Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by climate?
2. Differentiate between climate and weather.
3. What do you understand by rain shadow area?
4. Name the places which come under the rain shadow area in Nepal?
5. Explain the seasons of Nepal.
6. Observe the figure and interpret it highlighting the reasons for more rainfall in
the mountains than the plains.
Terai
Siwaliks Inner
Mahabharat Himalayas
Range Himalayas
Tibet Plateau
7. Why does the summer rain decreases in the western part of Nepal?
Community Work
What kind of climate do you find in your locality?
Take the help of meteorologists, weather reports given in Newspaper or in television.
Project Work
Collect the sample of costumes worn by Nepalese people during the summer season and
the winter season. Paste them separately in a chart paper, label them and paste it in your
classroom. This project work can be done in a group.
201 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Geographical Diversity and
6.5
Vegetation of Nepal
FACTS The altitudinal difference of Nepal varies
to Understand between 59 m (Musaharniya, Dhanusha) from
sea level to 8848 m the highest point top of the
world (Mt. Everest, Solukhumbu).
Nepal has amazing variations in its landform and climate condition. Owing to such
variations Nepal also possesses diverse type of natural type of vegetation ranging
from sub tropical, evergreen forest of the Terai range to the deciduous forest, alpine
vegetation and tundra vegetation. It shows the Nepal has as varied climate and
vegetation as its landform conditions. Nepal’s climate is highly influenced by monsoon,
topography and altitude.
ALTITUDE CLIMATE VEGETATION
Climate determines and shape the nature of vegetation in a place.
The relationship between vegetation and climate is very close. Each of them is totally
dependent on each other. Climate affects vegetation plant absorbs water and release
energy that helps determine the type of climate in a particular region. In this way
vegetations contribute to maintain climate.
Types of Climate and Vegetation in Nepal
Generally, Nepal experiences three types of climate: hot, moderate and cold. These
three types of climate is based on land topography. This diverse climatic patterns
ranging from severe cold to extreme hot which has support the growth of various
flow and vegetation in Nepal. Mainly, there are 5 different types of vegetations and
vegetative belt found in Nepal. They are discussed below:
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 202
Sub-tropical Evergreen Forest
The climate of the Terai is hot which is favourable to grow sub-tropical evergreen
forest. It is found in the southern part of Nepal between the altitudinal differences
between 59m to 1200m. Here the sub-tropical climate is found which is very hot. The
temperature goes up to 45°c in summer and rainfall is about 200 cm mostly in the
eastern Terai, but rainfall decreases gradually from east to west. The vegetation in
such climate is sub tropical evergreen forest which are dense, evergreen, tall and have
hard steam and broad leaves, for example, Saal, Sissau, Khayar, Jamun, etc.
The Deciduous Forest
This type of forest is found in the Hilly region having warm temperature which is
mild or moderate. The altitudinal difference ranges from 1200 m to 2100 m makes
the growth of deciduous forest. The area comes under this region are the upper part
of Chure, middle part of the Mahabharat range and the areas between the Chure and
203 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
the Mahabharat range. The temperature reaches up to 24°c to 30°c in summer and
rainfall ranges 100 cm to 200 cm. The trees shed their leaves in winter. This is the
characteristics of the deciduous forest. In the upper part of the area the mixed forest
of deciduous and coniferous is found whereas in the lower part only the deciduous
forest is found. The major species of trees found in this area are Lakuri, Chilaune,
Sallo, Pine, Golden Champ, Walnut, Uttish, etc. This is also known as monsoon
deciduous forest.
Evergreen Coniferous Forest
Cold temperate and evergreen coniferous forest is found in the higher part of the
Mahabharat range and the lower part of the Himalayas. This kind of evergreen
coniferous forest is found at an altitude of 2,100 m to 3,300 m above sea level. The
summer temperature rises up to 20°c and winter temperature is about 0°c in this area.
As the cold climate is found so the natural vegetations like Pine, Dhupi, Bhojpatra,
Bamboo, Nigalo, Dhupi, Rhododendron, etc. are found here.
Alpine Grassland
Alpine Grassland is found in the altitude between 3,300 m to 5,000 m, the area below
the snowline and the mid-Himalayas. It has alpine climate. The winter temperature
of this region decreases below 0°C whereas summer temperature is also very low.
The annual rainfall is about 50 cm in form of snow. The alpine vegetation consists of
herbs, shrubs, bushes, rhododendron, mountain scrubs and grasses.
Tundra Vegetation
Tundra vegetation is found in extreme northern part of the country. It is found in the
altitude having permanent snow cover. The area of tundra vegetation is above 5000m.
It includes the cold desert vegetation, such as mosses, lichens, algae, etc. The tundra
vegetation die when it as covers with snow but again grow when the snow melt.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 204
Activity
Draw a map of Nepal and show the distribution of vegetation according to the
climate.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. “Nepal is full of geographical diversity”. Justify the statement.
2. How does altitude effect the climate of the area?
3. Show the relationship between vegetation and the climate.
4. Explain alpine climate and the tundra climate.
5. What kind of vegetation is found in evergreen coniferous forest?
6. Why is the mountain region favourable for cattle rearing?
Community Work
What kind of vegetation found in your locality? Visit your community and collect the
vegetations (any ten) and make a herbarium and show it to your teacher.
Project Work
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation to show the vegetations found in Nepal according
to the climate.
205 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Diverse Land Features and
6.6
Lifestyle of Nepal
FACTS “The mountains were so wild and so stark and so
to Understand very beautiful that I wanted to cry. I breathed in
another wonderful moment to keep safe in my heart.
Jane Wilson- Howart (Author: “Snowfed Waters")
Nepal has a great physical diversity. Various types of climate are experienced here
according to the land features and altitudinal zone. This differences in landforms and
climate have made the country rich in bio-diversity and also influenced in lifestyle,
housing and economic activities, of the people. Different topography and climate are
found from north and south of Nepal. This differences on topography and climate
have created differences in economic activities and lifestyle in different geographical
regions. They are discussed below in details.
The Mountain Region
The Himalayan region has harsh climate and difficult land topography. It coves 15% of
the land area of Nepal. Because of land features the human settlement is very thinly
populated. Only 7% of the total population is living in the mountain region of Nepal.
(Source: CBS 2068)
It is the least developed and less
facilitate region. People are found
settling in clustered hamlets of
around 25-30 houses are one-
storeyed made up of mud and flat
roof of stone to protect from cold
and wind. The mountain region is
very windy so stone roof is made.
The population density is very low
with 34 persons per sq. km.
The main inhabitants of this region
are the Sherpas in the eastern part
and the Bhotes in the western part. the Sherpa woman
They belong to the Mongolian race
follow Buddhism as their main religion. They celebrate Buddha Purnima, Lhosar,
Oso, Dumji with great pomp and show. Their traditional costume is thick woolen
clothes, Bakkhu, Honzu, Pangden and long boot up to the knee level is called Docha.
They drink special tea called Suza and local liquor called Chhyang and Tongba (liquor
made of millet) to keep them warm. Males also wear ornaments and keep their hair
long to protect from cold.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 206
The main occupation of the people Do You Know
living in the mountain region
is animal husbandry. Tourism,
mainly as guides and porters.
The Sherpas are famous for Apa Sherpa climbed Mt.
mountaineering. Yaks and sheeps Everest for 21 times as
are reared for meat, milk, wool, per the record of Eco
skin as well as transportation. Everest Expedition 2011.
Due to rocky mountains, unfertile He is also known by his
soil and extremely cold climate nick name “super Sherpa”.
agriculture is very poor. Only a few
crops in the foothills of Himalayan
crops like buckwheat, barley, millet and potato are grown. The staple food of the
people of mountain region is dhindo and potato. Some of the areas in this region is
rich in medicinal herbs like Cordyceps (Yarsagumba), Paanch aunle, etc.
The Hilly Region
This region lies in between the Mountain region and the Terai region. The Hilly region
occupied 68% of the total land area. It has different topography. Such as valleys,
hill, tars and basins. The human settlements are unevenly distributed according to
the landforms. The population is dense in valleys and the southern slopes where the
land is more fertile and infrastructural facilities are available. The ethnic groups are
living in clustered houses. The major inhabitant of this region is the Brahmins, the
Chhetris, the Magars, the Rais, the Limbus, the Newars, the Tamangs, etc. The land
is little fertile to do agriculture. The valleys, tars and river basins, have been used
to do agriculture. Crops like maize, paddy, wheat, millet, are producing in different
landforms of this region. Animal husbandry is practiced in mostly in the northern
part of this region. The cash crops like ginger, tea, cardamom, etc. Some people are
engaged in trade and business also. People mainly from Rai, Gurung, Limbu and
Magar communities have joined Indian and British army. Youths of this region are
engaged in foreign employment too and some are government employees.
The Terai Region
The Terai region has occupied about 17% of the total land area of the country. It has
very fertile land with irrigation facilities and other infrastructures of development.
207 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
There is more development of industries and trade in the Terai region. The population
density is very high in this region. About 50.27% of the total population of Nepal live
in this region. (Source: CBS 2011 AD)
The main occupation of the people in the Terai reason is agriculture. Alluvial soil
is suitable for growing food crops as well as cash crops. Food crops such as paddy,
wheat, maize, buck wheat, etc. are grown in large scale. The surplus amount of crops
are supplied to the different parts of the country. Cash crops like tea, jute, cotton,
sugarcane, coconut, tobacco, beetle nut and the tropical fruits like mango, pineapple,
papaya, litchi, etc. are grown sufficiently. Therefore, the Terai region is known as the
“granary of Nepal.” There are agro-based industries in the Terai. The agricultural
raw materials are supplied to these agro-based industries to produce fine products.
