crops. He was very popular for his good administrative skill and justice. He initiated
rule of law and good system of justice in his kingdom. Therefore, the proverb became
very famous that “Nyaya Napaye Gorkha Jaanu” (If you are deprived of justice, go to
Gorkha). It shows his efficiency and faith of the subject for their ruler.
6. Prithvi Narayan Shah
Prithvi Narayan Shah was the Gorkhali
king to start unification campaign and unified
more than half of the territory of present
Nepal. Nepal was divided into 52 small
kingdoms. They were 22 states, 24 states, 3
Malla kingdoms and 3 Sen kingdoms. The
effort to unify all the smaller kingdom and
convert into a single nation is praiseworthy.
He extended the territory up to Mechi in
Nepal’s eastern border. He was the builder of
independent and sovereign Nepal. He was a far
sighted leader, good administrator, protector
of a traditional ruler. He was a patriot. He
used to respect scholars and their intelligence.
His benevolent attitude and courage turned
the country from small principalities to a single nation. Therefore, he is known as the
“Founder of Modern Nepal”.
7. Araniko
Araniko was a great architect of Nepal. He was
born in Patan and called as Balbahu. During the reign
of Abhaya Malla, Chinese Emperor Kublai Khan asked
Nepal to send some skilled architects to make a new
building. Abhaya Malla accepted his request and sent
the team of 80 members under the leadership of Araniko
to China in BS 1300 (1243 AD). He built several pagoda
style buildings and monasteries in Lhasa and Beijing.
The emperor was highly impressed by the skill of Araniko
and his team.
In this way he made Nepali art and architecture famous
in the world. It proved that Nepali architects have
a greater degree of creativity. The Chinese Emperor
Kublai Khan awarded him the title of Minghoi (the Great
Talent) for his immense talent after his death. The White
Pagoda of Beijing is still considered as the master piece
of brilliant architect Araniko. In his memory the Chinese
government constructed Araniko Highway from Kathmandu to Kodari, the route he
used to go to China.
101 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
8. Amar Singh Thapa
Amar Singh Thapa fought bravely with the British East India Company. He
extended Nepal’s western boundary up to Kangda and the river Ravi in the present
Punjab State of India. Amar Singh Thapa was loyal and patriotic in nature. Despite of
great allurement of the British General Ochterlony he fought selflessly. He is known
as “the Living Lion”. When Nepal choose to sign the Sugauli Treaty, he became highly
distressed and went to Gosaikunda where he lived until his death.
9. Bhimsen Thapa
Bhimsen Thapa was a true patriot,
good administrator and a brave warrior.
He was the first prime minister of Nepal.
He proposed for Asian unity against
British imperialism. He wanted to chase
away the British not only from India but
from Asia also. In the battle which was
fought against British, he showed his
absolute bravery. He ruled for 31 years
as the prime minister. He continued
the unification of Nepal and extended
the western border to the Sutlaj. His
truthfulness, patriotism, far sightedness
and purity of heart was highly appreciated by then king. Showing great faith on
Bhimsen Thapa, once king Rana Bahadur had said, “The country will not sink if I die
but it will sink if Bhimsen dies.” Even Chandra Shumsher, the Rana Prime minister
said, “Nepal would no more be there if Bhimsen Thapa was not born.” He was an
efficient diplomat. He modernized the Nepalese army. He earned a good name for his
love of nationalism.
10. Balabhadra Kunwar
Balabhadra Kunwar was the great warrior of
Nepal. During the Anglo-Nepal war he took the entire
defence of Nalapani Fort. In just 20 years old young
commander Balabhadra Kunwar fought very bravely,
though he was less equipped. He had only 600 troops
including women and children whereas the British
had 3500 soldiers with modern and advanced weapons
like guns and cannons but the British couldn’t fight
with Balabhadra. Highly impressed by his courageous
defence, the British force erected a memorial stone and
carved words of honour on it “As a tribute of respect for
our gallant adversary BULBUDDER, the commander
of the fort and HIS BRAVE GURKHAS”. He did not
surrender in front of his enemies but showed extraordinary Nepalese bravery.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 102
11. Bhanu Bhakta Acharya
Bhanu Bhakta Acharya was the great Nepali poet. He was called as 'Aadi Kabi'
that means the poet of beginning. Prithvi Narayan Shah unified Nepal and made a
single nation in the same way. Bhanu Bhakta Acharya unified the feelings of Nepalese
through the Nepali language. He is popularly known for the Ramayan in Nepali which
he translated from Sanskrit. His other creations in Nepali language were “Badhu
Shikshya, Bhaktamala, Prashnottari, etc.” He began the trend to write in own native
language, Nepali. Therefore, he can be compared with Alighieri Dante who started
the same trend in European countries. His “Divine Comedy” is written in the Tuskan
language, the native language of Alighieri Dante. Before, the Greek language and the
Latin language were used. In Nepali society too, the Sanskrit language was main and
Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Braj, Maithili were the some major languages used by poets in their
creations. Bhanu Bhakta was the pioneer poet of Nepali languages and literature.
12. Moti Ram Bhatta
Moti Ram Bhatta is known as “the Yuva Kavi”. He has a great contribution to
Nepali literature. He introduced Bhanu Bhakta Aacharya by collecting and publishing
the scattered works of Bhanu Bhakta Aacharya. He collected and published all eight
parts of the Ramayan. Bhanu Bhakta’s contribution revealed and realized by the
effort of Moti Ram Bhatta. He wrote many poems and Gajals in Nepali. His “Pik Doot”
(crow as a messenger), Pyaari Uthaou Ki aba ta Kukhura Karaye, are some of the
pioneer creation. He established a press in Kathmandu and published the Ramayan
from here. He died in his early age of 30.
13. King Tribhuwan
Kind Tribhuwan played a vital role in the movement in a democratic movement
of BS 2007 against autocratic Rana regime. He supported Nepalese people to
overthrow the tyrannical regime of the Ranas and left his palace at the risk of life and
throne. He took shelter in India along with his family members. The tripartite “Delhi
Agreement” was signed between Nepali Congress, the Ranas and the king Tribhuwan
in the mediation of Jawaharlal Nehru. Formally, the Rana regime came to an end and
th
democracy was declared on 7 Falgun 2007. He is called as the “Father of Nation”.
14. Shankhadhar Sakhwa
Shankhadhar Sakhwa was a great social reformer. He collected gold from the
sand of the Bishnumati river and cleared the debt of the poor people. In this way he
freed the poor people of the Kathmandu valley from the heavy debt of the ruler. Seeing
his benevolent people of the valley became extremely grateful to him and started
Shaka Sambat (Nepal Sambat) from the liberated day to pay great honour to him.
Shankhadhar Sakhwa was enlisted in the list of national luminaries on Mangshir 2,
2056.
103 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
15. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa
Pasang Lhamu is remembered for her courage, winning attitude with great
devotion and determination. She proved that Nepalese women are not lesser than the
others. She climbed Mt. Everest on Baishakh 10, 2050 BS. Unfortunately, she died on
the way while returning home. An avalanche took her life. She is a symbol of a bold
lady and a source of inspiration for all Nepalese women for their courage to rise from
their level and perform adventurous activities to glorify the nation.
16. Mahaguru Falgunananda
Falgunananda was the founder of the Kirant dynasty. He was born of
Limbu parents on Kartik 25, 1942 BS in Ilam. He was the great teacher in the
Limbu community. Therefore, people called him Mahaguru. His outstanding socio-
economic ethnic and religious contribution is always remembered. He organized a
comprehensive Kirant conference in BS 1988 which passed a ten-point True Religion
Draft (Satyang Muchulka). He eliminated several evil traditions of the Kirants such
as sacrificing birds and animals, drinking alcohol and he encouraged people to offer
curd and flowers to god. He encouraged establishment of schools and temples.
Activity
Collect the bio-data of Jhamak Kumari Ghimire and explain her contribution to
Nepali Literature and Nepali society.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Who are National Luminaries?
2. Explain the contribution of National Luminaries like Bhanu Bhakta Acharya
and Pasang Lhamu Sherpa.
3. If you wish to add someone’s name to the list of our national personalities,
suggest the name with reason.
4. Who is known as the Father of the Nation and why?
5. Compare the contribution of Prithvi Narayan Shah and Bhanu Bhakta Acharya
Community Work
Prepare a questionnaire and visit your community and meet a person who contributed
to the development of your community and take an interview. Share your findings with
your teacher and friends in the classroom.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 104
Lesson Empathy and Cooperation
3.7
FACTS It turns out that advancing equal opportunity and
to Understand economic empowerment is both morally right and
good economics because discrimination, poverty
and ignorance restrict growth while investment
in education, infrastructures and scientific and
technological research increase it, creating more
good jobs and new wealth for all of us.’
- William J. Clinton
people discussing on development works
If the feelings are mutual, the efforts will be equal. The quality of understanding,
sharing one's experiences to other is called empathy. It is the action of understanding
being aware of, being sensitive to others feeling and experiencing either the past
or present. It is a true humanitarian ethic in which a person becomes benevolent
truthful, trustworthy and realizes other's feelings and problems.
Similarly,cooperation means a situation in which people work together to solve the
problems cooperation maintains coordination and solidarity develop the closeness
and intimacy. As a result any type of work can be carried out so easily. Empathy and
cooperation increase the unity and trust with each other. It creates a harmoniums
and civilized society.
Importance of Empathy and Cooperation
Nowadays people have become so materialistic and mechanical that the feeling of
empathy and cooperation have been gradually decreased. People have become so
105 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
selfish that they cannot develop any feelings and sympathy to others. The growing
industrialization and urbanization have made people so busy. They have become self-
centered. The feeling of brotherhood, wishing for other's prosperity have decreased.
