Lesson Constituent Assembly
5.3
FACTS There were 601 members in the Constituent
to Understand Assembly (CA). The first election was held on
Chaitra 28, 2064 and the second CA election was
held on Mangshir 4, 2070 after the dissolution of the
first CA on Jestha 14, 2069.
The Constituent Assembly (CA) is a process of drafting a constitution. It is the assembly
of the people’s representatives formed to draft the new constitution. It is the most
democratic way to write a country’s constitution through people’s representatives.
The CA election is held for the specific purpose and need of the nation. Thus, it has
been rightly said once in an era 'The constitution written by including the wider
participation of the member of the nation becomes more inclusive, egalitarian and
progressive.
Importance of Constituent Assembly
The constitution drafted through the Constituent Assembly is more democratic and
inclusive than the constitution drafted by the commissions or chosen authorities.
Such constitutions failed to become inclusive and pro-public. In Nepal most of the
constitution drafting processes in the past had been through the commission or
chosen authorities. Therefore, those constitutions could not address the people’s will.
As a result, one after another they were failed and a new constitution was drafted.
The Constituent Assembly is formed by the people’s representatives elected by the
people and nominated for drafting the constitution according to the people’s will
and aspiration. Therefore, it is the outcome of democratic movement. Many people
participate and write their constitution by themselves in this process. It is considered
as the best practice to institutionalize the sovereignty inherent in people and to make
the people more powerful in the country. The proportional representation in all the
organs of the state is ensured easily.
The following things are possible only through the constitution written by the people’s
representation are:
Institutionalize sovereignty to the people themselves.
Develop the sense of ownership and belongingness towards the nation.
Create own fate or destiny by drafting own constitution.
Guarantees more rights to the citizens.
Include own needs, feelings, aspirations and wills.
Make proportional representation in every mainstream power, post and politics
by practicing the process of inclusiveness.
151 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
The egalitarian and inclusive nature is the prime reason behind more trust on the
constitution written by the CA members.
Constituent Assembly (CA) in Nepal
After the people’s mass movement, Nepal conducted two elections of the Constituent
Assembly. First on Chaitra 28, 2064 and second on Mangshir 4, 2070. Both the CA
was comprised of 601 members to draft the constitution. The structure of Constituent
Assembly was as follows:
First-Past-The-Post FPTP) : 240 members
Proportional Representation : 335 members
Nominated Members : 26 members
a. The member elected on the based of FPTP electoral system consisting of one
member from each of the 240 election constituencies. The registration of
the candidate was done on the basis of lingual, geographical and population
diversity to make more inclusive.
b. 335 members were elected on the basis of the proportional electoral system
where votes for parties while treating the whole country as a single constituency
most importantly there was provision of at least 50% female candidates from all
backgrounds.
c. 26 members were nominated by the council ministers on the basis of equal
representation from all political parties. The nominated members were
prominent persons who rendered outstanding contribution to the nation and
the indigenous people.
Tenure of the Constituent Assembly
The tenure of the Constituent Assembly was 4 years from the first meeting. In case of
the incomplete task the Constituent Assembly could be extend for an additional period
not exceeding six months. In regard to the first Constituent Assembly it consumed
total 4 years from 15 Jestha 2064 to 14 Jestha 2069 along with the added tenure time
and again 2 years then added by 1 years, then 6 months then again 3 months for two
more times. Finally, it got dissolved without any significant achievement.
After a long discussions and controversy there was the second CA election held in
Mangshir 4, 2070 which succeeded to draft a new constitution within 2 years. Finally,
Nepal got a new constitution on Asoj 3, 2072. The chairman of the drafting committee
was Krishna Prasad Sitaula. From the day of promulgation of the new constitution,
the Constituent Assembly II has turned into the legislative parliament. It is the
parliament who had more power and functions than the CA members.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 152
Activity
Discuss the process applied for legitimating the constitution prepared by the
Constituent Assembly.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by the Constituent Assembly?
2. Why was the Constituent Assembly felt necessary after the people’s mass
movement 2062/63 for drafting a constitution? Explain.
3. Describe the structure of the Constituent Assembly?
4. What were the major tasks of the members of the Constituent Assembly?
5. Explain the tenure of the Constituent Assembly.
Community Work
Take an interview with any elected member in your community asking about their
responsibilities towards the public. Prepare a report and present it in your class.
153 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Salient Features of the
5.4
Constitution of Nepal 2072
FACTS Nepal’s first president Dr. Ram Baran Yadav has
to Understand announced the promulgation of constitution of
Nepal, 2072 through the sovereign body elected by
the people at the special meeting of the Constituent
Assembly at CA Hall on Sunday, Ashwin 3, 2072
(September 20, 2015)
The constitution at present constitutes several outstanding features. It has the
provisions of bicameral parliament and has institutionalized secularism and
republicanism and has adopted federalism.
The constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all the
people living together in a country. Constitution is the supreme law that determines
the relationship among people living in a territory and also the relationship between
the people and the government. A constitution does many things.
a. It generates a degree of trust and coordination between the different people
living together in the same territory.
b. It specifies how the government will be constituted who will have power to take
which decision.
c. It lays down limits on the power of the
government and relay the rights of the
citizens.
Nelson Mandela said” I
d. It expresses the aspirations of the people
about creating a good society. have fought against white
domination and I have fought
The Constitution of Nepal, 2072 is the most against black domination
democratic constitution ever drafted in the country. I have cherished the ideal
It has 35 Parts, 308 Articles and 9 Schedules. of a democratic and free
society in which all persons
The salient features of the Constitution of Nepal live together in harmony and
2072 are given below:
with equal opportunities. It
The constitution is drafted by the people’s is an ideal which I hope to
representatives, the members of Constituent live for and to achieve. But
Assembly for the first time in Nepal’s history. if needs be it is an ideal for
It is flexible and can easily be amended by the which I am prepared to die”’
2/3 majority of the members of parliament.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 154
It has entrusted sovereignty and state power upon the people. The government
forms and runs as per the will of the citizen. It can even dissolve when people
withdraw their support.
This is the first constitution drafted on behalf of people as per their will and
spirit of the mass movement II (BS 2062/2063).
Article 4 of the constitution has declared Nepal “an independent, indivisible,
secular, republic, sovereign and fully democratic state”. This way secularism
and republicanism have been institutionalized and federalism has formally
been adopted.
There is a provision for 7 provinces based on federal democratic republic
structure. The names to states will be given by a majority of the respective
provincial parliament members. The boundaries of the state will be fixed by a
special federal commission.
There is provision for 3 level of governance, central, provincial and local.
It has a provision to adopt competitive multi-party democratic system where
citizens have right to form, become member or follow the ideology of any political
party. All the parties exist together, take part in election and form government
as per their position or mandate in an election.
There will be bicameral legislative parliamentary system in the centre and
unicameral in the provincial states. The bicameral parliament includes the House
of Representatives and the National Assembly. The House of Representatives
comprises 275 members, in which 165 directly elected and 110 proportionately
elected. Similarly, the National Assembly comprising 59 members out of which
56 are elected from 7 provincial states and 3 are nominated by the president.
There is provision for mixed electors system on both structures, central
and provincial states with the combination of 60% directly elected and 40%
proportionately elected.
Executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers including Prime Minister,
Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers, State Minister and Assistance Minister.
Prime Minister is the head of executive and the president is the head of the
state. The prime minister is elected among legislative members whereas the
president is elected by both the provincial and the central parliaments.
The council of ministers in central state will not exceed more than 25 members.
Similarly, no candidate defeated in the election can be the prime minister.
The executive body is responsible to the legislature. The political party owned
majority seats forms the government and can remain in government as long
as it gets support from the legislature. There is no provision for 'vote of no
confidence, against the government at least for two years. Similarly, the prime
minister also cannot dissolve the parliament. This provision has been regarded
very crucial for political stability in the country.
155 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
There is provision for three types of Judiciary system. The Supreme Court as the
apex judicial body while there will be a High Court in every state and District
court in each district headquarters.
Chief Ministers will be elected by the provincial parliaments themselves.
There are many other provisions and privileges given by the constitution beside the
above mentioned provisions. For example, social justice is guaranteed through strong
laws, fundamental rights are increased to 31 added 10 more extra rights the provision
of citizenship by decent in the name of mother or father. Non Resident Nepalese (NRN)
can also be conferred with Non residential Citizenship and citizenship recognizing
third gender. Similarly, there is provision of separate commission on National
Resources and Finance, Women, Madhesis, Dalits, Tharus, Muslims and Indigenous
Nationalities, Rights to employment provision for unemployment allowance.
Activity
Discuss the fundamental rights added in the constitution of Nepal BS 2072.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by salient feature?
2. Why is constitution important?
3. Make a list of any five important salient features of the constitutions as per the
priority
4. Name the house in bicameral parliamentary system of Nepal.
5. How many constituencies are there in Nepal according to the present
constitution?