For example, sugarcane is supplied to the sugar mill to produce sugar, tobacco is
supplied to the cigarette factory to produce cigarettes. These industries help to reduce
unemployment problems, encourage farmers to produce more agricultural products.
Thus, dependency on agriculture is also reduced.
The main inhabitant of the Terai region is the Brahmins, the Chhetris, the Jhas,
the Yadavs, the Rajbanshi, the Chaudhary, the Tharus, the Satars, the Dhimal, the
Musahars, etc. Due to the hot climate people wear light cotton clothes. Winter is warm
but sometime temperature decreases and cold wind blows. Mainly old aged people
and children are affected by the cold wind. So, to protect from cold they wear warm
clothes. Winter remains for short period. The staple food of the people living in this
region are rice, bread (chapati), pulses and vegetables. Majority of the people follow
Hinduism followed by Buddhism and Islam. In Nepalgunj and its area, mainly Islam
followers live. People observe Dashain, Tihars, Ramnawami, Krishna Janmaasthami,
Maha Shivaratri, Chhath, Holi, Eid, Bakar Eid. Tharu people observe Maghi as their
New Year.
Despite being prosperous the Terai suffers from some social hazards, mainly dowry
system, women are accused of witch crafts, child marriage, etc. The natural hazards
like flood is affecting the life during monsoon season. If it could be controlled, then the
Terai is not lesser than heaven.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 208
Activity
Complete the following table:
REGIONS
Mountain Hill Terai
Total area covered
Ethnic groups
Language
Religion
Festivals
Staple food
Costume
Housing
Occupation
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. How is Nepal’s climate highly influenced by the topography?
2. Explain the lifestyle of the people in the mountainous region.
3. Who are the ethnic groups of the Hilly region?
4. Why is the Terai known as the “Granary of Nepal”?
5. Monsoon rain is both a boon and a curse for the Nepalese farmers. Justify the
statement.
6. Draw a map of Nepal showing the five climatic zones of Nepal. Also, discuss the
economic activities of the people in these zones or climate.
7. Why do people wear thick woolen clothes in the mountainous region whereas
light cotton clothes in the Terai region? Illustrate with suitable reason.
Community Work
Visit your community and make a list of means of transportation that are used by the
locals. Enlist all and present in the class.
209 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Status of Water Resources and
6.7
Its Utility in Nepal
FACTS “Water, water everywhere but no single drop of
to Understand water to drink.”
Only three rivers of Nepal, Sapta Koshi, Sapta Gandaki
and Karnali rivers can produce about 6,500 MW of
electricity out of 83,000 MW potentiality.
In terms of water resources, Nepal is the second richest country in the world after
Brazil. More than 6,000 rivers and rivulets flowing in the country, in which at least
1000 rivers are longer than 11 Km. Nepal has 2,02,000 million cubic metre volume
of water resources. The total of 74% volume of water resources is possessed by only
three big rivers, the Koshi, the Karnali and the Gandaki. This immense capacity of
water resources can be utilized to generate electricity, irrigate field and some other
purposes. Nepal has 83,000 MW electricity generation capacity, out of which 705 MW
of electricity produced. This is not even 1% of electricity produced in the country.
In the same way, water is not properly utilized for irrigation, recreational activities
as well as drinking purposes. In urban areas and in rural areas there is scarcity of
drinking water facilities. The development of nation largely depends on the electricity
and agriculture. So, the government must pay heed to improve them.
Sources of Water
river
There are many sources of water in Nepal. Broadly, it is categorized into two types.
They are surface water and categorized into two types. They are surface water and
underground water.
Surface water means river, pond, stream, lakes, etc. which are found in the land surface.
There are many lakes like Rara, Fewa, Rupa, Begnas, Tilicho, Sheyphoksundo, etc.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 210
The glaciers like Chho Rolpa, Gokyo, etc. The Kunda is the ponds like Gosai Kunda,
Surya Kunda, etc. lies in the mountainous region.
The underground water is found below the surface of the water. Underground water
is preserved in huge amount. Mostly underground water is available abundantly in
the Terai region and in the Kathmandu valley and Pokhara valley as well as in basin
and tars. People use rower pumps or hand pump to extract underground water.
Rivers are categorized into three levels on the basis of its origin, flow and utilization.
They are divided into first grade, second grade and third grade.
The First Grade Rivers
Koshi river Karnali river
The rivers which have originated from high Himalayan regions and form perennial
rivers like Koshi, Karnali and Gandaki are come under the First Grade Rivers. These
rivers are useful for hydropower generation and irrigation.
Second Grade Rivers
The rivers which have originated from the
Mahabharat range come under the Second
Grade Rivers. The volume of water get more
during the summer and in winter volume
is decreased in rivers like the Bagmati,
the Banganga, the Kamala, the Mechi, the
Kankai, the Triyuga, the Tinau, etc. These
types of rivers are very good for all types
of projects on hydropower generation and
irrigation project and drinking water supply. Mechi river
Third Grade Rivers
The rivers which are generated from the Chure range come under the category of the
Third Grade Rivers. The volume of such rivers increase during the rainy season but
very less water in winter or in dry season. The rivers such as the Tilobe, the Jamuni,
211 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
the Sirsia, Arjun Khola, Hardinath, Dundwa, Biring, etc. are the examples of third
grade rivers. These are also very helpful for micro hydro power projects.
Utilization of Water
Tamakoshi Hydro power
Water resources are utilized for various purposes but despite its immense richness,
Nepal has not been utilized properly. Only 705 MW electricity is generated so far by
th
the end of the 14 plan. Hydropower project is first established in Farping hydropower
project in 1965 BS during the time of Chandra Shumsher with the capacity of 500
KW, then after the Sundarijal hydropower project was established. There are many
hydropower projects established in the country. Kali Gandaki-A hydropower project
is producing 144 MW electricity.
A country can be developed due to the electricity generation. Due to the inventions and
discoveries electricity plays a vital role for generating income from various sources.
The another utilization of water resources is irrigation. Irrigation facility is essential
because Nepal is an agricultural country. During the time of Chandra Shumsher
“Chandra Nahar” was constructed to irrigate field. Similarly from Triyuga and
Manusmara river canals were constructed during the Rana Period. Later “Raajkulo”
was constructed to irrigate field. By the end of the Three-year Plan only about
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 212
50% land, about 12,52,476 hector area was irrigated. Some of the irrigation canals
constructed in Nepal are:
Irrigation Projects Districts Irrigated land in hector
Koshi Saptari 22,000
Kankai Jhapa 8,000
Bagmati Bara, Rautahat, Sarlahi 50,200
Gandaki Bara, Parsa, Rautahat, Nawalpur, Parasi 51,000
Rapti Banke 3,000
Sharada Kailali, Kanchanpur 6,800
Sikta Banke 36,000
Babai Bardiya 13,000
Besides irrigation canals underground water is available mostly in the Terai region
to irrigate field. In some places farmers have to depend on monsoon rain. Monsoon
rain is sometimes unreliable. It affects a lot in cultivation of major crops like, paddy,
maize, wheat, etc.
Rafting
Nepal has high possibilities for rafting in the fast
flowing rivers. Thousands of tourists every year visit
Nepal for rafting. The suitable rivers for rafting are
the Sunkoshi, the Trishuli, the Bhote Koshi, the
Narayani, the Marshyangi, etc.
Other Uses of Water in Our Daily Life rafting
Cooking, washing, bathing, drinking, etc. are very essential used of water. Water is
indispensable in our life. Therefore, protection and preservation of the water resources
is our prime responsibility.
Disaster caused by Water Resources
Nepal receives monsoon rain during the summer. Because of heavy rain the natural
calamities like flood, landslide, soil erosion, etc. caused which is very common in
Nepal. Due to flood and heavy landslide, many people lost their life and property
every year. Due to these calamities, drinking water also gets affected. As a result
epidemic like diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, Jaundice, etc. spread.
213 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
flood erosion
Afforestation, protection and preservation of water sheds, clean water resources area
a must be done by people. Unwise exploitation of resources should be controlled to
mitigate the problems. People in the society must be aware and take initiative to
conserve greenery and to get wise exploitation of resources.
Activity
March 22 is observed as International Water Day. Prepare play cards to generate
awareness about the importance of water.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the status of drinking water and hydroelectricity in your locality?
Discuss briefly.
2. How is river water utilized in Nepal?
3. “Water, water everywhere but no single drop of water to drink”. What does this
statement symbolize? Explain briefly.
4. Write any four suggestions for the proper utilization of Nepal’s water resources.
5. Explain the natural disaster caused by water in Nepal.
6. “Though there is a great possibility of hydropower generation in Nepal, not even
the 50% of demand has been fulfilled.” Give reasons in details.
7. In what ways are water resources beneficial for nation’s economy? Describe briefly.
Community Work
There may be river or any water sources in your nearby areas. Prepare a report
explaining water condition, people’s participation to conserve these resources, efforts
made by NGOs and INGOs as well as governmental organization to conserve it.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 214
Lesson Map Work
6.8
FACTS Everyone required a road map or city map
to Understand whenever he/she is in a new place. With the
help of map there is no chance of getting lost
anywhere. Map is the real guide for new places.
Maps are important for various purposes. So the skill of drawing map is essential.
Map is also called cartography. Cartography is an art and science of representing
like drawing and compiling of geographical area graphically, usually by means of
maps, chart and figures. Map is a flat picture drawn in the piece of paper but it is
very essential for everybody. Map is the diagrammatic, graphic representation of the
earth’s surface. Map is essential in every fields like industry, military, transportation,
communication or engineering.
