visit any religious site of your locality and find out the detail.
On the basis of your research prepare a report and present it in your classroom.





Project Work


Prepare a PowerPoint presentation based on religious sites of your district and present
it in your class.



Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 98

Lesson National Luminaries and
3.6
Their Contributions




FACTS Amber Gurung was born in February 26, 1938 in
to Understand Darjeeling, India became a Nepali citizen since
1970 AD. He was the music composer of national
Anthem: Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka Hamii…”. He was
popularly known as the Father of Modern Nepali
Music, who died in June 2016.



Many people are born in Nepal but the National Heroes of Nepal are only honoured
for their contribution to glory of the nation. They contributed in religious, cultural or
economic reforms, war time bravery to the cause of democracy, literature, architecture.
Some of the national luminaries gave up their lives and their labour, knowledge and
property for the nation. A committee, chaired by Bal Krishna Sama had declared 13
persons as the luminaries in BS 2018 Altogether 16 persons have been declared as the
national luminaries. The following is the brief introduction to each of them.

1. King Janak

King Janak was a wise king of Mithila pradesh
(present Janakpur). He was a sage, scholar, learned man
and a great philosopher. He was also known as “Bideha”
for his good qualities. He used to give more importance to
the soul (Aatma) than the body (Deha). The great scholars
like Maitreyi, Gargi used to live in his palace with whom
he used to discuss the importance of scriptures and the
about the religions. King Janak made Janakpur a centre
of attraction from cultural and religious point of view. He
developed Mithila as the centre of intellectual discourses.
He made cultural and religious value of Mithila popular
in the world.

2. Sita

There are several names of Sita. She was called as Janaki,
Maithili, Baidehi, etc. She was the daughter of King Janak. She
was married to Ram, the eldest son of king Dasarath of Ayodhaya.
Sita was a virtuous, idealistic, wise and spiritual woman. It is
believed that she was found as an infant in a box by king Janak
while ploughing the field. Sita is a symbol of the ideal character
of women. She proved herself loyal in every difficult situation

99 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX

she faced. Her life history is an inspiring example for Nepalese women to move ahead
on the path of truth. Nepalese women inspired from her boldness, wisdom, tolerance
capacity, virtuous and dignified lifestyle. She is also known for her dedication, loyalty
and purity.

3. Gautam Buddha


Siddhartha Gautam popularly known as Gautam Buddha
was the founder of Buddhism. He was born in the Shakya dynasty.
His father was Suddhodhan and mother was Mayadevi. When
he felt stress and sorrow from material life, he left everyone and
everything of luxury to seek truth. After a long time with difficult
meditation, he got enlightenment. He taught eight fold paths,
justice, non-violence and peace to the people. The eightfold paths
in Buddhism include:
i. Right Action iii. Right Belief iii. Right Conduct

iv. Right Desire v. Right Meditation vi. Right Occupation
vii. Right Speech, and viii. Right Thought
He became a prominent personality of global peace and is known as the light of Asia.
The birth place of Gautam Buddha is located in Nepal. So the country became more
popular because of such personality.


4. Amshuverma

Amshuverma was a famous Lichchhavi king. He was a
learned king. He wrote a grammar book in Sanskrit named
“Sabdavidya”. A Chinese traveller Huen Chang mentioned his
wisdom in his traveller’s diary. He wrote that Amshuverma was
a great scholar who loved to search a new paradigm of knowledge.
The palace called Kailashkut Bhawan was built in pagoda style for
administrative purpose. It had a great importance in the history of
architecture. He established warm relationship with China, India
and Tibet and saved the country from foreign invasion. During
his reign art, architecture, language and literature were fully developed. It is mainly
because of great contribution of Amshuverma, the Lichchhavi
period is known as “the Golden Period”.

5. King Ram Shah


Ram Shah was the king of Gorkha. He brought reforms
in economy, society, law and administration. The new system of
measurement was introduced to improve trade. He introduced
a standard system of weight, scale and measurement. Mana,
Paathi, Dharni, Dhak, Taraju, etc. were introduced to his regime.
He fixed the rate of interest according to the production of the
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 100