6. Which articles of the constitution were amended on Magh 9?
Community Work
Visit your community and ask the people about the effects of delayed implementation
of the constitution. Who is responsible and why? Find out the details and prepare a
report and present it in your class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 156
Lesson Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens
5.5
FACTS There are altogether 31 Fundamental Rights guaranteed
to Understand by the constitution of Nepal 2072, 10 more rights have
been added than before. The Interim Constitution of Nepal
guaranteed only 21 Fundamental Rights.
All the civil rights enshrined by the constitution are known as Fundamental Rights.
The target of all democratic government is to promote the welfare of the people. They
run according to the people’s will and provide a wide range of opportunities for public
participation and progress. The fundamental rights are basic human rights that enable
people to enjoy freedom, respect, security, protection and chance to develop their
community. All the countries bound on democratic norms and values and guarantee such
rights to their citizens.
The fundamental rights are guaranteed in Part 3, Articles 16 to 46 of the constitution
of Nepal, 2072. It has made 31 such rights for overall development and growth of
citizens of Nepal. They describe as follows:
Rights to Live with Dignity (Article 16)
Each person shall have the right to live with dignity. No law shall be made for capital
punishment.
Right to Freedom (Article 17)
1 Except as provided by law, no person shall be deprived of her/his personal liberty
2 Every citizen shall have the following freedoms:
a. Freedom of opinion and expression.
b. Freedom to assemble peacefully and without arm
c. Freedom to form political party
d. Freedom to form unions and associations
e. Freedom to move and reside in any part of Nepal: and
f. Freedom to engage in any occupation or engaged in employment establish
and operate industry, trade and business in any part of Nepal
Right to Equality (Article 18)
1. All citizens shall be equal before law. No person shall be denied the equal
protection of law.
2. There shall be no discrimination in the applications of general laws on
the grounds of origins, religious, race, caste, tribe, sex, physical condition,
matrimonial status,pregnancy economic condition, language or geographical
region or ideology or any other such grounds.
157 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
3. The state shall not discriminate among citizens on grounds of the same work
between the genders. There is equal share on parental property to both genders.
Right to Communication (Article 19)
There shall be no prior censorship of publication and broadcasting or information
dissemination or printing of any news item, editorial, article, feature or other reading
material or the use of audio-visual material by any medium including electronic
publication, broad-casting and printing.
Right to Justice (Article 20)
1. No person shall be detained without giving prior information.
2. The person who is arrested shall have the rights to consult a lawyer of his /her
choice and be defined from the time of arrest. The consultations held with the
lawyers and their advice shall remain confidential.
3. Every person who is arrested shall be produced before a judicial authority
within a period of 24 hours after such arrest, excluding the time necessary for
the journey from the time and place of arrest. The arrested person shall not be
detained in custody beyond the said period except on the order of authority.
4. No person shall be punished for an act that is not punishable by law nor any
person be subjected to greater punishment against the prescription by law.
5. No person shall be accused of any offence shall be assumed to be an offender
until proven guilty.
6. No person shall be prosecuted for the some offence in a court of law. More than
once and shall be compelled to be a witness against herself/himself
7. An underprivileged person shall have the right to free legal service as provided by law.
Right of Victim of Crime (Article 21)
The victim of Crime shall have the rights to be informed about the investigations
and proceedings of the case regarding his/her victimization. The victims have right to
social rehabilitation and compensation as provisioned by law.
Rights against Torture Detention (Article 22)
No person arrested or detained shall be subjected to physical or mental torture during
investigation or trial. In case of happening, the person is liable to get compensation.
Right against Preventive Detention (Article 23)
This right comprises:
1. No person shall be liable for preventive detention unless there is sufficient
ground and immediately threat to sovereignty, integrity and law and order of
the nation.
2. Any person detained against law shall have the right to be compensated as
prescribed by law.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 158
Right against Untouchability and Racial Discrimination (Article 24)
This right comprises
1. No citizen shall be subject to racial discrimination or untouchability. If
victimized, such person shall be entitled to the compensation as per law.
2. No person shall be deprived of the use of public services or be denied to any
public places or performing any religious act on the ground of caste.
3. No person shall be prevented to purchase any goods, service or conveniences
based on casteism or no such goods shall be distributed only to a person of a
particular race only.
Right to Property (Article 25)
Every citizen has right to property whereby they can acquire, own, sell and dispose
of the property. The state shall not acquire, requisite or create any encumbrance on
anyone’s property, except of the public interest. Compensation is guaranteed on any
case of such happening.
Right to Religious Freedom (Article 26)
Each person shall be free to profess, practise and preserve their religious and manage
and protect its religious places and trusts. No person shall be entitled to forceful
conversion from one religion to another. No person shall be allowed to act in a manner
which may jeopardize the religions of others.
Right to Information (Article 27)
Every citizen has right to demand and obtain information about the matters of public
concerns or importance.
Right to Privacy (Article 28)
Unless sanctioned by law everyone shall have the secrecy or privacy, right of personal
life, house document, statistics, information, correspondence, character and property.
Right against Exploitation (Article 29)
Any form of exploitation and forced labour is prohibited. No one shall follow
exploitation on the basis of custom, tradition, convention or any manner. No person
shall be allowed for human trafficking, slavery, serfdom or forced labour.
Right to Health Environment (Article 30)
Every individual shall have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.
159 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Right Regarding Education (Article 31)
All citizens shall have the right to provide primary education to their children in their
mother tongue as specified by law. They also have right to get education free of cost up
to the secondary level. The handicapped and economically backward shall get extra
privilege for education.
Right to Language and Culture (Article 32)
All citizens shall have right to use preserve and promote their language, script,
heritage and culture.
Right to Employment (Article 33)
Every citizen shall have the right to employment or unemployment allowance as
defined by federal law. He/She has right to be selected for employment as per his/her
will and interest.
Right to Labour (Article 34)
1. Every labours/employee shall have right to proper work practice.
2. Every employee has right to form trade union or association and perform
collective bargaining within the limitation of law. They have right to appropriate
remuneration facilities and social security
Right Regarding Health Care (Article 35)
Every citizen shall have right to get basic health service free of cost from the nation
as provided by law. He/She has right to be informed in regard to health care service.
Right to Food (Article 36)
Each citizen shall have the right to food. He/She has right to be protected from a state
of starvation resulting in foodstuff.
Right to Housing (Article 37)
Every citizen shall have right to appropriate housing or accommodation. No citizen
shall be evicted from the housing owned by him/her nor would the housing be
encroached except required by law.
Women’s Right (Article 38)
No woman shall be discriminated in any from merely on her womanhood or gender.
Every woman shall have the right to reproductive health and other reproductive
matters. No physical, mental, sexual or any other form of violence shall be inflicted
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 160
to any woman. The participation of woman in all state affairs based on proportional
inclusion is guaranteed. Daughters will have equal right to parental property.
Child Right (Article 39)
There shall be the following child rights guaranteed by the constitution.
1. All children shall have right to get their identity and name. They have right
to child participation and primary child development. They have right to get
nutritious food, basic health and social security. Orphans, the destitute, conflict
victims mentally retarded, vulnerable and street children shall have the right
to get special privileges from the state for their better future.
2. No minor shall be employed in factories, minors or any hazardous work. No any
child shall be used in army, police or in conflicts.
Right of Dalit (Article 40)
Any individual from a Dalit community shall be represented in all affairs of the nation
based on proportional representation as defined by law. The landless ones shall be
given land once. Provisions of free education with scholarship from primary to the
higher level education shall be made for Dalit students.
Right of Senior Citizen (Article 41)
Senior citizens shall be provided special protection and social security by the state as
defined by law.
Right to Social Justice (Article 42)
The underprivileged, aborigines, marginalized, Dalit, women, indigenous tribes,
Madhesis, poor peasants, oppressed group those are backward, socially, economically,
politically, etc. shall have the right to participate in the state mechanism on the basis of
proportional and inclusive provision. The family members of martyrs, fighters for the
political change, victims of conflict, handicapped, etc. will be given due consideration
in accommodation, employment and health and education service.
Right to Social Security (Article 43)
The underprivileged, economically backward and endangered ethnic or tribal groups
shall have special provision for social security.
Consumers Right (Article 44)
Every consumer has right to get quality items and service. Compensation would be
given if any harm is done due to consumption and use of low level products and service.
Right against Exile (Article 45)
No citizen shall be exiled or banished from the country whoever the crime he/she does.
161 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Right to Constitutional Remedy (Article 46)
As per this right, every citizen shall have the right to appeal to the court and get
constitutional protection if his /her fundamental rights are violated. This right is very
important because all other rights become null in its absence.