There are different types of maps. Some of them are discussed below:
i. Topographical Map
The word topography means the landforms of the earth. Topographical maps
are those maps which show all information related to natural as well as cultural
landscape. They include multiple information such as rivers, lakes, mountains, hills,
forest, cultivated area, buildings, roads, village, institutions, etc. Contour lines are
used to show changes in the landscape with the use of different colours and shades.
ii. Physical Map
Physical maps are those maps
which designate the physical features
of a certain part of the earth. Such
type of maps shows the relief features
of land including desert, mountains,
plains, lowlands, rivers, country
borders, major cities, etc. by means of
different symbols and shades.
iii. Political Map
The map which is drawn to
signify the administrative divisions
and boundaries like territorial borders
of any country, state, city or even
continent is called the political map.
Such map shows the administrative
division of a country.
215 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
iv. Cadastral Map
Cadastral maps are
those maps which are drawn
to show the ownership of
land showing the boundaries
of field, along with Rural
Municipality, districts,
provincial states, etc. The
village map, plot of land
(kitta), etc. are shown in
cadastral maps. It is useful
for land survey, city survey
for efficient administration.
v. Atlas Map
Such maps are drawn in very small scale which provides more general and tentative
information regarding the physical, climate and economic condition of different
regions of the earth.
vi. Wall Map
Wall maps are generally drawn boldly so that they may be used for display
in classrooms and offices. The scale of wall map is smaller than the topographical
map but bigger than Atlas map. They might be of the whole world, certain continent,
specific a country of a particular part of the country or any scale as required.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 216
The thematic map is concerned or focuses on particular theme of a specific topic.
Other different types of maps are economic maps, road maps, climatic maps and
demographic maps.
Activity
Draw an outline map of Nepal measuring in scale 4cm, 6cm, 6cm, 4cm in length and
4cm, 4cm and 4 cm in width.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is a map?
2. What is another name of the map?
3. Mention the different types of maps? Explain any three of them.
4. What is the importance of map?
5. Differentiate between the physical map and the political map.
Community Work
Draw a road map from your home to school and present it in your class.
217 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Knowledge on Distance or Scale
6.9
and Its Uses
FACTS The scale is very important in drawing map because
to Understand it reduces the actual shape and size of an object and
show in a paper.
A scale is a system of units for measuring. It is the series of marks at regular intervals
for the purpose of measuring as we can see on a ruler. Maps are drawn according to
scale in order to show the relative proportions of distance on the map similar to those
on the ground. The scale has a vital role in drawing a map because the actual shape
and size of an object is not possible to show on paper without a scale. A scale can be
represented in three ways which are given below:
1. Representative Scale
It is represented in the form of fraction. It is also called numerical scale. It can
be denoted in double ways through any of the following equations:
1
15000
The numerator of the fraction signified the length on the map and the denominator
indicates the length on the actual ground. Here, the numerator gets divided by the
denominator. For example, or 1:1000 which implies that 1 cm on the map justifies
1000 cm on the earth surface. It does not require mentioning any unit of measurement
such as cm, inches, feet of any other conventional units since both numerator and
denominator are shown and understood in the same unit.
2. Linear Scale (Graphical Scale)
A linear or graphic scale is a straight line or ruler printed on a map. It looks
like a ruler with its sub-division. It is divided into two parts: primary and extension.
The part of scale right of the zero is primary scale with regular intervals of equal
distances. The part lying left of the zero is extension scale with regular sub-divisions
divided from a unit of the primary section. The figure of linear scale is given below:
0 25 50 100 kilometres
3. Statement Scale/Verbal Measurement:
In this method, the ration is expressed in statement which means words are
used to describe the ratio of the length on paper and surface distance. For e.g. 1cm
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 218
= 250 km on actual ground while representing the distance 1cm can be used for
representing any length of distance as per requirement.
Activity
Draw a map of your school premises in reduced scale
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is scale?
2. What is the importance of scale in a map?
3. Write briefly about different types of scale.
4. “A map is a powerful tool for a geographer and a scale is the heart of the map”.
Justify the statement.
5. Why is it necessary to drawn a map in a reduced scale? Explain with reason.
Community Work
Find out the measurement of the distance between your home and your friend’s home.
Use the scale 1:100 cm or 1cm = 1m in a map, mark the spot where you sleep.
219 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson
6.10 The Physical Features of Asia
FACTS Asia is the largest continent with diverse climate,
to Understand soil, natural vegetation and resources. It is the
rd
common home for about 1/3 of the world population.
Asia is the largest continent of the world that lies entirely in the northern hemisphere
with the exception of some of the Islands of the East Indies. Asia extends from 10°S to
80°N up to the frozen shores of the Arctic Ocean. There are 50 independent countries
in Asia including the largest in size and the most populated country, China. It is
surrounded by the Arctic Ocean, in the north, the pacific and the Indian Ocean in
the east and in the south respectively. On the western side there are Ural Mountain,
Caucasus Mountain and the Caspian Sea, Black Sea and the Red Sea. Its area is
merged with Europe in Western side. So together it is called Eurasia. Asia has
rd
occupied 1/3 of land having area of 4,50,36,492 sq. km of the world. It is the most
populated continent of the world having about 59% of the total population living in
this continent. So, Asia is called the common home to all the living beings.
Physical Features
Asia has all forms of land features, climate, soil and natural vegetation. It has the
largest mountains, plains and plateaus in the world. Its features can be divided into
5 physical regions.
The Northern Mountains and Plateaus
The mountains in Asia are
the ancient rocks which are
formed about 300 million
years ago. How the mountains
here have eroded significantly
in millions of years. The
mountain ranges stretching
from the Mediterranean sea to
the Pacific Ocean. These major
mountain ranges are in Nepal,
India, China and Pakistan.
The ranges like Karakoram,
Hindukush, Suleiman, Elbrus,
etc. are the major mountain
ranges. Among the 14 highest
peaks of the world, there are 8 highest peaks along with Mt. Everest that lies in
Nepal. The Pamir mountain range in the central Asia is an earthquake prone zone.
The Great Himalayas and circumference of the Pacific Ocean come under it.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 220
The mountain region is so vast that it is comprised of three different belts.
a. The Northernmost belt, known as the Great Himalayas
b. The Tien Shan Belt is called Celestial Mountain in the Chinese language,
stretches from China to Kyrgyzstan. Mount Victory (7439m). Mt. Khan Tangiri
(6995) lie in this belt. Ural Mountain belt extends from Russia to Kazakhstan
from north to South extending for more than 2500 km.
Plateaus are the elevated land with flat top. It is a table like structure. They are made
of very old hard rocks and stand in average more than 5,000 height above the sea
level. The plateau of Tibet, known as the “Roof of the world” is the largest and highest
plateau of the world. It has many glaciers which are the source of water resources.
The Iranian plateau covers more than 3.6 million sq. km encompassing Iran, Pakistan
and Afghanistan. Some of the important plateaus of this region are the Arabian
Plateau, the Deccan Plateau and the Shan and Yunan plateaus. They are formed of
hard rocks.
The Northern Lowlands
Ob river Lena River
There is continuous plain in the northern most part of Asia known as the Siberian
Plain. This plain extends from north to south about 2400 km and the east to the west
about 1900 km. There are low mountains and plateaus of ancient rocks.
The northern lowlands extend from Ural Mountain in the west to the Bering Strait in
the north-west. Northern lowlands are a vast stretched of low lying lands towards the
northern flanks of Asia. It is drained mainly by the rivers Ob, Yenisei and Lena that
flow into the Arctic Ocean.
This region has deposite of alluvial plains, river, valley and basins formed by
great rivers among the nations of the Indian, sub continent, China and some other
countries. They are the Tigris and the Euphrates Basin, the Indus Basin, the Ganga,
the Brahmaputra Basin, the Irrawaddy Basin and the Yangtse Basin. The central
Asia is covered by Steppe, a large flat area covered with grassland. This was stretched
up to the border of the Gobi desert.
221 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
The Desert Region
There are many deserts lie in this region like the Gobi, the Thar and the Rub' al Khali
scattered in various parts. There is the Gobi desert between Mongolia and China. The
Thar Desert lies to the north-west India and south of Pakistan.
Rub' al Khali is a unique desert in the Arabian Peninsula consisting of the world’s
largest sea-sand as the Sahara Desert of Africa. This desert is practically uninhabitable.
It is known as “Empty Quarter” Bedoun tribe settle in its margins with primitive way
of living.
The Great River Valley
Asia is known for the many large rivers that rise from high mountains. The valleys
are deposited with alluvial soils it makes the land fertile. Lake Baikal in the southern
rd
rd
Siberia is the world’s 3 deepest fresh water lake (1743 m). The world’s 3 longest
river (6380 km) and the longest in Asia is the river Yangtze.
The Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers originate from Turkey and flow through Syria
and Iran into the Persian Gulf, the gulf between these two rivers. Ancient Mesopotapia
but modern Iraq, was the centre of the large and important river valley of this region.
The great river valleys are the ones made by the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Indus, the
Brahmaputra, the Ganga, the Yangtse, the Menam and the Hwang-Ho valley.
The South Eastern Chains
To the east and south-east of mainland of Asia lies a chain of islands. These groups
of island are also known as the Archipelago of Asia. The island of this region includes
the Japanese island, the islands of Philippines, Indonesia, etc. There is tropical and
temperate monsoon climate in this region.
Climate and Vegetation
Asia has varied landforms: it has resulted into diversified climate and vegetation.
In fact, it has almost all types of climate found in the world. It has diverse climatic
region. Some are coldest, hottest, driest, wettest places of the earth. The climate
ranges from hot in west equatorial region to very cold Tundra region, the Tropical
monsoon to tropical desert and so on. The dominant vegetation is highly dominant in
Asia. The monsoon deciduous forest and extensive grassland areas such as Stepps.
