eProceeding BorNCe19

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Conference Proceedings
Bornoe National Conference 2019

(BorNCe 2019)

Editors

Lau Ong Yee
Blangkat Ahmad Basimin

Ong Tze Ching
Lim Che Chien

Editors:
Lau Ong Yee, Blangkat Ahmad Basimin, Ong Tze Ching, Lim Che Chien
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia

Published by:
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak
KM 22, Jalan Matang,
93050, Kuching,
Sarawak, MY
Email: [email protected]
http://www.poliku.edu.my

A Catalogue record for this ebook is available from the POLIKU Library
http://library.poliku.edu.my/
eISBN: 978-967-0797-87-8

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Preface

It is our pleasure to welcome you to the proceedings of the 2019 Borneo National
Conference (BorNCe 19), which will be held on 14-15 October 2019, Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

The theme of this conference is "Intellectual Empowerment Through Research".
Organization of BorNCe 2019 will foster a culture of research among the
lecturers ensuring esteemed educationalist to be able to compete in coherent to
the current transformation in this country. This is in accordance with The
Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-2025 (Higher Education) where this
conference is another effort of the Ministry of Education to enable academicians,
research institutions, companies and communities to pool resources and form
collaboration. This conference is aimed to incubate, develop and market new
ideas to fuel the growth in the national priority areas. With the participation from
experienced experts from various background of institutions, we hope that more
excellent ideas and beneficial researchers could be shared from the proceedings.

The scopes for the conference included mechanical engineering, electrical &
electronic engineering, civil engineering, science & math, information
technology, agricultural technology, social science, trade, tourism & hospitality,
TVET & education, green technology & renewable energy and technology &
engineering related topics.

Lastly, I hope all of you have nice days during the conference and enjoy your stay
in Sabah.

The Editors

Lau Ong Yee
Blangkat Ahmad Basimin
Ong Tze Ching
Lim Che Chien

Contents

Section 1: Civil Engineering

Akinative Table: an Experimentation Project in Integrating Design and Electronic Devices to Build
an Interactive Work Table …………………………………………………………………………….……. 1
Adrian Ang Angkal
Kajian Penghasilan Produk Aksesori Alat Ukur Aras ………………………………………………...……. 4
Mohd Zahirudin B. Mohammed Na’aim, Marlina Bt Abdul Manaf

Section 2: Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Development of the Trapped Awareness with GSM Signal …………………………………………..……. 9
Nor Asiah bt Mat Yunus , Norsaadah bt Sapon
Multigrain Drying Machine …………………………………………………………………………...……. 14
Alester G. Jakuil, Charles Sumion
The effects of Electromagnetic Interference from Machines towards Classification of EMG Signals
within an Industrial Environment …………………………………………………………………..………. 17
Zinvi Fu, A. Y. Bani Hashim , Z. Jamaludin
Laporan Kajian Faktor Pemilihan Produk Kosmetik di Kalangan Pelajar Semester 1 Jabatan
Kejuruteraan Elektrik (JKE) Politeknik Kota Kinabalu (PKK) ……………………………………………. 23
Alester G Jakuil, Norinah Garangon

Section 3: Mechanical Engineering

A Case Study: Vendors Delivery Improvement (Supply Chain) at Azman Hamzah Plastic Sdn. Bhd…….. 29
Zuraini Gani, Nor Hamidah Yatim, Khairul Akmal Nusi

Design Improvement for Tractor Gearbox Stand: A Review ………………………………………………. 35
Mohd Farizzal Dolah Muhamad, Ishak bin Ibrahim@Yem

Hybrid Pine-apple Leaves Fibers (PALF)/Aramid Embedded Thermoset for Ballistic Impact
Resistance Panel …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
Mohamad Pazlin bin Saion, Mohd Faiz bin Razali, Mohd Farizzal bin Dolah Muhd

Investigation of Ultrasonic Micro Milling Table using Finite Element Analysis …………………..………. 45
Adil Arif Bin Mat, Sahrizan Bin Mohamad Sahari

Study of Parameter Current, Voltage and Significant to Design of Experiment in SMAW 3G ……………. 49
Abdul Razak bin Mohd Daim

Structural Analysis of Tractor Gearbox Stand using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) ……………………... 54
Md Saifuddin Md Yusop, Mohamad Pazlin Saion, Mohd Farizzal Dolah Muhamad

The Design and Development of a Smart Safety Box Using Blynk Application …………………….…..… 62
Ninie Farahana Binti Kamarulzaman, Noor Azlyn Binti Ab Ghafar

Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique Using db-UT Software for Sizing Internal Flaws in
Welds ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
Hooi Peng Lim, Limi Chong

Section 4: Commerce

Islamic Branding (IB) and Marketing Opportunities ……………………………………………………….. 71
Didi Reena Binti Matzen, Zaidi Bin Basli

Mengenalpasti Penguasaan Pelajar Jabatan Perdagangan bagi Kursus Statistik (DPB1013) ……...………. 79
Murtadha bin Rafaai, Nur Ahda binti Awallul Azmi, Mohd Firdaus Bin Abdul Rashid

Persepsi Terhadap e-Pembelajaran dalam Kalangan Pelajar Semester 1 Jabatan Perdagangan,
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak ……………………………………………………………………….………. 83
Murtadha bin Rafaai, Arfieen bin Mokhtar , Nur Ahda binti Awallul Azmi

Tahap Kebimbangan Matematik di Kalangan Pelajar Jabatan Perdagangan di Politeknik Kuching
Sarawak………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 88
Murtadha bin Rafaai, Nur Ahda binti Awallul Azmi

Teknik Akrostik Sebagai Pemudahcara Untuk Mengingati Format Penyata Kewangan Kursus DPA
1013 Fundamental of Accounting Bagi Pelajar Politeknik …………………………………………..…….. 93
Rosmalaily Binti Zainul Abidin

Section 5: Science and Mathematic

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pencapaian Subjek Matematik Pengurusan Bagi Pelajar Sijil
Pengoperasian Perniagan di KKHL ………………………………………………………………..……….. 99
Nor Hidayah Binti Ahmad Damanhuri, Suhaida Binti Jamlus

Keberkesanan Program Bengkel Persediaan Peperiksaan Akhir dan Latih Tubi bagi Kursus
Matematik Kejuruteraan 1 (DBM1013) Politeknik Kuching Sarawak ……………………………………..104
Mohd Firdaus Bin Abdul Rashid, Murtadha Bin Rafai, Nur Ahda Binti Awalul Azmi

Latar Belakang Kefahaman Subjek Matematik dalam Kalangan Pelajar Kolej Komuniti Hulu
Langat (KKHL) ……………………………………………………………………………………………...109
Nor Hidayah Mohamed, Norazila Suboh

Pendekatan PembelajaranKOperatif (PK) dalam Menarik Minat, Meningkatkan Motivasi dan
Kefahaman Terhadap Pelajar ……………………………………………………………………..………....115
Ruzaihan Jaffar, Norsaadah Sapon

Perbandingan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pencapaian Pelajar dalam Matematik Kejuruteraan 3
(DBM3013) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….122
Nur Ahda binti Awallul Azmi, Murtadha bin Rafaai

Section 6: Social Science

Gender Differences in the Use of English Vocabulary Learning Strategies among Politeknik
Students ………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….129
Elnie Henry Yapolai, Canne Paul

Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Styles and Goal Orientations Preference Among
Students in Community College ………………………………………………………………….…………138
Siti Adila binti Mohamad Yazi, Farah Zahidah binti Mohamad Noor
Keberkesanan Latihan Industri Semester Akhir (LISA) Terhadap Kebolehpasaran Graduan
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu ……………………………………………………………………….………….. 147
Mardinah Haris, Noor Izzati Mohmd Yusof , Siti Nazura Senan
Kompetensi Dan Kesediaan Penggunaan Internet Dalam Aktiviti Keusahawanan Di Kalangan
Pelajar Bermasalah Pembelajaran ……………………………………………………………….………….. 152
Norazila Suboh, Nor Hidayah Binti Mohamed, T.J.Iskandar Abd. Aziz
Penyelesaian kepada Isu Sebaran Zakat di Politeknik Kota Kinabalu. Satu Tinjauan Analisis ….………… 160
Dicky Wiwittan Toto Ngadiman, Raja Ahmad bin Raja Husin, Haider Ahmad Fazil
Peranan Institusi Masjid Pengajian Tinggi dalam Memperkasakan Institusi Zakat ………………………... 163
Dicky Wiwittan Toto Ngadiman, Haider Ahmad Fazil, Raja Ahmad bin Raja Husin

Section 7: Hospitality & Tourism

Predictive Factors of Obesity and their Relationships to Dietary Intake among Hard Rock Café
Melaka’s Guests …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 167
Norharnani Zulkifli, Anderson K.Selva
Program Explorasi Warisan Keropok Lekor: Satu Kajian Kes ………………………………….…………. 179
Nor Azarina binti Nordin, Fatihah Asmida Binti Yaakub, Nik Suliati Binti Nik Awang

Section 8: Agriculture Technology

Merekabentuk Alat Bantu Mengira Benih Ikan ……………………………………………………………. 184
Irwandih bin Mat Jaili, Azhar bin Ambo

Section 9: Information Technology

Desktop Control 3D Application as Mild De-Stress Mechanism ………………………………………….. 188
Marlina Bt Abdul Manaf, Mohd Zahirudin B. Mohammed Na’aim

B-comm parents – Design and development of infant monitoring using Internet of Things and
mobile application ………………………………………………………………………………….……….196
Noor Azlyn Binti Ab Ghafar, Ninie Farahana Binti Kamarulzaman

CMOL(C# Mobile Learning) bagi Kursus Asas Pengaturcaraan di Kolej Komuniti ……………………… 201
Mohd Fadli Bin Ahdon, Zulkurnain Bin Hassan

Nota Interaktif Menggunakan Augmented Reality dalam Meningkatkan Kefahaman Pelajar
Mengenai Subjek Asas Pengaturcaraan …………………………………………………….……………… 206
Kamelia binti Kamel, Munirah binti Yahya

Penggunaan Aplikasi Whatsapp Sebagai Medium Komunikasi di Antara Pelajar dan Penasihat
Akademik di Politeknik Kuching Sarawak ………………………………………………………………… 214
Nik Syahrul Faizal bin Nik Mat , Norfazilah binti Mohamad Pon

Section 10: Renewable Energy & Green Technology

Methane Production Monitoring based Arduino System ………………………………….………………. 218
Idura Arniza Mohd Maidin, Mohd Hafizil Mat Yasin

Study on Solar Heat Collector for Organic Rankine Cycle ……………………………………..…………. 223
Muhamad Asrul Affendi Bin Mat Nor, Maryam Mohd Othman, Norshuhada Binti Ishak

Section 11: Technical Vocational Education and Training

Analisa Perbandingan Pengesanan Graduan Mengikut Program di Politeknik Kuching Sarawak ………... 227
Suraini Mat Abu, Noorhasmah binti Yahya

Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pencapaian Pelajar dalam Mata Pelajaran Matematik Pengurusan bagi
Program Sijil Pengoperasian Perniagaan di Kolej Komuniti Penampang ……………………….………… 234
Dg Nurshazana Binti Daud, Nurul Huda Omar, Nurul Farhana Binti Ramli

Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pemilihan Kursus Sijil Pemprosesan dan Kawalan Mutu
Makanan oleh pelajar di Kolej Komuniti Lahad Datu, Sabah ……………………………………………... 238
Fadhilah Atiqah Adnan, Rozita Mohd Jamil

Kajian Keberkesanan Kursus Pendek Melalui Program Khas “ Kolej Komuniti Sandakan
Melahirkan Juara Bersama Komuniti, Anywhere, Anyone, Anytime ” dari Sudut Pelaksanaan
Kursus dan Keberkesanan Kursus di Kalangan Peserta Kursus Pendek ……………………………...…… 242
Normilawati Binti Hassan, Imisamsor Bin Ismail, Siti Murshidah binti Murshidi

Kajian Terhadap Hasil Pemantauan Latihan Industri Ke Atas Pelajar JTMK Politeknik Kuching
Sarawak Oleh Pensyarah Akademik ………………………………………………………………………. 246
Siti Fatia Binti Mohamad Ali, Norfazilah Binti Mohamad Pon, Anita Ajang

Kajian Tindakan dalam Kalangan Guru: Konsep dan Panduan Empirikal Kajian Tindakan di
Kawasan Pedalaman Negeri Sabah ………………………………………………………………………... 252
Laimah Sungap , Chong Fung Yen

Kajian Tinjaun di Kalangan Pelajar Terhadap Program Sijil Kemahiran Hotel dan Katering (SKH),
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu (PKK) ……………………………………………………………..……………. 259
Adwina Binti Vali @ Galus, Nina Shenna Kosumin, Evelyn Hiuboy

Keberkesanan Kursus Pendek Penggunaan Buku Tunai Sebagai Asas Perekodan Kewangan Masjid
di Kalangan Ahli Masjid dan Surau Sekitar Daerah Putatan dan Penampang …………………..………… 264
Nurul Farhana Binti Ramli, Dg. Nurshazana Binti Daud, Noranizah Binti Johari

Keberkesanan Penggunaan Modul Questions and Answers for Agricultural Chemistry dalam Proses
Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran ……………………………………………………………………………… 268
Norina Binti Yadin, Norsyafiqa’ Binti Suhaimi, Sabaratun Azila Bt Uda Abu Bakar

Keberkesanan Sistem Penasihatan Akademik Terhadap Pelajar Politeknik Kuching Sarawak …………… 275
Norsaadah Binti Sapon, Nor Asiah Binti Mat Yunus

Kebersediaan Pensyarah Kolej Komuniti Hulu Langat Menjalankan Proses Pengajaran dan
Pembelajaran dalam Bahasa Inggeris ……………………………………………………………………… 280
Zulkurnain Bin Hassan, Mohd Hasni Bin Hanapi, Ramlah Binti Mohd Nor

Kesediaan Pelajar dalam M-Pembelajaran bagi Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di Kolej Komuniti
Tawau, Sabah ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 285
Mohd Zulhasnan Mat, Fadli Bacho, Sharifuddin Rapin

Maklum Balas Penggunaan Aplikasi EDMODO dalam Kalangan Pelajar Sijil Pengoperasian
Perniagaan Di Kolej Komuniti Hulu Langat ………………………………………………………………. 290
Suhaida binti Jamlus

Pelaksanaan Aktiviti Explorace sebagai Strategi Pembelajaran Kolaboratif dalam Pengajaran dan
Pembelajaran Mata Pelajaran MPU 1152 Pengajian Malaysia 1 …………………………..……………… 294
Nur Angriani Nurja, Mohd Zulhasnan Mat

Pembelajaran Berbantukan Teknologi Augmented Reality bagi Kursus Fiber Optic di Jabatan
Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Politeknik Kuching Sarawak …………………………………………..…………... 300
Norfazilah binti Mohamad Pon, Nik Syahrul Faizal bin Nik Mat

Pembelajaran Teradun : Faktor Penggunaan CIDOS dalam Kalangan Pelajar Jabatan Perdagangan,
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu ………………………………………………………………………..………… 303
Norzila Salim, Siti Safurah Ahmad

Pemurnian dan Pemantapan Kursus Instruksional dan Pembangunan Andragogi (KIPA) untuk
Pensyarah Baharu Kolej Komuniti ………………………………………………………………………… 311
Normilawati Binti Hassan, Norehan Binti Silek, Imisamsor Bin Ismail

Penggunaan CAD 3D Berbanding Lakaran Tangan Sebagai Medium Penjanaan Idea Inovasi …………… 315
Anwar Bin Hamid @ Pa, Muhamad Nur Arsh Bin Mohamad Basir

Penggunaan Peta Minda untuk Meningkatkan Daya Mengingat dan Minat Mengulang Kaji bagi
Kursus Undang-undang di Kalangan Pelajar Sijil Pengoperasian Perniagaan di Kolej Komuniti
Penampang ……………………………………………………………………………………..…………... 322
Noranizah Binti Johari, Nurul Farhana Binti Ramli, Dg Nurshazana Binti Daud

Persepsi Pelajar Terhadap Keberkesanan Sistem Penasihatan Akademik di JTMK Politeknik
Kuching Sarawak …………………………………………………………………………………………...325
Nur Yahzelina Binti Hanafi, Siti Fatia Binti Mohamad Ali, Anita Ajang

Persepsi Pelajar Terhadap Subjek Pengajian Malaysia 1: Kajian Terhadap Pelajar di Kolej Komuniti
Lahad Datu ………………………………………………………………………………..………………... 330
Abdul Khalid Amil Hasan