Fundamental Duties (Article 48)
Each person shall have following duties:
a. Protect nationality, sovereignty and integrity of Nepal by pledging allegiance to
the nation.
b. Abide by the constitution and law.
c. Compulsory enlist when the state needs the service.
d. To protect and conserve public property
Activity
Discuss the 10 new fundamental rights guaranteed by present constitution of
Nepal 2072 either you can take help from your teacher or you can surf in the
internet to get the details or the book of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is fundamental right?
2. How many fundamental rights are guaranteed by the constitution?
3. Which right you feel the most important? Make a list of any 10 rights based on
priority basis.
4. Write short notes on Right to women and Right to consumers.
5. All other rights become worthless in the absence of “Right to Constitutional
Remedy”” What does the statement mean? Justify it.
Community Work
Visit your community and find out the condition of senior citizens whether they are
living a miserable life based on economy or deprived of any facilities. Based on this
research, prepare a report on it and present it to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 162
Lesson Right to Information
5.6
FACTS Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is
to Understand the premise of progress, in every society, in every family.
Kofi Annan of Ghana
Seventh Secretary General of the UN (1997-2006)
Nobel Peace Prize Winner 2001
Right to information is the fundamental right guaranteed by the constitution of Nepal
2072 to make people conscious on various provisions executed for their welfare by the
government.
Information refers to the knowledge obtained from investigation, study or instruction,
intelligence news, facts, or data. In other words any fact passes through various
means like verbal or written by the authority or an individual is called information.
Common people can get information on any written or unwritten fact carried out by the
public agencies. This right of the citizen to demand and get information held by public
agencies on any matter of public importance can be referred as right to information.
The constitution of Nepal 2072 has stated the Right to information in Part 3 Article
27 as “Every citizen shall have the right to demand and receive information on any
matter of his or her interest or of public interest. Provided that one shall be compelled
to provide information on any matter of which confidentially must be maintained in
accordance with law.” To ensure the right to information, Right to Information Act,
2064 has been enacted in Nepal.
Citizens Campaign for Right to Information [CCRI] is a pragmatic organization
dedicated for the promotion, protection and implementation or Rights to Informal
laws. It is a non-profitable, non-partisan and non- political organization.
Right to Information
The right obtained information of public importance held in agencies or right to
study or observation of any written document material held in public agencies or
proceedings of such agencies is called right to information. Similarly, it also refers to
the right to obtain verified copy of any written documents to observe the place where
any construction of public importance is going on and to obtain a verified sample of
any materials. Right to information is define in Part 2 (e) of Right to Information
Act 2064.
Importance of Right to Information
Right to information is importance to every individual. Some of them are
mentioned below:
163 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
It empowers public to participate in governance system.
It helps public to have access to information relating to public agencies
It helps to maintain transparency in the government system.
It makes public agencies accountable
It allows public to know and raise questions to public agencies about the status
of work.
It provides individual a legal basis ask for information from public agencies.
Right to information is a fundamental right. To make this right more strong, right to
Information Act 2064 and Right to Information Regulation, 2065 was enacted. This
right is mentioned in Part 3, Article 27 of the constitution of Nepal 2072. It stated
that “Every citizen shall have the right to seek information on any matters of concern
to her /him or the public. Provided that nothing shall be deemed to compel any person
to provide information about which confidentiality is to be maintained according to
law.”
The section 8 of Right to Information Act 2064 has made the provision to pay for
the information. Similarly Rule 4 of the Right to Information Regulation 2065 has
prescribed details of the fee required for obtained information. The fees are received
for the actual cost of providing information.
The National Information Commission (NIC) is an independent commission established
for the protection and implementation of Right to Information. Section II of the Right
to Information has provision regarding National information commission. According to
it, there shall be chief information commissions comprising at least female commission.
Limitations of Right to Information
Right to information is not an absolute right, it has certain limitations too. The Right
to information Act 2064, Section 3, Clause 3 has the provision for the legitimate
restrictions on right to information. They are as follows:
Information having serious impact on protection of economic, trade or monetary
interest or intellectual property or banking or trade privacy
Information which seriously jeopardizes the sovereignty, national integrity and
sovereignty, public peace, stability and international relation of Nepal
Information that interferes on individual privacy and security of body, life,
property or health of a person
The flow of information cannot be restricted with any specific and adequate reasons.
“Whistle blower” is an employee of public agencies that provides information on any
ongoing or probable corruption or any offence under the prevailing law. The information
receiver is under a duty to keep the identity of the Whistle blower confidential.
In this way Right to Information is a very important right of the citizen which makes
the people aware and conscious.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 164
Activity
Read the newspaper and collect any five each Information related to social
problems and evils and political activities of the country. Also, paste the pictures
of related news.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by information?
2. Which part and Article of the constitution stated about Right to Information?
Explain.
3. What is the importance of right to information?
4. “The flow of information cannot be restricted without any specific and adequate
reasons”. Justify the statement.
5. What are the restrictions of Right to Information? Make a list of them.
Community Work
Visit your Community meet the local people and ask them about the political activities
of Nepal and efforts to implement a new constitution. Prepare a report based on the
information you have collected and submit it to your teacher.
165 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Good Governance
5.7
FACTS Some might complain that nuclear disarmament is little
to Understand more than dream. But that ignores the very tangible benefits
disarmament would bring for all human kind. Its success
would strengthen international peace and security. It would free
up vast and much needed resources for social and economic
development. It would advance the rule of law.”
- Ban Ki- Moon
The government is the political organization formed by the elected members on the
basis of adult franchise to govern the country. The government is required to develop
the country from every nook and corner by utilizing the human resources and natural
resources available in the country. According to the World Bank “using political power
for the management of various affairs of a state governance.” Governance describes
the process by which its decisions are carried out. Good governance maintains that
decisions are taken and carried out in a fair manner. The decisions are directed
towards the promotion of people welfare. Good governance includes the rule or
law protection of human rights, effective public participation, multiparty, political
system, transparency and responsibility. It also includes the effective and efficient
public sector, political ability, access to all kind of information, equality, etc. Good
governance helps to reform in the whole governing system by the cooperation and
coordination with private sector and civil society.
The concept of good governance was developed with the demand that political power
should be used in people’s welfare. The donor nation and International Monetary
Fund (IMF), Asian Development Bank (ADB) or World Bank offer aid and loan on
the condition that reforms for good governance. It is to rule according to the need and
wish of the people as well as for their welfare. Good governance control or reduce all
sorts of discriminations, prejudices, corruptions, irregularities, exploitations, etc.
Characteristics of Good Governance
Good governance controls all types of discrimination, prejudice, corruption,
irregularities, exploitations, etc. Good governance has eight characteristics as stated
by the UNO. They are:
Accountability
Peoples
Consensus Participation
Oriented Rule of Law
Equity and Efficiency and
Inclusiveness Effectiveness
Note: Students can
Good make abbreviation to
Responsiveness Governance Transparency
memorize 'RECAP RET'.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 166
Responsiveness
Good governance required that institutions try to resolve all the problems of
stakeholders within reasonable time frame. Service authorities are committed to
assist people in a justified time frame in a commencing manner. The malpractices,
such as Red Tapism, which means delayed service, overcharging and bribery are so
rare in good governance.
Equity and Inclusiveness
Good governance ensures certain politics and practices for enabling all the people
in the society to feel that they all have share in its regulation. Opportunities are
provided for all and the most importantly to raise the level of most disadvantaged
ones. A society’s well-being depends on ensuring that they have a stake in it and do
not feel excluded from the mainstream of the society.
Consensus-oriented
Consensus can be achieved through mediation and discussion on what is in the best
interest of the whole community and how this can be acquired. It requires a broad
and long term perspective to meet the goals of sustainable human development. Civil
societies have important parts to play to mediate and facilitate negotiations in favour
of the nation.
Accountability
Accountability is the soul of democratic government. The government and private
institutions along with civil society are essentially responsible to the inspectional
groups of people and to their institutional stakeholders. An organization or on
institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decision or activities. To
enforce accountability rule of law and transference is required.
People’s Participation
People’s participation is a key requirement of good governance. It could be either direct
or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important
to encourage the efficient administration and development process of the country.
People elect their representative and rulers and maintains control over them. So, the
development of the county depends on the degree of people’s participation.
Rule of law
The set of fair and impartial rules is required to run the government. It ensures the
full protection of human rights with a special consideration upon those minorities.
The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to
being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government official. It primarily
refers to the influence and authority of law within the society including behaviour of
government officials. Impartial enforcement of laws require an independent judiciary
and an impartial and incorruptible police force.
167 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Effectiveness and Efficiency
As competent and efficient people in leadership and power, realistic and practicable
effort are made for the best utilization of resources so as to meet the needs of a society.
These effort are very effective and efficient in reaching the goals.