In addition, the mountainous region and the northern part have been occupied with
coniferous forest, desert have poor vegetation with thorny bushes, scrubs and other
plants. The higher Himalayas in extreme north too have poor vegetation limiting with
mosses, lichens, flowering plants and so on.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 222
Activity
Compare and discuss the economic activities of South Asian countries.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Mention the boundaries of Asia.
2. What is the total population of inhabitants in Asia?
3. Into how many parts is the physical feature of Asia divided?
4. Name the tribes settled on Rub' al Khali.
6. What kind of climate is found in the South-eastern region of Asia?
Community Work
Name the vegetation found in your community. Also, find out the climate suitable for
the growth of that vegetation, then present in your class.
Map Practice
In the outline map of world insert the following facts in it:
Yellow Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Mekong, Hwang-Ho, Euphrates, Ob, Jakarta, Karache,
Kathmandu, Hindukush range, Plateau of Tibet, Thar Desert
223 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson The Economic Activities and
6.11
Social Life of Asia
FACTS The largest continent, Asia has great variations
to Understand among its regions. So, the people of Asia are
engaged in diverse economic activities ranging from
agriculture to advanced mining.
Asia is the common home to about 50 countries with diverse economic activities and
lifestyle. It is the continent populated with almost every races found in the earth.
It is rich in natural resources which have been utilized by the countries in different
parts of the continent in various ways. The main occupation of the people of Asia is
an agriculture. About 60% population of this continent is engaged in this occupation.
Besides this, animal husbandry, fisheries, poultry and industries are some of the
main economic and social activities of Asia.
Malaysia, Indonesia and China follow forestry in a large area. Japan, Russia, China
and Arabian countries are advanced in mining and drilling. The three Georges Dam
for hydropower station standing at 185 m high and “the Great Wall” are the glories
of China. UAE has Burj Khalifa Tower with height of 2700 ft. attracting million
of tourists around the world. The Persian Gulf coast has a wonderful island called
Palm Jumeirah, an artificial island shaped like a palm tree. India has the world’s
largest oil refinery, Jamnagar Refinery in Gujarat with the capacity of refining 1.24
million barrel oil per day. The world’s largest and first space post is in Kazakhstan.
In Mongolia 75% of agricultural land has been allocated for rearing cattle, sheep and
goats. China is recognized as the mother of gardens because of richness in botany. Six
of the top ten world producers of fish are found in Asia. They are China, Indonesia,
Japan, Myanmar, India and the Philippines. Ancient civilizations like the Hwang-
Ho Valley civilization, Indus Valley civilization and the Mesopotamian civilization
developed in Asia.
With the above given information Asia is very rich in natural resources. The major
economic activities are agriculture, industries, trade, mining, drilling, forestry,
fishing, tourism, etc. To study the socio-economic condition of Asia, it can be divided
into five regions.
The Northern Region
This region is consisted of the Asian portion of Russia, several republic state separated
from Russia in the Central and Western part of China. Some major countries include
Russia, Mongolia, etc. This region has a vast lowland plain but not developed that
much. The region is very cold during the winter. Most of the northern part is covered
with dense forest where there is plenty of snowfall since it is affected by the cold and
dry Arctic wind blowing especially from Siberian Region of Russia. To the southern
parts lies grassland in flat land called Steppes.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 224
The population density is very low. The main economic activities of the people are
agriculture, industries, trade and business. Lumbering is done in the Siberian plain.
The major corps grown in this region are wheat, barley, buckwheat, oat and millet.
People wear thick woolen clothes with fur or leather of birds and animals of the cold
region to prevent them from extreme cold.
Major religions followed mainly in this region are Christianity, Buddhism and Islam.
People observe festivals like Christmas, Chinese New Year and Eid-ul-Fitr.
South-West Region
It comprises Arabian Peninsula, fertile plains of the Tigris and the Euphrates river,
Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The climate of this region is hot and dry, poor
vegetation except the fertile banks of the Tigris and the Euphrates river. This region
is sparsely populated. People mainly grow maize and barley and fruits and vegetables
like dates, figs, olives, onions, grapes, cherries, etc. The region has desert where the
life is very difficult. Here the people depend upon the camel for their economy and
living. People usually keep camels for various purposes. Most of the people of this
region are Muslims. This region is very famous for oil and natural gas. Saudi Arabia
is the world’s leading exporter of oil.
During summer it is very hot. So, the people wear very thin clothes while they wear
very thick clothes during the winter to adjust with temperature. Mostly Arabian and
Urdu language are in used. People of this region observe Roza and celebrate Eid-ul-
Fitr and Bakra Eid.
The South-East Region
The southern region consist of 10 countries. They are Brunei, Burma, Cambodia,
Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Laos, Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam. This
region is developing very fast in agriculture industries, trade and business. South-
east Asia is densely populated.
This region produces good quantity of tropical fruits such as mango, papaya and pine
apples. The Philippines and Thailand are the major producers of pineapple. People
wear thin clothes whereas people in higher altitude wear thick woolen clothes. The
main religion observed here are Islam and Buddhism. So the region is rich in Buddhist
culture and Islam culture. Festivals like Eid-ul-Fitr, Bakra Eid and Chinese New
Year are observed.
The Southern Region
South Asia is the southern region of Asia. It consists of the sub-Himalayan countries.
The population is dense in the countries of this region. They are India, Nepal, China,
th
Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Maldives and Sri Lanka. About 1/5 of the total
world population live in this region. Most of the people depend upon agriculture in
this region, however, industries and trade are gradually developing in this region.
225 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Bangladesh cultivates jute in a large quantity. India is the largest producer of mango
and rice. Nepal’s pride is Mt. Everest, the highest peak of the world and the birth
place of Gautam Buddha, Lumbini. The population density is high in this region.
This region is very rich in ancient culture, arts and civilization. People wear thin
to thick clothes depends on the altitude. Major religions are Hinduism, Buddhism
and Christianity. Festivals are celebrated according to the religions like Dashain,
Tihar, Holi, Chhath, Buddha Purnima, Lhosar, Observe Roza, celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr
and Bakar Eid as well as New Year according to the English calendar.
The Eastern Region
The Eastern region comprises three nations: mainly China, South Korea and Japan.
These countries are highly developed in industries, trade, commerce, mining and
technologies and population density. It is cultured and civilized and the centre of
ancient civilization.
China and Japan are the world’s powerful nations in economy. China follows forestry
as well as is renowned for wood-based panel production, paper and furniture. It
produces all types of products, ranging from machinery to agricultural yields. Still,
the technology of Japan holds high grip in quality excelling rest of the nations in the
world. The majority of the population follow Buddhism while a considerable number
of people also follow Islam and Christianity in this region. The people observe Roza
and celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr and Bakar Eid, Chinese New Year, Japanese New Year and
English New Year.
Activity
Discuss the economic activities and social life of South Asian people.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. How many nations are there in Asia?
2. Write the economic activities of the people of Asia.
3. “South Asian countries are culturally rich.” Justify.
4. Why do most of the parts of Asia have low population density? Explain in short
with reason.
5. Name the areas suitable for agriculture and also write the reasons behind it.
6. Name the chief petroleum exporting countries of Asia.
Community Work
You live in Nepalese society. How does the religion influence in the daily life of the
Nepalese people? Find out and prepare a report.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 226
Lesson
6.12 The Physical Features of Europe
FACTS Europe is a highly developed continent. Europe’s
to Understand three geographical divisions hold own unique
features in landforms, climate, soil and vegetation.
The lakes, navigable rivers, plateaus and mountains
have been the precious properties of Europe.
Europe lies in the northern hemisphere. Its latitudinal location is 35°N to 72°N and
latitudinal location is 24°W to 60°W. This continent is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean
in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Asia in the east and the Mediterranean
Sea in the south, Ural Mountain and the Ural River are the natural boundaries which
separate Europe from Asia.
Europe is the second smallest continent. It is a peninsula as it is surrounded by oceans
and seas on three sides. There are several smaller peninsulas along its highly irregular
coastline like the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Iberian Peninsula and the Italian and
the Greek Peninsulas. Europe has many peninsulas, so it is called a “Peninsula of
Peninsulas”. Due to its long coastline, most of the countries in Europe have access to
seas or oceans but there are a few landlocked countries in Europe.
Europe can be divided into three main physical features based on its landforms.
1. The North Western Highlands
It lies in the north and north-west extending from Norway and Sweden in
the east to Scotland in the west. These highlands are also called the Scandinavian
Highlands. They are made up of very hard ancient crystalline rocks and once were
very high and rugged. The continuous effect of winds, rain and water have destroyed
them and now only four of them exist in Scandinavia, Scotland, Iceland, Ireland
merely as highland. Most of the part is covered with snow.
2. The Central Plain
The central plain lies to Do You Know
the south of North-western
Highlands. It extends across
central Europe from Atlantic Europe is named after the Phoenician Princess
Coast in the west to the Ural Europa of Greek myth which was seduced by Zeus
Mountains in the east. It is disguised as a bull.
a vast triangular undulating
plain. It is also called the
Russian Plate. This region covers the vast area of Russia, Poland, Germany, Belgium,
Northern France, etc. with the depositions due to eroded glaciers and rivers like Don,
227 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Dnieper, Volga, Ural River, etc. The plain is very fertile. It is good for agriculture.
This region is a densely populated region.
3. The Southern Mountains and Plateaus
The southern mountains lie to the south of the central European plain. It is
the Alps range which is the chain of young fold mountains. The formation of Alps
mountain range is similar to the formation of Himalayan ranges. So they are called
Alpine Mountain System. The Alps range is stretched from the Bay of Biscay to the
Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The Alps are the highest and the most densely settled
mountain belt of Europe. The highest peak of the Alps is Mt. Blanc (4,810) is on
French-Italian border. The Pyrenees Mountains forming a natural border between
Spain and France. There is Carpathean Mountains run eastward from the Alps. The
highest peak of Europe Mt. Elbrus, (5,642m) lies in the Caucasus Mountain between
the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. The Alpine region includes active volcanoes in
Europe such as Mt. Etna in Sicily and the Mt. Vesuvius in Italy.