Jealousy, envy, stress, etc. has increased. So that people are having maximum problem
developing in their life, such as insecurity, loneliness, hypertension, etc. Therefore,
the importance of empathy and cooperation in one’s life is very high.
If empathy and cooperation develops, then no one suffers from torture discrimination
or exploitation. Some of the importance are as follows:
It helps to avoid terror, violence and insecurity.
It is the foundation of trust and justice.
It helps in the establishment of peace and harmony.
It works as a form of strength or power for overcoming any obstructions.
In a society people expect some security help and cooperation. It is so because human
is a social animal.
Nepalese people showed empathy and cooperation during the massive earthquake of
th
12 Baishakh 2072. Many people lost their lives and property, many others became
homeless, disabled, orphan and destitute. Those victims were in need of acute empathy
and cooperation. Some people helped them wholeheartedly. In the time of need many
countries in the world helped the victims of earthquake by giving cash and kind and
involved directly and indirectly in rescue and management. People with humanitarian
value promptly became ready to assist the suffering ones in such situation. These all
proved that empathy and cooperation go side by side.
Cooperation maintains coordination and solidarity enhances the closeness and
intimacy. It creates a civilized society.
Case Study Cooperation for Capacity Building
Women in Bhagawati Tole, Jajarkot were very backward. The INGO, Social Welfare
Council in Nepal worked voluntarily with the local organization to give training of
capacity building to the women of backward class. In the beginning women were not
interested to take any kind of training because of many problems like illiteracy, poverty,
chhaupadi, etc. Finally, INGO volunteers convinced women to come forward and take
trainings. They also explained the needs and benefits of training to make growth in
income. At present more than 50 women are trained and some of them have started
tailoring house, some are beauticians, some have started cottage industries. Today they
are self-reliant, their family is living happily. They are very thankful to the organization
and also supporting each other to work efficiently.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 106
Read the above case study and answer the following questions:
1. How was the status of women of Bhagawati Tole before they got the training of
Capacity Building?
2. Who helped the women of backward classes?
3. What were the occupations adopted by women after the training?
Activity
Organize an Essay Competition on the topic “Empathy and Cooperation are the
bases for the World Peace”.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is empathy? What should we do to maintain empathy and cooperation
in Nepal?
2. Explain the situation of the people in which feeling of empathy and cooperation
is decreasing gradually.
3. Write the importance of empathy and cooperation in points.
4. Read the case study given in the text carefully and explain the reason of women
backwardness in western Nepal.
5. What will happen in the absence of empathy and cooperation?
Community Work
How is empathy and cooperation maintained in your society?
Visit your society and prepare a report on it with suitable examples.
Project Work
Make a PowerPoint presentation based on massive earthquake, BS 2072, in which people
showed extreme cooperation to each other.
107 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Peace and Culture
3.8
FACTS The culture of peace and non-violence are
to Understand commitment to peace-building, mediation, conflict,
prevention and resolution, peace education,
education for non-violence, tolerance, acceptance,
mutual respect, inter-cultural and interfaith, dialogue
and reconciliation.
INTRODUCTION
Peace is a state of being free from any disturbance,
misunderstanding or conflict. Peace is an inevitable
prerequisite for the development of an individual,
community, nation and the entire world. It is difficult to
live in violence, stress, chaotic environment and panic
situation. Peace is the basic element of development.
Peace culture doesn’t mean to remain quiet and stay
away from violence but it refers to minimize conflict
and maintain peace in family, community, society,
nation and international level. The culture of peace has been defined in a number of
different UN resolutions. The combined definition given in the programme of Action
of Culture of Peace adopted in 1999 AD. The 1998 UN resolution on the culture of
peace is as follows:
A culture of peace is an integral approach to prevent violence and violent conflicts and
an alternative to the culture of war and violence based on education for peace, the
promotion of sustainable economic and social development, respect for human rights,
equality, participation, tolerance, the free flow of information and disarmament.
There are eight points of the Programme of Action adopted by the General Assembly
are:
1. Education for peace
2. The promotion of sustainable economic and socio-development
3. Respect for human rights
4. Equality between men and women
5. Democratic participation
6. Tolerance
7. The free flow of information and disarmament
8. Acceptance
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 108
To develop a country where peace is not enough
but it needs sustainable peace. The sustainable
peace is acquired by the permanent management
of conflict. Therefore, many scholars of peace
studies realized the changing attitude of people
and pattern of peace. They started the issue
of sustainable peace approach known as peace
culture. In 1989 AD the idea of peace culture
was first discussed at the UNESCO congress.
A Norwegian sociologist Dr. Elise M. Boulding
(1920-2010 AD) got this idea to write a book
"cultures of peace in 2000 AD. The concept of
peace culture became global. People even started her calling the matriarch of the
th
20 century peace research movement." But the UN General Assembly had started
adopting peace resolution every year to support peace culture.
The 1998 UN Resolution on a culture of peace and non-violence prepared 9 Articles.
The resolution has defined “the culture of peace is an integral approach to prevent
violence and violent conflicts and an alternative to the culture of war and violence”.
The UN declared the “International Decade of Peace Culture” from 2001 to 2010 AD.
The definition of peace culture given by the UNO is “a culture of people is a set
of values, attitudes, traditions and modes of behaviour and ways of life based on
respect for life, ending of violence and promotion and practice of non-violence through
education, dialogue and cooperation”. The major key points passed by the UNO in its
manifesto are respect for life, reject violence, share with others, listen to understand,
preserve the planet and discover solidarity.
The scholar and the original designer of the UNESCO Peace Culture Programme
David Adams differentiate Peace Culture and War Culture in the following ways:
Sl. No. Peace Culture War Culture
1. Education for a culture of peace Belief in power based on force
2. Understanding, tolerance and solidarity Having an enemy
3. Democratic participation Authoritarian government
4. Free flow of information Secrecy and propaganda
5. Disarmament Armament
6. Human rights Exploitation of people
7. Sustainable development Exploitation of nature
8. Equality between women and men Male domination
109 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Peace Culture in Nepal
Peace is inevitable for an individual, a
community, a society and a nation. As
we know that peace culture minimizes
misunderstanding prevailing at all
levels, Nepal and Nepalese people
faced one decade long conflict in the
country where there was no peace, no
security of life and a property. People
used to live in terror. When Maoist
and Seven Party Alliance came to
the compromising point under the Signing of peace accord
mediation of the UNMIN, the peace
accord was signed on Mangsir 5, 2063. Ian Martin, the head of the UNMIN worked
very hard in management of one decade long conflict management.
Peace culture developed in Nepal since ancient time. Nepal is the birth place of Lord
Buddha, Sita, Janak, place of meditation for many sages and saints. There is unity in
diversity, religious tolerance. People are peace-loving. They avoid conflicts. It brings
pleasure. In any adverse situation it helps to survive and develops will power to face
the situation. Due to the massive earthquake of 2072 many people lost their family
members and properties, many children became orphans and destitute even in that
situation people showed their patience. Similarly, the Terai-madhesh movement
2072 was in peak, everywhere violence took place, people were burnt alive, vandalism
increases, undeclared blockade created scarcity of food and other basic requirements
like medicine, petroleum products, LPG, etc. In such situations too Nepalese showed
their patience and tolerate everything. It proves that Nepal is a peace loving country
and peace culture is an instinct of Nepalese people. To maintain peace, communication
plays an important role. It is necessary to address freedom, social justice democracy,
tolerance, unity, cooperation diverse pluralistic culture in every level of a society
and the nation. For this, it is necessary to have dialogue and consensus between the
individuals, communities and the societies. Dialogue and consensus can develop a
peace culture. The following things are considered for development of peace culture.
1. Promotion and respect towards democracy, human right and fundamental freedom
2. Peaceful solution of conflict, development of mutual understanding and respect
3. Elimination of poverty, illiteracy, inequality and discrimination
4. Restriction in the production and supply of arms
5. Guarantee of transparency and accountability in the ruling system
6. Assurance of socio-economic development
7. Develop tolerance and prosper nationalism.
Therefore, peace culture is very essential to get overall development of the country,
society, family and an individual. We should understand that conflict and violence
never give prosperity in own's life. So everything should be solved in a peaceful
manner.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 110
Activity
Collect all the information in detail about “Comprehensive Peace Accord” and
discuss in your class.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is peace culture?
2. What is the importance of peace culture? Explain briefly.
3. Explain the history of peace culture.
4. How does the UNESCO explain peace culture in the resolution?
5. Mention any five benefits of peace culture.
Community Work
As you know every community has their own norms and values developed in local
level to maintain peace.
Visit your community and consult some intellectuals and make a list of local traditions
for maintaining peace.
Review Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. What is painting? Name the first historical painting of Nepal.
2. Define sculpture. Write the importance of art and architecture.
3. Elucidate Nepali architecture with two examples.
4. Who introduced pagoda style?
5. Explain the types of painting briefly.
6. The development of sculpture based on religions practices.
Give reasons.
111 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
7. If you were a culture minister, what programmes would you bring to
highlight Nepali sculpture in the world community? Write your plan.
8. Which styles do the following temples or places belong to?
i. Changu Narayan Temple ii. Kankrevihar
iii. Boudhanath Temple iv. Rani Mahal of Palpa
v. Kasthamandap vi. Singhadurbar
vii. Ram Janaki Temple of Dhanusha
viii. Pashupatinath Temple
ix. Swoyambhunath
9. Define secularism. When was Nepal declared as a secular country?
10. Make a list of major religious sites of Nepal.
11. What do you mean by national luminaries? Why are they considered
as National luminaries? Explain.
12. What do you understand by religious tolerance?
13. Explain the contribution of Amar Singh Thapa and Balabhadra
Kunwar in the Anglo-Nepal war.