Penggunaan Penguji Komponen Litar Kawalan Motor bagi Pelajar Program Sijil Teknologi Elektrik
di Kolej Komuniti Tawau ………………………………………………………………………………….. 335
Muhammad Arid Abdulahim, Mohd Zulhasnan Mat, Fadli Bacho

Poster Sebagai Medium Pembelajaran Business Mathematics di Luar Kelas …………………..…………. 341
Dicky Wiwittan Toto Ngadiman

Tahap Kesediaan Keusahawanan dalam Kalangan Pelajar Kolej Komuniti Mas Gading …………………. 345
Nouraisyah binti Hussen, Haslinda binti Jama’in, Nazrina binti Bakar

Section 12: General

Comparative Study of Moisture Content on Saba Banana Flour and Wheat Flour …………..……………. 350
Anis Mastura binti Ahmad Fuad, Ainin Azwani binti Abdul Rafa

Kajian Keberkesanan Formula ILAC Terhadap Pelajar dalam Menjawab Soalan Permasalahan bagi
Soalan 1(A) Business Law (DPB 3063) Sesi Disember 2018 …………………………………….………. 352
Nur Zuleikha Zakaria

Kecenderungan Kerjaya Sebagai Usahawan dalam Kalangan Pelajar Sijil Pengoperasian
Perniagaan Kolej Komuniti Hulu Langat, Kajang (KKHL) ……………………………………..………… 359
Yuzilawati Binti Mohamad Yunus, Nornazlina Binti Mohd Nor, Zulkurnain Bin Hassan

Penggunaan Facebook dalam Kalangan Pelajar-pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Marudu, Sabah …..………. 364
Jamrin bin Jasmin, Zulkurnain Bin Hassan, Donna Tampasok

Tahap Keberkesanan dan Keberhasilan Seminar Penyelidikan & Pertandingan Inovasi Negeri Sabah
2018 (S.P.I. 2018) ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 370
ND Mohd Noraide Bin Derun, Robert@Kerk Swee Tian, Zulkurnain Bin Hassan

Tahap Literasi Komputer Pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kota Marudu ………………………………….………. 376
Shazrin Neerwan Bin Christopher, Abdul Rahman Bin Abdul Latip, Salbiah Binti Banati

Akinative Table: an Experimentation Project in Integrating
Design and Electronic Devices to Build an Interactive Work

Table

Adrian Ang Angkal

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
Kota Kinabalu
Sabah, Malaysia
[email protected]

Abstract - This project is to experiment the application of design II. INTERACTION DESIGN
and integration of electronic devices to produce an interactive
work table. In this project, the conceptual design is focusing on the Referring to El-Said, H.M and Ibrahim, M.M (2018) paper,
theme of “Original Sabahan” which is inspired by the cultural interaction design is a process in which designers focus on
symbols synonym to the state of Sabah, Malaysia. Hence, two creating engaging interfaces with logical and thought out
distinct ideas were infused in the design which is the Mount behaviours and actions. Successful interactive design uses
Kinabalu or Akinabalu, and the traditional motive of the Muruts, technology and principles of good communication to create
known as Simpapak. In order to produce an interactive furniture, desired user experience. Interaction design is a mainstream term
electronic device is added as safety system, whereby it is in computer graphics literature where it is usually associated
controllable by a wireless application which is handled through with the term ‘user experience’ in the respective field.
smart phone. This is to add the user experience in utilizing the
product. Interaction design means designing interactive products to
support the way people communicate and interact in their
Keywords - interaction design, interactive furniture, woodworking, everyday and working lives. It create user experiences that
electronic devices enhance and raise the way people work communicate and
interact (Preece, et. al., 2015). According to Rosie Allabarton
I. INTRODUCTION (2019), successful interactive design uses technology and
principles of good communication to create desired user
Furniture is objects of applied arts intended for mobile and interactive experiences, producing usable, useful, and fun
permanent furnishing of residential interiors, which can be used furniture. Simultaneously, the designed furniture needs to be
individually, in suites or sets (J. Smardzewski, 2015). The aesthetically pleasing and give value to customer’s money in
furniture trends usually dictated by who is buying what and why terms of functionality.
they are doing it. Some of the forces working behind furniture
trends of the 21st century include younger buyers and III. INTERACTIVE FURNITURE
technology (El-Said, H.M & Ibrahim, M.M, 2018).
In this digital era, consumers are exposed to so many interactive
Changes in socio-economic life has a significant impact on the products especially media whereby it changes the physical,
development of contemporary furniture in the market. One natural and tangible interfaces, taking for example the smart
developing trend that remarkably astounding in contemporary phone.
furniture design is the development of interactive furniture,
which accommodate the needs of fast paced life of modern According to El-Said, H.M and Ibrahim, M.M (2018),
users of today. In order to facilitate makers, interaction design interactive furniture is designed based on the concept that the
comes into the picture. furniture’s design must involve at least two forms of appearance
and/or function, or capable to fulfil user need better way adding
Therefore, the designer and the makers of this project were new types of relations between the user and the designed
experimenting both terms, interaction design and interactive furniture. However it should have both an ordinary appearance
furniture as the project objectives to build a work table as the and high-tech features. According to them also, interactive
end product. In another part, the designer is interested in furniture design has a very special nature, due to several reasons
combining intuitive interpretation of iconic cultural symbols and factors that affects the process of developing it.
into the design to produce one contemporary product. The
achievement of this project will be encouraging more young It is important for every furniture designers to realise the
designers to embark on new scope in furniture design and importance of understanding the relationship between usability,
making. sustainability and interactive technologies and the future of

1

furniture design, considering furniture as an obsolescence microcontroller boards to build hardware for any projects. This
product (El-Said, H.M and Ibrahim, M.M, 2018). application connects the user’s Blynk cloud or Blynk’s personal
server to the microcontroller board (hardware) through various
IV. AKINATIVE TABLE: THE DESIGN AND connections such Ethernet, Bluetooth, cellular and serial, with
BUILDING PROCESS most common is wi-fi. (https://blynk.io/).

Referring to Michael Fortune (2009) tips, the design process of Once registered with Blynk through their website, a guidline
Akinative table started with ideas gathering by accentuating to will be given in connecting the microcontroller board with
the theme of Original Sabahan. Sabah is one of the richest state user’s Blynk cloud. An individual pin number will be given to
in terms of authentic culture and awe-inspiring wonder in the user as a lock for the microcontroller board.
Malaysia. Hence many cultural symbols of the state of Sabah
were gathered, and two prominent ideas were selected as the
design’s inspiration which is the Mount Kinabalu or Akinabalu
and the traditional motive of the Muruts called Simpapak.

Figure 1. The example of Simpapak motive. Figure 2. Blynk logo.

The sketching process was then followed with one important V. AKINATIVE TABLE: THE RESULTS
thing in mind that is simplicity. The design is emphasising on The dimension of the table is 42” in length x 13” in width x 33”
the interpretation of Mount Kinabalu on the table top and legs, in height. There are two drawers whereby one located in the
and the Simpapak motives on the shape of the legs. The design front for normal use, and another at the right side of the table
also emphasising on the two drawers of the table, as well as the which equipped with safety lock controlled by electronic
placement of the electronic devices for safety purposes to one application.
of the drawer. The surprise element is another concept applied The Mount Kinabalu element was emphasized on the design of
to the safety drawer design. the table’s legs which erected at a tilted degrees, reflecting the
mount shape. The legs were made of solid wood to represent
After a lot of positive argument over the sketches idea, a well the mightiness of the mountain. The traditional Murut’s motive,
thought sketch is then transferred to an Autocad software to Simpapak, was interpreted especially on the whole design of the
finalise the design virtually where the orthographic view can be table’s legs design and on the surface of the table top.
developed to help to understand the works that may involve in
the woodworking process. Figure 3. The finished product.

To facilitate the woodworking process later on, a mock-up of
the product is built. This is to determine the types of work like
joinery, as well as to identify any changes that can be done to
the original design.

The making process of the work table initially took place by
preparing materials, cutting and sizing of the materials up to
fitting each components before finishing it up with clear
finishes.

The installing of the electronic devices is the last process of this
project whereby a mechanical lock is connected to an electronic
circuit which is controllable by a wireless application which is
handled through smart phone. The application used is called
Blynk and readily available and downloadable online either
from Google Play (Android) or App Store (Ios). Blynk was born
as a kickstarter project created by Pasha Baiborodin. It is
actually an application which is developed to support hardware
platforms such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and similar

2

Figure 4. The application interface on user’s mobile phone to control the to be commercialised. Moreover, the originality of the design is
safety mechanism of the drawer. something that should be recognised as it is the true value of the
product.
VI. AKINATIVE TABLE: THE INTERACTIVE WORK
TABLE Motivated by the desire to develop this product into one
interactive furniture, many areas are still explorable. One of it
This project started with the goals to use cultural symbols of is the user experience research towards the product whereby the
Sabah and incorporating electronic devices controlled through designers and makers focuses on how the utility, ease of use and
smartphone into the interaction design, and proceeded to the efficiency in a user’s interaction with the product can be
making of one fully functional and interactive work table. improved.

The interpretation of Mount Kinabalu and Simpapak of Murut’s ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
motive in the design is an eye-opener. From the public
responses in the Students’ Innovation Projects Exhibition and The author wished to thank the makers of this project,
Competition (PROJEX-18), held at Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Mohd Khairul Anwar bin Jaudi, Mohd Amree bin Lamri, and
it is unconventional for furniture design to show off or Yuniarti Rahmatia Perada Bolen binti Polus Kai for their
emphasising local idea or inspiration in furniture design, which determination and commitment to help in completing the
the product has shown. It indirectly give the sense of belongings product.
especially to the local Sabahans.
REFERENCES
As for the safety system which is controlled wirelessly by
smartphone, it give the work table a touch of modernity and [1] Allabarton, R. 2019. What is The UX Design Process? A Complete,
sophistication to users. Moreover the personal pin to unlock the Actionable Guide. https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/ux-design/the-ux-
table bring the sense of attachment for the user with the product. design-process-an-actionable-guide-to-your-first-job-in-ux/

As for future improvement, the application of CNC machine to [2] Genchev, Y., Marinova, M. 2017. Trends in Modern Home Interior and
engrave the Simpapak motive on the table top should be
considered. It will improve the finishing, and surely add more Furniture. ResearchGate.
value to the end product.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313531528.
VII. CONCLUSION
[3] Hany M. El-Said, Maha Mahmoud Ibrahim. 2018. The Future of
When the project was started, the word experimentation is used Interactive Furniture: Design Opportunities vs. Limitations. Journal of
since the experience to design a furniture with a substantial Architecture and Art, 12(1), 56-68. www.aaciaegypt.com/wp-
concept is finite. The challenge was to interpret the idea into the content/uploads/2018/11/The-future-of-interactive-furniture.pdf
design and to explain it to the public. In incorporating the
electronic applications into the final product is fairly easy, but [4] Michael Fortune. 2009. 9 Tips for Better Design. Fine Wood Working:
the use of smartphone as an interface to control it giving it Practical Furniture Design. 22-29. The Taunton Press.
sophistication even to a wooden furniture. It is the aesthetic
value of the product with the touch of interactive technologies [5] Preece, J., Rogers, Y., Sharp, H. 2015. Interaction Design: Beyond
and the functionality that made it attractive and has the potential Human-Computer Interaction (4th Edition). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

[6] Smardzewski, J. 2015. Furniture Design. Springer International
Publishing, Switzerland.

[7] https://subscription.packtpub.com/book/application_d
evelopment/9781788995061/1/ch01lvl1sec10/what-is-blynk

[8] https://blynk.io/

3

Kajian Penghasilan Produk Aksesori Alat Ukur Aras

Mohd Zahirudin B. Mohammed Na’aim Marlina Bt Abdul Manaf

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Politeknik Kuching Sarawak
Kuching
Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia
Sarawak, Malaysia [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstrak - Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk menentukan potensi Semasa proses amali kerja luar ukur aras berjalan, didapati
penghasilan produk aksesori alat ukur aras iaitu kanta staf sesetengah pelajar tidak dapat menyiapkan amali kerja luar
untuk menjalankan kerja-kerja ukur aras. Data cerapan ukur ukur aras dengan jayanya. Ini boleh menyebabkan proses
aras sentiasa mempunyai selisih dan ia selalunya berlaku semasa pengajaran dan pembelajaran tidak berjalan lancar. Ketika
aktiviti kerja luar ukur aras yang dijalankan. Dalam usaha melakukan amali kerja luar ukur aras ini terdapat masalah
untuk mengatasi masalah ini, kajian terperinci mengenai potensi yang hadapi oleh pelajar iaitu bacaan pada setaf kabur dan ini
kanta staf sebagai alternatif untuk mengurangkan selisih-selisih menyebabkan pencerap salah membaca setaf dimana pencerap
dalam ukur aras seperti selisih malar, selisih rawak dan selisih membaca nilai meter yang salah contohnya titik perpuluhan
kasar semasa melakukan kerja-kerja pengukuran ukur aras. diletakkan di tempat yang salah. Semasa menjalankan amali
Kajian yang dijalankan ini meninjau sejauh mana penerimaan kerja luar ukur aras apabila tikaian sebenar dan yang
responden berdasarkan kepada penggunaan kanta staf ini. dibenarkan itu dibandingkan didapati tikaian sebenar itu
Kajian ini berbentuk kuantitatif yang dianalisis secara deskriptif adalah lebih besar daripada nilai yang dibenarkan, maka
melalui instrumen borang soal selidik. Kaji selidik dijalankan pengukuran amali kerja luar ukur aras pelajar tersebut akan
terhadap 40 pelajar Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam Politeknik diulang semula tetapi jika nilai sebenar lebih kecil daripada
Kuching Sarawak yang menjalankan kerja luar amali ukur aras. nilai yang dibenarkan, tikaian mesti dibahagi-bahagikan secara
Hasil daripada kajian ini membuktikan pengunaan produk sama rata antara kedudukan. Maka objektif kajian ini adalah
aksesori kanta staf ini dalam kerja luar amali ukur aras dapat menghasilkan alat bantuan untuk dijadikan sebagai produk
mengurangkan selisih-selisih dalam pengukuran yang aksesori alat ukur aras semasa menjalani amali kerja luar ukur
menyebabkan ketepatan dan kejituanya meningkat dan pelajar aras terutamanya bagi kursus DCG2043 Engineering
dapat menyelesaikan kerja luar amali ukur aras dalam masa Surveying 1, kursus DCG 3143 Engineering Surveying 2, dan
yang lebih singkat. kursus DCG 5243 Engineering Surveying 3 dimana ianya akan
mengurangkan selisih-selisih dalam pengukuran dan
Kata kunci -.Kanta Staf, Ukur Aras, Selisih Ukur Aras disamping itu pelajar-pelajar dapat menyelesaikan amali kerja
luar ukur aras dalam masa yang lebih singkat.
I. PENGENALAN
II. KAJIAN LITERATUR
Amali kerja luar ukur aras adalah dinyatakan di dalam
kurikulum bagi Kursus DCG2043 Engineering Surveying 1, A. Ukur aras
kursus DCG 3143 Engineering Surveying 2 dan kursus DCG
5243 Engineering surveying 3 yang wajib diambil oleh pelajar Ukur aras adalah satu kaedah untuk menentukan perbezaan
semester 2, 3 dan 4 Program Diploma Geomatik, Jabatan ketinggian diantara dua titik di atas permukaan bumi. Aras
Kejuruteraan Awam, Politeknik Kuching Sarawak. Pelajar laras pula adalah ketinggian titik permukaan bumi berdasarkan
program ini dikehendaki melakukan amali kerja luar ukur aras kedudukan suatu permukaan. Dengan mengetahui aras laras
di kawasan kampus Politeknik Kuching Sarawak yang dirujuk sesuatu titik P dan ketinggian diantara P dengan Q, katakan
kepada datum dengan menggunakan alat ukur aras dan setaf. dH, aras laras Q dapat ditentukan iaitu Aras laras Q= Aras
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) amali kerja luar ukur aras Laras P + dH (Rajah 1) [1]. Prinsip ukur aras adalah bahawa
untuk kursus-kursus tersebut adalah untuk meningkatkan dengan penggunaan alat ukur aras, akan dapat membentuk
pengetahuan, kefahaman, keyakinan serta kemahiran pelajar satu garis garis kolimatan bagi alat ini yang terletak dalam
mengenai kaedah-kaedah pengukuran aras menggunakan suatu satah ufuk melalui bebenang ufuk bagi alat.
peralatan ukur aras untuk melaksanakan latihan amali kerja
luar ukur aras yang diberikan seperti membina batu aras
sementara (Temporary Bench Mark), mendapatkan keratan
rentas dan keratan memanjang yang menunjukkan profail
tanah, menghasilkan peta kontor, kerja-kerja ukur kawalan
pugak semasa kerja ukur butiran dan kerja ukur pemancangan
tanda dan lain lain di sekitar kawasan kampus Politeknik
Kuching Sarawak.