Climate and Vegetation
The major parts of Europe have temperate type of climate because the major part of
the continent lies in temperate zone. It receives adequate rainfall throughout the year
due to the influence of the sea and the ocean. The climate is very suitable and healthy
for the human settlement. Only the northern part of the continent is dry and cold. It
has Tundra climate which is extremely cold.
The western coastal areas have warm summer and mild winter. This type of climate
is called maritime climate. The southern part along with Mediterranean coastal areas
receives winter rainfall. This climate is characterized by warm-dry summer and cool-
wet winters. The winter rain is brought by the westerlies wind. This type of climate is
called continental climate. The north-west of the continent bordering Atlantic Ocean
has the British type of climate. These regions are near to the sea. So it has warm
summer and cool winters with rainfall throughout the year. The central plain lies in
the interior part of the continent and experiences central European climate. This region
is far away from the sea, so summers are warm and wet and winters cool and dry. The
easternmost part of Europe from the Caspian Sea to the Ural Mountains experience the
Desert climate. Summers are extremely hot and winters are cold. This climatic region
receives very less amount of rainfall. It is called the temperate desert climate.
The natural vegetation of Europe is largely effected by the great variation of climate
across the continent. The Tundra region lies extremely in north and have treeless
vegetation. Due to extreme cold climate the continent only supports the growth of
mosses, lichens and scattered and short tree. The Taiga belt stretches across the
northern Europe just south of Tundra is composed of coniferous forest with trees such
as pine, spruce and fir. Moose, bear and elk are native at the European Taiga.
Small drought-resistant plants border the Mediterranean, Sea. Trees also grow in
that southern most region including Aleppo pine, cypress and cork oak. The Barbary,
Macaques a small troop of primitive native to Europe live here.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 228
Activity
Suppose one of your friend is going to study in Britain. Describe the weather she/he
will experience and give advice about the kind of clothes she/he will need. Collect
the pictures of clothes worn by European people and paste it in the chart paper.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Which parts of Europe receive rainfall throughout the year, remains snow
covered for a long period and receives rainfall only in winter?
2. Why is Europe called the “Peninsula of Peninsulas”?
3. Name the highest mountain of Europe.
4. What is Taiga?
5. List three main physical features of Europe.
6. What type of climate is experienced in Southern Europe?
7. The yearly data of rainfall and temperature of London city is given below:
Draw a graph based on the give data. Write a short description of the climate of
London city on the basis of the given table.
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Temp°C 4 5 7 9 12 16 18 17 15 11 8 5
Rainfall 54 40 37 37 46 45 57 59 49 57 64 48
Map Work
Insert the following facts in an outline map of
Europe with appropriate signs and symbols.
Alps Mountain, R. Danube, Taiga, Steppes,
London, Paris, Moscow, Atlantic Ocean, Baltic
Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Mt Elbrus, Scandinavia
Highland, Oslo, Greece
229 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Social and Economic Activities
6.13
of Europe
FACTS Spain, France and Italy are the most famous
to Understand countries for wine production.
Europe has rich history. It is a developed continent. The great voyages of exploration
and discoveries were led by the Europeans that helped in gathering information
about North America, South America and Africa. They went very advanced in the
field of science and technology since the early days. It made them powerful and had
th
colonies all over the world. The industrial revolution of 18 century AD brought
drastic changes in agriculture, transportation, technology, mining and manufacture
goods had profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural condition of the people.
First it was found in the UK then spread all over the Europe. As a result most of the
developed countries like Germany, Norway, Great Britain, France, etc. have become
highly industrialized. Britain in today’s world is the most developed and industrial
continent.
In Europe people mostly migrated from central Asia and lived in different parts of the
continent. Some of the major languages of Europe include, English, French, German,
Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Dutch, etc. Many scientists, philosophers, artists and
writers were born in this continent. Christianity is the major religion of Europe.
Europe was once a great colonizer. Great Britain alone had colonized about 35% land
in the world and had been heralded as the nation without sunset or “sun never sets
in Britain”.
Advancement of the European
Europe is highly advanced in all the fields of technology, education, intelligence, social
and economy. The inventions and discoveries first started in Europe. They are very
rich in culture, art architecture, education, health and technologies. The inventions
and discoveries brought miracle in the field of technologies. It brought modernization
in today’s world. They were the explorers to explore different countries like North
America, South America, Africa, India and China. Many scientists, philosophers,
poets, writers, actors, artists, etc. were born in European land. The western civilization
flourished in Europe. It is the common home to many indigenous people. Many
landscapes have been named after the gods and goddesses of the Greek mythology,
such as Mt. Etna. Even the maritime trade winds, current, etc. were connected to
Greek mythology, Europeans believed that God could both reward and punish the
travelers and traders with favourable and unfavourable sea condition.
They are involved in many economic activities but their main occupation are trade
and industries. These are discussed below in details.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 230
Agriculture
Extensive farming is widely practiced in areas with more land available for cultivation.
Farming is done by using modern technology. This type of farming is mostly practiced
in Russia. Only 10% of the total population of Europe was engaged in agriculture.
In the densely populated areas where the cultivable land is limited. The intensive
farming is practical. The improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and
pesticides are used very highly to get the good production from the small farm. Cattle
rearing and crop cultivation are found in the same area. It is called mixed farming.
Besides crop cultivation, horticulture and floriculture and Pisciculture are common in
Europe. It produce varieties of flowers and citrus fruits so, it is also called the “Garden
of the world”.
Pisciculture
Fisheries or pisciculture is the important economic activity in various parts in Europe.
It is a peninsula bounded by the sea on three sides. So the fishing is prospered in
Europe. Mostly the people living is coastal areas are engaged in making fishing nets
and fishing boats, catching fish, processing, packaging and marketing canned fish
and fish products. Fishing has become an industry because of the advance technology.
Large ships with full equipment are used to catch fish. The countries following
pisciculture are Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, the United Kingdom,
the Netherlands, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal and Russia.
Minerals
The continent Europe has large deposition of mineral resources. The mineral deposition
is not distributed evenly, however, some of the areas with mineral deposition are
given below in the table:
Sl.No. Mineral Areas
1. Coal Germany, Poland, Belgium, France, Spain, the UK, Ukaraine and Czech
Republic
2. Iron Ore Sweden, the UK, Russia, Spain, France, Belgium, Poland and Germany
3. Bauxite, Russia, Germany, France, Norway, the UK, Switzerland and Austria
an ore of Aluminium
4. Petroleum and Natural Gas Romania, Russia and North Sea Oil fields
5. Chromium Turkey
6. Silver Poland
7. Titanium Norway
Europe has limited deposit of oil and natural gas even though Russia is the highest
exporter of natural gas. The second largest exporter of natural gas is Norway and
other countries are the Netherlands and the UK.
Industries
Europe is an industrially advanced country. Industrial Revolution was started in Great
th
Britain in the late 18 century. Now, there is widespread industrial development
231 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
in the world. There is hardly anything that is not manufactured in Europe. It has
sufficient energy generation raw materials, transport facilities, skilled manpower
and enough market for the trading of manufactured goods. Therefore, the economic
condition is very strong in Europe. Some industries with their countries are given
below:
Sl.No. Industries Countries
1. Iron and Steel Germany, Russia and the UK, France, Belgium and Poland,
2. Textiles Industries (Cotton, the UK, Belgium, Germany and Poland
woolen and silk)
Activity
Read the given statement.
For maintaining harmonious, better and stable economic environment, the main
st
European countries have European Union on 1 November 1993. They have also
developed the common currency of Europe called Euro. EU is working for the
prosperity and overall development of the nation.
Discuss the role of European Union and try to find out the details of European
Union. Also draw a flag of EU.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. How many nations are there in Europe?
2. Describe the economic activities of Europe.
3. In which part of the continent of Europe is agriculture practiced?
4. What is the main occupation of the European?
5. What is the social condition of Europe? Explain.
Community Work
Compare the social condition of Nepalese society and European society.
Project Work
Download a documentary from the internet related to the social and economic activities
of European people and show it to your class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 232
Lesson
6.14 The Physical Features of Australia
FACTS Australia is home to a variety of unique animals,
to Understand including the Koala, Kangaroo, emu, Kookabgurra and
platypus. Australia has over 750 different reptiles,
species, more than any other country in the world.
Australia is the smallest continent as well as a country comprising the island of
Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is about six times smaller than Asia
and forty four times bigger than Nepal. The Tropic of Capricorn passes through the
middle of the country. It lies completely in the southern hemisphere. There are a
number of landmasses throughout the central and South Pacific Ocean and they are
jointly known as Oceanic nation. But the name Australia dominated the others being
the largest landmass in the ocean. There are 18 nations altogether in Oceania and
Australia. Some of the land masses in Oceania are Papua New Guinea, New Zealand
and Fiji.
The continent Australia is located in 114°E to 154° E longitude and 0°S to 40°S latitude.
Altogether it has 8 states including Tasmania and Canberra, the capital of Australia.
The physical condition of Australia can be divided into three parts.
The Eastern Highlands
The Eastern Highlands region of Australia is the highest part of Australia. This region
is also known as the Great Dividing Range. It runs parallel to the eastern coast from
north to the south for 3000 km. Most part of Victoria, Canberra, Queensland, Wales,
233 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
fall in this region. The Great Dividing Range is also called Blue Mountains in New
South Wales. These ranges include the New England Plateaus, the Australian Alps,
the Snowy Mountains, Blue Mountains and the Grampian Mountains. These landforms
were made due to uplifting, folding and volcanic processes in the Earth’s Crust.