14. Why is Bhanu Bhakta Acharya compared with Aligheri Dante? Give
a suitable reason.
15. Why is king Tribhuwan called the 'Father of Democracy’?
16. Prepare an editorial about the role of government to honour the
National Luminaries and commemorate their contributions.
17. Define compassion and cooperation. Give an example.
18. Why is compassion and cooperation necessary?
19. What is peace culture?
20. Define peace culture according to the UNO.
21. Write the advantages of peace and disadvantages of conflict.
22. 'Peace culture should begin from home'. Justify the statement.
23. Explain the need of peace culture development.
24. What are the obstacles for peace culture? How can they be solved?
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 112
Unit SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND
4 THEIR SOLUTIONS
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
UNIT CONTENTS
4.1 Identification of Social The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
Problems and Their the unit are to enable students to:
Solutions 114 q identify the social problems and find out their effects
4.2 Corruption 118 and solutions
4.3 Drug Abuse 123 q define corruption its effects and solutions
4.4 Social Problems: Prostitution q find out the role played by the government and non-
and Bullying and Their
Solutions 127 government organization for reducing the effect of
4.5 Role of Local and National social problems and evils
Organizations in Social q state the meaning of drug abuse, its causes and
Reforms 133 consequences
4.6 Efforts Made For Social q effects made in Nepal to change the lifestyle of
Reforms 136 Nepalese people
4.7 Conflict Cycle and q define conflict and its cause
Its Resolution 139 q analyze the conflict cycle and bring the conflict
Review Questions 142 transformation into practice
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit - 4
Total Period(s): 19
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ – 1 – – 1 1 x 1 = 1 1x1.8=1.8
2. SATQ – 1 – 1 2 2 x 4 = 8 8x1.8=14.4
3. LATQ – – – – – – –
Total – 2 – 1 3 9 9 x1.8=16.2
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q = Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
113 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Identification of Social Problems
4.1
and Their Solutions
FACTS Education, awareness, feelings of humanity, tolerance,
to Understand positive attitudes, etc. are the most crucial aspects for
the eradication of social problems and evils.
The society is the common home for all the people living together. The society is formed
to give strength and protection for overall development. But the same society develops
evils and perversion due to the ill mentality. Selfishness, greed, etc. of the people are
known social problems. In other words social problems are those problems created
by the people with such activities which affect adversely in the society; for example,
drinking alcohol, gambling, human trafficking, etc. These problems, if not solved at a
time become chronic and become a part of the culture which is known as social evils;
for example, dowry system, Chhaupadi system, gambling, gender discrimination, etc.
These problems and evils are the great obstacles to the development of a society.
Actually, almost all the societies of the world are facing some sorts of problems but
it depends on the degree. The degree of problem is different from society to society.
The developed society has fewer problems to deal with whereas the developing or
underdeveloped societies have many problems. So it takes maximum time to tackle
even though all the problems cannot be solved. Nepal is a developing country. Nepalese
society is mostly guided by orthodoxy, superstitions and ignorance. Besides these,
the different topography, economic structures are equally responsible for creating
problems.
There are several factors which are responsible to grow social problems and evils
in the society. They are conservative tradition, discrimination on the basis of class,
caste, gender, region, place, language, etc. The factors like economic inequality and
misuse of technology are present everywhere in the country. Almost all the societies
are engulfed in these factors.
They are mainly caused by:
i. Poverty ii. Illiteracy
iii. Unemployment and iv. Population growth
Social problems and evils existing are categorized into many forms. They are as follows:
1. Region-based Problems
The social problems and evils existing in particular locations or geographical
area can be categorized under region based problems. Some of the region based
problems are given below:
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 114
Caste and occupation based discrimination are highly influenced in the Terai
and the hills.
Baadi Pratha, Chhaupadi Pratha, Haliya Pratha, Kamaiya Pratha (bonded
labours) are still in existence in the far-western and mid-western parts of Nepal.
Jhuma Pratha and polyandry are in existence in the Eastern Himalayan Region.
Child labour, domestic violence, etc. are in existence in urban areas.
2. Language-based Problems
Nepali language is the national language. It is spoken by the majority of the
Nepalese people. Nepal is a multi-lingual country. According to the CBS 2011, there
are 123 different languages, spoken in the country. Language-related problems have
been existing in our country due to the policy of the state in promoting mainly Nepali
language as a means of communication and symbol of nationalism. The languages
of the nation are given less consideration by the state. Some of the language based
problems are given below:
Arts, architectures, scripts, dialects are on the verge of extinction due to less
priority given to regional languages by the state.
People unable to speak the second language are frequently insulted.
The person unable to speak Nepali language is badly humiliated.
Due to language problem many ethnic groups are unable to participate in public
service selection examinations.
3. Gender-based Problems
There is domination of male over female in our societies. The third gender is
accepted legally but for social acceptance it takes time. Still in Nepalese society,
males have sole power in making decision holding property and attending social
gathering, political activities whereas women are deprived of the major activities.
Majority of women in Nepal are engaged in household activities and those who try to
work outside home the work load is double. They work in office and need to take care
of children, do all the household work. Some of the gender-based problems are given
below:
Females are given less priority in education.
Females are discouraged from attending political activities, public meeting,
decision making and choosing their own lifestyle.
Females are discouraged from working outside the house.
The reproductive rights are guaranteed by the constitution, but still it is not in
practice in many societies.
Domestic violence, women exploitation is prevalent even in an educated family.
4. Class-based Problems
There is a huge gap between the rich and the poor in Nepal due to unequal
distribution of land and other resources. The rich have become richer and the poor are
115 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
poorer. Rich people are highly privileged and are enjoying luxurious life but the poor
people are deprived of many facilities. Some of the class-based problems are given
below:
Landlord system and feudal system
Capitalistic social structure
System of tenants, servants and bonded labourers are still practised in the
society.
Loan to the poor people by money lenders at a very high interest rate
Direct approach in politics, administration, etc. is managed legally but
practically not much effective.
Besides these, several problems exist in our society. For example, HIV/AIDS, girl
trafficking, vandalism, using abusive words, polygamy extra-marital affairs, etc.
Refugee problems, dislike to physically challenged people, street children are other
challenging problems in Nepal.
Impacts of Social Problems
The immoral, illegal, bad and violent actions of people which harm other people
directly or indirectly living in the family and society are called social problems. There
are many impacts of social problems. Some of them are as follows:
Instead of peace and harmony chaos and conflict arises.
Unity among the people cannot be maintained.
Pace of development is very slow.
Unhealthy environment is created.
Creativity will be ruined.
Solutions
The following measures can be adopted to mitigate the social problems and evils from
our society.
Parents should treat both sons and daughters equally.
The government should launch effective plans for reducing unemployment,
illiteracy and poverty.
The society should be made free from exploitation, discrimination, corruption
and orthodoxy.
Tenant rights should be ensured and rate of interest must be minimized by the
money lenders.
Political parties should mobilize their cadres for creating awareness against
social problems and evils.
Common people and civil societies must raise strong voice for truth and justice.
All the stakeholders should work jointly to make everyone aware about their
rights and responsibility.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 116
Activity
Prepare a play card that depict the existing social problems and make slogan
against that social problems.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define social problems and evils.
2. How do you differentiate social problems with evils? Write with examples.
3. Prepare a list of caste-based problem and explain briefly.
4. Write a letter to your friend explaining how social problems obstruct the
development of the society.
5. a. Identity the problem in the given picture.
b. How is the Nepalese society highly affected by this problem?
c. Write any four solutions to the problem.
Community Work
There may be various social problems in your community. Find out how such problems
came into existence. Write the causes of each of the problems and show the report to
your teacher.
Project Work
Make a PowerPoint presentation on the topic “Women’s violence” and show it to
your teacher.
117 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Corruption
4.2
FACTS Nepal falls two places to 124 in Global Corruption
to Understand Perception Index (CPI) of Transparency Nepal 2019 AD.
Corruption refers to the illegal and
unauthorized use of state machinery such
as authority, power and public property
to achieve personal gains. In other words,
corruption is the abuse of entrusted power
for private gain. It is a serious problem
in many countries including Nepal.
Corruption is the most rampant social
problems in Nepal occurring due to various
reasons. Though there is a great challenge
to uproot such problem, it is not impossible
if done with commitment. Corruption is the anti-corruption
most terrible social problem that obstructs
smooth functioning of administration and progress of a nation. Corruption is also
called White-Collar Crime as it is law breaking by a salaried employee or the person
in a higher post of a company or organization and going against the society and the
nation. The public post holders involve in corruption individually and sometimes
institutionally also. It has been a deep-rooted problem. It has a very strong network
as per the data of various surveys. Involvement can be seen from a boss to a peon
and father to son. To accomplish any task a government employee directly ask the
public for “Chiya Khane Paisa (money for tea) or Gadi Bhaada (transportation fare).
As per the report published by the Transparency International in January 2016, the
maximum corruption in Nepal is seen at public sector.
Fulmaya is the resident of Chunnikhel. The government circulated the notice about
new sum of land. A neighbour said that the officers would come for the field visit. So
Fulmaya was waiting them. When nobody came to measure her land, one day she
went to the government office. Many agents were there to assure people to do their
task. Fulmaya also found a person. He assured her to complete all her task but in
return she has to give Rs. 1000/-. Fulmaya was surprised to hear such things. She
thought "it is my own land, then why should I give bribery?” By thinking, so she
denied to give bribe. She is continuously going to the department to accomplish her
work but no one was ready to do. Finally, she didn’t get options and gave Rs. 1000/- to
the government official then only they measured the plot of land and gave the new
plot number.