4

. ii. Tanda Aras (Benchmark-BM). Ia dibina di antara
tanda-tanda aras piawai dengan sela jarak satu (1)
kilometer setiap satu tanda aras. Bentuk tanda aras
ialah merupakan plet dan bolt yang dilekatkan pada
tiang konkrit di atas permukaan tanah dan lokasinya
berhampiran butiran tetap.

F. Jaringan Aras di Sarawak

JUPEM telah mewujudkan satu laluan aras dari Kuching ke
Miri di Sarawak seperti rajah 2.

Rajah 1. Konsep ukur aras. Rajah 2. Jaringan Aras di Sarawak [6].

B. Selisih III. METODOLOGI
A. Kawasan kajian
Terdapat tiga selisih dalam pengukuran iaitu selisih kasar, Kawasan kajian ini dijalankan di Kampus Politeknik Kuching
selisih sistematik dan selisih rawak [2]. Selisih kasar adalah Sarawak. Rajah 3 menunjukan lokasi kawasan kajian.
kesalahan besar yang berlaku dan tidak dibenarkan untuk
dibuat pembetulan dan berkemungkinan disebabkan oleh Rajah 3. Lokasi kawasan kajian [7].
kecuaian dan kurang pengalaman pencerap [3]. Selisih
sistematik wujud dalam semua jenis kerja ukur dan berlaku
secara sistematik. Nilainya mungkin positif atau mungkin
negatif. Kesan dari selisih ini dapat diketahui dan boleh
dihitung dan dibetulkan [4]. Seliseh rawak ini terjadi agak
berbeza daripada selisih sistematik kerana kesannya agak
sukar untuk diperbetulkan. antara penyebab utamanya berlaku
selisih ini ialah kelemahan yang ada pada individu pencerap
atau alat yang digunakan [5].

C. Alat Aras Automatik

Bagi alat aras automatik, tiub gelembung tidak lagi digunakan
untuk mengsetkan garis kolimatan mengufuk. Sebagai ganti,
garis kolimatan ini dihalakan melalui sistem kompensator
yang membolehkan garis kolimatan berkenaan berkeadaan
mengufuk apabila dipandang melalui teleskop, walaupun paksi
optik tiub teleskop tidak mengufuk. Namun, alat aras ini perlu
diaraskan lebih kurang 15’ daripada garis tegak bagi
membolehkan kompensator berfungsi. Pengarasan boleh
diperolehi dengan mengaraskan gelembung bulat yang terletak
di atas plat atas dengan menggunakan skru kakitiga.

D. Kanta Pembesar

Kanta pembesar merupakan suatu kanta cembung yang
mempunyai panjang fokus yang lebih pendek. Apabila objek
dilihat melalui kanta pembesar pada jarak yang kurang
daripada panjang fokusnya, imej yang terbentuk
diperbesarkan. Pembesaran kanta pembesar bergantung pada
di mana ia ditempatkan antara mata pengguna dengan objek
yang sedang dilihat, dan jarak keseluruhan antara mereka.

E. Tanda-Tanda aras

Terdapat dua jenis tanda aras yang dibina dan digunakan
dalam proses pengukuran aras iaitu :

i. Tanda Aras Piawai (Standard Benchmark-SBM).
Tanda-tanda ini ditempatkan pada sela jarak setiap
7-8 km di dalam satu laluan dan di persimpangan
jalan-jalan utama.

5

B. Carta Alir yang terhasil daripada pancaran cahaya ke kanta. Selepas itu
holder yang hendak di gunakan dalam kajian ini
direkabentukkan supaya sesuai dengan ukuran setaf ukur aras
dan boleh digunakan oleh pelajar dengan mudah dan cepat
disamping itu mudah dibawa ke kawasan amali kerja luar ukur
aras. Skru di holder tersebut digunakan untuk memudahkan
pelarasan ketika melonggarkan atau mengetatkan holder.

Rajah 5. Produk aksesori alat ukur aras.

D. Peralatan Ukur Aras

Rajah 4. Carta alir kajian. Rajah 6. Alat ukur aras automatik Wild Heerbrugg.
Rajah 7. Setaf
Kajian ini melibatkan penghasilan produk aksesori alat ukur
aras dan amali kerja luar ukur aras. Hasil kajian terhadap
produk aksesori alat ukur aras ini adalah membandingkan
cerapan ukur aras menggunakan jarak yang berbeza semasa
amali kerja luar ukur aras dijalankan.

C. Penghasilan produk aksesori alat ukur aras

Bagi memastikan kajian ini menepati objektif, maka terdapat
beberapa ciri-ciri yang perlu dipatuhi antaranya adalah :

Memastikan pemilihan kanta yang berkualiti dalam
penghasilan produk aksesori alat ukur aras ini.

1) Produk aksesori alat ukur aras yang dihasilkan mestilah
mudah untuk difahami oleh pengguna.

3) Produk aksesori alat ukur aras boleh digunakan dengan
cepat dan mudah dibawa ke tapak kerja.

Oleh yang demikian, bagi memastikan kajian ini menepati
objektif, kanta yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah kanta
cembung yang berkualiti dimana ianya bertujuan untuk
pembesaran. Ini kerana untuk memastikan setiap bacaan yang
diambil nampak jelas walaupun dalam keadaan jarak yang
jauh. Dalam kajian ini produk aksesori alat ukur aras yang
telah dihasilkan menggunakan kanta cembung yang berkualiti
untuk mengelakkan gangguan cahaya yang menyebabkan
bacaan yang dilihat akan menjadi kurang jelas akibat silauan

6

Rajah 8 . Kaki Tiga. A. Analisis jarak 50 meter
Jarak 50m

100
Responden 50

0
ya tidak

Rajah 9. Gelembung Setaf dan Pita Ukur. Rajah 10. Cerapan ukur aras pada jarak 50 meter .

Kajian ini melibatkan prosedur pengukuran ukur aras Rajah 10 menunjukkan maklum balas responden berkenaan
dengan menggunakan produk aksesori alat ukur aras yang jarak cerapan ukur aras menggunakan produk aksesori alat
dihasilkan. Kajian ini juga telah menghasilkan jaringan ukur aras pada jarak 50 meter dari kedudukan alat ukur aras ke
ketinggian aras yang telah dilaraskan bagi beberapa kedudukan setaf. Terdapat seramai 38 orang pelajar iaitu 95
benchmark seperti di jadual 1 di sekitar kawasan kampus peratus memberi jawapan dapat membaca setaf manakala, 2
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak. orang pelajar tidak dapat membaca setaf iaitu 5 peratus.

B. Analisis jarak 60 meter

Jadual 1. Nilai Benchmark Di PKS Jarak 60m
100
No Nilai Ketinggian Responden

BM K0185 32.1487 50

BM K0187 30.0006 0 tidak
ya

BM K0188 32.6206

BM K0189 36.1332 Rajah 11. Cerapan ukur aras pada jarak 60 meter.

BM K0190 33.8404 Manakala rajah 11 menunjukkan maklum balas responden
berkenaan jarak cerapan ukur aras menggunakan produk
IV. DAPATAN DAN PERBINCANGAN aksesori alat ukur aras pada jarak 60 meter dari kedudukan
alat ukur aras ke kedudukan setaf. Terdapat seramai 36 orang
Dapatan kajian berdasarkan keputusan ujian yang diberikan pelajar iaitu 90 peratus memberi jawapan dapat membaca setaf
oleh responden-responden terhadap soal selidik yang manakala, 4 orang pelajar tidak dapat membaca setaf iaitu 10
dijalankan. Soalan selidik telah diedarkan kepada 40 orang peratus.
pelajar Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam, Politeknik Kuching
Sarawak yang mengambil jurusan Diploma Geomatik yang C. Analisis jarak 70 meter
melibatkan 56 peratus pelajar perempuan dan 44 peratus
pelajar lelaki merentasi semester 2, 3 dan 4. Jarak 70m
100

50

0
ya tidak

Rajah 12. Cerapan ukur aras pada jarak 70 meter.

Rajah 12 menunjukkan maklum balas responden berkenaan
jarak cerapan ukur aras menggunakan produk aksesori alat
ukur aras pada jarak 70 meter dari kedudukan alat ukur aras ke
kedudukan setaf. Terdapat seramai 34 orang pelajar iaitu 85
peratus memberi jawapan dapat membaca setaf manakala, 6
orang pelajar tidak dapat membaca setaf iaitu 15 peratus.

7

D. Analisis jarak 80 meter RUJUKAN

Jarak 80m [1] Ab. Hamid Mohamed (2000) Asas Ukur Kejuruteraan. Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia
100
[2] Mohamad Asrul, “Kajian Jaringan Kawalan Pugak bagi Negeri Sarawak”.
50 Thesis (Sarjana (Kejuruteraan Geomatik): Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
2005
0
ya tidak [3] John Uron and Bill Price (2010), 5 th edition Surveying for Engineering.
Palgrove Macmillan. (ISBN: 978 – 0 – 230 - 22157- 4)
Rajah 13. Cerapan Ukur Aras pada jarak 80 meter.
[4] Kamaruzaman Abd Rashid, Anuar Ahmad & Shahidah Mohd Ariff
Soal selidik menunjukkan maklum balas responden berkenaan (1993) Ilmu Ukur Untuk Jurutera. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
jarak cerapan ukur aras menggunakan produk aksesori alat
ukur aras pada jarak 80 meter dari kedudukan alat ukur aras ke [5] Charles D. Ghilani & Paul R. Wolf (2012) 13th edition, Elementary
kedudukan setaf. Terdapat seramai 32 orang pelajar iaitu 80 Surveying
peratus memberi jawapan dapat membaca setaf manakala, 8
orang pelajar tidak dapat membaca setaf iaitu 20 peratus. [6] Buku 120 Tahun JUPEM (2005)

Didapati pada jarak 50 meter bilangan pelajar dapat membaca [7] Google Earth, earth.google.com/web/.
setaf adalah yang paling tinggi iaitu 38 orang pelajar iaitu 95
peratus manakala bilangan orang pelajar yang paling rendah
dapat membaca setaf adalah pada jarak 80 meter iaitu 80
peratus. Ini kerana kedudukan setaf yang dicerap dari alat ukur
aras pada jarak yang jauh terdapat ganguan cahaya
menyebabkan bacaan yang dilihat menjadi kurang jelas.
Justeru itu dengan menggunakan produk aksesori alat ukur
aras ini, masa menjalankan amali kerja luar ukur aras dapat
dijimatkan dengan membuat cerapan setaf dari alat ukur aras
dengan jarak yang panjang. Secara tidak langsung titik pindah
dapat dikurang dan pelajar dapat menyiapkan amali kerja luar
ukur aras dengan lebih cepat.

V. KESIMPULAN

Daripada perbincangan di atas, produk aksesori alat ukur aras
ini dapat memudahkan para pelajar membaca setaf dengan
lebih jelas, cepat, mengurangkan titik pindah bagi
mengurangkan terjadinya selisih dan produk aksesori alat ukur
aras tersebut mudah dibawa ke tapak kerja. Selain itu produk
aksesori alat ukur aras ini mudah untuk difahami oleh
pengguna. Ini bermakna amali kerja luar ukur aras dapat
dijalankan bagi satu jarak yang panjang tetapi melibat kurang
titik pindah. Dengan adanya alat ini diharapkan pada peringkat
awal pelajar dapat mengurangkan kesilapan semasa membaca
setaf. Ini menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan produk aksesori
ukur aras ini adalah sangat praktikal dan ianya juga dapat
menjimatkan masa pelajar menjalankan amali kerja luar ukur
aras.

8

Development of the Trapped Awareness with GSM Signal

Nor Asiah bt Mat Yunus Norsaadah bt Sapon

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Politeknik Kuching Sarawak

Kuching, Malaysia Kuching, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract - This paper presents the design and development of the needs of the elderly and disable persons at home.
trapped awareness that is utilizes Global System for Mobile Bluetooth enables the system to communicate on the laptop or
communications (GSM) signal from the telephone message. The smartphone with the Graphical User Interface (GUI) that acts
device contains the microcontroller that links with smoke as a server to transmit data from or to the smartphone and
detector and react when the trapped awareness detects smoke. main control board after they had been connected [2]. R.
The trapped awareness is a device that senses smoke and beep Harinath and S. Santhi had focused on the design and
loudly when smoke detected. It sends signal via Tx Rx implementation of Global System Messaging (SMS) based
transmitter from microcontroller when smoke is detected to secured device control system using App-Inventor for Android
GSM signal receiver. The device contain the microcontroller that mobile phones. The purpose of this system is to use mobile
link with the smoke detector, GSM system and alarm system. It is phone’s inbuilt SMS facility and GSM Modem [3].
proven that the device is able to send and receive signal from
outside the building thus able to distribute information as Rozita et.al. implemented the home automation device through
indicator of fire hazard to the area installed. A trapped SMS text messages by using GSM modem to control home
awareness is a device that senses smoke, typically as the appliances that allows users to control from afar using the
appliances at building. Finally, the device is proved to be working frequency bandwidths by using PIC16F88 [4]. In the same
in good order by experimental setup. year, Onukwugha et.al presented a remote control of home
appliances using a mobile phone in a ubiquitous environment
Keywords - Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) that requires no other phone at the receiving end and can
communicate with a controller with multiple ports [5].
I. INTRODUCTION
Previously, humans can be excellent fire detectors. Healthy
Number of buildings keeps on increasing along with the person is able to sense multiple aspects of a fire including the
economic development of Malaysia. Every building is heat, flames, smoke, and odour. For this reason, most fire
exposed to the fire risks. Fires cause losses of lives and alarm systems are designed with one or more manual alarm
properties in the victims involved as well as the people activation devices to be used by the person who discovers a
surroundings. Fire safety is one of the most important things in fire. Unfortunately, a person can also be an unreliable
the building construction. detection method since they may not be present when a fire
starts, may not raise an alarm in an effective manner, or may
Fire detector equipment is a must for every building. The not be in perfect heath to recognize fire signatures [6].
detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator
of fire hazard to the area installed. It will issue a special Therefore, in order to prevent and reduce the risks of fire to
audible alarm to alert the residents of the potential fire in the people, the outstanding smoke detection system is required.
building or area which the alarm has been installed. This system is highly importance as early detection of smoke
can prevent economical, ecological and human-life
If the sensor detects smoke or fire, information will be sent to endangering threats which can arise as the result of a fire
the security guard via GSM to the phone via short message disaster [7].
system (SMS). Phone number information for SMS is stored
in microcontroller. In addition, the siren will emit a high- In 2007, a safe and secure way of intelligent home automation
pitched sound as a sign that there is fire occurring and that uses PIC controller and DTMF technology had been
information board in the guard cabin will display information presented where A pin- check algorithm had been introduced
that there is a fire in the vicinity of the building. in order to enlarge security [8]. R.Ghosh [9] designed a
system to control the operation of multiple relays and also for
Bluetooth was developed in 2011 where this system has added the purpose of efficiency improvement of PV cell by
security features. One of the features of Bluetooth was regulating the open circuit voltage of the cell using DTMF
password protected to ensure that the system was secure from based controller. One of the limitations of the suggested
any intruders. But the drawback is that the Bluetooth working method in [9] was the unwanted noise problem while sending
range is only in a small area, which is 10m to 100m only [1]. or receiving the DTMF signals [10].
In 2015, ShirishaTadoju and J. Mahesh had designed a remote
switching control system for home automation via android Another work had been presented by Marvin R. G. Garcia in
phone application using Bluetooth technology to help fulfill the same year that introduces an electricity management for
smart home through cloud computing [11]. Web technology

9

can send and transmit signal from the user anywhere to any The rest of the paper is arranged as follows. Section II
electrical devices that are connected to the Internet. The provides problem statement of the design. Next, Section III
proposed system is composed of a web server as the and IV presents the design and development of the controller
controller, website, hardware interface and a software proposed in this paper. In Section V the software aspects of
application to monitor the electrical switch control. A bit later, this controller is explained. Section VI provides the
a system using web-based interface implemented by T. experimental outcome of the designed controller and Section
Gabriele, L.Pantoli, and V.Stomelli. They were focusing on VII concludes the paper.
the development of a fully real-time monitor of household
appliances and home environmental parameters by using smart II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
sensing unit, wireless sensors and actuators, and a Web-based
interface. It uses the cloud-based data server which manages Previously, many buildings were destroyed in the fire as there
the information and provides services for users by transmitting was no early warning in the event of a fire where the victim
data and receiving user commands from mobile application did not have time to act quickly because there was no
[12]. immediate warning to other residents to save lives and
property.
This system has advantages on the reliability of the developed
algorithms, has a good modularity and low power Property loss caused a huge loss especially in government
consumption and system cost. Nowadays, the home buildings as victims could not take the necessary action to put
automation system is mostly using Wi-Fi technology. Hayet out the fires. This is because no detector can act immediately
Lamine and HafedhAbid developed an application based on once it gets a fire signal.
the Android system. To ensure the communication between
the remote user, server, raspberry Pi card and the home If the detector is installed, the victim has more time to escape
appliances, they had developed an interface card and this if the fire is out of control. Studies show that the opportunity
application had been installed on an Android Smartphone, a to save yourself is higher if the smoke detector is installed at
web server, and a Raspberry Pi card to control the shutter of your home compared to a home that does not have it.
windows. Smartphones that are using the Android application
are used to issue the command to a Raspberry Pi card. The III. METHODOLOGY
interface card has been used to update signals between the
actuator sensors and the raspberry Pi card [13]. Fig. 1. Scope of Work Diagram.