Transparency
A decision taken and their enforcement done in a manner that follows rules and
regulations is called transparency. It means that enough information is provided in
easily understandable forms through media or any other sources. There are effective
regulatory bodies to control corruption, bribery and other irregularities in the country.
The task is not easy to maintain good governance in the context of Nepal. There are
many challenges and problems in achieving good governance.
The following are the challenges and problems of good governance in Nepal:
Corruption
Process oriented
administration Insufficient Public
pressure
Challenges of
Poor good governance
implementation
of law Traditional
Thinking
Weak Civil Policy Level
Society Instability
Activity
Divide the class into four groups A, B, C and D.
Give a task to group A to prepare points of good governance and explain to
other groups.
Groups B make a list of those points on board, Groups C explains all the points
briefly and Groups D explains the challenges of good governance.
On the basis of each groups performance subject teacher gives letter grading.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 168
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by good governance?
2. Why is good governance necessary in the democratic system of government?
3. Define rule of law. Why is it very important?
4. Make a list of the characteristics of good governance based on abbreviation
given in the textbook. Explain them briefly
5. What are the challenges of good governance?
6. Write the ways to mitigate the problems seen in good governance.
Community Work
Visit any government offices of your locality. You can see citizen charters outside the
office study the charter carefully. Now, contact the chief of the office to know about
the charter and its uses. Prepare a report on the basis of your finding and present it in
your class.
169 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Rule of Law
5.8
FACTS Government based upon the rule of law is called
to Understand Nomocracy. Nomocracy is the political system
upon the sovereignty rational laws and civic rights.
The legal principle that a nation should be governed by the law rather than arbitrary
decisions of individual government official. It is also known by constitutional
supremacy, supremacy of law, etc. No one is discriminated in rule of law. The law
provides equal justification and protection to all. The government official and the
activities are under the rule of law. Rule of law implies that every citizen is subjected
to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands against the
autocracy, dictatorship or oligarchy where the rules are held above the law. The
government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy.
The concept of rule of law was popularized by
British Professor A.V. Dicey in 1855 A.D. He
focused on the three principles in rule of law in
his book named “Law of the Constitution”. These
principles are as follows:
1. Constitution as the source of law: the
constitution is the supreme law of country.
All the laws are the output of constitution.
2. Supremacy of law: No one is above law, No
dictatorship or arbitrary power should get
the place in the rule of law.
3. Equality by the law: Everyone is equal
before law. Law is equally applicable to
everyone, its practice and interpretation
does not differ from person to person. A.V. Dicey
When Dicey’s book published the concept of rule of law was globalized. It became the
essence of democracy. The term “Rule of Law” has been a core essence of democracy
and good government.
Importance of Rule of Law
Rule of law is very important in democratic system of government. Democracy cannot
bloom in its absence. There are many governmental decision formulated by applying
legal principles considering the virtue of rule of law. Some of its importance are given
as follows:
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 170
Peace and Stability
Promotion of social justice and equality
Democracy and the government responsible towards the people
Assurance of independent judiciary and media
Supremacy of law
End of impunity
Feeling of belongingness of all in governing process
Law supremacy
Ways to Check Rule of law
The ways to check rule of law whether it is followed or not in the following ways:
Role of government
Power balance and stratification
Position of Judiciary
Democracy and human rights
Periodic elections
Address to equality and equity
Obstacles to Promote Rule of Law
Lack of mechanism to maintain law and policy of the nation
Corruption and abuse of authority
Verdicts of supreme court given in favour of rule of law are unimplemented
Tendency to get more rights but less to perform duties
Seeing to get legal solutions but ignored and social and culture solutions
Trends of interpreting the laws looking after own desires.
Measure to Promote Rule of Law
Formulation of inclusive laws
Interpretation according to the real spirit of law
Making the future plan of the nation with clear vision
Implementation of the decisions of judicial bodies
Exploring the alternative ways to solve the social problems in additions to legal
solutions
Expansion of civic education against corruption
In the context of Nepal, rule of law was very poor. This situation has resulted in poor
governance or lawlessness. Some of the unlawful activities existed in the country are:
Political power dominates every field
Widespread of corruption and abuse of authority
171 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Except the legal one, no provisions have been made to solve social and cultural
problem
Lack of strong mechanism to create political stability
Limited leaders concerned with concrete plans and farsighted vision
Patriotism and nationalism has become the hollow slogans for popularity
These problems obstruct the better function of the society and maintaining rule of
law. All the political leaders and civilians should know the importance of rule of law
and maintain it. There is need of wide spread awareness to control corruption and
misuse of power. Inclusive law must be implemented by the government.
Activity
Conduct an Oratory program on the topic “Rule of Law, base of nation building.”
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the rule of law?
2. Why is democratic country important?
3. Mention the principles of rule of law prescribed by A.V. Dicey.
4. In what ways can we check the rule of law?
5. Make a list of problems on implementation of rule of law.
6. Why is Nepal unsuccessful in implementation of rule of law?
7. What measures should be taken to promote rule of law in Nepal?
Community Work
Visit your local organization and find out the system of governing organization on the
basis of rule of law. Prepare a report based on finding and present it in your class.
Project Work
Download a documentary from the internet based on rule of law.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 172
Lesson Democratic Culture
5.9
th
FACTS Abraham Lincoln, the 16 president of America,
to Understand defined Democracy is the system of governance by
the people, for the people and of the people.
Democracy is a form of government in which people choose leaders by voting. It is an
organization or situation in which everyone is treated equally and has equal rights. A
country in which government is elected freely and equally by all of its citizen is called
a democratic country. The government is formed among people’s representatives and
ruling is done as per the wish and welfare of ordinary citizens. Peace, cooperation and
coexistence are prioritized. All the fundamental rights and privileges of citizens are
guaranteed by the law. Rule of law is maintained. Every one is bound by laws. These
practices in which everything is done in a democratic way based on law can be taken
as democratic culture. Democracy is institutionalized in true sense because of the
practice of democratic culture.
The following aspects are considered as the democratic culture on the basis of norms
and values.
Supremacy of Law
There is law supremacy rather than the person in democratic culture. Law becomes
leading principle in ruling where the stakeholders rule as per set laws rather than
the personal interest.
Good Governance
Good governance is related to the process of governing system in a state in the best
manner. In democratic culture the government rule in a fair and transparent manner
being responsible to people. Good governance is possible only from the democratic
conduct.
Freedom of Expression and Press
Freedom of expression and press strengthens democratic culture. It is the right of the
citizen to get information about the political, social, economic and cultural activities.
If citizens enjoy the freedom of press, then they learn to respect others' voice and can
adjust themselves in odd situation.
Protection of Fundamental Rights
The fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution should be respected. If violated,
there is strong provision of legal punishment and compensation to the wrong doers.
173 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Adult Franchise, Periodic Election and Multi-party
As per the political ideology, everyone is free to choose any political party. There are
periodic elections and the citizens are free to caste vote and choose their representative
based on principle of universal adult franchaise.
Power Decentralization
In democratic culture, power is authorized to the local administrative bodies rather
than confining them to the central government.
Inclusive Governance System
The governance system, in which there is identity and representation of all caste,
religion, language, race, gender, physical disability, region, etc. is known as inclusive
governance system. All the people living in the same country feel as being in the
governance in the democratic norms. The right to social justice and directive principles,
policies and responsibilities should be accepted in the inclusive system.
Civil Society
Civil society is a non-political voluntary group formed by the citizens with a purpose to
accomplish a certain goal. The democratic conduct and democracy get institutionalized
when the civil society is active. It should be active for the right utilization of such
authority. The democratic culture can be developed in the civil society through moral
and civil education and awareness.
Respect to Minority
Minority refers to a group with insufficient votes to win. Though the majority is gives
due to priority in democracy. There is respect to the voice of minority too. There is
need of minority check and balance the majority in many public matters.
Sovereign People
Sovereignty is vested in people, which in the highest political authority of the country.
People become powerful and hold the whole control over the ruling system.
Public Participation
Public participation is ranging from law making, decision making to their execution.
People elect representatives to form the government through election procedure. An
election provides platform to the general public to increase their accessibility in the
state affairs of the country.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 174
Activity
Discuss whether the democratic culture is followed in your class or not while
choosing class monitor, vice class monitor or organizing any competition in your
class. If not, write suggestions in chart paper and show it to your class teacher and
paste in your class.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by democratic culture?
2. Why do we need democratic culture?
3. “Rule of law is the essence of democratic culture". Justify the statement.
4. In what ways are norms and rules of democratic culture practiced in your
society?
5. Prepare a news article on the way of practicing democratic culture in the country
to any leading newspaper?
6. How can democratic cultures institutionalize democracy? Explain with reference
of the principle of democratic culture.
Community Work
How do people in your community practice democratic culture?
Explain with reference to the voting procedure of any local organization or election of
Community Development Committee (Tol Sudhar Samiti).
Show your report to the teacher.