The above mentioned story is only the example of corruption. Such cases are found in
every part of the country.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 118
Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
The transparency International is the global civil society organization leading to fight
against corruption. It is an International, non-governmental organization formed in
more than hundred countries pressuring government business and the powerful people
to take strong action against corruption. It was established in 1993 AD in Berlin
Germany to prioritize anti- corruption campaign and works as global corruption watch-
dog CPI concept was created in 1995AD and started publishing the corruption level of
all the countries yearly though CPI score. The CPI indicates the level of corruption of
different countries of the world with the least corrupt countries at the top and the most
corrupt countries at bottom. The CPI expressed between 0 to 100 where 0 indicates
the most corrupt and 100 indicates very clean level of corruption. Similarly, 50 is the
midpoint. Country ranges above 50 is not considered a serious problem but ranges
below 50 is the alarming situation. Country must get strong anti-corruption measure
immediately.
Nepal and the SAARC Countries
The Transparency International Nepal (TIN)
is the national chapter of the Transparency
International formed with a mission
to create change towards the country
free of corruption.
As per the annual report of 2017
published by TIN, Bhutan records the
least corruption whereas Afghanistan
records the highest among the SAARC
countries. The survey was done with
180 countries in the world. Nepal
th
ranked 122 out of 180 with score of
th
31. Nepal was ranked 131 last year
with score 29. It shows that corruption
has decreased in Nepal in 2017 than
2016. Details are given in the table. corruption in action
Sl.No. Countries CPI Score Rank out of 180
1 Bhutan 68 25
2 India 41 78
3 Srilanka 44 89
4 Pakistan 32 117
5 Nepal 34 124
6 Bangladesh 36 149
7 Afghanistan 16 172
8 Maldives 33 124
Source: Transparency International 2019 countries in the world
119 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Top 5 Least Corrupt Countries in the World
Sl.No. Countries CPI score Rank
1. Denmark 88 1
2. New Zealand 87 2
3. Finland, Singapore, Sweden 85 3
4. Norway 84 4
5. Netherlands 82 5
Source: world population review-2020
Top 5 Most Corrupt Countries
Sl.No. Countries CPI score Rank
1. Somalia 9 180
2. Syria, South Sudan 13 178
3. Yemen, North Korea 14 176
4. Sudan, Afganistan 16 172
5. Libya, Burundi 17 170
Source: world population review-2020
There are various causes of corruption in our country. Some of them are listed below:
1. Lack of transparency, responsibility and accountability in the public and private
administration
2. Lack of adequate salary and benefit to support the daily needs of employed and
their families but desire for luxurious life
3. Commercialization of education and health facilities
4. Monopoly of power and secret strong network of the corrupt people
5. Protection to the corrupts by the political parties and the people in power
6. Poor implementation of law
7. Poor national feelings
8. Political instability and poor government
9. Process-oriented administration and Red Tapism
10. Lack of awareness in the general public about how to identify and deal with the
corrupt official employees and other government officials
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 120
Impact of Corruption
1. Dissatisfaction of the people leads to conflict, violence, aim-based struggles
against the government and its system.
2. Rule of law cannot be maintained and common people cannot enjoy rights and
justice and democracy is threatened .
3. Economic and social programs get retarded and the donors also hesitate to
give aid or grants which eventually impede the physical, social and economic
development of the country.
4. Development benefits do not reach the targeted people and administrative
machinery becomes baseless.
Slogans Against Corruption
“No entry for the corrupt people”.
“Corruption should be uprooted from the society”.
“Let us join hands to arrest corrupt people and create a corruption-free society”.
“To bride and to be bribed is an anti-national activity”.
The end of corruption is the beginning of a conscious society and nation.
Measures to Control Corruption
1. Price hike control and provide adequate salary and other facilities to the
employers.
2. Implementing the elements of good government accountability, transparency
and effective rules and regulations with strong political commitment
3. Social boycott to the corrupt. Civil society, news media and individuals should
work together.
4. No commercialization in education, health and other basic services renunciation
of luxurious life and living a simple life
5. Cross checking official activities prove suspected cases of corruption, encouraging
general public to launch complaints if they have evidence to support their claim.
Besides these, the measures should be strong campaign against corruption. CIAA
(Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority), National Vigilance Centre,
Nepal Police Crime. Division, Office of the Attorney General, Ministry of Finance
and other anti-Corruption agencies must pay double effort to control corruption.
The Judiciary should remain impartial and all the administration bodies should
also remain out of political influence. As per the market price salaries, wages and
incentives should be increased. The government policies should remain same. If these
are implemented, then only corruption can be controlled.
121 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Activity
Draw a Bar graph using the CPI score of SAARC countries.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define corruption. Why is corruption considered as a problem? Explain.
2. How does corruption hinder the development of the nation and weaken democracy?
3. Prepare a poster with strong slogans against corruption.
4. There are many agencies including the CIAA to check corruption but corruption
has not been reduced. Why is it so? Mention the reasons.
5. “Luxurious lifestyle is one of the major causes of corruption”. Justify the
statement.
6. Explain the major role of the Transparency International.
Community Work
Suppose you are the authorized person of the CIAA. If you find a person in your
community involved in corruption, how do you deal with him/her?
Prepare the strategy and present in the class with the solution to the problem.
Project Work
Make PowerPoint presentation about the increasing problem of corruption in
Nepal with its solution.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 122
Lesson Drug Abuse
4.3
FACTS Drugs and narcotics badly affect our brain
to Understand and also deteriorate our whole body.
Any chemical substance that harms or damages our mind body organs or whole body
if taken without the prescription of doctors or over dose is a drug. Drug simply is
medicine which is given to the patient to cure any disease then a patient gets well.
The illegal intake of any chemical or medicine in high dose without the doctor's
prescription or someone is habituated to take any medicine illegally is called drug
abuse. Some of the harmful drugs are Marajuna, Hashish, Cocaine, Heroin, Brown
Sugar, etc.
Case Study
Meera is a class 9 student with the influence of bad friends, started
taking drugs. Sahil, feeling detached from family and kin, was
stressed and worried. Sahil's broken home, quarrelsome family and
loneliness encouraged him to accompany Meera. Shikha belongs
to a well to do family and has chosen the wrong role model. To be
modern and most civilized, Laxmi started imitating her role model's
bad practices and became a drug addict. Tashi and Sonam are the
only children of their parents and they enjoyed excessive freedom
and finally got addicted. They have stolen and sold valuable goods at
cheap price to obtain money to buy drugs. All of them have suffered
from various problems. When their parents realized what was
happening and then it was too late. Later they all were taken to the
rehabilitation centre. Health worker associated with NARCONON
came and help them to get rid of drug addiction.
Read the above case study carefully and answer the following
questions.
1. Mention the problems related to the students.
2. Who helped them to get rid of their problems?
3. What suggestions do you want to give to the people who are suffering
from such problems?
123 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Causes of Drug Addiction
Many teenagers, youths and adolescents fall victim æd/L d/L vf]Sg], hfF8 /S;L wf]Sg],
of drug abuse due to various reasons, such as ;dft]/ ;Demfp x}
Due to curiosity to taste drugs /fd /fdÆ
Peer pressure
To get rid of frustration, fear, tension and
depression
Conflicts in the family
Failure to achieve high expectation make them depressed
Searching a shortcut way to earn easy money through trading
Due to the influence of celebrities, movies and advertisement
Effects of Drug Addiction
If an individual is involved in drug addiction then it affects not only the user but to
the family, community, society and the nation.
Personal
Spoil studies and personal development and lose jobs and social status.
Loss of physical fitness and slow deterioration of body structure and appearance
Try to escape from daily activities, studies, etc.
Suffers from several fatal diseases like HIV/AIDS bone cancer, brain disorders,
depression hepatitis, etc.
Family and Community
Loss of family dignity and wealth
Obstructions in family and community progress
Leads to social crimes like quarrel, conflict theft, robbery, murder,
kidnapping, etc.
Society and Nation
Active energetic, dynamic, youths will get decreased.
Set back in the dignity of nation
Society and nation become financially poor.
Slogans Against Drug Abuse
“Say no to drugs”
“Avoid Bad Company”
“Avoid Drugs, Save Life”
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 124
“Drug Kills, Family Heals”
“Leave Drugs, Earn Respects”
Possible Solutions
Stop imitating the bad practice of western culture that adversely affects our
health and happiness.
Establishing efficient information networks to control and discourage the
operation of the drug traffickers' rackets and to facilitate the arrest of drug
traffickers
Involvement of parents, teachers, social organizations and the community
volunteers in controlling the illegal activities.
Trading of drugs and its uses and counselling the youths who have such problems
Self realization of the facts that use of drugs and alcohol multiply and complicate
existing problems instead of solving or reducing them
Encourage students and other young people to take part in recreational activities
such as games and sports music and dances which they find appealing
Strict security checking at the border points and airports.
The only solution to stay away from drug is to be aware of the fatal effects of
drugs abuse and SAY NO TO DRUGS.
Activity
Read this story of SUCCESS
June 14, 2016
Krishna Shrestha writes “After completing all my course here at Narconon
Nepal. I feel more alive, energetic, healthier and productive. When I recall my
past I feel really bad myself but the course has taught me never to regret on my
past but instead I have started working hard to enhance my capacity not get to
trapped into drugs as I now have started to take my life into a normal operation
where all my friends and my society has started supporting and trusting me.
I would like to thank Narconon Nepal Family for providing such a wonderful
and peaceful environment by which I have become more stable productive ethical
and drug-free, now I feel that I can be a contributing member of my society with
lot of creativity and positiveness inside me “
Now answer the following questions:
1. What is the theme of the story?
2. How does a person get rid of his problem?
3. Who helped him to live a new life?
125 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand by drug abuse?
2. What is the symptom of drug addiction?
3. Mention the effects of drug abuse
4. Write a letter to Narconon Nepal, Buddhanilkantha, Near Park village Resort,
Kathmandu, Nepal about the increasing number of drug addicts in your society.