In this paper, the methodology used in developing the Trapped This project work focuses on the ability detecting smoke
Awareness with GSM Signal is divided into two components sensor and notifying the guard via SMS together sound of an
which are software and hardware. The system uses the alarm. The power supply produces two main output voltage
Arduino Uno (R3) Board as the hardware platform while the which 12V power supply for GSM shield and 5V from
software is based on the mobile application. The power Arduino board. As can be seen from the block diagram above,
supplies provide 5V DC voltage to the circuit in order to make MQ series as an analog smoke sensor. This sensor is very
the sensor and GSM circuit continue operate. The GSM sensitive to smoke and flammable gas.
module receives info from the Arduino and sends the text alert
to the user’s phone number. The Arduino now tells through The MQ series gas sensors used a small heater inside with an
LED display showing Initializing modem that system in Status electro-chemical sensor. It is sensitive for a range of gasses
OK condition. MQ-2 Gas sensor senses the increasing of the that used for indoors at room temperature. They can be
gas and automaticcalyalarm triggered. The MQ-2 gas sensor calibrated or less but a known concentration of the measured
now passes the info on to the Arduino. The Arduino then gas or gasses is needed. The voltage for the internal heater is
processes the info and tells the other components to do their very important. Some sensors use 5V for the heater, others
respective jobs. Besides that, MQ-2 Gas sensor detected any need 2V. The 2V can be created with a PWM signal, using
harmful gas or smoke inside the building and immediately analog Write () and a transistor or logic-level mosfet. The
makes the GSM module receives info from the Arduino and sensors that use 5V or 6V for the internal heater do get warm.
directly sends text alert to the guard phone number ”ASAP They can easily get 50 or 60 degrees Celsius. After the "burn-
DIKESAN MOHON TINDAKAN SEGERA”. in time", the heater needs to be on for about 3 minutes (tested
with MQ-2) before the readings become stable. The sensor
Therefore, the main objective of this project is to design and needs a load-resistor at the output to ground. The value could
develop a device that allows the user to detect early fire hazard
to the area installed. The main contribution of this paper is as
follow:

i The design and development of this system includes
the setup and programming of a microcontroller
connected to a GSM and then sends a text message to
the security guard’s phone when smoke and fire
detected.

ii MQ-2 Gas sensor detected any harmful gas or smoke
inside the building and alarm automatically triggered.

10

be from 2kOhm to 47kOhm. The lower the value, the less the Fig. 2. LCD Initializing.
sensitivity. The higher the value, the less accurate for higher
concentrations of gas. Choosing a good value for the load MQ-2 Gas Sensor is connected to the Arduino board by using
resistor is only valid after the burn-in time. Burn-in time jumper wires. The pin number needs to be connected properly
means it is the time to burn-in the sensor. This is meant to and follow the declaration in coding. Besides that, LCD
make the sensor readings more consistent. A time of 12 or 24 display needs to be embedded on the Arduino as the indicator
hours is usually used for the burn-in time. The Burn-in is system in ready Status. Figure 2 and Figure 3 showing the
achieved by applying normal power to the sensor. In some function of LCD display. Arduino and smoke sensor used C
special cases a specific burn-in is needed. [14] programming to connect between each other.

When smoke sensor is transmitted by the gasses or flammable Fig. 3. Status of System.
gas as the input to the Arduino. Communication between
Arduino and GSM is complementing each other. By sending The next process is to combine the GSM module to the
and receiving the signal by Arduino and GSM will triggered to Arduino. Pins TX and RX in GSM module should slot
cell phone to notify via SMS “ASAP DIKESAN MOHON respectively into the Arduino board and make sure all pins are
TINDAKAN SEGERA”. Arduino also send the data to LCD in correct position order to make the device function properly.
to indicate that the device is in a ready status. GSM
synchronize with smart card called the Subscriber Identity Fig. 4. GSM module.
Module (SIM).The SIM provides personal mobility, so that
the programming link to Arduino can have access to telephone
which setting to phone number irrespective of both the
location of the terminal and the use of a specific terminal. By
inserting the SIM card into another GSM cellular phone, the
user is able to receive message as a notify message.

SMS facility also able to activate and deactivate system by
using two-way information through SMS. Mobile phone user
can use SMS for monitoring the security sensors (smoke
sensor) and obtain response in in the same mobile phone about
the status of the location. According to this facility, the
security system capable to works automatically which can
make two-way communication with mobile phone user by
notifying the user when there is smoke detected in the place.
The two-way communication is used to turn off the alarm after
the smoke is detected. Based on this facility, messages can be
sent quickly, accurately, and at a low cost. Mobile phone with
SMS facility will be very useful when applied to integrated
security systems, where the information send by a security
system and the information received by the user mobile phone
in the form of SMS. [14]

The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have
access to all subscribed services irrespective of both the
location of the terminal and the use of a specific terminal. By
inserting the SIM card into another GSM cellular phone, the
user is able to receive calls at that phone, make calls from that
phone, or receive other subscribed services.

IV. HARDWARE DESIGN

The hardware is the part where the components need to be
setup and configure. For this system, there are 4 modules that
were developed which are smoke sensor module, GSM
module, LCD module and Alarm system module. The
components used for this development were Arduino Uno
Board, MQ-2 Gas Sensor, LCD Display and alarm system.

11

Fig. 5. Hardware connection. Fig. 6. Arduino programming.

Based on the figure above, it explains that when smoke sensor For activate the Trapped Awareness with GSM Signal, firstly
detects smoke, MQ2 sends the information via the Arduino. the system need to refer the LCD Display as indicator to show
The Arduino is programmed to send information via the that the system is in ready status. When smoke sensor able to
devices if smoke occurs. After that, the sender of phone needs detect smoke, and telephone will get notifying SMS alert
to switch on the GSM module to receive the information from “ASAP DIKESAN MOHON TINDAKAN SEGERA”
Arduino. Then, the information will passes to the receiver together the alarm will be triggered in the building affected.
phone by notify on Short Message Services (SMS).

V. SOFTWARE DESIGN

The phase of software designing process started here. The
development process is simplified by using the flowchart of
the overall process flow. First of all the users need to
download the software that is used to program that is called
Arduino. The figure 7 shows the Flow chart of The Method.

The program is written with Arduino Uno software using C
programming language. The software designing process
started by having a function declaration and some basic
subroutines such as delays. It had been written in the some
function which used to Function to send SMS Alerts, reads the
sensor output, converts the sensor reading to temperature adds
the decimal point, returns temperature value in degree Celsius,
Number of SMS Alerts to be sent, Function to send AT
Commands to GSM module and the content of the message.

Programs written in an Arduino consists of 3 parts. There are:

i. The declaration of Variables.
ii. Initialization: It is written in the setup ( ) function
iii. Control Code: It is written in the loop ( ) function

The sketch is saved with an “.ino” extension. Any operations
such as verifying, opening a sketch, saving a sketch can be
done by clicking on the buttons at the toolbar or referring to
the tool menu. The sketch should be stored in the sketchbook
directory. Programmer need to choose the proper board from
the tools menu and choose the correct serial port numbers.
Next, click on the upload button or click on upload from the
tools menu. Then, the code will be uploaded by the Bootloader
into the Microcontroller.

Fig. 7. Flow chart of The Method Process.

12

VI. RESULTS AND FINDING VII. CONCLUSION

The purpose of this testing process was to check any defects or In this paper, a trapped of Awareness system has been
errors that were made during the development process and designed and developed. It managed to detect fire in early
program functionality. To test A trapped of Awareness stage and provide safety aspects in its operations. It managed
system, all the test cases in to test include smoke sensor to detect the devices remotely by using the GSM signal from
module, GSM module, LCD module and Alarm application the telephone network. For future work, it will be useful to
module. It is also to ensure the functionality and operations include Internet of Things (IoT) elements in the design for
meet the objectives. Testing for source code and program enhanced monitoring detecting and controlling.
module where it tests the individual units to determine
whether it can function appropriately. The results according to REFERENCES
these test cases were shown in table 1. This testing process
was conducted by the developer of the system.

Table 1. Summary of the Results for Unit Testing. [1] R. Piyare and M. Tazil, “Bluetooth based home automation system using
cell phone,” in 2011 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Consumer
Electronics (ISCE), June 2011, pp. 192–195.

No Module Test Condition Expected Experiment [2] J. M. ShirishaTadoju, “Bluetooth remote home automation system using
android application,” pp. 1815–1818, 08 2015.
Result Result

1 Smoke Test the detection of Smoke detected Pass [3] S. S. R. Harinath and S. Santhi , “Gsm-based home automation system
using app- inventor for android mobile phone,” pp. 158–167, 04 2015.
Sensor smoke. in range in 5

module meter

(MQ2) [4] R. Teymourzadeh, S. A. Ahmed, K. W. Chan, and M. V. Hoong, “Smart
gsm based home automation system,” in 2013 IEEE Conference on
2 GSM Sender and Receiver Able to Send Pass Systems, Process Control (ICSPC), Dec 2013, pp. 306–309.

connection SMS to receiver

phone. [5] C. G. Onukwugha and P. O. A. (ph. D, “Remote control of home
appliances using mobile phone: A polymorphous based system,” 09
3 LCD Test the connection Display Smoke Pass 2013.

Display between Arduino and leakage

LCD display in monitoring

Initializing modem System [6] Deldjoo, Y., Nazary, F., and Fotouhi, A. M. 2015. Novel Fuzzy-Based
Smoke Detection System using Dynamic and Static Smoke Features.
4 Alarm Test the alarm sound Alarm able to Pass 23rd Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering.

triggered when

system [7] Killeen, P., Monkus, J., Klessig, B., Hearn, D., Jingxian, W., and Scoot,
C. 2011. Developing a Smart Home System.
activated. http://comp.uark.edu/~wuj/research/ESA2011_SmartHome_SCSmith.pd
f.

[8] Y. Erol, H. H. Balik, S. Inal, and D. Karabulut, “Safe and secure pic
based remote control application for intelligent home,” 05 2007.

[9] R. Ghosh, “Dtmf based controller for efficiency improvement of a pv
cell and relay operation control,” pp. 2248–9622, 05 2012.

[10] R. Teymourzadeh, S. A. Ahmed, K. W. Chan, and M. V. Hoong, “Smart
gsm based home automation system,” in 2013 IEEE Conference on
Systems, Process Control (ICSPC), Dec 2013, pp. 306–309.

[11] M. R. G. Garcia, H. R. B. Chan, B. E. V. Comendador, G. B. Cornell, C.
D. Celestial, and A. E. P. Mercolesia, “Smart home electricity
management system using cloud computing (shems),” pp. 44–48,
012013.

[12] T. Gabriele, L. Pantoli, V. Stornelli, D. Chiulli, and M. Muttillo, “Smart
power management system for home appliances and wellness based on
wireless sensors network and mobile technology,” in 2015 XVIII
AISEM Annual Conference, Feb 2015, pp. 1–4.

Fig. 8. Final Prototype Setup. [13] H. Lamine and H. Abid, “Remote control of a domestic equipment from
an android application based on raspberry pi card,” in 2014 15th
International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic
Control and Computer Engineering (STA), Dec 2014, pp. 903–908. 997-
999, May 2008.

[14] Hazimah, W., & Ismail, W. (2016). Smoke Detection Alert System via

Mobile Application.No Title. (n.d.), 2–9

13

Multigrain Drying Machine

Alester G. Jakuil Charles Sumion

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
Kota Kinabalu Kota Kinabalu
Sabah, Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract - Grains such as paddy is the main food source for the devices, to increase productivity and reduce production cost of
people in Sabah and made paddy cultivation a main activity in small scale farmers.
Sabah. Most of the areas in Sabah are still planting paddy such
as in Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Tambunan and Ranau. II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Technological advancements had helped farmers to advance
agriculture commercially, especially the existence of paddy According to the Law of Thermodynamics II, it is stated that
machinery. However, rain distributions in Malaysia, especially in heat transfer occurs when there is a temperature difference.
Sabah are high. Tuaran alone received an average of 226.8mm Heat flows from high temperature objects to low temperature
rain per year. This affects the paddy drying process after objects. [1] The heat needed to increase the temperature of an
harvesting. Paddy grains must be dry enough before being object and can be measured is called sensible heat. This
processed to produce good quality rice. Farmers encounter many sensible heat is the basic theory of a simple rice grain dryer.
problems during drying process because it depends on the Heat transfer that occurs can be through various ways, namely
weather. It can only be done during sunny days or at least more by conduction, by convection and by radiation. [2]
than three hours under the hot sun. As the paddy is dried in open
spaces, farmers also risk it being eaten by pets. Hence, they need Conduction displacement is heat transfer between molecules
to monitor the paddy grains until they are completely dry which from objects that intersect with each other. Conduction heat
is time-consuming. This project is important because it will transfer occurs between the grains of rice that are heated so
facilitate farmers to dry paddy without being affected by that there will be even distribution of heat on the surface of the
weather, and increase their productivity by saving time and rice. [3] Transfer by convection is heat transfer through gas or
energy. Implementation of this project will be using System liquid media. Radiant heat transfer, is namely the heat transfer
Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology that divide through light or sound waves. Radiant heat can easily be
complex tasks into several phases of development. This project absorbed by dark objects, while for light-coloured objects
consists of two parts, namely the development of hardware and some will be reflected back. [4]
software. The main hardware of this system consist of Arduino
microcontroller and motors. Thermal sensors are used to Based on the above, two heat transfer theories are used in the
measure the temperatures inside the drum. The software part multigrain drying machine (MDM), namely heat transfer by
will consist of Arduino programming using Arduino IDE. conduction and convection. [5] Conduction displacement and
Therefore, the development of this project will definitely heat transfer occurs between grains of rice that have gotten hot
facilitate farmers to dry their grains faster and energy-efficient. to move through friction or in contact with grains that is still
In conclusion, this project is expected to help farmers increase not hot. To achieve this, automatic rotating system using
their productivity rate, and thus, their economy status. rotary motor to flip the grains will be implemented in MDM,
so that the drying process of each grain of rice is evenly
Keywords – paddy, drying, smartphone distributed and the temperature control system can be adjusted
as needed. [3] This process will certainly accelerate the drying
I. INTRODUCTION time of the rice grains and saves energy. [6]

Nowadays, there are a number of new innovations integrating The principle of heat transfer by means of convection will also
smartphones in agricultural machinery such as Beijing's smart be applied in the construction of the MDM. The medium for
sensor-based assessment model, which is used to monitor and heat transfer is air. Hot air is exhaled by the fan into the room
evaluate the operating habits of agricultural machinery for that stores the grains and enter the rice gaps. [7] Heat will
improving the health and operation of machinery. [12] In remove the moisture contents of the grain. This situation is
another study, the smartphone was also used to accurately caused by convection heat transfer using forced hot air media.
assess the grapevine water status with the help of a low cost [8] Drying by these methods can be said as a conduction-
thermal camera. [13] The future of IoT in agriculture is convection system. [5] The system using two kinds of
promising and is becoming more widespread such as stated in displacement will theoretically accelerate the drying process
a study on the evolution of IoT and its significance in (removing water content) and drying will occur. [9]
Precision Agriculture. [14] It will help to transform more
Things (Objects) such as the agro-machines into smarter