175 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson
5.10 Civil Society and Its Role
FACTS Civil society is a non-political organization formed
to Understand by the common citizens for the welfare of the
citizens themselves.
Civil society is an independent and voluntary group of people of different sectors
formed with the purpose of gaining certain goals. It is self mobilized, self motivated and
directed and organized social lifestyle. It is a force where different social communities
have discussion and get organized. It is the common platform to express the wants,
commitment and assumptions of citizens. It is a non-government and non-profiteering
organization which is very active to alert governmental activities and other aspect of
social life. It helps the citizens to secure their rights, aware about their duties and so
on.
The concept of civil society found to be developed during the Lichchhavi period in
Nepal. The society at present is awakening the community people on so many current
affairs and rights and responsibilities of the stakeholders. In Nepali language, it is
called “Nagarik Samaj”. It works as a mouth piece of people taking “their voice, choice
and right”to the government.
The main features of civil society are as follows:
i. It raises voice for the protection and promotion of people’s right.
ii. It unites people to fight against any breach of law.
iii. It warns the wrong doers, voice against the law breakers, prevents injustice and
assists the government on its functioning.
iv. It is different than the government but concerned with the function of the
government.
v. It helps to check, monitor and restrain the misuse of power by the political
authorities or any power groups.
vi. It ensures the sustainable peace and infrastructural development.
vii. It pressurizes the government to carry out public service properly.
viii. It stands against the social problems, evils or any sort of exploitation.
The civil society comprises of organizations or institutions, such as advocacy groups,
community groups, self registered charities, NGOs, women’s organizations, youth
club, trade, union, professional association and many other social organization. It
puts pressures on the government for the diplomatic solution of border encroachment.
It makes people active and makes them aware of social evils. It encourages people to
serve the government and maintain peace law and order.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 176
To raise public voice against the unlawfulness,
insecurity, political interference by other nations
mostly by neighbouring nations. Where there is
strong society the government is more democratic
and the rule of law is maintaining. It encourages
the society and the state to take the right path
and takes the leadership of the people to raise
the voice for people’s burning problems. It tries
to remove the social evil through the collective
effort of the people.
girl is being blamed as witch (boksi)
Activity
Discuss the various roles of civil societies in Nepal.
Exercise
1. What is civil society?
2. What is the role of civil society for the development of the country?
3. How does civil society check and balance the governance system of the country?
4. Is civil society working fairly and impartially? Give a suitable reason to your
answer.
5. “The civil society is considered a leading agent of social transformation”. Justify
the statement.
Community Work
What work is being carried out by civil society in your community?
Meet the leader of the civil society and ask him/her or their group.
On the basis of your interview, prepare a report and present it in your class.
Project Work
Make a slide show on the topic “Role of civil society in people’s Mass Movement
2062/063”. You may take help from the internet while preparing presentation.
177 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson
5.11 Peace and Order
FACTS Peace Accord was signed on Mangshir 5, 2063,
to Understand between Maoists and Seven Party Alliances (SPA)
in the Mediation of UNMIN. Head of UNMIN was
Ian Martin.
The word 'Peace' refers to the absence of any kind of violence or other disturbances
within the state. Peace stands against the conflict. Order is a peaceful condition in
which laws are obeyed and misbehaviour or crime is not present. The people live
with mutual harmony, respect and cooperation to each other in the society abiding
by the laws. It is the situation of peace and order. It is the most essential factor
of developments. The country having peace and order is developed and people can
do their jobs freely without any fear and make their life easy and comfortable and
develop their creativity.
Importance of Peace and Order
Basically, the state is responsible to maintain peace and order in the country. It
should take appropriate initiatives to maintain and enhance peace and order in the
country. Some of the importance are given in points:
1. Peace and order is of great significant for academic promotion and intellectual
growth of the student.
2. People can enjoy their rights and privileges in a peaceful environment.
3. A country can develop in a rapid pace.
4. Good relationships can be maintained with donor countries.
5. It ensures political stability which persisted the stable plans and policies.
6. School should be free from any kind of political influences, band and strikes. It
should be declared as Zone of Peace.
7. Personal and public security should be maintained for peace and order.
Factors Obstructing in the Maintenance of Peace and Order
1. Misuse of technology
2. Violence of human rights
3. Human exploitation, suppression and discrimination
4. Bullying, disputes, violence, greed, abduction, etc. too are becoming viral
5. Less effective civil society
6. Lack of awareness of the people
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 178
The following measures should be adopted to maintain peace and order.
1. Fundamental rights should be assured.
2. Social networking sites should be controlled and prevented from violating the
social harmony.
3. The school area should be declared as the Peace Zone.
4. Political stability, practice of table talk, equal and appropriate distribution
of means and resources, social equality, justice and inclusiveness should be
ensured.
5. Laws should be effectively implemented and civic awareness should be developed.
6. Culture of mutual understanding and cooperation should be inculcated.
In order to maintain peace and order, the role of civil society and political parties is
vital. Civil society should create pressure to the government to maintain peace and
order. It should raise the voice for truth and justice. Similarly, political parties should
keep their cadres in control and mobilize them in creative and development work.
Activity
Though the school is declared as Peace Zone it is affected by various bands and
strikes. Discuss the reasons.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by peace and order?
2. “Peace and order is the basis of rule of law”. Justify the statement.
3. What are the obstructions of peace and order?
4. Make a list of any four measures to maintain peace and order.
5. Collect any three examples to show violation of peace and order in your locality.
Community Work
In what ways is peace and order maintained in your community? Make a report on it.
Project Work
Download the video from the internet depicting People’s Mass Movement II which
shows the violation of peace and order.
179 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson
5.12 Unity in Diversity
FACTS There are 125 ethic groups, 123 languages and
to Understand more than 10 religions are followed in Nepal.
Despite these diversities unity is maintained in
the country.
Nepal is a multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-cultural country. It is full of
geographical diversity. It is the land of diversity in terms of language, caste, race,
culture and religion from the time immemorial. The constitution of Nepal 2072
Part 1, Article 3 clearly stated as “having multi-ethic, multilingual, multi-religious,
multi-cultural, characteristics with common aspirations of people living in diverse
geographical regions and being committed to and united by a bond of allegiances to
national independence, territorial integrity, national interest and prosperity of Nepal,
all the Nepalese people collectively constitute the nation.
Unity refers to the state of being one and diversity means the state of being different.
So unity in diversity means the combination people in one nation despite their
numerous socio-economic, political and geographical differences. Nepal has unity
in diversity because it is the country of different people who vary in their culture,
tradition, language, festival, customs, etc. but they all are united in the matter of
national importance and nation building.
The constitution of Nepal 2072 has made it the state’s responsibility to include
all Dalit, Madhesi, Tharu, Muslim, ethnic groups, women, labourers, farmers, the
disabled, underprivileged class, marginalized people, backward class and areas
proportionately and inclusively in the state structure of the nation. Likewise, the
state has adopted a responsibility to make all the people equal in the eyes of law
ending all the discriminatory laws.
Nepal is the common home to 125 ethic groups, 123 languages, more than 10 religions
and different cultures. There is no conflict among the people, they live in harmony.
They respect each other’s culture. There is cultural harmony and religious tolerance
among the people. For example, the Hindus go to monasteries and Buddhist visit
temple but its structure is Mughal style. Muktinath temple is the temple of lord
Vishnu but the main priest is Lama. Many Madhesis take part in the festival of
Pahadiya (people live in the hilly region). Similarly, the person living in the hilly
regions has adopted many festivals such as chhath, holi, etc. celebrated by Madhesi
people. This shows the extreme religious tolerance in Nepal. We can say that there is
unity in diversity in Nepal due to peaceful co-existence of living of multi ethnic people.
The constitution has also tried to bring unity in diversity by giving equal opportunity
and rights to all the ethic groups, lingual groups, class, gender, etc.
Nepal’s National Anthem shows “Unity in Diversity”. It praises the saga of Nepalese
people and explore the topographical and climatic variation. Actually, the whole
Nepalese diversity has been glorified. Its lyrics is given below in the Nepali language:
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 180
;of}+ y'ª\uf k"mnsf xfdL, Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL
;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf, d]rL–dxfsfnL .
k|s[ltsf sf]6Lsf]6L ;Dkbfsf] cfFrn
jL/x?sf] /utn], :jtGq / c6n .
1fge"ld, zflGte"ld, t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfn
cv08 of] Kof/f] xfd|f] dft[e"ld g]kfn .
ax'n hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt 5g\ ljzfn .
cu|ufdL /fi6« xfd|f], ho ho g]kfn ¤¤¤
Our national anthem sings the glory of unity in diversity. The lyricist is Pradip Kumar
Rai alias Byakul Maila and the music composer was Late Amber Gurung .
Activity
Discuss the importance of Unity in Diversity.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you understand by 'Unity in Diversity'?