Also, ask them to help these drug addicts.
Email Address of Narconon is [email protected]
Community Work
Visit your community and find out any drug addicts, how do you deal with him and his
family? Which rehabilitation centre do you prefer for them? Make a report and present
it in the class.
Project Work
Visit website www.narcononnepal.org in youtube and download the video of
Narconon and show it in the classroom.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 126
Lesson Social Problems: Prostitution and
4.4
Bullying and Their Solutions
FACTS In Nepal, among the 1.5 million vulnerable people,
to Understand 35,000 are “sold” every year for human trafficking
to engage in difficult and danger foreign employments,
adult entertainment and child labour activities.
Source: https://www.business-humanrights.org/
Social problems exist in every society in the world. In developed countries problems
in the society are less whereas in developing and underdeveloped countries there
are many social problems. These exist due to the ignorance, illiteracy, poverty,
unemployment, unstable government, social discrimination, etc. Many social problems
are unsolved which can be turned into evils and later on very difficult to eradicate. In
this lesson we are going to study about prostitution as a fatal problem and bullying
as an emerging problem.
Prostitution
Buying or selling of girls for the purpose of earning money or sexual entertainment
is called prostitution. Prostitution is mainly caused due to the girls trafficking. Girl
trafficking is a social crime in which innocent, ignorant, illiterate girls are sold or
bought within or outside the country for sex trade or forced labour. The agents visit
innocent, simple-minded but poor parents and assure them to provide good jobs with
handsome salary in towns. Sometimes they even pretend to marry their daughter
and give her a comfortable and luxurious life. In reality the case is different. They
sell the girls to the brothels. Once sold, the girls are compelled to obey their masters
and fulfill the desire of the customers or they can be taken to the circus or forced
labourers. Once to brothels they cannot go outside and are tortured, physically and
mentally. When they fall sick infected from HIV/AIDS, they are sent back home. They
are discarded not only by the society even the family does not accept them. They live
miserable life like a hell throughout their life.
Maya’s Story
Maya, a Nepalese teenage girl, life in her village was miserable. Living in utter
poverty with no job opportunities, she decided to go out. So Maya and some other girls
were taken by two men to Kathmandu where many carpet factories are located.
The work condition in many of these carpet factories were appalling. Poor and helpless
children were treated very badly. They were closely supervised and punished if they
took a break. The children were kept in cramped, dirty rooms and given watery meals
only twice a day in return for their labour. The contractors didn’t pay them anything
but simply pocket their rightful wage. Moreover, sexual harassment was common.
127 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
After Maya had worked there for
about six months, a woman from
her village who lived in Mumbai
offered to take her to a big city.
Maya felt her dream came true.
Maya and her friend Parbati were
instead cheated and sold into a
brothel in Sonagachhi, Kolkata.
Maya met many Nepalese women
there, most of them had similar
stories. She spent 28 months in
a dark room receiving an average
4-5 customers daily. For her
services, she used to get meals for girl trafficking
two times. She became infected
with a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) and was admitted to hospital for three
months. A doctor rescued her after she was identified with HIV positive.
She went back to her village but
nobody accepted her. Even her
family didn’t accept her. Again
she came back to Kathmandu SC Orders to Protect
and took shelter in Maiti-Nepal
where many HIV/AID victims Sexually Harassed
were living happily. Maya also got Women
training to make useful things out
of waste and sold it in the market The supreme court has recently issued
by one NGO. Today Maya is living an order in the name of government to
happily in Maiti Nepal. formulate a special law for protecting
the sexual harassed women in Nepal.
Cause of Prostitution or The sexual violence against women and
Girl Trafficking children has been rapidly increasing but
there is difficulty in rehabilitating them
Poverty back in the society with no guardingship.
Thus it has asked the government to form a
Illiteracy new law that would protect the victimized
Ignorance women and penalize the culprit strongly. It
has clarified that since Nepal has already
Unemployment
signed the UN International Declaration
Population growth against women violence there would be no
justice to the victims with the existing laws.
Family Disharmony
It has also appealed the National Women
Gender Discrimination Commission to take necessary steps to
High Ambitions assist the government for the same.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 128
Effects of Prostitution
Feeling of inferiority in those who engage in prostitution
Physical and mental torture to women
Loss of prestige and dignity of the family and the community
It may spread sexually transmitted diseases like HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, etc.
Prevention of Prostitution
Nepal and India border
Poverty alleviation programmes should be launched.
Priority should be given to women education and employment.
Every sector of the state should work together to fight against this problem.
Skill-based training should be given to girls and women.
Rescued girls should be provided with good jobs and training as an appropriate
alternative.
Effects Made to Check Prostitution
Various social service organization NGOs and INGOs have been working to make
people aware and free the trafficked girls. These organizations are giving free medical
treatment, rehabilitation and skill-oriented training to the rescued girls and also
provide good environment for readjustment in the society and family. The AATWIN
(Alliance Against Trafficking of Women and Girls in Nepal) is an umbrella agency
of fifteen other organizations working against girl trafficking and prostitution. We
cannot forget the role played by the Maiti Nepal. The Maiti Nepal provides counselling,
fooding, lodging and vocational training to the rescued girls.
Role of Maiti Nepal
Maiti Nepal was established in BS 2050. The founder
director of the organization is Anuradha Koirala. Since
1993 AD (BS 2050) this organization has been working
towards preventing trafficking for forced prostitution, rescuing flesh trade victims and
rehabilitating them. After rescuing women and children, this organization also works
129 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
vigorously towards finding justice for the victimized girls and women by enjoying in
criminal investigation and waging legal battles against criminals. Due to continuous
efforts, this organization has been able to raise awareness regarding this crucial issue
of girl trafficking at international levels.
Anuradha Koirala with rescue girls
The NGO in Nepal is dedicated to help victims of sex trafficking. Currently, it operates
a rehabilitation home in Kathmandu as well as transit homes at the Indo-Nepal
bordertowns, preventive homes in the countryside and an academy in Kathmandu.
Anuradha Koirala was awarded the CNN Hero 2010 AD who has always actively and
dedicatedly worked in protecting and fighting for the rights of the victims. We can get
more information from its website www.maitinepal.org.
Bullying
friends teasing to girl
Bullying is the process of intimidating, insulting or mistreating somebody weaker.
Threatening, frightening, physical or verbal abuse, backbiting, provoking, spreading
unnecessary rumors, etc. are called bullying. Isolating somebody from the group,
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 130
short-tempered, being arrogant, showing egoism, making fun of others for no issue is
also called bullying. It is common in childhood and school days but if it is practiced in
college too then the situation turns vulnerable. It is an offensive crime and punishable
by law. The common types of bullying are:
Verbal (using abusive words)
Physical (kicking, beating, pushing, etc)
Sexual (unwanted touching, vulgar gesture)
Relation (hurt emotionally spreading rumer about one's relations with
others)
Cyber (threatening, using abusive words, sending vulgar photos
thought internet )
Prejudicial (based on colour race, religion, etc)
Facts of bullying based on the research done in school in US are:
Bullying more often takes place at school than on the way to and from school.
Boy bullies tend to rely on physical aggression more than girl bullies. Girl
bullies mostly rely on teasing rumour-spreading, exclusion and social isolation.
Consistently studies indicate that boys are more likely to bully than girls.
Causes of Bullying
To seek attention
Jealousy or hatred
Feeling of revenge
Aggressive personality
Having power over their peers
Lack of supervision from parents and friends
Having problems at home
To make fun of others
Effects of Bullying
The effects of bullying in the beginning cannot be serious but as it is continuously
practiced then it can be serious some of the effects of bullying as follows:
Beginning of dispute
Create violence
Self-destructive behaviours
Distrust the personal and public relation
131 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
An individual feels lonely.
It causes problems in the process of socialization.
Efforts Made to Control Bullying
Good work should be encouraged and bad work should be discouraged.
Moral and value education have been given priority.
Rules for equality and equity have been made.
Legal provision has been made against and kind of torture
Public awareness programmes are being conducted to make the people aware
regarding their duties.
Activity
Discuses the role of friends to control bullying in your classroom.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define prostitution.
2. Why is girl trafficking increasing? Give a suitable reason.
3. Write the full from of AATWIN and also mention the role of the AATWIN.
4. Why are girls mostly involved in prostitution?
5. Make a list of social effects of bullying.
6. Prepare a case study related to the Girl Trafficking.
Community Work
How do you deal with the person who has come for the first time?
Project Work
Make a PowerPoint presentation on the role of the Maiti Nepal.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 132
Lesson Role of Local and National
4.5
Organizations in Social Reforms
FACTS The Lutheran World Federation Nepal (LWF Nepal)
to Understand is working to empower the poor and disadvantaged
groups by giving skill-based trainings to the people of
western Nepal. It also helps Bhutanese refugees in
Eastern Nepal.
Social organizations are those institutions established by the public in their own
initiative for the collective interest and well being of the general public. These
organizations help in the national development by conducting various programmes in
the Nepal to uplift the living standard of people, to educate, to provide health service,
etc. There are more than 50,000 (fifty thousand) non-governmental organizations
working in Nepal. According to the data of 29 August, 2019, there were more than
25,992 NGOs registered in Bagmati Pradesh. Some of these organizations work at
local level while some others work at regional and national level.