Australia’s highest peak Mt Kosciusko (2228m) is situated in New South Wales in
this region.
Western Plateau
The western plateau is a low, flat area that has been eroded over a period of millions
of years. There are many deserts in the western plateau. This region is very dry due
to cold water currents off the coast of Western Australia. Some of the deserts in this
region are the Gibson, Tanami, Canning, Great Sandy and Great Victoria Desert.
This region is rich for goldmines. The land in this region is not completely flat. It has
some very low ranges but the maximum height is less than 500 m from the sea level.
The western plateau is covered with sandy desert. The Pilbara, Arnhem land and
Kimberly Plateaus are also high points in this area.
Central Lowland
The central lowlands are dry because rainfall is obstructed by the Eastern Highlands.
It is a huge mass of old ancient crystalline rocks covering nearly two third of Australia.
The Simpson Desert, which extends for 170,000 sq. km is in the central lowlands. The
desert is popular for its Red Sanddunes extending north to south. The Lake Eyre is
the largest salt lake in Australia found in the Simpson Desert. The Lake Eyre is the
largest lake as well as the lowest point on the Australian mainland at15 m below the
sea level.
The Flinder Range in South Australia extends for 800 km and is located about 1100 km
north to Adelaide. Its tallest peak is St. Mary Peak is 1171m tall. The River Murray
and its tributaries mainly the Darling is called together as the Murray Darling.
Climate and Vegetation
Australia lies in the southern hemisphere just opposite climate to Nepal. When it is
summer in Nepal, there is winter and vice versa. The climatic pattern of Australia is
given below:
Sl. No. Region Vegetation Climate Type
1. Western Plateau Poor Vegetation: desert plants, thorny bushes Hot desert
and scrubs
2. Extreme North Evergreen forest Tropical Monsoon
3. Interior Parts Tropical grasses Savanna
4. Murray-Darling Basin Tropical grassland such as Downs Savanna
5. South East Deciduous forest including eucalyptus trees Temperate Monsoon
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 234
Activity
In the outline map of Australia insert the following facts.
Sydney, Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, Rive Murray-Darling, Great Dividing Range,
Australian Desert, Tasmania, Area of Water Rain
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. How does a physical feature influence the climatic condition of the Australia?
2. Into how many physical divisions is Australia is divided? Explain them briefly.
3. In what respect does Australia differ from other continents?
4. “Australia is rich in various animals.” Justify.
5. Make a list of important mountains and lakes of Australia.
Community Work
If any of your relative lives in Australia, then ask him/her about the climate and
vegetation of Australia.
Prepare a report on it.
235 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Social and Economic Activities of
6.15
People of Australia
FACTS Australia is the second largest producer of gold
rd
to Understand after China. Approximately, the 2/3 of all
production comes from mines in Western Australia.
Gold is one of the 10 commodities of Australia
worth about $14 billion per year.
Australia is mainly inhabited by white immigrants though it was first settled by the
Asian aborigines about 40,000 years ago. The population distribution is very uneven
due to the geographical differences. The fertile soil is concentrated mainly in the east
and south-east coast. About 85% Australians live in the urban areas in Sydney alone.
There are more than 4.5 million people. The city has many top national companies,
multinational companies, leading banks, attractive educational hubs, etc. The Sydney
Opera House is an art building enlisted by the UNESCO in the world heritage site.
Sydney Opera House
Australian aborigine lives a primitive life. They run their livelihood by hunting and
gathering food. “Boomerang” is their weapon to hunt animals. Many different animals
like kangaroo, koala, ostrich, dingo and the plants like eucalyptus tree found here.
People mostly follow Christianity and the language is English.
The Great Barrier Reef and the Great Australian Bight have greater economic
significance. They are important for under-water biodiversity. The Reef has 1500
species of fish including dolphins, porpoises, whales, 6 species of sea turtles and 215
species of birds. It is also rich in coral, a precious jewellery stone. The Great Barrier
Reef is enlisted by the UNESCO in the World Heritage Sites.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 236
Economic Activities of Australia
According to the geographical diversity and climatic diversity the economic activities
of Australia is different. About 10% people out of the total population engaged in
agriculture, 15% are engaged in manufacturing and rest of the population is engaged
in trade, industries, tourism, services, fishing, forestry, mining, drilling and sheep
rearing, etc.
Agriculture and Sheep Rearing
About 10% of people are engaged in agriculture. People practice scientific method of
farming and produce crops on large scale. The crops like wheat and other cereals,
oilseeds, legumes and citrus fruits are mainly grown in the southern part. There
are wine industries too. The Murray-Darling Basin has fertile land also used for
agriculture. The tropical grassland, Downs is favourable for wheat production and
livestock farming in large scale.
The Dingo dog is used for looking after sheep. Australia exports high quality of wool
in large scale. It also exports meat, dairy products, mutton, beef, mostly to European
countries and other countries.
Fishing
Australia is surrounded by water from all sides. So, fishing is the prominent activities
of Australia. The people follow commercial fishing and produce various breeds. More
than 500 different marine and freshwater sea food species are prepared and sold in
local as well as international market.
Forestry
Forestry is largely commercialized in Australia. Lumbering is the main economic
activity because of fast growing trees, such as Eucalyptus and Montbretia. The
Eucalyptus tree is fast growing used for timber, oil, resin and gum. The forest products
are paper, wood chips, sawn wood and wood-based panels.
Mining and Industry
A large amount of minerals and metal depositions are found in Australia. It is rich
in natural resources. It is highly industrialized and holds its position as one of the
leading producers of opal, a gemstone and exporter of coal. It equally produces iron,
ore, uranium, gold, diamond, zinc and nickel. Industries for manufacturing vehicles,
ship and other machinery goods highly prospered in Australia. It is also advanced in
power generation. The Murray River alone generates 1500 MW electricity.
The other island nations at Oceania are also highly advanced in various means. It
carries fishery, wine production and sheep rearing in a commercial way. Papua New
Guinea is the leading producer of fishes and other products like sugar cane, potato,
237 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
coffee, rubber and coffee. Sugar and its products are produced in large scale in Fiji.
Coconut, banana and sugar cane are also produced in other Pacific Islands.
Australians are well mannered and civilized people. People wear thin to thick clothes
depending upon the climatic condition from north to south. Most of the people
are Christians and follow Christianity. They observe festivals like Christmas and
New Year.
Activity
Collect the pictures of different animals found in Australia and make a collage in
chart paper.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Explain the major productions of Australia.
2. Australia is the exporter of wool, meat and dairy products. Give reason.
3. What are the economic activities of Australia? Write them and explain any
three of them.
4. “Australia is a continent of peculiarity”. Elaborate the statement.
5. What are the economic activities practiced in the nations of Oceania?
Community Work
Visit your community and compare the economic activities with the Australian
community.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 238
Lesson Comparative Study Between Asia,
6.16
Australia and Europe
FACTS Australia has English as the National Language but
to Understand the official language is none. Nepal has maintained
diplomatic relationship with 138 (one hundred thirty-eight)
countries till date.
Nepal has maintained good relationship with almost all countries of the world. Its good
relationship is maintained on the basis of principle of panchasheel (Non-aggression,
non-interference, equality, sovereignty and peaceful coexistence). In this chapter
we will learn about the relationship maintained by Nepal with Asia, Australia and
Europe.
Nepal and Asia
Asia is the largest continent in the world. Nepal is located in the Asia continent in the
northern hemisphere on the Southern lap of the Himalayas. It is physically divided
into three parts. The vegetation found in Nepal is different due to the influence of the
climate. The river Koshi flows in Nepal which later mixes with the river Ganga which
made the land fertile in the Terai region. The other rivers are the Brahmaputra, the
Krishna, the Kaveri, etc. to make land fertile. Like the south and south-east and East
Asia, Nepal too experiences the tropical monsoon climate which is hot and wet in
summer and cold and dry in winter. Due to the similar types of climate the natural
vegetation, wildlife and economic activities are almost similar in many countries of
Asia. Agriculture is the main occupation of the South Asian countries including Nepal.
Do You Know
Mt. Sagarmatha, Mt. Elburs and Mt. Kosciuszko are the highest peaks of Nepal, Europe and
Australia respectively.
239 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Nepal has maintained very good diplomatic relationship with many countries in Asia.
Many Nepalese have reached many Asian countries for the employment opportunities,
education, business, etc. The economic status of the Asian countries are uneven
because of the utilization of the available resources. Countries like India, China,
Russia, Korea, Japan, Saudi Arabia and the UAE have sound economy but Nepal’s
GSP is still very low in comparison to them. Nepal is a beautiful country. Many people
from different parts of Asia visit Nepal as tourists or business or research activities.
There is very good mutual relation with many countries of Asia. There are cultural
exchange programmes organized in Nepal from time to time.
Nepal and Europe
Although Europe is very far from Nepal on the basis of its area but its relationship
with European countries is very old. Both countries lie in the northern hemisphere.
Therefore, Nepal and Europe experience the same seasons and geography but different
in climate. The Alps Mountain Range is similar to the Himalayan Region in Nepal
The northern highlands are similar to the low hills of Nepal. The northern part of
Nepal experiences the similar climate to the most of the European countries.
The main occupation of the Europe is industry, trade and business. The per capita
income is very high in comparison with Nepal, the PCI of all the European countries
is much higher than the Nepalese. The Europeans export lots of manufactured goods
to Nepal, but Nepal exports small amount of raw materials and carpets, garments,
pashmina, etc.