2. Explain the national anthem which explains unity in diversity of Nepal.
3. What provision is in the constitution of Nepal 2072 on maintaining unity in
diversity in Nepal?
4. How many languages and ethnic groups are living in Nepal?
5. “Nepal is a multi-racial, multi-religious,multi-cultural and multi lingual
country”. Justify the statement.
6. What elements can threaten the unity in diversity in Nepal?
Community Work
How do people in your community maintain unity in diversity? Visit your locality and
find out the fact.
On the basis of your research prepare a presentation and show it to your teacher.
181 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson
5.13 Nationality and Issues of National Concern
FACTS The sovereignty and state authority of Nepal are
to Understand vested in Nepalese. The use of which shall be as
provided for in this constitution
[Part 1, Article 2 of Constitution of Nepal 2072.]
Nationality refers to the states belonging to a particular nation, birth or naturalization.
It is also the membership in the community of particular nation. It is the psychological
feelings of the people towards their nation. It is the relationship between a person
with the state of origin, culture, association, affiliation or loyalty.
In Nepal the people of various castes, languages, religions and classes live together.
The nationality of Nepal is the emotional and mental commitment determination
and dedication and the behavioural presentation of the community living together in
Nepal. People of Nepal have contributed equally to the national development. It is the
responsibility of every Nepalese citizen to maintain balance and coordinate to each
other for the protection of national integrity and nationality. The history of Nepal,
several times, Nepalese people have proved their strong feeling of nationality.
Nepalese people want to live with self-respect. The history shows that they never
bow down to any one. It has become our glorious tradition. The bravery shown by
Balabhadra Kunwar in the war of Nalapani, the bravery shown by Bhakti Thapa in
the fort of Malau and nationality of Amar Singh Thapa proved that there is a feeling
of high self respect in the Nepalese people. All of us should have the thinking centered
on nation and nationality. We need co-existence rather than self existence on the
subject of national concern. The issues of National concern are the matters associated
with a state which needs to be accepted by every citizen.
National Integrity
National integrity is the state of being undivided. Nepal is a sovereign country, secular
inclusive, democratic, republican state. Nepal has always been an independent,
indivisible, sovereign and an inclusive country. There is a great role to be played
by both the government and the citizens to maintain integrity in the country. To
maintain national integrity there must be good governance, rule of law, peace and
harmony, equal distribution of means and resources, etc.
Nepal is a multi- ethnic country. So, the government should try to practice inclusiveness
to bring all the ethic groups into the mainstream. State should not discriminate
the people on any basis, but treat them as a valuable human resource and become
responsible to fulfill their genuine needs and demands. The states responsibility is
to protect and preserve the language, culture, religion, etc. of all races. All citizens
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 182
should treat equally. If states fail to maintain these aspects, a sort of dissatisfaction
and non-patriotism may arise among the citizens. This may result in revolt and can
create movement to separate the provinces from the country. For example, Sudan,
Korea, etc. African country Sudan, split into two countries: Sudan and South Sudan
because of social discrimination. In the decade of 1980s, the Lankan Tamil Tiger’s
Elem (LTTE) started the movement against the Sri Lankan government, many
people were killed. In Syria, Kurda Race is raising voice to end racial discrimination
imposed by their government. Along with the government, citizens too are responsible
for maintaining peace and harmony and integrity of the nation.
Some of the points that have to maintain national integrity are as follows:
The state has to promote and uplift all races, sexes, classes and religions
proportionally.
There should be legal provisions for the equal distribution of resource and
means of the country.
The state has to include all citizens in the mainstream of state affairs.
The legal demands and rights of people should be fulfilled by the state according
to the means and resources available in the country.
Border Security
Border refers to affixed
territory that officially
separates two countries.
The act of controlling
criminal activities at
the border or accept the
scientific management
and security of the
country by maintaining
security is called border
security. If the border
line between the two
countries is not clear
then there will be always
chaos and conflict. As a
result, conflicted country
cannot be developed. It
may cause the rise of soldiers in border security
border dispute.
Border security and encroachment has been a serious issue of national concern of
our country. Nepal is suffering from continuous border encroachment, exploitation of
resources and flood in the border areas especial in the southern part. Because of the
open border, Nepal is facing many problems. Many skilled and semi-skilled human
183 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
powers entered Nepal from southern border in search of job. In the same time, various
criminal activities are increasing day by day as the criminals can easily escape from
one country to another after committing crimes.
So, Nepal has to pay attention to border security. For this the government has to
deploy security force in “Dashgaja” areas. Both the border security force of Nepal and
India have to work together to control the crime on border areas. They should try
to resolve each other problems based on the principle of Panchasheel. This includes
i) non-interference, ii) non aggression, iii) equality, iv) sovereignty and v) peaceful
existence.
Some of the measures of concerns about border security are:
Formation of joint technical border committee
Negotiation in diplomatic levels
Creating international pressure.
Dialogues between head of the states or the government
To get solutions with the help of the UN
To get solutions through a mediator of any country or organization
Self-Esteem
Nepalese people have self-respect by nature. Our brave warriors, our ancestors never
bow down to any one. It has become our great tradition. Our Gallant warriors showed
their bravery against the imperialist power proved that there is a feeling of high self-
respect in the Nepalese people.
Bhimsen Thapa was the arch enemy of any imperialist. He raised voice against
them. Nepalese naturally cherish self-dignity. They never fall victims to any kind
of temptation. The bravery shown by Bhakti Thapa in the fort of Malau and the
nationality of Amar Singh Thapa proved that there is the feeling of high self-respect
in the Nepalese people. We should always be ready to sacrifice ourselves for the
nation. We have to feel proud of our language, culture tradition, value, norms and our
natural and historical heritages. Our ancestors are highly respectable. According to
the historical heritages, norms, values and social attitude if we show our great respect
to our nation, no any external elements can interfere with our internal affairs. It is
our duty to protect our nationality and protect our sovereignty.
Activity
Discuss the activities of the ancestors for the protection of sovereignty and
national integrity.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 184
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is national integrity?
2. Explain importance of nationality.
3. "Nepalese should have the feeling of coexistence rather than self-existence."
Justify.
4. Describe the role of community and government to promote national integrity
in two points.
5. Write a letter to the foreign minister to resolve the problem of border
encroachment in the eastern, the western and the southern parts of our country.
6. What initiatives should we take if there is a challenge on our nationality?
Discuss in a group and write your answer.
Community Work
There might be a dispute caused by the border lines of land in your community. What
kind of attempts should be done to resolve such problems? Prepare a news articles
on this issue.
Review Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. Define constitution. Why should a constitution be written as per the
will and aspiration of people? Explain.
2. Explain the constitutional development process of Nepal.
3. When was the new constitution promulgated?
4. What are the major shortcomings/features of the constitution of
Nepal, 2072? Write any four major features.
5. How many parts and articles and schedules are there in the
constitution of Nepal - 2072?
6. What is meant by mixed election system? Write in a sentence.
185 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
7. 'Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, republic
and fully democratic state'. Elaborate the statement.
8. Define the term unicameral and bicameral.
9. What do you mean by fundamental right? Why do we require them?
10. Explain:
i. Right to Dalit
ii. Right against Untouchability and Racial Discrimination
11. Explain 'Right to Information'.
12. What are the fundamental duties?
13. Show in a tree diagram of the features of an ideal constitution.
14. What do you know about the provisions made in 'Child Right’?
15. Differentiate between Moral Duties and Legal Duties.
16. What is adult franchise? Who can practice this in Nepal?
17. What are the civil duties of a citizen? Explain them with special
reference.
18. What is good governance?
19. Write the characteristics of good governance. Also, mention their
challenges.
20. What do you mean by rule of law?
21. Write the importance of rule of law.
22. Explain the democratic culture.
23. How have the norms and rules of the democratic culture practiced
in your society?
24. 'A civil society is a leading agent of social transformation'. Explain.