Importance of Social Organization
A country can be developed through the overall progress, prosperity and reform of
the society. The government alone is not capable to do all the works. So, many social
organizations are working voluntarily to enhance the level of the people. All the local
and national organizations are actively working collectively for the wide ranging
welfare of the society. Such social organizations have been contributing a lot to the
social transformation, public awareness, reconciliation, income generation, peace and
order and overall development of the society. They have empowered people to fight
against their own problem or social problem. Therefore, it is our prime responsibility
to encourage, motivate and support them creating more energy in them. If active, the
benefit to the country would be given as follows:
Higher literacy rate
Reduction in the rate of poverty
Improvement in the health condition of the people
High level of social awareness on caste and gender discrimination
Public awareness on climate change
Protection and promotion of child rights
Development of environment friendly attitude
Awareness on various kinds of violence and abuses
Empowerment of the women, so called untouchable and marginalized groups
133 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Organizations in Nepal
There are many organizations in Nepal working in local level and national level.
Some are governmental organizations, some are non-governmental and some are
international non-governmental organizations. For example, Youth Clubs, Aama
Samuha, Mahila Samuha, Community-Based Organization (CBOs), Shakti Samuha,
CWIN (Child Workers in Nepal, BASE(Backward Society Education), etc.
Some Local and National Organizations and Their Contribution
Organization Contribution
Work against various violence help in checking the social
Aama Samuha
problems and evils like alcoholism, gambling, quarreling, etc.
Laligurans Samuha Brings about the collective development.
CVICT (Center for Victims of Helping the victims from violence torture rehabilitate them and
Torture) fight against various kinds of violence
INSEC (Informal Service Sector) Protecting the right of people engaged in informal sector.
Control of human trafficking, rescues the trafficked girls
Maiti Nepal and rehabilitate them,providing training to them for income
generation
CWIN (Child Workers in Nepal) Campaign against Child Labour and work for Child Rights.
Providing health service, educating helpless and orphan children
Paropakar Sanstha
with shelter
Relief and rescue of girls and women from being sold or
Shakti Samuha
victimized
Narconon Nepal Rehabilitating drug addicts
Benefits of Organization
Social organizations help in the rapid development of the societies and also make
societies more independent reducing their dependency on the government. Societies get
better care from all sides, people become conscious for their duties and responsibilities,
conscious, feeling of unity and brotherhood develop, social malpractices like drug
abuse, girls trafficking, robbery, etc. and it decreases in equality on the basis of sex
gender, religion, caste, etc. Similarly, social organizations help to eradicate poverty,
provide job opportunities encourages people’s participation. Different programmes
can be launched. So people learn to adopt the new change and development of local
level and national level helps in overall development of the society. The contributions
of some NGOs to the society are well recognized and they have become a true agent of
social transformation. For example, CWIN, Eco Himal, Maiti Nepal, NLA ( National
Labour Academy), etc. There are many international organizations working in Nepal
are UNESCO, UNDP, IUCN, ILO, Japanese International Cooperation Agency
(JICA), UNICEF, etc.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 134
Activity
What do the national levels NGOs do? Collect the news reports transmitted from
,
different media like TV radio, newspaper, etc. Prepare a report with suitable examples.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand by social organisation?
2. What is the importance of social organizations in the society and the nation?
3. Explain the roles of social organizations.
4. Make a list of organizations and their contributions other than the organization
mentioned in your book.
5. Collect the list of organizations and the contributions established in your society.
6. Make a list of benefits for the society due to the establishment of the organizations.
7. Study the following and answer the questions given below:
Laligurans Mahila Samuha is the organization of women of Ekatabasti, New Colony.5 years
ago women were ignorant, unaware, highly depending upon their husbands and other members
of the family, economically backward. One organization named Sirjanshil Mahila Samuha
launched awareness program in the society. They gave training to make pickle, incense stick,
candles, etc. Women of Ekatabasti took part with full zeal. Thereafter they decided to work
together. They formed their own organization “Laligurans Mahila Samuha”. At present, they
are giving training to make shopping bags. As the government has decided to stop using
polythene bags, women are encouraged to stitch their own shopping bags. Their other products
are pickle, candles, soft toys, cushions, incense stick, etc. Initially, it was formed by 30 members
but now there are 200 members. Every month, they have meeting to discuss the progress plans
and policies of an organization. They have started savings also. Fund deposited is utilized for
many creative activities and women get interest from their total deposits. In this way women
are independent, aware and supporting their families economically.
a. What is the name of the organization?
b. Compare the status of women 5 years ago and now.
c. How did women change their lifestyle?
d. What are the activities done in the organization?
e. What inspiration can you get from “Laligurans Mahila Samuha”?
Community Work
Visit your locality and find out the social organization with its details on the following topics.
Name: Logo: Date of Establishment: Launched Programmes:
No. of Members: Main Objectives: Source of funds: Future Plans:
135 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Efforts Made for Social Reforms
4.6
FACTS Efforts have been made to reform society from the past to the
to Understand present, right from the Malla regime to the present republic
system. The new constitution of Nepal 2072 introduced Dalit
Commission, Tharu Commission, Women Commission, Madhesi
Commission, etc. to bring inclusiveness in the country.
Several efforts have been made for social reforms in our country. Social reforms
carried out during the time of the Malla regime too.
Reforms during Malla Period
Jayasthiti Malla was a popular Malla king. He brought many reforms during
his period.
He fixed rules for food and drinking habit, lifestyle, wearing clothes and
ornament rites of birth, marriage and death, etc.
He divided the people into different caste on the basis of the nature of work they
used to do at that time.
King Mahindra Malla started decentralized justice system by appointing
“Pradhans” to solve the local disputes and “Kharidars” to look after the disputes
all over the country.
Reforms during Shah Period
Ram Shah brought reforms in justice and measurement system. He introduced
dhak, taraju, mana, pathi, dharni, etc. The saying become popular “Nyaya
Napaye Gorkha Jaanu”, shows the true justice was given in Ram Shah’s period.
Prithivi Narayan Shah discouraged corruption by saying:”both who take and
give bribes are greater enemies to the nation”. He made people aware through
his divine counsel (Divya Upadesh).
Reforms during Rana Regime
Junga Bahadur Rana enacted the written code of law (Muluki Ain) in BS 1910.
It prohibited child marriage, Sati System,Parental property would be inherent
to the unmarried daughter of 35 years and above.
Dev Shumsher established more than 100 language schools in 114 days of ruling
period. He published the Gorkhapatra, the first newspaper in BS 1958.
Chandra Shumsher brought remarkable change in the society by abolishing
Sati System in BS 1977 and Slavery System in BS 1981. He established Tri-
Chandra College in BS 1975 for higher education.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 136
Juddha Shumsher reduced and fixed the total days to 13 for mourning and
death ritual ceremony. He discouraged extravagance in festivals. He fixed the
number of people in marriage, procession and discouraged dowry system.
Padma Shumsher established Padmodaya High School, Padma Kanya Campus,
Kanya School and sent Nepali teachers to India for training.
Mohan Shumsher established many primary schools increased the salary of
the teachers and appointed employers on the basis of qualifications announcing
vacancies publicly.
Reforms during Panchayat System
Panchayat government enacted the second Muluki Ain on Bhadra 1, BS 2020.
It brought many changes in legal provisions
Abolished child marriage, polygamy and unmatched marriage.
Caste- based discrimination was abolished.
Widow remarriage and inter-caste marriage was permitted.
Abolished untouchability.
Minimum age for marriage was fixed as 18 years for boys and 16 years for girls.
st
Land Reform Act was introduced on 1 Poush 2021.
National Education System Plan was implemented in BS 2028. It tried to reform
curriculum, textbook, training, teachers' qualifications, inspection, etc.
National Referendum was conducted in BS 2036 as per the student’s movement
demanded political change in the country.
Reforms after the Restoration of Democracy
rd
The constitution of the kingdom of Nepal 2047, promulgated on 23 Kartik
2047 after the success of people’s movement BS 2046, made the constitutions
provision for social reforms by making the provision of fundamental rights to
people.
The deep-rooted Kamaiya Pratha (Bonded Labour) was abolished by the
government in BS 2057 which was practiced in the mid-western and the
far-western Terai region of the country.
Reforms after the Establishment of Loktantra
The reinstated parliament (House of Representatives) made historic declaration
th
on 4 Jestha 2063 and announced revolutionary political and social reforms in
the country.
th
The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly I held on of 15 Jestha 2065
declared Nepal as a Federal State.
137 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
th
Haliya System was abolished from 25 Bhadra 2065 which was practiced in 9
districts of the Far-Western Region of Nepal.
rd
The constitution of Nepal 2072 promulgated on 3 Aswin 2072. The constitution
added 10 more fundamental rights and became 31 fundamental rights, more
commissions have been added as constitutional organs, established provisions
of 7 provincial states under the federal government.
th
The National Reconstruction Authority was established on 10 Poush 2072 for
reconstruction of destroyed houses and heritages caused by massive earthquake
th
of 12 Baishakh 2072.
Activity
Discuss the social reforms brought in Nepal after the establishment of Loktantra.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand by social reforms?
2. Show the following efforts made for the social reforms in a timeline:
BS 2065 Haliya System abolished
BS 2057 Kamaiya system
BS 2020 Enactment of Muluki Ain
BS 1981 Slavery System abolished
3. Write an editorial to The Kathmandu Post on the efforts made by Rana Prime
Ministers toward social reforms in the nation.
4. When were Kamaiyas liberated in Nepal? Write an article about their condition
at present. You may take help of your teacher or internet.
5. What are major social and political reform brought to Nepal through the people’s
movement BS 2046 and BS 2062/063? Write in 4 points.
6. “Only enactment of laws cannot reforms the society, it needs effective
implementation.” Explain the statement.
Community Work
Visit your community and find out the social reforms brought after BS 2062/063. Make
a report and present it in your class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 138
Lesson Conflict Cycle and Its Resolution
4.7
FACTS The deep rooted Kamaiya Pratha (bonded labour)
to Understand was abolished by the government in BS 2057
which was highly practised in the Mid-Western
and the Far Western Terai of Nepal.