14

Our project is geared towards Smart Agriculture and have causes air pollution once burned. Thus, our project will be
many advantages. Studies on component theory, circuits and cost-efficient and also eco-friendly. [16]
past projects have shown that we can use the latest technology In conclusion, the multigrain drying machine (MDM) we
known as the Internet of Things (IoT) as a way to control develop will be easy to control, portable, cost-efficient and
MDM and integrate it with existing technologies. Nowadays, eco-friendly. This innovation is hoped to encourage the
almost every one of us can afford to have at least one younger generations to be involved in the agriculture field.
smartphone. This is the main advantage of this project as we
will be the first and a pioneer in integrating IoT to grain III. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
drying machine. [10] i. To design multigrain dryer machine for small farmer
ii. To combine the multigrain dryer machine with smartphone
The project upgrades by enhancing the ability to control the controller
machine using a smartphone, combined with a control panel iii. To test the multigrain dryer machine with a few types of
for those who want to operate the machine manually. The grain
project will develop a system based on wireless sensor iv. To test the maximum load of the multigrain dryer machine
network (WSN) that helps integrate smartphones in
agriculture. [11] We aimed to design and develop the dryer IV. METHODOLOGY
machine added with temperature and humidity sensors, MDM is developed using the System Development Life Cycle
accompanied with control panel that displays and relays the (SDLC) methodology that divide complex tasks into several
data to a web application. The control panel have data display phases of development, in order to allow complex work more
and buttons for manual control. The data sent to the web easily understood and controlled. Each phase has different
application is passed to the smartphone for display and properties and contains a unique work development.
wireless control.
Project Development Cycle
Nowadays, there are a number of new innovations integrating Phase 1: Early Research
smartphones in agricultural machinery such as Beijing's smart In this phase, each member of the group discussed their
sensor-based assessment model, which is used to monitor and agreement on the project to be implemented.
evaluate the operating habits of agricultural machinery for The group agreed to the following:
improving the health and operation of machinery. [12] In i. The systems development objectives
another study, the smartphone was also used to accurately ii. Identifying information sources
assess the grapevine water status with the help of a low cost This project’s main objective is to develop a system which
thermal camera. [13] The future of IoT in agriculture is uses smartphone and control panels to control the multigrain
promising and is becoming more widespread such as stated in dryer machine (MDM), and add sensors to the MDM for
a study on the evolution of IoT and its significance in moisture-monitoring. Preliminary studies to develop the MDM
Precision Agriculture. [14] It will help to transform more systems was carried out, involving analysis of material from
Things (Objects) such as the agro-machines into smarter various sources such as documents, journals, thesis and also
devices, to increase productivity and reduce production cost of the most extensive source of internet.
small scale farmers. Phase 2: Analyse the System
At this stage, the research focused on the study of the systems
Other than that, the multigrain dryer machine developed will developed and comparisons were made for the systems used
be portable for ease of use. It can be used to dry paddy grains previously. Problems arising from manual and electric MDM
quickly, locally or anywhere on the field for newly harvested
rice dryers. Once the grain is dried, it can be stored
immediately. Storing paddy with high moisture content causes
paddy damage and drying of the paddy under the sun to be
useless under adverse weather conditions. This affects the
quality of the rice after milling, such as the taste / aroma and
can also produce a higher percentage of broken rice. [15] This
machine will increase farmers’ productivity rate and saves
time.

Furthermore, the machine will be using rechargeable electric
battery to operate. The battery is a 24V battery power bank
2000ah 3000ah alkaline battery. The battery supplies energy
for the operation of the machine. At the same time, it is
recharged back by the mechanism of the motors in the
machine. As we know, most conventional agro-machines uses
diesel combustion engine which requires the farmer to
purchase diesel. Diesel is expensive and the smoke released

15

have been identified. It is intended to be improved and problems at the beginning of the study. This verification
streamlined in the development of the system so that the process is one of the MDM testing stages before it becomes a
objectives can be achieved. In this stage, the software and real and usable prototype. The testing of this system will be
materials required will be identified. only done in laboratory and outdoor environment.
Phase 3: Design System
The MDM that will be proposed in this project can be REFERENCES
controlled by a smartphone and control panels to roll and
create airflow. It generates power by itself to reduce the power [1] Y. Demirel and V. Gerbaud, “Fundamentals of Equilibrium
consumption. It will be used by farmers to dry harvested Thermodynamics,” in Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics, Elsevier,
grains efficiently using the application installed on the 2019, pp. 1–85.
smartphone. The figure below shows the block diagram of the
proposed MDM. [2] K. J. Hellevang, “Grain Drying,” vol. 701, no. October, 2013.

Block Diagram of the Proposed Multigrain Dryer Machine [3] M. M. Adhim, M. Wahyudi, D. Yunansha, N. Maulida, and I. P. Ayu,
(MDM) “Spin dry-pad: mesin putar pengering padi berbasis sistem otomasi
Phase 4: Development and Analysis System untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan produktivitas padi ud sumber rejeki,”
This phase describes the hardware and software that will be pp. 4–6, 2005.
used during the design and development of MDM and the
prototype design. The following task will be carried out during [4] “1.1 FUNDAMENTAL MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER.”
the MDM development:
i. Programming using Arduino IDE software [5] D. D. Ganji, Y. Sabzehmeidani, and A. Sedighiamiri, “Conduction–
ii. Programming to develop application for android and iOS Convection Heat Transfer,” in Nonlinear Systems in Heat Transfer,
2017.
platform
iii. PCB design to develop relay circuit to control the motor [6] S. Firouzi, M. R. Alizadeh, and D. Haghtalab, “Energy consumption
and rice milling quality upon drying paddy with a newly-designed
for speed motor and fan horizontal rotary dryer,” Energy, 2017.
iv. Some engineering works (metal cut, drill, bend and
[7] P. Bunyawanichakul, G. J. Walker, J. E. Sargison, and P. E. Doe,
welding) to install the 24V DC motor with gear to the “Modelling and Simulation of Paddy Grain (Rice) Drying in a Simple
manual MDM. Pneumatic Dryer,” Biosyst. Eng., 2007.
Phase 5: Testing the System
At this stage, the MDM will be completed and the software [8] P. Sultan, H. Ahmad, and H. Suction, “JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN
has been uploaded on the Arduino board. The test is used to MEKANIKAL JUN 2017 JUN 2017,” 2017.
identify weaknesses in the system. Testing is necessary to
determine the legitimacy and ability of the system to operate [9] J. B. Janier and M. B. Maidin, “Paddy moisture content detector,” J.
at certain points to solve problems arising from current Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1476–1478, 2011.

[10] A. Sinha, G. Shrivastava, and P. Kumar, “Architecting user-centric
internet of things for smart agriculture,” Sustain. Comput. Informatics
Syst., vol. 23, pp. 88–102, Sep. 2019.

[11] J. Muangprathub, N. Boonnam, S. Kajornkasirat, N. Lekbangpong, A.
Wanichsombat, and P. Nillaor, “IoT and agriculture data analysis for
smart farm,” Comput. Electron. Agric., 2019.

[12] Z. Kou and C. Wu, “Smartphone based operating behaviour modelling
of agricultural machinery,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, 2018.

[13] P. R. Petrie, Y. Wang, S. Liu, S. Lam, M. A. Whitty, and M. A.
Skewes, “The accuracy and utility of a low cost thermal camera and
smartphone-based system to assess grapevine water status,” Biosyst.
Eng., 2019.

[14] A. Khanna and S. Kaur, “Evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) and its
significant impact in the field of Precision Agriculture,” Computers and
Electronics in Agriculture. 2019.

[15] T. M. R. Dissanayake, D. M. S. P. Bandara, H. M. A. P. Rathnayake, B.
M. K. S. Thilakarathne, and D. B. T. Wijerathne, “Development of
Mobile Dryer for Freshly Harvested Paddy,” Procedia Food Sci., 2016.

[16] O. P. Agarwal, A. Kumar, and S. Zimmerman, “Powering Motor
Vehicles,” in Emerging Paradigms in Urban Mobility, 2018.

16

The effects of Electromagnetic Interference from Machines
towards Classification of EMG Signals within an Industrial

Environment

Zinvi Fu A. Y. Bani Hashim Z. Jamaludin Imran Syakir Mohamad

Dept. of Mech. Eng. Dept. of Robotics & Automation, Dept. of Robotics & Automation, Dept. of Dip. Studies
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu Fac. of Mfg. Eng.
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia Fac. of Mfg. Eng. Fac. of Mech. Eng.
[email protected] Universiti Teknikal Melaka
Malaysia Universiti Teknikal Melaka Universiti Teknikal Melaka

Melaka, Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia
[email protected]
Melaka, Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia

[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract - The electromyographic signal (EMG) is a low level [10]. In many applications, the main goal of EMG analysis is to
bioelectric signal which originates from the contraction of muscles. perform classification [4], [11]. The aim of classification is to
The viability of EMG as a control signal is dependent on various categorize the EMG signals according to their feature set.
factors, one being easily corruptible by interference from Therefore, the acquired signal must be of highest quality as it is
electromagnetic radiating devices. Moreover, in an industrial the first process in the chain. As reported in [12], the
environment, the power line is prone to noise and spikes from elimination of EMI in the form of Gaussian noise shows
operating machines. This research aims to investigate the extent of considerable improvement in classification accuracy of up to
the interference of electrical noise towards the EMG signal, and 10%.
characterize the noise which couples to the human body. The EMG
data of selected gestures from the forearm of 20 subjects were
acquired while operating selected manufacturing machines.
Subsequently, time domain feature extraction and classification
was performed unto the signals. The results indicate that noise
intrusion from manufacturing machines into the EMG signal is
minimal, and only affects gestures with very low amplitude. As a
conclusion, it has been demonstrated that with modern EMG
acquisition and good isolation, the EMG signal can be used in an
electrically noisy industrial environment.

Keywords – electromyography, electromagnetic interference, lower
forearm, industrial machines, noise, classification

I. INTRODUCTION Figure 1. Normalized power spectrum for an EMG recorded in a
noisy clinical environment. The spikes represent the interfering
The electromyogram (EMG) is an electrical biosignal which noises. The most significant contribution is the 50 Hz PLI. However,
manifests in conjunction with muscle contraction. The EMG is
a signal with low amplitude, and is thus, susceptible to other sources are present too. [3]
degradation due to interference. From the human body, EMG
interference sources originate from muscle crosstalk, motion Although existing filtering methods are effective in reducing
artifacts and ECG contamination. The EMG signal is further the effect of EMI noise within their effective bandwidth, the
prone to electrical interference from power line interference interfering EMI noise in an actual working environment is
(PLI) [1], [2] and electromagnetic interference (EMI) from unpredictable and may cover a wide range over frequency
machines and equipment [3], [4]. PLI and EMI can couple onto domain. As shown in Figure 1, the spikes represent the
the EMG signal through the human body. While PLI is widely fundamental frequency of the noises created by the electronic
acknowledged and studied, the effect of electromagnetic equipment in a clinical environment. Therefore, the application
radiation towards EMG classification is examined on a lesser of any noise suppressing must account for the EMI noise profile
degree. Nonetheless, there are recent researches on the issue. of the intended environment.
Various means of filtering was proposed [3], [5][6] to mitigate
EMI degradation.

The EMG has many applications; It is used for motor-neuron
diagnosis [7], [8], muscle fatigue [9] and gesture prediction

17

Rest Flex Extend Abduct Adduct

Open Close Thumb OK

Figure 2. Gestures performed for classification. There are six wrist gestures: FLX, EXT, ABD, ADD, OPN and CLS; and three finger gestures:

FIN, TMB, and OKE. The gestures were recorded in sequence with the arm down in natural position.

In existing literature, good EMG acquisition is normally pass filter with the range of 18.97 Hz to 709 Hz. More details
performed in controlled environments with medical grade about our design can be found in [15] and [16].
equipment [13] [14]. Therefore, there is little data to show the Ag-Cl wet electrodes were used in this experiment. Each
extent of EMI in practical working environments. Much like the channel consists of two electrodes. A reference electrode is
equipment in a clinical environment, industrial machines emit attached to the elbow. A shielded cable was used to connect the
considerable EMI noise which can couple onto the human body. EMG amplifier to the electrodes.
We build upon the issues mentioned heretofore to determine if The data was acquired with the National Instruments NI-cDAQ
the EMG signal as a control is affected by the EMI noise in an 9178 data acquisition unit with the NI9205 module, sampled at
industrial setting. 5 kHz and Labview as the user interface. Post processing was
done with the Matlab 2010 software.
This study aims to assess the impact of EMI towards the
classification the EMG signals. The objective of this study is to (a) (b)
perform classification on EMG signals from subjects who
performed gestures with the lower forearm in proximity of (c) (d)
selected manufacturing machines. Figure 3. The machines in study (a) lathe machine, (b) robot arm, (c)
CNC machine, (d) the placement of electrodes on the lower forearm.
II. METHODS Three machines were selected for this study are commonly used
in an industrial environment, shown in Figure 3. They consist
Six pairs of EMG electrodes were attached to the lower forearm of (a) lathe machine, (b) robot arm and (c) CNC machine.
of a group of subjects. The subjects performed nine gestures in C. Experimental Procedures
successions and the EMG was recorded into six individual Prior attaching electrodes, the subject skin was cleaned with
channels. The procedure was repeated with the ubjects in alcohol but not shaved. Figure 3 (d) shows the setup of the
proximity and in contact with some manufacturing machines. electrode channels. Then, six pairs of electrodes were placed
After that, basic filtering followed by dimensional reduction evenly around the lower forearm of the left hand. The subjects
and classification was performed to classify the signals.

A. Subject demographics

For the experiment, 20 subjects were selected. The sample
consisted of 10 male and 10 female subjects. The subjects
agreed to participate at will and have signed the consent form.
Generally, most subjects are young within the age of 24-42 with
mean age of 30. The subjects BMI range from 15 to 32 with a
mean of 23, with 55% having a normal BMI class. No subjects
reported any accident and pain associated with the wrist and
finger. However, two subjects one male and female, reported
having mild essential tremor.

B. Equipment used

We developed an EMG amplifier for this experiment. The EMG
amplifier is based on INA121P instrumentation amplifier and
has a working CMRR of 78.64 dB and adjustable gain of 250.
Basic filtering incorporated into the design consists of a band

18

were asked to perform nine gestures, which in sequence are flex III. RESULTS
(FLX), extend (EXT), abduct (ABD), adduct (ADD), open
(OPN), close (CLS), finger (FIN), OK (OKE) and thumb A sample of the acquired EMG data is shown in Figure 4. The
(TMB). The gesture sequence was performed with the right gestures were performed in succession and it is evident that
hand in down neutral position. The left hand was used to operate every gesture produces distinctively different gestures.
the machines. However it is difficult to distinguish the gestures by EMG
waveforms solely from visually observing the raw data. Figure
Each subject performed the gestures in Figure 1 at distances of 5 shows the EMG signal distribution as a gradient display. The
2 m, 1 m, and 0 m (contact) from the machines. Two readings plot was obtained following rectification and linear envelope.
were taken at each step, one when the machine is on and The strength (amplitude) of the signal is shown by the colour.
another when it is off. Red signifies high amplitude while weak signals are coloured
dark blue. The plot suggests that most gestures registers
0.5 a) different EMG data field.

FLX EXT AB AD OP CLS "1" "OK" "TMB"

Color plot of multi-channel EMG signal amplitude, subject F01

0 1

Channel 1 2
-0.5 b)
Channels 3

4

5

0 6 EXT ABD ADD OPN CLS FIN OKE TMB
FLX
Channel 2
-0.5 c) Gestures

0 Figure 5. Linear enveloped EMG output of the nine gestures. The sample
shown here show here is from subject F01. The EMG peaks represent the
Channel 3 peak contraction during the gestures. The two sets EMG patterns show some
-0.5 d)
similarity in terms of the output levels.

0 We repeated the gesture sequence on the three machines. Table
Channel 4 1. Only the robot arm causes an increase in baseline noise. This
happens when the subject is holding the teach pendent and
-0.5 e) activating the robot by pushing the switch. In this case, the robot
arm produced an increase in baseline noise from 0.004 V to
0 0.009 V. Since the EMG amplifier, computer and the data
acquisition device were powered by an isolated power supply
Channel 5 line, it is clear that the noise from the robot has coupled to the
-0.5 f) body of the subject through the teach pendent.

0 Table 1. Results of baseline noise of manufacturing machines in study. No
change was observed in the lathe machine and CNC machine. Only the robot
Channel 6
arm produced EMI which caused interference to the EMG.