25. Peace and order is the key to rule of law. Justify the statement.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 186
Unit
6 OUR EARTH
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
UNIT CONTENTS The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
6.1 Longitude and Time 188 the unit are to enable students to:
6.2 Local Time and Standard q write about the definition of longitude
Time 191
6.3 Physical Features of Nepal 194 q identify the relationship between longitude and time.
6.4 The Climate of Nepal 198 q identify and explain the status of Nepal’s topographical
6.5 Geographical Diversity and structure, lifestyle, climate, vegetation, etc.
Vegetation of Nepal 202 q explain the status of Nepal’s water resource and utilize it
6.6 Diverse Land Features and
Lifestyle of Nepal 206 q acquire the knowledge about the map and distance
6.7 Status of Water Resources and learn the skills to insert major facts in the map
and Its Utility in Nepal 210 q explain the physical and natural environment of Asia,
6.8 Map Work 215 Europe and Australia
6.9 Knowledge on Distance or
Scale and Its Uses 218 q compare the economic activities and various aspects of
6.10 The Physical Features of social life of Asia, Europe and Australia with that of Nepal
Asia 220
6.11 The Economic Activities and
Social Life of Asia 224
6.12 The Physical Features of
Europe 227
6.13 Social and Economic
Activities of Europe 230
6.14 The Physical Features
of Australia 233
6.15 Social and Economic Activities
of People of Australia 236
6.16 Nepal’s Relations to Asia,
Australia and Europe 239
Review Questions 242
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit - 6
Total Period(s): 27
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ – – – – – – –
2. SATQ 1 1 1 – 3 3 x 4 = 12 12x1.8=21.6
3. LATQ – – 1 – 1 1 x 7 = 7 7x1.8=12.6
Total 1 1 2 – 4 19 19 x1.8=34.2
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q = Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
187 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Longitude and Time
6.1
FACTS The longitude that passes through Greenwich
to Understand observatory near London is known as Prime
Meridian or Greenwich Meridian and the standard
time taken is called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Longitude and Latitude of the earth
Longitudes are the imaginary lines on the earth that run vertically spreading north
to south in a semi-circular way. The lines are the angular distance from east to west
in the earth. The line of latitudes are usually expressed in the degrees and denoted
by the Greek letter Lamda (λ). The prime meridian, which passes through the Royal
Observatory of Greenwich, England is intended to establish the position of zero degree
longitude. The longitude of the other places was to be measured as the angle east or
west from the Prime Meridian, ranging from 0° at the meridian to +180° eastward
and-180° westward. Thus, in each of the eastern and the western hemisphere, there
are total of 360°.
Longitudes are related to time or it determines time. As the longitude varies the time
of such place is different. For example, when it is 12 noon in Nepal, it is midnight in
Illinois in the USA.
As the earth rotates around its axis from west to east, it takes 24 hours to complete
one rotation. It means, the earth covers the 40,076 km or angular distance of 360°.
This is called the rotation of the earth. This shows that earth completes its 360°
rotation in 24 hours, 15° = 1 hour and 1° = 4 minutes. As the sun rises in the east and
sets in the west. So every 1° east ward the time is 4 minutes ahead because the earth
moves from west to east.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 188
International Date Line (IDL)
The International Date Line is an imaginary line that has been drawn from the eastern
part of longitude. These longitudes meet each other at 180°. It is called International
Date Line. It changes the day and date. Time from International Date Line towards
the eastern hemisphere is 1 day faster than towards the western
hemisphere. It is also called a Calendar Line because it demarcates
one calendar day towards eastern and western hemisphere, i.e. the
date changes from this line. The time after 12 noon is called PM
and after 12 midnight is called AM.
The International Date Line is zigzag, irregular, curved and bending
in several places to maintain the same date through which the
imaginary line would pass. It is an imaginary line passing through
the Pacific Ocean roughly corresponding to 180° longitude to the east of which by an
international agreement the calendar date is one day earlier than to the west. It is set
according to the International Meridian Conference in 1884 AD. Longitudes help us
in finding the local time of any place around the world and latitudes tell us about the
possible climate condition of a place. While calculating time of a place with the help of
longitudes, the following points should remember:
The direction of rotation is west to east, therefore, the sun seems to rise in the
east.
1° longitude has a time difference of 4 minutes as 360° is covered in 24 hours.
The earth rotates once on its axis in 24 hours.
The Greenwich Meridian is the reference point for time calculation.
Ways to Calculate Time
Example - I
What will be the local time of Kathmandu located in 85°E longitude when it
is 2PM at Moscow (Russia) 40°E longitude?
Solution:
The difference in terms of longitude between Kathmandu and Moscow
= 85°- 40° = 45°
Different in time = 45° × 4 = 180m
180
Changing minutes into hours = = 3 hours.
60
Since Kathmandu lies to the east of Moscow, the time is ahead.
So 2:00 + 3:00 = 5:00 pm
∴ The time in Kathmandu is 5:00 pm while it is 2:00 pm in Moscow.
189 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Example II
It is 3:15 in Zurich at 90°E longitude, find the longitude of Poselo where the
time is 10:40 AM.
Solution
The difference in time (12:00 + 3:15)- 10:40 = 4 hours 35 minutes
Changing into minutes 4 × 60 = 240 m + 35 = 275 minutes
275
Changing to degree =
4
= 68°3 |
Since the time in Poselo is behind Zurich it must lie to the west of Poselo
|
|
= 90°E- 68°3 = 23°1 E
Activity
Draw a model of globe and show the International Date Line and discuss its importance.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Define longitude.
2. Draw a picture of longitudinal lines and show Prime Meridian and International
Date Line.
3. Why do you change the time in your water when you go to London from
Kathmandu and when you go to London from Kathmandu and to Beijing from
Kathmandu?
4. What do you know by IDL? Why is it drawn in a zigzag shape?
5. A person flying to 5AM Francisco from Kathmandu crossing the IDL gains a
day, but his/her friend flying to Kathmandu from the same place crossing the
line loses one day. Why?
Community Work
Suppose you are in Kathmandu. Your uncle is living in Kakarvitta and Aunty is in
Nepalgunj.
Now, ask them to send the time of sunrise in both the places and compare the time
difference of both the places with Kathmandu.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 190
Lesson Local Time and Standard Time
6.2
FACTS The local time of Nepal is calculated on the basis
to Understand of Mt. Gaurishankar with its longitude of 86°15’E is
adopted all over Nepal as the Standard Time.
A time in a particular place expressed with reference to the longitude passing through,
it is called Local Time. The local time is the time of a particular place when the sun is
overhead or passing from longitude. The actual time differs from place to place as the
places have different longitudes. The difference might be by seconds, minutes, hours,
or even a day depending
upon the longitudes covers
the land areas. Nepal is
stretched east to west that
is 80° E to 88° E longitudes
approximately. The sun
does not rise at the same
time in Bhadrapur and
Mahendranagar. As a result
the time in Bhadrapur
at 88°E longitude will be
ahead by 32 minutes than
the time of Mahendranagar
located at 80°E longitude. Gauri Shankar Himal
A local time is an accurate time for its place. But it is very inconvenient and impractical
and also impossible to follow the local time. It can create lots of complications and
difficulties in doing many day to day activities if follows the local time. So, in order to
avoid such difficulties, a local time of a place has been fixed and adopted as a standard
time all over the country or a particular region by the government. Standard time is
an average time that can be applied throughout the country. 84°E would be the exact
average longitude for Nepal. As a practice we have taken 86°15'E longitude passing
through Mt. Gauri Shankar, Dolakha as such Meridian. The same is the standard
meridian for Nepal We have to see the relation between this longitude and the Prime
Meridian. When we measure Nepal’s Standard Time from the Prime Meridian, it is
5 hours and 45 minutes (86°12' x 4 min = 345 minutes is equals to 5:45 min) a head
of the GMT. This is the standard time for Nepal. If a country covers two or more
time zones there are more standard times applied within the country. For example,
Canada has adopted 4 standard time. The USA has adopted 5 standard time and
Russia has adopted more than 11 standard times. The local time of London is called
the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Some notable things while calculating difference of time and longitude
1° = 4 minutes
15° = 60 minutes (1 hour)
191 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
The time after midnight is AM and time after noon is PM.
If both the places are to the east or west of prime meridian, subtract the longitude
to find out the longitudinal distance.
If one place is in the east and other is in the west of prime meridian, add the
longitude to find out the longitudinal distance.
As 24 hours make a day, the time of the day is counted on the basis of hours.
Such as 3 PM is 15:00 Hours, 10 PM is 22:00 Hours.
World Time Zone
Worked-out Example
What will be the time of Chicago located 88°W longitude, when it is 10:44 PM
at Kolkata at 88°E longitude?
Here, the longitudinal distance between Chicago and Kolkata is: 88° + 88° = 176°.
Now,
We Know, 1° = 4 minutes
The time differences between Kolkata and Chicago
= 176 × 4 minutes = 704 minutes = 11 hours 44 minutes
As Chicago lies to the west of Kolkata, its time is late than the time of Kolkata.
∴ When it is 10:44 PM in Kolkata, the time in Chicago is
10:44 PM (22:44 hours)- 11:44 hours
= 11:00 hours or 11 AM.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 192
Activity
Look at the following figure. N at the centre denotes the North Pole, which is the
point of the earth, when we see from its upper part.
Discuss why we should advance our clocks on if we travel to east and why we
should put back our clock if travel to west.
when travelling from W to E
Clock are advance
DAY 15°E 1300hrs
NIGHT N 15° 0° Noon (12hrs)
Meridian 15° W 1100 hrs
when travelling from E to W
Clocks are put back
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Differentiate between local time and standard time.