Nepal has maintained diplomatic relationship with many European countries like
England, Denmark, France, Norway, etc. These countries are helping Nepal in many
ways. Many donor nations are helping Nepal in the development of infrastructures,
scholarship to the genuine students for their higher studies, employment for the
Nepalese workers. During the massive earthquake Baisakh 12, 2072 the European
countries helped Nepal by sending relief items to the victims. The European Union is
the observer of the SAARC which observes all the SAARC activities, help to maintain
peace, etc. During the political crisis it helped Nepal in peace process, election of
the Constituent Assembly. Many Nepalese working in European countries sending
remittance which has enhanced the living standard of the Nepalese people as well as.
It boosted up the national economy.
Nepal and Australia
The geographical location of these two countries are completely different. Nepal is
located in the northern hemisphere whereas Australia is situated in the southern
part. The geography influence the climate also. Despite these geographical and
climatic differences Nepal and Australia have warm relationship. Australia is highly
developed with warm climate. People are educated, civilized and cultured. Nepal has
very good relationship with Australia. A number of Nepalese students visit Australia
for higher education and employment. This country/continent has helped Nepal in the
areas like forestry, Bhutanese refugees, resettlement and good governance. A number
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 240
of tourists visit Nepal. Many Nepalese can get employment opportunities, people can
exchange culture. Nepal imports lots of diamond, gold, silver, from Australia.
In this way the mutual relation is maintained by both the countries.
Activity
Find out all the landlocked countries of Europe and Asia. Prepare a list in chart
paper and paste it on displayboard of your classroom.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. Show the mutual relations between Nepal and Asia.
2. Why is it important to maintain diplomatic relations with Australia and Europe?
3. What kind of benefits does Nepal get from Europe and Australia?
4. Find out the difference in geography between Asia, Europe and Australia.
5. Make a list of European countries where the Nepalese visit for education,
employment and other purposes.
Community Work
Complete the following table:
Asia Europe Australia
Highest Mountain Peak
Population
Area
Major Inhabitants
Largest River
Physical Features
Climate
Main Vegetation
241 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Review Questions
1. What is latitude and longitude? What do they determine?
2. Why is International Date Line zigzag? Give reason.
3. Differentiate between the local time and the standard time.
4. Why is it important to get standard Meridian?
5. What is the standard meridian of Nepal? Where is it measured?
6. Mention the longitudinal degree of Kathmandu.
7. What is Doon?
8. Which are the driest valley of Nepal? Why? Give reasons.
9. What is a rain shadow area?
10. Which place is known as the 'Cherapunji of Nepal’?
11. How do the vegetations depend on climatic condition? Explain.
12. Differentiate between weather and climate.
13. What are the factors affecting climate in Nepal?
14. What type of climate is experienced in Nepal?
15. Explain the vegetations found in Nepal according to the climatic region?
16. Find out the differences between Deciduous and Coniferous forest.
17. How is life in the Terai region? Explain with examples.
18. Which part of Nepal is thickly populated? Why?
19. Give reasons:
i. People wear thin cotton clothes in the Terai and thick woollen
clothes in the Himalayan region.
ii. Houses in the Himalayan region are normally one storied,
stone and flat roofed and have a few windows.
20. Describe the conditions of water resources in Nepal.
21. Discuss briefly the three river system of Nepal.
22. What do you mean by water induced disaster? What should be done
for their management?
23. Despite very high potential, very little hydroelectricity has been
generated in Nepal. How can we produce sufficient amount of
electricity to meet the demand? Explain.
24. 'Monsoon rain is both a friend and a foe for the Nepalese farmers'.
Justify the statement.
25. Mention the socio-economic condition of Asia.
26. Name the countries that come under the Scandinavian region.
27. Why is Europe called 'Peninsula of Peninsulas’?
28. Describe the physical division of Australia.
29. Show the interrelationship between Nepal and some other Asian countries.
30. Who use a special weapon called 'Boomerang' and for what purpose?
Give reasons.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 242
Unit
7 OUR PAST
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
UNIT CONTENTS the unit are to enable students to:
7.1 Source of History of Nepal 244 q find out the sources of history
7.2 Shakya Dynasty: A History q know the history of Shakya dynasty and the lineage
of Kapilvastu 247 of Gautam Buddha
7.2 Prithvi Narayan Shah and q know the history of Unification Campaign
Unification Campaign 251 q know the continuation of Unification Campaign
7.3 Continuation of Unification q get knowledge on causes and consequences of
Campaign 256 Anglo-Nepal War
7.4 Effect of Unification Campaign 259 q know the contributions of Nepalese Gallant Warriors
7.5 Anglo-Nepal War 261 such as Balabhadra Kunwar, Bhakti Thapa, Amar
7.6 Contribution of Galliant Warrior in the Singh Thapa, etc.
Anglo-Nepal War 263
7.7 Causes of Rise and Fall of q know the political crisis of medieval period and rise of
the Rana Regime 268 Junga Bahadur Rana
7.8 Achievement of the Rana Period 272 q inform about the downfall of Rana regime
7.9 Industrial Revolution and q know on the Industrial Revolution and importance of
Its Impact 275 industries
7.10 Genealogy 278 q get information on the guidance of Ancestors
7.11 Our Ancestors: Our Pride 280 q learn to prepare a genealogical chart or a family tree
Review Questions 284
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit - 7
Total Period(s): 22
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ 1 – – – 1 1 x 1 = 1 1x1.8=1.8
2. SATQ – – 1 1 2 2 x 4 = 8 8x1.8=14.4
3. LATQ 1 1 – – 2 2 x 7 = 14 14x1.8=25.2
Total 2 1 1 1 5 23 23 x1.8=41.4
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q = Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
243 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Lesson Source of History of Nepal and
7.1
Its Preservation
FACTS A people without the knowledge of their past history,
to Understand origin and culture are like a tree without roots.
–“Marcus Garvey”
The above fact shows the importance of history. History is the chronological account
of past events. The method of recording history is called Historiography. The word
history is derived from Greek word 'Historia' which means inquiry or the knowledge
gained by investigation. History in another word means the description of human
activities, civilization and the various events that took place in the past with dates and
events. The scholars who do research and write about the history is called historians.
th
The world’s first historian was Herodotus of 5 century BC. He was a Greek scholar,
he wrote history for the first time. So he is known as 'the Father of history” and, along
with his contemporary Thucydides helped to form the foundations for the modern
study of human history.
The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians
use primary sources and other evidences to research and then to write history.
It is necessary to study about past through the various sources. History is like a
bridge linking our past to our present. It is essential to collect the materials, make a
comparative study and evaluate them. A generation which ignores history has no past
and no future. Therefore, history is collected or written through two different sources.
They are the primary source and the secondary source of history.
a. Primary Source
The description of events of the past written on the basis of eye witness is called
primary sources; for example, if some took video, sound recording or interview to
known the events directly is the primary source.
b. Secondary Source
The history written on the basis of collected information from the various
source such as chronicles, coins, legends, arts, painting, books, journals, etc. are the
secondary source of history. For example, there is no one about who saw king Ashoka
but we can know about him. The pillar erected in Lumbini, the birth place of Gautam
Buddha is popularly known as the Ashoka Pillar. Similarly, the history of rule of
Mandev, the Lichchhavi came to know from the stone inscription found in Changu
Narayan temple. This is the secondary source of history.
The primary source for someone may become a secondary source for others if the
information is passed on.
The sources of history broadly categorized into three parts on the basis of its nature:
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 244
Written Sources Oral Source Archaeological Source
Biographies, diaries, reports, records Folk song, Folk Paintings, Sculpture
Chronicles, Genealogy lore, Myths, architectures and all form
Manuscripts, Inscription, Tadpatra, Legends of art
Bhojpatra Stories, Proverbs, Caves, forts, ponds,
Maps, Books, Epics, Golden or Copper Saying Fossils or ruins
Plates. Journals Preaching, Cultivated lands
Coins, Medals, Awards, Decoration, Teaching counsels Graveyard, Burial ground.
Tokens Jewelleries, Handicrafts,
Travelogue of foreigners costumes
Internet, Newspapers, Magazines Utensils, weapons, bricks
On the basis of nature the sources of history are described below:
1. Inscription
An inscription is the written form found on stone, wood, metal (copper, bronze,
gold, etc.). These are the historical facts through which the information can be shared.
2. Chronicals
It is an account of events presented in order of time. It is a source of history
in which the name of the rulers, dynasties, religions and social activities, dates and
festivals, etc. are mentioned.
3. Coins
It is also the source of history. Name of the rulers, dynasties, ruling period,
dates, social and economic condition can be identified through the minted coin.
Different types of coins are found in different periods like mud, hide, copper, silver,
gold, etc.
4. Art and Artifacts
The sources of history are the facts available and written in the temples, building
forts, stupas, vihars, etc.
5. Religious Scriptures
The religious sources are the knowledge about the provision of justice, beginning
of tradition and culture, system, etc. The examples are Hindu religious scriptures,
Buddhist scriptures, etc. To know about the ancient history, religious history can be
the major sources.
6. Travelogue or Travellers Diary
Foreign travelers used to visit Nepal from time to time. They used to write their
experiences, memories and detailed information about Nepal. Kautilya, the economist,
master (Guru) of Samundra Gupta mentioned about the economy of Nepal in his book
"Arthashastra". Huang Tshan, a Chinese traveller, also wrote about Nepal's economy,
art and culture in his traveller’s diary. Similarly, some Europeans who visited Nepal
such as Father Dorvil, Father Grover, Kirkpatrik also wrote about Nepal which are
the important sources of Nepal’s history.
7. Government Documents Newspapers and Speeches
Muluki Ain, the first written code of law proclaimed by Junga Bahadur Rana in
245 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
BS 1910, the declaration made in BS 2007, BS 2046, BS 2063, speeches, books journals,
books, etc. are the reliable sources of history of Nepal. Similarly, gazettes, receipt, notices,
letters, verdicts, treaties, agreements, etc. are also the reliable sources of history.