-0.5 5 10 15 20 25 30 Type of Average baseline Baseline noise when
0 machine noise when machine machine is operated
is on, at distance in contact ( 0 m)
Figure 4. Sample raw EMG signal from a subject. The subject is 24 years of Robot arm 2m 1m
age, female and has an BMI of 24.32. Some ECG interference is picked up in Lathe 0.004 V 0.004 V 0.009 V
machine 0.004 V 0.004 V 0.004 V
Channel 5 and Channel 6. CNC machine
0.004 V 0.004 V 0.004 V
D. Dimensional reduction and feature extraction
A sample of the linear envelope gesture sequence during robot
The time domain EMG data is a one dimensional stochastic operation is shown in Figure 6. The baseline noise only increase
time varying signal. To process the data, several steps were when the robot is activated by pressing the teach pendent
involved. First the data was linear rectified and applied with a switch. The resulting floor noise is increased from 0.004 V to
10 Hz linear envelope. Then, the peak amplitude time domain 0.009 V. Most gestures are still distinct, as there is enough
feature was selected to represent the data. amplitude headroom above the noise level. Only the finger
gestures with lower amplitude are buried by the noise.
Principle component analysis (PCA) is a useful tool to reduce
the dimensionality of the EMG signal. After application of
PCA, the final classification was performed with linear
discriminant analysis (LDA). PCA and LDA are established
and reliable methods used widely in biosignal analysis [17],
[18].

19

LDA classification results with machine off Classifier input
Classifier output

Classifier output prediction TMB 95% 75%
OKE 60%
35% TMB
FIN 45% Classifier input
CLS 70%
OPN
ADD 80% 75% ADD OPN CLS FIN OKE
ABD EXT ABD
EXT
FLX

75%
FLX

Classifier training data input
LDA classification results with machine on

Classifier output

Classifier output prediction TMB 30%
OKE
40%
FIN
CLS 45%
OPN
ADD 30%
ABD
EXT 45%
FLX
80%

90%

80%

70%

FLX EXT ABD ADD OPN CLS FIN OKE TMB

Classifier training data input

Figure 6. Classification results with teach pendant off as training data (top) and teach pendant on as test data (bottom). Generally the classification accuracy of the

wrist gestures are consistent while the finger gestures are deteriorated. This is due to the lower dynamic range of the finger gestures.

EMG amplitude, V 0.06 EMG recording when robot teach pendant is active the noise is mainly from the 50 Hz power line noise and its
0.04 EXT ABD 150 Hz harmonics. However with the robot activated, there
was an increase in not only the power line noise, but also an
0.02 Robot off Robot on FLX ADD OPN CLS OKE TMB introduction of a 200 Hz and 300 Hz signal.

FIN Figure 8. Frequency domain plot of baseline signal during rest. When the
robot teach pendant is off, only the 50 Hz common-mode signal and its 150
0 Hz harmonics is present. Switching on the teach pendant introduces a 200 Hz
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
and 300 Hz signal into the signal.
time, s
EMG recording when robot teach pendant is off Our interest now lies in the classification results of the data
0.08 from the robot arm. Classification is performed not only across
the gestures, but also encompasses the 20 subjects. In other
EMG amplitude, V 0.06 EXT words, for instance the FLX having a score of 75 % during
FLX ‘robot off’ state means that 75 % of the subjects produced the
ABD

0.04 Zero padding Recording OPN CLS OKE
0.02 (no data) start
ADD TMB

FIN

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time, s

Figure 7. Sample linear enveloped EMG signals showing the effects of
activating the robot teach pendant. Of all machines in study, only the robot
affects the EMG signal by introducing a baseline noise of approximately 0.01
V. As a result, the dynamic range of the lower level finger gestures (FIN,

OKE, TMB) are diminished.

Classification was performed with the clean signal as training
data, and the contaminated signal as test data. The results are
almost identical, with the exception of a significant drop in
classification accuracy of the FIN, OKE and TMB gestures.

The contaminant signal was analysed with Fast Fourrier
Transform (FFT), as shown in . Figure 7. With the arm at rest,

20

same EMG profile for the gesture. The OPN, CLS and FIN REFERENCES
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FLX Robot off Robot on 2019.
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concern. We have also demonstrated that the EMG signals are [11] A. Ahmad, J. Ishak, H. Ali, and H. Chappell, “Review of
generally robust to EMI. electromyography control systems based on pattern recognition for
prosthesis control application,” Aust. J. Basic Appl. …, vol. 5, no. 8, pp.
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signals of high strength. Next, a study on the the noise profile [12] I. F. Ghalyan, Z. M. Abouelenin, and V. Kapila, “Gaussian Filtering of
of the working environment is crucial so that the appropriate EMG Signals for Improved Hand Gesture Classification,” 2018 IEEE
filters can be designed. In any case, the PLI is the bigger noise Signal Process. Med. Biol. Symp. SPMB 2018 - Proc., pp. 1–6, 2019.
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with notch filters. [13] J. He, D. Zhang, X. Sheng, S. Li, and X. Zhu, “Invariant surface EMG
feature against varying contraction level for myoelectric control based on
ACKNOWLEDGMENT muscle coordination,” IEEE J. Biomed. Heal. Informatics, vol. 19, no. 3,
pp. 874–882, 2015.
The Malaysian Ministry of Education supports this research
through the research grant— [14] Z. G. Xiao and C. Menon, “Performance of Forearm FMG and sEMG for
FRGS/2/2013/SG02/FKP/02/2/F00176. Estimating Elbow, Forearm and Wrist Positions,” J. Bionic Eng., vol. 14,
no. 2, pp. 284–295, 2017.

[15] Z. Fu, A. Y. Bani Hashim, Z. Jamaludin, and I. S. Mohamad, “Design of
a low cost EMG amplifier with discreet op-amps for machine control,”
ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 5, 2016.

[16] Z. Fu, A. Y. Bani Hashim, Z. Jamaludin, I. S. Mohamad, and N. Nasir,
“Optimizing Surface Electromyography Acquisition without Right Leg
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[17] G. R. Naik, S. E. Selvan, M. Gobbo, A. Acharyya, and H. T. Nguyen,
“Principal Component Analysis Applied to Surface Electromyography: A
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21

[18] P. Kumari, L. Mathew, and P. Syal, “Increasing trend of wearables and
multimodal interface for human activity monitoring: A review,” Biosens.
Bioelectron., vol. 90, pp. 298–307, 2017.

22

Laporan Kajian Faktor Pemilihan Produk Kosmetik di
Kalangan Pelajar Semester 1 Jabatan Kejuruteraan
Elektrik (JKE) Politeknik Kota Kinabalu (PKK)

Alester G Jakuil Norinah Garangon

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu (PKK) Politeknik Kota Kinabalu (PKK)
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

[email protected] [email protected]

Abstrak - Kajian tinjauan ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti II. KAJIAN LITERATUR
faktor pemilihan produk kosmetik dalam kalangan pelajar
Semester 1 Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik (JKE), Politeknik Kota Barangan kosmetik merupakan sejenis bahan yang digunakan
Kinabalu (PKK). Objektif pertama kajian ini adalah untuk oleh kaum wanita mahupun lelaki bagi menambahkan
mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi proses membuat kecantikan yang sedia ada. Barangan kosmetik merupakan
pilihan dalam pembelian barangan di kalangan pengguna. perkataan yang cukup sinonim dengan masyarakat pengguna
Pengkaji telah menggunakan kaedah soal selidik sebagai pada masa kini. Ianya ditakrifkan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan
instrumen utama bagi mendapatkan data dalam kajian ini. Malaysia [12] sebagai “bahan atau sediaan yang bertujuan
Terdapat 4 faktor yang diambil kira sebagai faktor pemilihan dan untuk digunakan pada bahagian luaran tubuh manusia seperti
pembelian produk kosmetik di kalangan pelajar iaitu dari segi kulit, rambut, kuku, bibir dan bahagian luar alat kelamin atau
jenama, kualiti informasi tentang produk kosmetik, penampilan gigi dan membran mukosa di dalam mulut, yang bertujuan
produk kosmetik dan harga. Data yang diperolehi seterusnya untuk membersih, mewangi, memperbaiki/mengubah rupa,
dianalisis dengan menggunakan kekerapan dan peratusan melalui mencantikkan, menghilangkan bau badan, melindungi dan
perisian analisis data Statistical Package for Social Sciences mengekalkan dalam keadaan baik”. Pembelian barangan
(SPSS). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa faktor harga kosmetik ini merangkumi pelbagai jenis seperti deodoran,
merupakan faktor utama mempengaruhi keputusan pemilihan minyak wangi, face mist, pelembap bibir, gincu dan
responden semasa membeli sesuatu barangan. Responden sebagainya.
sederhana mementingkan jenama produk kosmetik dalam
pembelian produk kosmetik. Selain itu, responden juga bersetuju Industri kecantikan terutama yang melibatkan produk kosmetik
bahawa kualiti informasi tentang produk kosmetik dan jenama penjagaan muka adalah salah satu daripada pasaran yang paling
penting dalam memilih produk tersebut. Secara keseluruhan, pantas berkembang. Kerajaan komited di dalam usaha untuk
pelajar-pelajar mengambil kira faktor harga sebagai faktor membangunkan industri produk kosmetik dengan membantu
utama yang paling diambil kira dalam pemilihan produk mengembangkan perniagaan dan pasaran produk kosmetik kata
kosmetik.. Hasil dapatan ini membantu usahawan dikalangan Menteri Perdagangan Dalam Negeri, Koperasi dan
pelajar dan pemilik gerai di PKK untuk mensasarkan produk Kepenggunaan (KPDNKK), Datuk Seri Hasan Malek [10].
mampu milik kepada pelajar. Asia mampu membentuk lebih daripada 50% pasaran dalam
produk penjagaan kulit. Ini terbukti dari Negara-negara seperti
Kata kunci - jenama, penampilan produk, kosmetik kualiti Jepun, Korea, dan Thailand. Malaysia adalah sangat bertuah
informasi, harga kerana menjadi salah satu daripada Negara Asia pertama yang
mendapat manfaat dalam pembelian kosmetik. Ini jelas
I. INTRODUKSI daripada jumlah keluaran produk kosmetik yang meningkat di
farmasi pada masa kini. [1]
Kajian ini menumpukan perhatian kepada faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi proses pemilihan produk kosmetik di kalangan Pertumbuhan industri kecantikan yang pesat telah mencetuskan
pelajar-pelajar semester 1 Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, suatu persaingan dikalangan pengeluar dan penjual produk
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu. Semasa proses pemilihan dan kosmetik. Sehubungan dengan itu, para penyelidik ingin
membuat keputusan pembelian barangan di kalangan mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan pemilihan dan
pengguna, terdapat banyak faktor yang akan pembelian barangan kosmetik di kalangan pelajar-pelajar
mempengaruhinya. Faktor-faktor yang dikaji adalah dari segi Semester 1 Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Politeknik Kota
jenama, kualiti informasi, penampilan produk kosmetik dan Kinabalu bagi mengetahui faktor utama pemilihan produk
harga. kosmetik yang boleh dieksploitasi dalam pemasaran produk
kosmetik setempat.

23

FAKTOR HARGA Menurut SIRIM, informasi pelabelan pada produk adalah wajib
dan tiga kenyataan mandatori perlu ada pada label menurut
Harga merupakan tunjang yang amat penting yang Seksyen 10A. Peraturan ini khusus pada cara dan lokasi di mana
mempengaruhi skop kajian. Penetapan harga harus 1) nama produk, 2) kuantiti/berat bersih produk dan 3) nama
mempertimbangkan tindak balas pelanggan dan pesaing. dan alamat pengeluar. [6]
Dalam penggunaan formal, pengguna akan menganggap harga
sebagai penanda aras kualiti produk atau perkhidmatan dan Satu kajian yang menyiasat kepentingan label dalam industri
secara umumnya, mereka akan menilai kos dari segi manfaat percetakan bagi produk makanan dan minuman telah dijalankan
yang diperoleh melalui pembelian produk tersebut. Dalam oleh pelajar Politeknik Muadzam Shah, Pahang. Dapatan kajian
kebanyakan kes, pelanggan mempunyai peluang untuk memilih soal selidik tersebut menunjukkan kebanyakan responden
dari pelbagai pihak, dan menyebabkan harga menjadi salah satu menitik beratkan produk yang mempunyai label di pasaran
cara bagi pengguna untuk membuat perbandingan untuk kerana mereka yakin bahawa produk tersebut tidak
membuat keputusan pembelian. Penentu utama harga produk memudaratkan kesihatan. [7]
ialah kesanggupan pengguna untuk membayar produk tersebut
[2]. Dalam satu kajian lain tentang pengaruh cadangan penyediaan
makanan yang dipaparkan pada pembungkusan keju lembut
Harga adalah salah satu unsur pemasaran. Ia boleh berubah terhadap harapan pelanggan dan kesediaan mereka untuk
dengan mudah berbanding unsur pemasaran lain. Penjual boleh membeli produk tersebut, dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa
menurunkan atau menaikkan harga dengan lebih kerap. pengguna merasakan bahawa keju lembut tersebut mempunyai
Terdapat pelbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi penetapan kualiti dan masa memakan yang ideal berdasarkan maklumat
sesuatu harga barang antaranya ialah objektif pemasaran, cadangan pemakanan pada pakej [8].
strategi pemasaran, kos, pertimbangan organisasi, persaingan
dan faktor-faktor persekitaran lain. Ianya mempunyai kesan FAKTOR PENAMPILAN PRODUK KOSMETIK
psikologi terhadap pengguna. Oleh itu, ahli pemasaran boleh
menggunakan harga secara simbolik. Dengan menaikkan harga, Tujuan utama pembungkusan produk adalah untuk melindungi
mereka boleh menekankan kualiti keluaran. Manakala dengan produk, tetapi ianya juga boleh digunakan oleh syarikat sebagai
mengurangkan harga, mereka boleh menekankan penawaran instrumen untuk mempromosikan produk mereka, dan untuk
istimewa dan penjimatan wang bagi pihak pelanggan [3]. meningkatkan hasil jualan. Pembungkusan yang baik dapat
membantu pengguna untuk mengenal pasti dan membezakan
FAKTOR JENAMA produk di pasaran. Pembungkusan turut digunakan untuk
membantu melindungi produk semasa proses penghantaran.
Jenama yang terkenal atau mempunyai nama yang kukuh di Penampilan produk agak penting dalam penjualan dan
pasaran akan memberi kesan dan kepercayaan yang lebih pembelian produk, terutama sekali produk kosmetik. (Terry
kepada pengguna atau pembeli. Selain itu, dengan adanya Lane)
jenama, pengguna juga dapat membezakan sesuatu produk atau
perkhidmatan. [4] Kajian Dalam kurun ke 20, satu gejala Terdapat banyak elemen pembungkusan yang menjadi faktor
sedang berkembang ialah penekanan kepada pembelian yang mempengaruhi pengguna untuk membeli seperti warna
mengikut jenama. Jenama merupakan nama yang khusus untuk bungkusan, bahan bungkusan, reka bentuk bungkusan, imej
membezakan barang dagangan yang sama jenisnya tetapi jenama dan inovasi. Warna yang digunakan pada bungkusan
dikeluarkan oleh pengeluar yang berlainan. [5] boleh menarik perhatian pengguna. Oleh sebab itu, warna
sangat penting untuk meningkatkan kebolehan pengguna proses
Jenama ataupun ‘brand’ bukan semata-mata satu lambang membuat keputusan pembelian. Syarikat-syarikat
identiti fizikal. Sesuatu jenama itu merupakan satu persepsi atau menggunakan pelbagai warna untuk menekankan mood yang
pengalaman yang mencorakkan pertalian di antara orang ramai berbeza; hitam melambangkan kuasa, biru untuk amanah,
dengan empunya jenama tersebut. Ini merangkumi semua merah untuk tenaga, hijau untuk keseimbangan atau organik
produk, terutama produk kecantikan yang terdapat di pasaran. dan segar. [9]

FAKTOR KUALITI INFORMASI Satu kajian tentang peranan dan impak pembungkusan kepada
tingkah laku pembelian pengguna merumuskan bahawa elemen
Label adalah identiti sesuatu produk. Tanpa label pengguna pembungkusan melambangkan komunikasi pemasaran yang
tidak dapat membezakan antara satu produk dengan produk baik antara syarikat dengan pengguna, kerana pengguna
yang lain. Label adalah bahagian yang sangat penting bagi menghargai elemen yang terkandung pada pakej
membolehkan pengguna memperoleh dan membeli produk pembungkusan. Selain itu, kajian turut menunjukkan bahawa
yang sesuai seperti yang diharapkan dan sihat serta selamat warna dan reka bentuk produk membuatkan tawaran pemasaran
digunakan. industri besar seperti industri Kosmetik dan menjadi lebih menarik dan mudah dibezakan dengan produk
Kecantikan, farmasi dan Industri Makanan & Minuman amat lain. [9]
memerlukan label pada produk mereka untuk memastikan
pengguna mendapat maklumat yang cukup berkenaan produk
yang dihasilkan.