2. Why have the countries like USA, Canada, Russia adopted more than one
standard time?
3. What will be the time in Japan located at 135°E longitude when it is 12 noon in
Kathmandu located at 85°E longitude?
4. Local Time within the same country varies from one place to another. Give reason.
5. What is the standard time of Nepal? How is it calculated?
Community Work
Visit a family in your community whose family is living abroad. Find out the time
differences of that country and Nepal. Also ask them at what time they contact their
family member. Prepare details and present it in your class.
193 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Physical Features of Nepal
6.3
FACTS Nepal is a small country in its area but the whole
to Understand world is based on its bio-diversities.
Nepal is situated in the southern part of the Himalayas. About 83% of its total land
area is covered with mountains. Therefore, it is called as a mountainous country. Its
latitudinal location is 80°04’E to 88°12’E and 26°22' N to 30°27’N. Its north-south
width is 193 km and the east west length is about 885 km. The area of Nepal is
1,47,181 sq. km covering the land area of 0.003% of the world and 0.03% of Asia. It
is located between the two big neighbours, India and China. India is 22 times bigger
than Nepal and China is 65 times bigger. China lies to the north whereas East, the
West and the South are bordered by India. Its altitudinal difference varies between
59m from the sea level to 8848m. The highest point top of the world in Mt. Everest lies
in Solukhumbu district. Mukhiyapatti Musharniya of Dhanusha district is considered
as the low land from the sea level with the altitude of 59m only.
The Terai Region
The Terai region extending from Mechi to Mahakali with the width of 25 to 32 km
is known as the Terai region. The Terai region borders India. It occupies 17% of the
total land of Nepal. It is comprised of three parts: the Terai, the Chure range and the
inner Terai. The Terai region is completely a flat plain along the border with India,
the Chure is the undulating range of low coarse hills while the Inner Terai is the
low land between Chure in the south and the Mahabharat range in the north. Dang,
Udayapur, Chitwan, Makwanpur and Sindhuli are the districts of Nepal that come
under the Inner Terai.
Thus, the altitude of the Terai region ranges between 59 and 600 m from the sea
level. The climate is very hot because of the low altitude in the Terai region. The
western Terai has extremely hot temperature and less rainfall than the eastern Terai
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 194
because of its greater distance from the sea. It has mainly alluvial deposited and
irrigated by the large rivers like the Koshi, the Karnali and the Narayani and their
tributaries and underground sources of water. This region has very high agricultural
production. So, it is popularly known as the granary of the country. It has dense
sub-tropical evergreen forest. It is densely populated region with high availability of
infrastructure like transportation, communication, etc. Irrigation facilities and many
industries are established in the Terai region.
The Hilly Region
The Hilly region lies in the north of the Terai and the South of the Himalayan region.
It has an altitude ranging from 600 m to 4700 m above the sea level. It also extends
from Mechi to Mahakali occupies 39 districts and about 68% of the total land area of
Nepal. The successive growth of the hills in this region and moderate climate is due
to the high mountains of the Himalayan region in the north. Gentle hill slopes, river
basins, wide valleys abound here. The little elevated hilly ranges towards the south
of the Inner Terai with the height up to 1500 m is called the Chure range while the
hilly ranges towards the north of the Inner Terai is called Mahabharat range. The
width of this region is found between 80 km to 130 km. The valley, tars and basins
of this region receive enough rain and are more arable. Pokhara receives maximum
rain in the country because of the Annapurna range. Therefore, Pokhara is called the
“Cherapunji of Nepal”. Many perennial rivers originating from the Himalayas have
made fertile river basins. Kathmandu and Pokhara are the two important valleys of
this region. Construction of the Mid-hill Highway has connected at least 12 districts
of Nepal, has helped to connect them with the capital city as well as the Terai region.
Deciduous forest is found abundantly in the south whereas in the northern part
coniferous forest is found.
195 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
The Himalayan Region
The Himalayan region lies to the north of the hilly region. It occupies 15% of the total
land areas.
Kanchenjunga Himal Mt. Sagarmatha
The altitude ranges from 4700 m to 8848 m. The snowline is at 5000 m and the highest
peak with other peaks remain above this height covered with snow throughout the
winter and below this snowline snow remains only in winter. Many perennial rivers
originated due to these snow capped mountains. Mt. Sagar,atja, lies in this region
followed by other peaks. Such as Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Lhotse, Choyu, Dhaulagiri
and Annapurna. The topography is very uneven and the climate is extremely cold
and snowy. There are valleys formed like Mustang, Manang, etc. lying beyond the
high mountains are rain shadow areas. They remain dry due to the leeward side of
the mountains. Different kinds of vegetations are available according to its altitude,
such as pine forest, alpine and tundra vegetations are available. This region occupies
altogether 16 districts like Humla, Jumla, Rolpa, Dolpa, Rasuwa, Solukhumbu,
Taplejung, etc.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 196
Activity
Draw an outline map of Nepal and show all the mountain ranges come under the
Himalayan region.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Explain the physical features of Nepal.
2. Which places come under the Inner Terai?
3. Make a list of mountains in the Himalayan region.
4. Which place is known as the “Cherapunji of Nepal?
5. The Terai is known as the “Granary of Nepal”. Justify the statement.
6. Give examples of deciduous forest and coniferous forest.
7. In which region do you live in? Explain the climate and vegetation found in your
region.
Community Work
Visit your community and find the details on the following topic.
1. Climate 2. Topography 3. Vegetation 4. Major inhabitant
Prepare a report on the basis of above topic and present to your teacher.
Project Work
Download the documentary from the internet about the physical features of Nepal in
1950. Prepared by Tony Hegen in 1950 and show it in your class.
197 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson The Climate of Nepal
6.4
FACTS Nepal has monsoon type of climate which has hot
to Understand and wet summer and dry and cold winter.
Nepal experiences different types of climate. The various factors like latitude,
altitude, distance from the sea, presence of mountains and direction of wind affecting
the climate of Nepal. The location of Nepal in tropical zone is 26°22’N to 30°27’N. The
climate of Nepal is sub-tropical monsoon type of climate and it is also considered as
the tropical monsoon climate is hot and wet in summer and dry and cold in winter.
Distribution of Temperature in Nepal
Altitude or height plays influential role in determining its climate. It is because
of its notable variation in its landforms and altitude. When altitude increases the
temperature decreases. Increase in height by 165 m the temperature decrease by 1°c.
Monsoon wind from Bangladesh causes a great change in climate. It brings monsoon
rain in summer.
Difference between Weather and Climate
Weather is an atmospheric condition for a short period of time, whereas climate is
the average atmospheric condition of an area over a long period of time. It is the
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 198
determinants of precipitation, temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind and other
meteorological variables in the given area or region. Weather is an integral part of
climate. The same latitude sometime create differences in climate because of the
altitude. For example, the summer temperature of Nepalgunj is about 30°C whereas
it is only 12°C in Namchhebazar. Though different types of climates are formed in
Nepal, there is great influence of monsoon in it. The three geographic regions of
Nepal have distinct climate, features according to their attitudinal positions. Broadly,
Nepal’s climate is divided into two categories.
1. Summer Season
Summer Mansoon
The summer season lasts for Chaitra to Bhadra, i.e. for six months. During the
first three months there is no rainfall and temperature rises up. In the Terai region
temperature rises up to 30°C to 35°C in summer, 20°C to 25°C in the Hilly region and
0°C to 10°C in the mountain region. During three months in summer, monsoon wind
blows from Bay of Bengal and enters Nepal from south-east of Nepal which is blocked
by the Himalayan range and the hills. Consequently, the eastern part of Nepal receive
maximum rainfall but when it moves towards the western part it decreases. About
90% rainfall occur during the summer. The average rainfall in summer in Nepal is
200 cm. The central region receives 150 cm whereas the western region receives only
100 cm during the summer season. The passes in between mountain ranges in the
north are almost dry with scanty rainfall because it is a very narrow pass and located
199 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
in leeward sides of the mountains. The northern slopes receives less rainfall than the
southern part. Manang and Mustang are the two dry valleys that lie on the northern
slopes of the Himalayas.
2. Winter Season
Winter Mansoon
The winter season lasts for six months, i.e. from Ashwin to Falgun. The season is
generally cold and dry. The outward blowing wind is very cold and dry but little
amount of moisture is absorbed from the Mediterranean Sea which brings a little
amount of occasional rainfall in the western part of Nepal. The western wind brings
this precipitation. The average temperature in winter varies due to altitude in place
to place. Average temperature in winter ranging from 10°c to 18°c in the Terai, the
hilly region has 0°c to 5°c and the mountain region has below 0°c. The occasional
winter rain is received by the western part but its amount decreases when it moves
towards the eastern part.
Activity
Organize a debate competition on the topic “Monsoon rain is both a boon and a
curse for Nepal.”
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 200
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search