An active disagreement between people with opposing opinions or principles is
known as conflict. The main causes of conflicts within work groups are often cause by
struggles over status, scare resources and control over the authority. It is a situation
when two or more than two parties do not satisfy between them. There are mainly
three types of conflict. They are:
i. Personal conflict
ii. Group conflict
iii. Organizational conflict
A personal conflict occurs between two people when they dislike each other or there is
personality clash. Conflict occur in groups because of the scarcity of freedom, resource
and position is called group conflict and a state of disagreement caused by the actual
or perceived opposition of needs, values and interest between people working together
is called organizational conflict.
Different anthropologists and sociologists have agreed that there exist major five types
of conflict. They are man vs man, man vs nature, man vs self, man vs society, man
vs technology and man vs supernatural. Sociologists Norman Shawchuck stated that
conflict is a predictable and cyclical process. It is a natural phenomenon that occurs
one after another. According to him, the conflict cycle passes through 5 phases, they
are tension development in relationship due to belief and attitude, role dilemma in
which develop (thinking on what I did and the opponent is doing), feeling of injustice
and collecting proofs that have hurt a person and coming to negotiation point.
Some other sociologists have developed another model of conflict cycle after Showchuck.
It also includes 5 stages. They are disbelief and insecurity result in conflict. The
conflict is ended with discussion and negotiation there by creating aftermath conflict.
Conflict Cycle and Its Phases
The conflict cycle is an expected cyclical process through which conflict passes. This
is an excellent tool that assesses the current stage and intensity of a conflict. Conflict
cycle helps people to bring resolution to present conflict and minimize future conflict
by understanding it properly.
139 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
State after Conflict
Peace, State of
Negotiation Conciliation Free from Discriminate
and Peace Building Conflict and Exploitation
Cycle
Conflict, Violence Insecurity Distrust
The main features of conflict
Cyclical process
Involvement of two or more than two parties
State of tension, tussle misunderstanding
May have positive or negative consequences.
Indispensable part of the society
Should be adopted as a challenge and opportunity.
The conflict resolution makes the reduction, elimination or termination of all forms
and types of conflict. It is the process and method involved in facilitating the peaceful
ending of conflict. It minimizes the negative outcomes of conflict and promotes the
positive outcomes of conflict.
The stepwise process in the conflict resolution which should be completed by all the
parties in the conflict together is shown below in the form of chart:
Clarify what the disagreement is
Establish a common goal for both parties
Discuss the ways to meet the common goal
Agree on the best way to resolve the conflict
Acknowledge the agreed solution and determine the
responsibilities each party has in the resolution
On the basis of these steps 10-year long Maoist conflict with the government in
the country was resolved in 2062/63. Therefore, conflict resolution is very essential
otherwise longer the conflict, greater the harm. The proverb “Stitch in time, Saves
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 140
nine” truly suits the idea of conflict management. Once it gets fatal takes more time
to resolve. Therefore, the technique of conflict resolution is given below:
Negotiation : Discussion to find out the solution
Mediation : Work as a mediator between two parties
Arbitration : Resolving a conflict through the presence of their party as per
the briefing of the disputes
Litigation : Finding out the legal solution of a conflict through a court
Adjudication : Solving a conflict through the intervention of the third party
By adopting all these five techniques, conflict can be resolved and peace can be
maintained permanently.
Activity
Kathmandu, Asar 7, 2073
At least 12 Nepalese security guards were killed in an early morning terrorist
attack in Kabul today.
The Talibans have claimed responsibility for the suicide blast targeting a convoy
having mostly Nepalese security guards who were employed at the Canadian
Embassy in the war-torn nation.
Foreign ministry spokes person Bharat Raj Paudyal told the Himalayan times that
the ill-fated Nepalese were hired by a British Security Consultancy Firm, Sabre
International, for the security of Kabul-Based Canadian Mission.
It is the deadliest assault against unarmed Nepalese migrants since the cruel murder
of a dozen Nepalese hostages by an Islamic Extremist outfit in Iraq in August, 2004.
(Source: THT, Asar 7, 2073)
Read the news above and discuss the impact of conflict. What kind of resolution
can you bring to solve the conflict?
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by conflict?
2. What is meant by conflict resolution?
3. "Conflict never brings development." Justify the statement
4. Show the process of conflict management in a chart.
5. What are the techniques of conflict management? Explain.
141 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Community Work
You may have faced some conflicts in your community. Find out the causes and the
ways to resolve. Prepare a report and present it in your class.
Review Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by social problems and evils? Explain with examples.
2. There are many social problems existed in Nepalese society. As a
student how do you minimize it? Explain.
3. 'Superstition and gender discrimination are the two existed
problems of our society'. Justify the statement.
4. Why is public awareness essential for solving social problems?
5. Define corruption.
6. What is Transparency International? Write the importance of
Transparency International.
7. How does corruption affect the society?
8. Differentiate between social problem and social evil in a point.
9. What are the major causes of social problems in Nepal?
10. What is the main cause behind language related problems in Nepal?
Discuss.
11. Explain the governmental cause and individual cause of corruption.
12. 'Luxurious lifestyle is one of the major causes of corruption'. Justify
the statement.
13. 'Teenagers fall easy prey to drug traders and drug addiction'. How
far do you agree? Justify with reasons.
14. What is girl trafficking?
15. Write the full form of HIV AIDS, STDs, AATWIN.
16. What is cyber crime?
17. What are the effects of cyber crime in teenagers?
18. What is bullying?
19. What are the ways to control violence in a society?
20. 'Technology is a boon as well as curse'. Justify the statement.
21. 'To get respect from others, you should give respect to others first'.
What does it mean?
22. 'Nepal has poor implementation of law. What could be the better
solution to implement them strictly? Give suggestions.
23. Write short notes:
i. Violence against women ii. Child marriage
iii. Polygamy iv. Chhaupadi Pratha
24. Make a list of at least seven (7) names of National Level Organization
in Nepal and describe their contributions briefly.
25. What is conflict? Write any four (4) ways of conflict management.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 142
Unit
5 CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
The competencies of the social studies curriculum in the
UNIT CONTENTS unit are to enable students to:
5.1 An Introduction to q explain the constitution and its development.
Constitution 144
5.2 Constitutional Development q describe the formation responsibilities and importance of
in Nepal 147 constitution
5.3 Constituent Assembly 151 q mention the salient features of the constitution of Nepal
5.4 Salient Features of the BS 2072.
Constitution of Nepal 2072 154 q get knowledge of fundamental of rights and uphold the
5.5 Fundamental Rights and Duties civic duties
of Citizens 157
5.6 Right to Information 163 q learn and understand the roles of good governance and
civil society
5.7 Good Governance 166
5.8 Rule of Law 170 q understand the rule of low and democratic culture
5.9 Democratic Culture 173 q enlist the role of civil society
5.10 Civil Society 176 q importance of unity in diversity
5.11 Peace and Order 178 q learn the issues of national concern
5.12 Unity in Diversity 180
5.13 Nationality and Issues of
National Concern 182
Review Questions 185
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit - 5
Total Period(s): 22
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ – – – – – – –
2. SATQ 1 1 1 – 3 3 x 4 = 12 12x1.8=21.6
3. LATQ – 1 1 – 2 2 x 7 = 14 14x1.8=25.2
Total 1 2 2 – 5 26 26 x1.8=46.8
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q = Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
143 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson An Introduction to Constitution
5.1
FACTS The constitution of Nepal 2072 consists of part 35,
to Understand Article 308 and 9 schedules. The chairman of the
drafting committee was Krishna Prashad Sitaula.
INTRODUCTION
Constitution is the apex law of the country. It is a legal and political document of
a country according to which the country is governed. The role of the organs and
other administrative bodies and the civilians is determined by the constitution. It
distributes the power of the state scientifically and shows the directive principle to the
government as well as the people. As per the constitution the government is formed.
It is the authentic political and legal document which works as the main and origin of
the law of the country. Constitution guarantees the fundamental rights of the people
in the democratic country. It gives more rights and freedom to its citizen but also
alerts them about their duties. It makes people disciplined and responsible to their
nation. In the absence of the constitution, the confusion creates in the governance
which result in chaos and conflicts in the country. Therefore, the country having good
constitution which is favourable for the nation and its citizen leads towards the path
of development.
Constitution
Constitution varies as per their existence and nature. There are written,unwritten,
rigid or flexible types of constitution in the world. A written constitution clearly
mentions the rules and regulation as well as the system of governance. A rigid
constitution is unamendable where as flexible constitution is amendable. Britain has
an unwritten constitution but it is very democratic. The country is governed by the
earlier events which is regarded as an example or guide that has applied in similar
cases called precedents, Royal prerogatives which means the rights exclusively gives
the individual or a class and the conventions. The USA is the first country in the
world to draft the written constitution in 1787 AD and practiced from 1789 AD. The
name of the constitution was "We The People".
Features of an Ideal Constitution
1. Clarity
All articles and clauses should be clear and free from ambiguity and contradiction.
An ideal constitution should be written clearly in a simple language. It should avoid
all the difficult words and ideas that give double or multiple meanings. All parts,
clauses, articles, sub-articles and schedules should be straight forward and concise.
Otherwise it creates confusion, chaos and misunderstanding and conflict in later
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 144
days. Lack of clarity in the constitution of the kingdom of Nepal 2047 Articles 127
brought about several constitutional complications and ultimately suspension of the
constitution. It dealt with the use of the power of the king. So then king Gyanendra
Shah tried to utilize all his power according to the constitution and made the people
dissatisfied and people’s mass movement II started:
Part 20 Article 127 power to Remove Difficulties: If any difficulty arises in
connection with the implementation of this constitution. His Majesty may issue
necessary orders to remove such difficulty and such orders shall be said before
parliament.