24

III. OBJEKTIF PENYELIDIKAN Jadual 2. Program yang terlibat sebagai responden.

Mengenalpasti samaada faktor-faktor seperti harga, jenama Program Peratus
dan maklumat produk mempengaruhi keputusan pemilihan dan DEE 46%
pembelian produk kosmetik dikalangan pelajar Semester 1 DEP 21%
DTK 33%
IV. KAEDAH PENYELIDIKAN
Pelajar-pelajar yang mengambil bahagian dalam soal selidik ini
Bahagian ini menghuraikan dengan lebih terperinci langkah- ialah pelajar daripada program DEE, DTK dan DEP, dengan
langkah yang diambil oleh penyelidik dalam menjalankan peratusan masing-masing 46.05%, 32.89% dan 21.06%
kajian. Kaedah yang digunakan adalah berasaskan kepada daripada 152 responden. Responden terbanyak ialah daripada
persoalan dan objektif yang ingin dicapai dalam membuat program DEE, manakala paling sedikit ialah daripada program
penyelidikan. Kaedah penyelidikan yang digunakan bagi kajian DTK.
ini adalah kaedah tinjauan menggunakan borang soal selidik.
Kaedah pembelian
Sampel kajian adalah terdiri daripada 154 pelajar Semester 1 produk kosmetik (%)
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Politeknik Kota Kinabalu
(PKK). Reka bentuk pensampelan yang digunakan oleh 12% 12%
penyelidik adalah reka bentuk pensampelan rawak. Dalam
kajian ini, borang soal selidik digunakan sebagai instrumen 13% 11%
untuk mengutip data laporan yang perlu diisi oleh responden 1%
kajian. 6%

Borang soal selidik ini terdiri daripada dua bahagian iaitu (a) 29% 16%
demografi responden dan (b) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
pemilihan produk kosmetik dikalangan pelajar. Aras Instagram Whatsapp WeChat
persetujuan Skala Likert yang digunakan adalah seperti yang Pasaraya
ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.1.

Jadual 3.1. Item-item Skala Likert – Jenama, Kualiti Informasi, Penampilan
Produk Kosmetik, Harga.

Facebook Kedai runcit

Aras Persetujuan Skala Jualan langsung Farmasi
Sangat Tidak Setuju (STS)
Tidak Setuju (TS) 1 Carta 1. Kaedah pembelian produk kosmetik (%).
Sederhana (S) 2
Setuju (S) 3 Responden paling kerap membeli produk kosmetik mereka
Sangat Setuju (SS) 4 melalui pasaraya (29%), diikuti dengan pembelian di kedai
5 runcit (16%) dan melalui jualan langsung (13%). Selain itu,
mereka turut membeli produk kosmetik mereka melalui farmasi
a.Sample of a Table footnote. (Table footnote) dan Instagram, kedua-duanya dengan peratusan 12%.
Kekerapan pembelian barangan kosmetik melalui Whatsapp
Analisis data dijalankan dengan menggunakan perisian data dan Facebook agak kurang, masing-masing pada peratusan
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Dapatan kajian 11% dan 6%. Responden paling jarang melakukan pembelian
kemudian dilampirkan dan diproses secara deskriptif untuk produk kosmetik melalui aplikasi WeChat, iaitu hanya 1%
menjawab persoalan dan objektif kajian. Sistem ini daripada mereka.
memudahkan penganalisisan bagi data-data yang dikumpulkan.
Data-data dianalisis berdasarkan kepada persoalan-persoalan
utama yang dibincangkan di dalam kajian ini. Data dianalisis
dengan ukuran kekerapan dan peratusan.

V. DAPATAN KAJIAN

Jadual 1. Peratusan jantina responden.

Jantina Peratus
Lelaki 79%
Perempuan 21%

Responden terdiri daripada 78.95% lelaki dan 21.05%
perempuan daripada 152 pelajar Semester 1 JKE yang telah
mengambil bahagian dalam kajian soal selidik ini.

25

Antara Produk Kosmetik Julat harga pembelian produk
yang selalu digunakan (%) (%)

10% 5% 8%
23%%

44% 37%

41% 50%

Minyak wangi Deodorant Gincu Pelembap bibir Face mist < RM10 RM10 - RM20 RM20 - RM40 > RM40

Carta 3. Antara produk kosmetik yang selalu digunakan (%). Carta 4. Julat harga pembelian produk (%).

Responden telah memilih minyak wangi sebagai produk Responden paling sering melakukan pembelian produk
kosmetik yang paling kerap digunakan sebanyak 44%. kosmetik dengan julat harga RM10-RM20, dengan peratusan
Seterusnya ialah deodoran, face mist, pelembap bibir dan gincu; 50% daripada 152 responden. Responden membeli produk
masing-masing dengan peratusan menurun sebanyak 41%, kosmetik pada julat harga RM20-RM40 (37%), kurang
10%, 3% dan 2%. daripada RM10 (8%) dan yang paling sedikit, iaitu dengan julat
harga lebih daripada RM40 (5%).
Kekerapan pembelian barang kosmetik
tersebut dalam JENAMA

tempoh 2 bulan (%) Sangat tidak setuju Tidak setuju Sederhana Setuju Sangat setuju

5%

34% 68
49
48
36

41

61% 2 16
11 11
22

Sekali Dua kali Tiga kali SAYA MEMENTINGKAN JENAMA SAYA TIDAK KISAH MEMBELI
YANG TERKENAL DALAM PRODUK BERJENAMA MEWAH
Carta 2: Kekerapan pembelian barang kosmetik tersebut dalam tempoh 2 PEMILIHAN PRODUK
bulan (%) TIRUAN

Responden paling kerap membeli produk kosmetik mereka Carta 5. Jenama sebagai faktor pemilihan dan pembelian produk kosmetik.
sebanyak dua kali dalam tempoh 2 bulan dengan peratusan
61%. Responden yang memilih pilihan tiga kali dan sekali Responden paling ramai memilih sederhana dan setuju bahawa
hanya sebanyak 34% dan 5% setiap satu. mereka mementingkan jenama yang terkenal dalam pemilihan
produk. Responden juga ramai memilih “sangat tidak setuju”,
diikuti dengan “sederhana” dalam soalan sama ada mereka
tidak kisah membeli produk berjenama mewah tiruan.

26

KUALITI INFORMASI HARGA

Sangat tidak setuju Tidak setuju Sederhana Setuju Sangat setuju Sangat tidak setuju Tidak setuju Sederhana Setuju Sangat setuju

6 36 4 49 48 41 3
10 64 4 70 64 41 10
44 30
68 42 15 49 50
24 67 59
27 30
62
20

4 2 2
6 4 10

1

ULASAN TENTANG BUTIRAN TERPERINCI INFORMASI YANG HARGA HARGA MURAH MAHAL TETAPI DIJUAL DALAM
PRODUK MENARIK PRODUK TEPAT LENGKAP PENTING BERPATUTAN BERKUALITI KUANTITI YANG
MINAT SAYA UNTUK
MEMPENGARUHI SAYA UNTUK SAYA BANYAK
MEMBELI

Carta 6. Kualiti informasi sebagai faktor pemilihan produk kosmetik Carta 8. Harga sebagai faktor pemilihan dan pembelian produk kosmetik.
dikalangan responden.
Responden paling ramai sangat bersetuju bahawa mereka
Responden ramai yang setuju bahawa ulasan tentang produk mahukan dan sanggup membeli produk kosmetik dengan harga
menarik minat responden untuk membeli. Butiran terperinci berpatutan, harga murah, harga yang mahal tetapi berkualiti dan
dan informasi yang lengkap tentang produk kosmetik turut produk kosmetik yang dijual dalam kuantiti yang banyak.
menjadi elemen yang penting untuk responden sebelum Bagaimanapun, bagi produk kosmetik yang mahal dan
membeli produk kosmetik. berkualiti, jumlah responden yang memilih pilihan “setuju” dan
“sederhana” adalah sama banyak. Mereka sederhana kisah dan
PENAMPILAN PRODUK tidak kisah membeli produk kosmetik yang mahal tetapi
berkualiti.
Sangat tidak setuju Tidak setuju Sederhana Setuju Sangat setuju

45 59 58 40 FAKTOR PEMILIHAN
61 38 43 47 PRODUK KOSMETIK
39 48
35 Jenama Kualiti Informasi Penampilan produk Harga

2 7 10 5 128 199 109
9 9 16 12 147 189 95
25 242 188
202
GAMBAR KREATIF MENGGUNAKAN PENGUNAAN SAYA MENILAI 128
WARNA-WARNA BUNGKUSAN
DAPAT MENARIK DUTA ATAU
IMEJ TIDAK ATAU MATERIAL
PERHATIAN SAYA MODEL MEMPENGARUHI PRODUK 65
SEBELUM
TERKENAL SAYA MEMBELI 47 50
20 14
MENINGKATKAN 33 24
46 8
KEYAKINAN SAYA 44

Carta 72. Penampilan produk sebagai faktor pemilihan dan pembelian produk SANGAT SETUJU SEDERHANA TIDAK SANGAT
kosmetik. SETUJU SETUJU TIDAK
SETUJU
Responden paling ramai setuju bahawa gambar kreatif dapat
menarik perhatian mereka terhadap kepada sesuatu produk. Carta 9. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan pemilihan dan
Ramai responden yang sederhana kisah tentang duta atau model pembelian produk kosmetik.
yang digunakan untuk mengiklankan produk mereka.
Responden juga ramai yang sederhana kisah tentang warna Figure 11 memaparkan pecahan pilihan responden berdasarkan
yang digunakan terhadap produk. Bagaimanapun, kebanyakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan pemilihan dan
responden sangat setuju bahawa mereka menilai bungkusan pembelian produk kosmetik secara keseluruhan. Melalui
atau material yang untuk produk sebelum membeli. analisis tersebut, dapat dilihat bahawa harga merupakan faktor
yang paling diambil kira oleh responden dalam membuat
keputusan pemilihan dan pembelian produk kosmetik.
Penampilan produk dan kualiti informasi sederhana penting
bagi responden untuk memilih produk kosmetik. Faktor yang
kurang diambil kira dalam pembelian produk kosmetik ialah
jenama.

27

VI. RUMUSAN [6] (SIRIM Berhad) Mohamad Nizam Zainuddin, “SIRIM: Enabling
Businesses. Enhancing Lives,” Selangor.
Secara keseluruhannya, hasil kajian yang telah dijalankan
menunjukkan bahawa jenama, penampilan produk kosmetik, [7] N. Mohd et al., “LABEL : KEPENTINGAN UNTUK
kualiti informasi dan harga mempengaruhi keputusan PEMBUNGKUSAN MAKANAN DALAM PERCETAKAN,” 2018.
pemilihan produk kosmetik pelajar-pelajar semester 1 Jabatan
Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Politeknik Kota Kinabalu. [8] R. Rebollar, I. Lidón, I. Gil, J. Martín, M. J. Fernández, and C. E.
Walaubagaimanapun, hasil analisis menunjukkan bahawa Riveres, “The influence the serving suggestion displayed on soft cheese
harga merupakan faktor yang paling diambil kira oleh packaging has on consumer expectations and willingness to buy,” Food
responden dalam membuat pemilihan dan pembelian produk Qual. Prefer., 2016.
kosmetik.
[9] J. Zekiri and V. V. Hasani, “THE ROLE AND IMPACT OF THE
RUJUKAN PACKAGING EFFECT ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR,”
2015.
[1] H. A. Izhar et al., “MENGKAJI TAHAP PENERIMAAN TERHADAP
FAKTOR HARGA, FAKTOR JENAMA DAN FAKTOR KUALITI [10] Bernama Harian Online (2014). Industri kecantikan berkembang maju -
DALAM PEMILIHAN PEMBELIAN KOSMETIK HALAL DI Hasan Malek, Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/node/11743.
PERMATANG PAUH,” Permatang Pauh, 2016. Accessed 31 July 2019

[2] O. Alfred, “Influences of Price And Quality On Consumer Purchase Of [11] Terry Lane. "How Does Packaging Affect Consumers?" Small Business
Mobile Phone In The Kumasi Metropolis In Ghana A Comparative - Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/packaging-affect-
Study,” 2013. consumers-70612.html. Accessed 31 July 2019

[3] H. Zhou and Z. Gu, “The Effect of Different Price Presentations on [12] Mohamadiah, Abdullah (2016). Kenali Kosmetik Anda, Retrieved from
Consumer Impulse Buying Behavior: The Role of Anticipated Regret,” http://www.myhealth.gov.my/kenali-kosmetik-anda/. Accessed 31 July
Am. J. Ind. Bus. Manag., vol. 5, pp. 27–36, 2015. 2019.

[4] SITI AISYAH BT. PANATIK, I. B. M. SHAH, and A. B. RAJAB,
“Kajian Terhadap Proses Membuat Keputusan Dalam Tingkah Laku
Membeli Di Kalangan Pennguna: Kajian Kes Di Johor Bahru,” p. 81,
2004.

[5] U. Akkucuk and J. Esmaeili, “The Impact of Brands on Consumer
Buying Behavior,” Int. J. Res. Bus. Soc. Sci., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1–16,
2016.

[6] (SIRIM Berhad) Mohamad Nizam Zainuddin, “SIRIM: Enabling
Businesses. Enhancing Lives,” Selangor.

[7] N. Mohd et al., “LABEL : KEPENTINGAN UNTUK
PEMBUNGKUSAN MAKANAN DALAM PERCETAKAN,” 2018.

[8] R. Rebollar, I. Lidón, I. Gil, J. Martín, M. J. Fernández, and C. E.
Riveres, “The influence the serving suggestion displayed on soft cheese
packaging has on consumer expectations and willingness to buy,” Food
Qual. Prefer., 2016.

[9] J. Zekiri and V. V. Hasani, “THE ROLE AND IMPACT OF THE
PACKAGING EFFECT ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR,”
2015.

[1] H. A. Izhar et al., “MENGKAJI TAHAP PENERIMAAN TERHADAP
FAKTOR HARGA, FAKTOR JENAMA DAN FAKTOR KUALITI
DALAM PEMILIHAN PEMBELIAN KOSMETIK HALAL DI
PERMATANG PAUH,” Permatang Pauh, 2016.

[2] O. Alfred, “Influences of Price And Quality On Consumer Purchase Of
Mobile Phone In The Kumasi Metropolis In Ghana A Comparative
Study,” 2013.

[3] H. Zhou and Z. Gu, “The Effect of Different Price Presentations on
Consumer Impulse Buying Behavior: The Role of Anticipated Regret,”
Am. J. Ind. Bus. Manag., vol. 5, pp. 27–36, 2015.

[4] SITI AISYAH BT. PANATIK, I. B. M. SHAH, and A. B. RAJAB,
“Kajian Terhadap Proses Membuat Keputusan Dalam Tingkah Laku
Membeli Di Kalangan Pennguna: Kajian Kes Di Johor Bahru,” p. 81,
2004.

[5] U. Akkucuk and J. Esmaeili, “The Impact of Brands on Consumer
Buying Behavior,” Int. J. Res. Bus. Soc. Sci., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1–16,
2016.