8. Folk Songs, Stories, Saying, Myth
The folk songs generally reflect the then society, telling myths, stories, Khando
reciting the ancestral glory in a marriage ceremony which depict the pain and sorrow
of Nepalese artists, farmer, slave, Nepalese traders in Tibet and armies of Lahore
(Lahure) generally sings traditional songs. The stories and songs of Gandharva
(Gaaine) tells about the bravery of the rulers, unification campaigns, Anglo-Nepal
war, world wars, etc. are also the sources of history.
These sources are very important to know the situation of the country of different
time. Therefore, the preservation of these sources are very important. Some of the
ways are given below:
The collected sources of history should be recorded and stored in the electronic
devices such as computer, pendrive, etc.
The sources of history collected should be kept safely in library or in any safe place.
Proper security system should be assured to prevent the important historical
sources from being lost and stolen.
Researchers should be encouraged to use the collected information too.
History is the foundation of the development of the country. The various sources of
history should be consulted to find out an authentic historical fact. It should be based
on fact. The biased and exaggerated history may create confusion in future. History
provides the guidelines for the future. The authentic sources of history are the pride
and identity of the country. Therefore, it is the responsibility of everyone to protect,
preserve and pass the authentic information of history for future generation.
Activity
Collect some sources of history and discuss with your friends.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is history?
2. What are the sources of history?
Make a list Community Work
3. Write any five secondary sources
of history. Discover important documents, papers, writing
4. “Art is a vivid source of history”. pictures and photos found in your community
Justify the statement with some and develop a system of their collection. Paste
examples. all in a chart paper and exhibit in your class.
5. How can epics, diaries and
biographies be important sources of history? What are the other sources that
support the given sources?
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 246
Lesson Shakya Dynasty: A History of Kapilvastu
7.2
FACTS The Shakya government was formed by the
to Understand republican state. They held regular meetings with
the member of influential families.
Gautam Buddha was born in Shakya clan. The clan existed during the vedic period.
The name Shakya is derived from the Sanskrit word 'sakka' which means “The one
who is capable” or capable, successful and powerful. History shows the Shakya clan
belonged to the Gautam Gotra. The Shakyas established an independent republican
state known as Shakya Ga rajya. The Shakya capital was in Kapilvastu, which is
located in Tilaurakot, Nepal.
History of Kapilvastu
Kapilvastu is the name of the ancient city where Siddhartha Gautam was born,
brought up. He lived until the age of 29 and he renounced his worldly life of luxury.
It is located in the southernmost part of the country about 10 km west of Lumbini.
kapilvastu
The exiled princes and princesses travelled to the north and reached to a beautiful
place where there was a small hut (kuti) of sage Kapil. After the conversation with
sage Kapil, the princes and princesses started living there. They cleared the Saal
(Shaka) tree surrounding to site established the state name Kapilvastu, the resident
of sage Kapil.
According to Pali Buddhist source Dathavansa Kapilvastu was built by the son of
Ichhwaku (Okkaak). With the permission of a philosopher, sage Kapil who lived
probably two centuries before the time of Buddha.
247 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
th
Scholar Udaya Chandra Vasistha mentioned in his book “Buddha, the 9 Incarnation”
that Kapilvastu was the capital of Shakya state. They belonged to the Kshatriya
caste, the warrior caste.
In this way Kapilvastu is derived from the name of sage Kapil.
Origin of Shakya Dynasty
The Buddhist Mahavasha (Part II, 1-24) traces the origin of Shakyas to the King
Ichhwaku (Ikshvaku).
The Pali Literature mentioned the word "Shakya" is derived from the work Sakka
which slowly changed and was called as Sakya or Sakiya and finally called Shakya
which means powerful, successful and capable. Some other sources state that the
dynasty got its name from their place of settlement. Shakya means saal tree. The
Shakya Dynasty established the state called Kapilvastu.
According to the Tripitak, the holy book Buddhism, king Ichhwaku sent his two
ministers but the ministers didn’t return but dwelt in Kapilvastu. There was a fear
of losing family rituals and the history of the exiled royal family. Thus, they decided
the eldest princess Priya as the queen and other princes and princesses married with
other princes and princesses to continue their family. When the king knew this, he
uttered in astonishment “Hey Rajkumar haru, timiharu ta Sakke Chhau oh! Princes
you are finished”. Thereafter they started to be called Shakya derived from the
word “Sakke”.
It is said that the Shakya clan belonged to the Gautam Gotra which traced their
lineage from Gautam Maharishi, one of the Saptarishi. This is the reason why Buddha
was known as Gautam Buddha. Gautam Buddha belonged to the Chhetri caste.
Suddhodhan and His Son Gautam Buddha
In the Shakya dynasty, there was a king named Singhahanu. His queen was
Kanchana. They had five sons and a daughter. Suddhodhan was the eldest son. After
the death of the king Singhahanu, Suddhodhan ascended to the throne. It is said
that the ruling system in the Shakya dynasty was not hereditary but the rulers were
chosen or elected according to their efficiency. So Suddhodhan was the elected leader
of the Shakya clan. He had two wives Mayadevi and Prajapati. They were the princess
of Devdaha.
Once Mayadevi was travelling from her parent’s house, Devdaha to her husband’s
house in Kapilvastu on the day of Buddha Purnima. Suddenly, she got labour pain.
It was a very beautiful place having pond surrounded by Saal forest. After sometime,
she gave birth to a baby Siddhartha Gautam. He was born in 563 BC in Lumbini,
Rupandehi district in the Terai Region of western Nepal.
Siddhartha Gautam got every luxury in his childhood. The royal astrologers forecasted
that if the prince stayed in the palace he would become the king but if he went outside
or left the palace then he would be a great sage. So Siddhartha was kept in a palace for
the whole childhood. When Siddhartha became young he got married with Yasodhara
and had a son named Rahul.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 248
Siddhartha got the turning point in his life when he saw birth, sickness, old age and the
death. He was very sad and very curious to know the truth. At the age of 29 he left the
palace and family members. He did all sorts of activities to find out the answers to the
problems and causes of the problems but could not find. He started doing meditation
under the Bodhi tree in Gaya. After forty-nine days of his meditation under the Bodhi
tree he got enlightenment. He found the meaning of life, causes of sorrow and the
solutions to solve all sorts of problems. The findings of Gautam Buddha are known
as Four Nobel Truths. He also find out the Eight Fold Paths. He taught the lesson
of peace and non-violence. According to Buddha, the state of supreme liberation is
Nirvana which is the perfect peace of mind, that is free from ignorance, greed, hatred
and anger.
The Maurya Emperor of India, Ashoka visited the birthplace of Gautam Buddha,
Lumbini after 294 years of the death of Gautam Buddha. He erected a commemorative
pillar of 6.7m tall inscribed “Hidabudhe Jaate Shakyamuni” which means “this is the
birthplace of Gautam Buddha”. The pillar is popularly known as the Ashoka Pillar
and today also it is describing the history of the Shakya dynasty and Gautam Buddha.
To the south of the Shakya state there was the powerful state of Kosala. By
700 BC Kosala became a great power and began to annex smaller neighbours by using
political influences. Virudhaka, a powerful ruler of Kosala, conquered the Shakyas.
Activity
Ask your elderly family members about the history of your clan. Prepare a tree
chart and submit it to your teacher.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the meaning of Shakya?
2. Who established Kapilvastu? Explain the history of origin of Kapilvastu.
3. Who founded Buddhism? Explain the reason of the establishment of Buddhism.
4. Who was the father of Suddhodhan.
5. How were the rulers of the Shakya clan chosen?
6. Explain the importance of the Shakya dynasty in Nepalese history.
Community Work
Collect different pictures of your family members and make a collage and paste in your
classroom.
249 Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX
Project Work
Ikshvaku (Okkaak)
Okkamukh
Nipur Chandamukh Singhabahanu Singhaswar
Jayasen
Singhahanu
Suddhodhan + Mahamaya Shuklodan Shakyodan Dhotodan Abhitoden
Siddhartha + Yashodhara Nanda Kumar Nanda Kumari
Rahul
Study the above chart of the Shakya Dynasty and prepare your family chart in a similar manner.
Biography of Udaya Chandra
Udaya Chandra Vasistha was born in January 1, 1935 AD (Poush 17, 1942 BS) in
a small hamlet called Tarpin, Rhenock East Sikkim. His ancestors originated in
Simras in Ramechhap District. He acquired education in Benaras (Vedantacharya),
BT from Kolkata and involved in politics in Sikkim. To protect
Sikkim and Chogyal from India, he worked actively and came
to Kathmandu to take help from the Chinese government but
could not be succeeded. He is well known in literary field. His
published books are Shrimad Bhagawat Mahapuran, Nepali
Saar Sangraha, Astavakra, Geeta, Nepali Chaad Parva,
Buddha the Ninth Incarnation (Buddha Nawaun Avatar), etc.
For his great contribution in the literary field, he is honored
by Antarrastriya Nagarik Swarna Samman by Nepal Naagarik
Manch, Kathmandu, Bhanu Puraskar by Sikkim Sahitya Udaya Chandra Basistha
Academy, Bisistha Sahitya Sewa by Gorkha Sammelan, Assam
and many such awards by different organizations within Sikkim and outside
Sikkim. He got the honorary title of “Shikhar Purus”, Sanskrit legend of Sikkim.
His articles are also published in the Kantipur daily, national newspaper and
Nagarik News, national daily. They are “Shivatatwa ko Rahashya”, (Baigyanik
Saili Ma Andha Parampara” to give scientific reasons to the superstitious activities
practice by the Nepalese society. He wanted to develop reasoning power among the
Nepalese people. It shows the Nepalese not only contributed within the country but
their contribution is prominent outside the country too.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 250
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