1. Amendable and Dynamic
Laws are changeable according to the situation of the country. They need to be
updated as per time, necessities and circumstance because no laws written once can
be applicable forever. Suitable and convenient things today may not be convenient
tomorrow. Therefore, timely amendment is required for future correction and
improvement is the good feature of constitution. For example, to address the genuine
demands of Madhesi people, the present constitution of Nepal 2072 has already been
th
amended the Article 42 and 286 on 9 Magh 2072, it is just within four months of its
promulgation. “We, the people”the first written constitution promulgated in the USA
has the best history of 230 years old constitution without any change, but it has been
amended for 33 times out of which 27 are ratified and remaining unratified remain
pending in some of the states by 2015 AD .
3. Universality
An ideal constitution, though short, includes all major provisions related to the
system of government, distribution of power, fundamental rights, etc. It must have a
widest possible coverage.
4. Separation of power
A French philosopher Montesque stated that, power should be duly separated
in order to prevent absolution. No matter how efficient the ruler is sooner or later
a person becomes a dictator and breaches the constitution if all powers are given
to them. So power is separated into legislative, executive and judiciary in an ideal
constitution and keeps these organs interdependent and self-restrained.
5. Independent Judiciary
An ideal constitution established judiciary as fully competent, impartial
independent and safeguard rule of law. If judiciary is dependent, there is influence of
power and politics on everything. This may create chaotic situation in all affairs of the
nation.
6. Provision of Fundamental Rights and Duties
A good constitution should respect public wish, Fundamental rights and duties
of people should be guaranteed by the constitution, so that citizens become aware of
145 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
the rights and duties towards themselves, society and the state. It must guarantee to
safeguard and protect people’s rights privileges and freedoms.
Constitution is the supreme law of a country. Therefore, the constitution which is
drafted respecting people’s will is an ideal constitution. It is drafted for the well-being
of the citizen and its state. Hence, all the citizen, must abide by the law of the country.
Activity
Discuss with your friend and teacher and prepare a code conduct for your class
room in a chart paper and paste it on displayboard of your class.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is constitution?
2. The United Kingdom that follows the best democratic norms in the world has no
written constitution. How does it function?
3. “Constitution is the main law of the nation.” Justify.
4. Why should the constitution be formulated according to the people’s will?
5. Why should a constitution be amended? Give reasons.
6. Mention the characteristics of an ideal constitution and describe them in brief.
Community Work
Learn from intellectuals, law experts, a distinguished person in your community more
about the definition of the constitution as well as its function and importance. Also,
ask them what would happen in the absence of the supreme law.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 146
Lesson Constitutional Development in Nepal
5.2
FACTS Within a short span of time Nepal promulgated
to Understand Seven Constitutions. The constitution of Nepal
2072 is supposed to be the most inclusive and
best constitution written so far.
The history of constitutional development in Nepal is not so long. The first written
constitution was promulgated during the Rana regime. Rana Prime Minister Padma
Shumsher drafted” Nepal Government Legal Act BS 2004 (Baidhanik Kanun ) in
BS 2004. It was followed by the Nepal Interim Government Act BS 2007. Within
hardly seven decades, seven different constitutions have been announced so far in
Nepal. The seventh constitution is fully inclusive and based on popular will. It is
truly a democratic constitution which guaranteed 31 fundamental rights. It also
introduced various commissions like Dalit Commission, Tharu Commission, Women
Commission, Muslim Commission, etc. to include all the minorities, underprivileged
class, marginalized class in the main stream.
The following paragraphs briefly describe the constitutional development:
1. Nepal Government Legal Act (Baidhanik Kanoon), BS 2004
It is first constitution of Nepal drafted by Rana Prime minister Padma Shumsher
th
on 13 Magh 2004. This constitution had 6 Parts, 68 Articles and 1 Schedule. It
made provisions for fundamental rights and duties,Council of Ministers, Courtiers'
Assembly, Bicameral Parliament, Public Service Commission, Auditor General, Free
Compulsory Primary Education, etc. It was supposed to implement after deliberation
st
on 1 Baisakh 2005 but Padma Shumsher was forced to resign and the constitution
was not implemented.
The flaws or weaknesses of the constitution were:
No bound to the principle of power extension
No provision of power for the state head or king but the king could form and
dissolve the cabinet.
No provision for adult franchise and election of legislature
2. Nepal Interim Government Act, BS 2007
This constitution was promulgated on Chaitra 17, 2007 after the end of autocratic
Rana regime and was implemented from Chaitra 29, 2007. It was promulgated by
king for the first time. It had 7 Parts, 73 Articles and 1 Schedule. This constitution
was amended 8 times.
It made the provision for the executive power vested to the king and Council of
Ministers, directive principles and polices of the state, council of ministers, economic
procedure, etc. It also gave provision of the Supreme Court and High Court.
147 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
The flaws of the constitution were:
The king could form and dissolve the council of ministers.
The principle of separation of power was not accepted.
The king used to amend the constitution though there was no provision for
amendments.
3. Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015
This constitution was promulgated on Falgun 1, 2015 through the royal
proclamation of King Mahendra. It had 10 Parts, 77 Articles and 3 Schedules. The
Constitution Drafting Committee chairman was Bhagawati Prasad Singh. The
commission took the advice from British constitution expert Sir Ivor Jennings. It was
drafted in the British model and considered as democratic. Article 73 and 75 were
implemented immediately and the rest of the Articles were implemented on Asar 16,
2016.
It had the provision for voting rights of adults, bicameral parliament (Pratinidhi
Sabha and Mahasabha), cabinet responsible to the House of Representative
(Pratinidhi Sabha) provision of Fundamental Rights, Constitutional Organs,Public
Service Commission, Independent Judiciary, etc.
The flaws of the constitution were:
Active role of king in the constitution though constitutional Monarchy was
mentioned in the preamble.
Fundamental rights could be shattered by the Legislative.
Ordinances and directive were common.
4. The Constitution of Nepal 2019
The constitution was promulgated by king Mahendra on Poush 1, 2019. It was
drafted by a committee headed by Rishikesh Shah and this constitution was amended
three times on Magh 14, 2023, Mangshir 26, 2032 and Poush 1, 2037.
It had provision for fundamental rights, directive principles of Panchayat System,
Rastriya Panchayat, Supreme Court, Executive power vested in the king, Provision
of Hindu kingdom,citizenship based on descent and naturalized citizenship, provision
for constitution amendment and emergency.
The flaws of the constitution were:
Provision of partyless system mentioned in the preamble.
The Supreme Court was not considered as the final court that the king could
order to review the case.
The government to be responsible to the king rather to the people
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 148
5. Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2047
This constitution was promulgated by king Birendra on Kartik 23, 2047. It had
23 Parts, 133 Articles and 3 Schedules.
It had provisions for constitution as the main law of the nation, Sovereignty was vested
in people. It guaranteed fundamental rights to people, independent judiciary,provision
of adult franchise, rule of law, provision of multi-party system, parliamentary system,
Bicameral legislature including the king, the National Assembly (the upper house)
and the House of Representatives (lower House).
The flaws of the constitution were:
Though it was called a democratic constitution, it did not have able provision of
referendum.
Not able to guarantee social justice
Many articles were vague enough to give power to the king despite the provision
of constitutional monarchy.
6. Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063
The Interim Constitution of Nepal BS 2063 was formulated according to the
public will expressed in the people’s Mass Movement II and was promulgated on Magh
1, 2063 in the name of the people by the legislative parliament. It had 25 Parts, 167
Articles and 4 Schedules. The constitution was formulated and executed on behalf of
the people.
It had the provision of unicameral legislatives, Constituent Assembly, Independent
Judiciary, Rule of law, Secularism, Competitive Multi-party System and Referendum.
The state's power and sovereignty vested in people. According to this constitution
executives power is vested in the council of ministers, Human Rights Commission
as a constitutional organ and the provision to appoint the chief of the army to be
appointed on the recommendation of the council of ministers.
The flaws of the constitution were:
The provision of political parties could bring a number of dilemmas and
controversies in decision-making.
Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly could lead to the dissolution of the
Legislative Parliament as well.
7. The Constitution of Nepal, 2072
It was promulgated by the president on behalf of the Constituent Assembly on
Asoj 3, 2072. It has 35 Parts, 308 Articles and 9 Schedules. It is considered as the
successful document and transformation ten years long armed conflict and the spirit
of People’s Movement 2062/63 into peace process.
It made the provision of constitution amendment as per the need of the country. It
guaranteed the end of discrimination based on region, class gender, caste, language
149 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
and religion, etc. Separation of Power, Check and Balance System, Guarantee of
Federalism and Democratic Republicanism are its major features. Nepal is accepted
as a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multi-religious country. The constitution
ensures to give protection and preservation for separate commission for the Madhesi,
the Tharu, etc.
The flaws of the constitution were:
Demarcation of the provincial state is not satisfactory.
Prime minister, the head of the executive, elected by the members of parliament
not elected directly by the people.
Naming the states are not yet confirmed but the authority is given to the
provincial parliaments themselves to be approved by the majority
The constituencies to be fixed based on the population rather than the
geographical area
Activity
Draw a time-line based on the year of promulgation of constitution of Nepal in
different phases of the time.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by constitution?
2. How many constitutions have been practiced in Nepal till now? Which is the
present constitution?
3. Mention major characteristics of the present constitution of Nepal.
4. What similarities and differences do you find between the Interim Constitution
of Nepal 2072?
5. Why should a democratic constitution drafted according to the people’s will? If
not, what will happen? Explain.
6. Explain the constitutional development process of Nepal from BS 2004 to 2072.
Community Work
Visit your community and collect the information from the local people about the social
impact of the present constitution of Nepal. Prepare a report and present it in your class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 150
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