28

A Case Study: Vendors Delivery Improvement (Supply
Chain) at Azman Hamzah Plastic Sdn. Bhd

Zuraini Gani Nor Hamidah Yatim Khairul Akmal Nusi

Mechanical Engineering Department Mechanical Engineeering Department Mechanical Engineeering Department
Politeknik Ungku Omar Politeknik Ungku Omar Politeknik Ungku Omar
Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract - This project was proposed to improve the inventory to identify the location of every part well to save time. As
arrangement and process flow for warehouse in Azman Hamzah sometimes employees may always exchange effective
Plastik Sdn. Bhd. (AHPBB) as well as to reduce customer communication assignments are necessary so that every
complaint. Some problems with the warehouse which is not fully employee is able to perform without supervised. Each process
utilize racking and chutter system, less efficient in must be in accordance with Standard Operation Procedure
communication and process flow and also failed to apply the (SOP).
principle of first in first out (FIFO) in the warehouse. Thus, some
of the finished goods have been wrongly issued to the customer II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
and increase the customer complaint which can cause
dissatisfaction. Suggestion for improvement in the management Complaints from customers will always be presented in
of warehouses was proposed to review and enforce the process Vendor Countermeasure Format (VCF) as it will cause stop
flow, fully utilize racking and chutter system and also improve in downtime on a serious line on the production system to
communication flow in warehouse. Some of implementations customers. This problem is due to the wrong supply case, dirty
were capacity study for racking and chutter system in new products, mixed products, wrong or overlapping labels, wet
warehouse, as well as rack demarcation by labeling and line products, number of non-product delivery, no good stacking
making of the finished-goods warehouse. Few standard operation (NO GOOD-NG). The increase in the number of complaints
procedure (SOP) was issued as guidance to ensure better process from customers resulted in substantial losses if serious action
flow. The effects from the implementation of the racking and is not taken.
chutter system in warehouse can be seen by the reduction
number of customer complaints in the warehouse. The problem that goes on in the warehouse is not full use
Chutter system, and this system affects the poor in
Keywords – warehouse, management, SOP, chutter system communication and process. It was found that the FIFO
principle is that system which will be in first out basis and
I. INTRODUCTION implemented by this failure led to an increase in complaints
from customers. however, neither the supervision of human
Warehouse is a place for good storage and conducting material workers is necessary to ensure that the system runs efficiently
needs of an industry. Warehouse important in supply chain and effectively.
management are intended as a mediator freight from the
factory to the customer and it also ensures that the product is III. LITERATURE REVIEW
in good condition and safe. As the last station before the
delivery to the customer, the warehouse must ensure that no A warehouse is a facility in the supply chain to consolidate
mistakes during the preparation of goods. Warehouse is also products to reduce transportation cost, achieve economies of
necessary to ensure that all parts in good condition, and the scale in manufacturing or in purchasing [1] or provide value
exact quantity. Supply chain reengineering efforts have the added processes and shorten response time [2]. In 2016
potential to impact performance in a big way. Often they are Jitendra S. Patil1 and Prof. P. R. Attar2 (2016) described, no
undertaken with only a probabilistic view of the future, and it matter how much-advanced technology any organization may
is essential to perform a detailed risk analysis before adopting have implemented unless the lower level employees or
a new process. According to the workers involved, they must workers are not well experienced or one can say strict cultured
follow the correct process flow so that the parts can be all efforts are in vain [3]. Every warehouse nowadays is facing
provided quickly and accurately. FIFO (First in-First Out) is a space storage problem. The main reason is nothing but the
an effective storage technique in inventory management [15]. slow/dead/old or excessive inventory. Many times was
The basic concept of FIFO is that the first product is prepared happening that first stored or entered products in warehouse
and placed in the warehouse must be the first to be sold or gets accumulated below newly entered products [4], so as time
removed from the warehouse. FIFO can be implemented in a passes the upper products are dispatched while lower products
proper storage way in warehouses, this is a method of keeping stay under pile catching dust, resulting in old or expired or
using the Chutter system. All items will be stored in the shelf damaged inventory. Warehouses have been going through
or chutter and will be labeled. Each employee should be able

29

various challenges such as – supply chains are becoming more Powered mobile racking is effectively single deep APR, with
integrated and shorter, globalized operation, customers are the racking, except the end or outer rows, mounted on
more demanding and technology changes are occurring electrically powered base frames [11]. Operationally it has
rapidly. In order to cope up with these challenges similar characteristics to APR, but it is slower in use, and the
organizations are adopting innovative approaches such as pallet position utilization is likely to be similar to APR at 90 to
warehouse management system. No need to mention but this 95%. This type of storage is expensive in equipment and floor
First come last served policy is responsible for this problem. costs, and it tends to be slow in operation [13]. However, it
Uncontrolled production leads to the pile of unused inventory gives very dense storage and is suitable for the typically large
due to unpredictable demand and supply [5]. The part of this number of product lines forming the ‘Pareto tail’ of a product
inventory goes on accumulating at the back of the warehouse, range, where individual product lines have low stock and low
catching dust ending up damaged or expired inventory. throughput. It also finds use in cold- storage applications
Normally, the newly entered products are stacked over older where space costs are especially high, and however,
one therefore only those are treated (retrieved and stored) time temperature variations are reduced by cutting the air space in
to time while older products are completely neglected [6]. the storage area [14]. A major aspect for determining the most
This problem becomes severe when there is insufficient space suitable system of storage for a particular application is to
for storage. The worker will not responsible for the FIFO choose one whose characteristic very similarly matches the
system and It will be making a difficult job to retrieve the overall requirements of the store within which it is to work
older products from the pile as it is very time consuming and [15].
laborious process. Sorting and picking process becomes Slotting will help make the most of the cubic space you have.
critical in such case. At its most basic level, slotting is the series of tasks that
precede the decision of where to put away inventory based on
This paper focuses on how to deal with this type of inventory space available within your warehouse facility. If the contents
by efficient racking system which promotes the First in First of your warehouse are not static, then don’t expect that your
out (FIFO) methodology. Carton Flow Rack is the one rack slotting activities can remain forever unchanged. Plan on
apply FIFO system. A Carton Flow Rack is a high-density continually tweaking your slotting strategy in response to
type of Storage and Picking System. Gravity flow to bring the unforeseen events or deviations from plan. Ideally, your
product from the stocking aisle to the picking aisle of the slotting strategy would change in sync with your historical or
System [6]. The products of the same frequency can be loaded forecasted product usage information, and things would
on the same lane from the back so that the oldest product is remain fairly smooth.
always in the front of the lane.
V. METHODOLOGY
Beside of that, the most frequently shipped products can be
placed at the most accessible height to save time. There can be Figure 1. Project Flow.
clips/lock holding the cartons behind the first carton so that
they wouldn’t slide abruptly if the front Carton was removed. a. Survey to respondents (Questionaire)
After that, another advantage of this system is that if the The purpose of this survey is to gather all the information
packer picks up more items than he requires. The worker can about the cause of customers’ complaints such as wrong
always put it back in the appropriate lane without having to supply, dirty part, mix part, dual/wrong label, wet part,
worry about FIFO as the oldest items are always in front. The shortage delivery, wrong trip and also high stacking not good
features using the rack storage system drive-in and drive- (NG). Based on monthly customer complains previous, the
through racking, it is operationally similar to block storage
and they should only be one product line in each row [7].

Another that the racking structure supports the weight of the
pallets so this system is suitable for high stock product lines,
where strict FIFO movement is not required. The
disadvantages are where the pallet loads are not strong enough
or of regular enough shape to carry superimposed loads [8].
Another racking is probably the most widely used type of
pallet racking and offers free access to every pallet held. The
name rack is adjustable pallet racking It can be built to match
the lift height of any forklift truck [9]. Unit loads other than
pallets can be stored using APR, and there is a range of
accessories such as drum supports and channel supports for
post pallets to facilitate this. The conventional way of laying
out APR is to have one row single deep at each end of the
installation, with back-to-back rows in between [10]. This
gives every truck aisle access to two rows of racking and
minimizes the number of aisles required.

30

highest cause of customer complaints is the wrong supply. Table 1. Outer Dimension of Polybox.
Because of that, a questionnaire or survey is to identify why
this problem repeats again.

Figure 2. Questionnaire to respondents.

Figure 4. Capacity Study of Rack.

Figure 3. Monthly Forecast.

31

Table 2. Current condition investigation and implementation.

PREVIOUS ACTUAL
1. No prove confirmation from 1. SOP
logistic section. .Prepare to check
sheet confirmation
• No Process flow out for receive part.
• No SOP
• Miscommunication with 2. Apply FIFO
other section. SOP
2. No FIFO implemented implementation.
• No training to team
member about FIFO.

3. No fix location of goods 3. Study about the Graph 2. Result Survey Customer As Respondents.
• Lack of knowledge on capacity of racking
using excel and computer and chutter. Referring to graph 2, it shows that no label on rack and chutter
technology. and also no fixed position location of good is the main factor
• Quality part affected • Each part of the cases wrong part supply to vendor. Based on my
due time. have a fix location. observations, AHPBB still has no fixed position especially on
• Lack of time. the rack, where no labels and part positions are often variable.
Furthermore, they do not apply FIFO systems on the rack.
VI. RESULT Besides that, the position of the part on chutter is also not
a. Reduces Customer Complaint fixed and uncertain. The chutter number is also not enough of
the quantity it deserves. Therefore, I have study capacity for
Based on the graph 1 and graph 2 shows customer complaints rack and chutter to set fixed position for each part.
by plot and graph production errors on the product provider.

Graph 1. Summary Customer Complaint. Figure 7. Before (Racking).
Figure 8. After (Racking).
Refering to graph 1, Azman Hamzah Plastik Sdn.Bhd
indicated that the issue wrong part is the highest than the other
issue. The highest cases in the logistic section, because of
some problems have been detected based on the observation
and survey. Wrong part supply is the highest and popular
issue that was happened at Azman Hamzah Plastik Sdn.Bhd.
24 cases have been recorded due to logistics, 16 is the wrong
supply issue, 3 from the dual label error and the rest is the part
mix.

32

Figure 9. Chutter (Before). shelves look more structured and easily traceable for delivery
Figure 10. Chutter (after). process.

VII. DISCUSSION

Before the implementation of the fix location of good, the
AHPBB get many complaints from customer regarding to the
wrong supply. After implementation, the number of customer
complaint is slowly reduced. When the customer complaint
was reduced, automatically the number of the Vendor
Countermeasure Format (VCF) will also decrease. The highest
number of the Customer Complaints was in October until
Decsember 2018. Then, it was reduced till zero for three
months but in April 2019 the number of customer complaint
was increase slowly. A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
is a document which describes the regularly recurring
operations relevant to the quality of the investigation. The
purpose of a SOP is to carry out the operations correctly and
always in the same manner. The SOP is needed in the
warehouse to be as a guideline to the worker when prepare the
part. Figure 9 shows the SOP for the logistic section.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to thank the Polytechnic Ungku Omar for giving
me the opportunity and permission to present this paper.
Hopefully this paper can provide benefits to anyone who
needs it. Thank You.

Figure 11. Action Plan.

Based on the comparison in the figure 7 (Before
implementation the system) and figure 8(After implementation
the system) below, was found that after using the concept of a
regular arrangement of shelves with the right label and it's
much easier to supply chain and the concept of FIFO (First in
First off) can be implemented effectively. Figure 9 shown the
chutter system before the implementation and the figure 9 is
shown the chutter system after implementation, found that the

33

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34

Design Improvement for Tractor Gearbox Stand: A
Review

Mohd Farizzal Dolah Muhamad Ishak bin Ibrahim@Yem

Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Polytechnic Melaka Polytechnic Melaka
Melaka, Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia

[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract - This research is an invention to help employee the work of separating and assembling tractor gear
works on the tractor gearbox repair. Currently, the boxes. This work is very difficult to accomplish because
tractor gearbox repairing and assembling are a very there are no special tools used in the work. The
difficult and complicated task. From the research, it mechanic who does this will use a lot of equipment such
carried out design a tool of tractor gearbox stand that can as a floor jack in performing this task. With the use of
be used by mechanics in separation work and the such tools, the risk of accidents is high. For example, a
inclusion of tractor gearbox. This stand is to facilitate tractor gear box may slip from the floor jack and cause
workers to separating and re-assembling the gearbox on damage to the machine as well as injury to the workers.
the tractor. This work is very difficult to implement as Some of the problems we encountered in doing the
there is no special tool used in doing the works. tractor gearbox partition work were as follows: -
Mechanics that do this work will use a lot of equipment - The use of large numbers of workers in the work of
like floor jack in performing this task. With the use of
these tools, the risk of accidents is high. Safety issues separating and assembling tractor gear boxes.
during tractor gear separation proses are also noted. The - Long time use of tractor gearbox separation work.
risk of accidents while performing these works using the - Less safety aspect as there is no special tool used for
current way are high. This is because the separate
tractors will be stored on the jack and the risk of falling the work of separating and assembling tractor gear
during work is high. Tractor gearbox stand is a stand that boxes.
can be adjusted forward and backward on the rolling
base. It is to facilitate the separation process and the II. OBJECTIVES
inclusion of tractor gearbox. It will be adjustable and run
on the site provided. Works like power take off (PTO) As a result of the problem statement that have obtained
maintenance, clutch conversion and so on can be done through on this research. It come up with an idea to
when the tractor has been raised on this tractor gearbox. create a tool that mechanics can use in the work of
Tractor gearbox stand is used exclusively for heavy separating and assembling a tractor gearbox. The project
machinery i.e. tractors. This project will implement a is a tractor gearbox stand. The project is created intended
tool to facilitate the separation and re-assembly of tractor to provide convenience to the mechanics of doing work
gear boxes, clutch conversion and power take off (PTO) on a tractor. Here is the objective of the project: -
maintenance. The project will also ease and simplify - To reducing the number of employees to perform
gearbox separation work. Lastly, this tool will minimize
the use of workers to do work. work on a tractor gearbox servicing.
- To add more level of safety issue during work on
Keywords - Tractor gearbox stand; safety factor; design
tractor gearbox servicing.
I. INTRODUCTION - To minimize the time in doing the work on tractor

In the research we conducted on heavy machinery gearbox servicing.
workshops, there were many difficulties and difficulties
in working on a tractor. This is because there are no III. EXPECTED RESULTS
special tools to use in doing any work. For example, in
The tractor gearbox stand is a stand that is adjustable to
the front and back of the roll bar. It is to simplify the
process of separating and unloading the tractor gearbox.
It will be adjustable and moveable to the site provided.
Works such as power take-off (PTO) maintenance,
clutch replacement and so on can be done when the
tractor is upgraded to this tractor gearbox stand.

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Tractor gearbox stand is used exclusively for heavy separate and service, as it requires a lot of workers and it
machinery, tractor. This project is working on is a tool is less secure.
that will facilitate the work of separating and replacing Furthermore, the problem that employees face is that it
the tractor gearbox, clutch conversion and power take off takes time to do the work of separating the gearbox for a
(PTO) maintenance. The project will also ease and long time. The work is done using a lot of manpower.
simplify gearbox partitioning. While it takes a lot of people to do the work, it still takes
a long time to get it done.
In addition, this tool will also minimize the use of Next, safety issues while doing tractor gearbox partition
employees to perform certain tasks. This is because work. According to the research that have been
using the current way to separate the gearbox will take at conducted, the risk of accidents while doing this work
least 5 to 6 people to execute it. However, with the use using the current method is high risk. Figure 1.1 shows
of the stand that we will be doing this, the workers used tractor gearbox stand using normal hydraulic stand.
to do tractor gear box splitting work will be reduced to
just 2 or 3 people. Furthermore, with this tool, time will Figure 1.1 Basic Hydraulic Stand [1].
be used well and work can be done quickly and safely.
The tools and materials we will use to implement this C. Tractor
tool are angle bar, absorber, scissor jack, bearing and so In agricultural mechanization, tractors as a vehicle or
on. This tool can be uninstalled after you finish using it. machine has contribute so much to improve the
This will make it easier for worker to storage or move it productivity and effectiveness of the agricultural heavy
somewhere else. work [2]. Tractor is said to be a huge contribution in
modern developing countries that replace the
IV. LITERATURE REVIEW conventional method that use animals or human forces to
do the work. The limitation of animals and human forces
A. PTO (Power Take Off) has led to the invention of tractor to overcome hard work
and taking a long time during farming. There have two
A power take-off or power takeoff (PTO) is any of types of tractor engines which are petrol and diesel
several methods for taking power from a power source, engines. Both has its advantages and disadvantages but
such as a running engine, and transmitting it to an majority of agricultural machinery using diesel engines
application such as an attached implement or separate as shown in Figure 1.2 because it is easy to repair and
machines. Most commonly, it is a splined drive shaft maintain, good and has solid construction and can
installed on a tractor or truck allowing implements with deliver more power at low speed [3].
mating fittings to be powered directly by the engine.
Semi-permanently mounted power take-offs can also be
found on industrial and marine engines. These
applications typically use a drive shaft and bolted joint
to transmit power to a secondary implement or
accessory.

In the case of a marine application, such shafts may be
used to power fire pumps. In aircraft applications, such
an accessory drive may be used in conjunction with a
constant speed drive. Jet aircraft have four types of PTO
units: internal gearbox, external gearbox, radial drive
shaft, and bleed air, which are used to power engine
accessories. In some cases, aircraft power take-off
systems also provide for putting power into the engine
during engine start. The PTO rotational speed was
specified as 536 ± 10 rpm; the direction was clockwise.
The speed was later changed to 540 rpm.[1]

B. Tractor Gearbox Stand

Nowadays, to service tractor gearbox there are still using
hydraulic stand 3 tone. After doing some research on
heavy machinery workshops. From the finding of
separating tractor gear boxes, they are very difficult to

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Figure 1.3 Concept design A. Figure 1.4 Concept design B.

Figure 1.2 Dimension of tractor. Figure 1.3 shows drawing of concept design A. It has
tough structure where it is support by four shock
The development of agricultural machines such as absorber. It uses angle iron as the main structure and use
tractor has brought new demand in farming industries rectangular hollow section iron as center structure. It has
and agricultural workers. The farmers themselves must large contact area at the top for ease of positioning the
know about energy, mechanical forces and have tractor gearbox. The center of the main structure will
mechanical skills. It is important that farmers know how support by bottle jack for ease of height adjustment.
to maintain, safely operate and repair the tractor [4]. Each side of the design has two solid shafts iron for
Safety, convenience and comfortable must be taken into installation of wheel. It will be used for ease of
consideration while performing a job in workplace to movement during separation. It uses thickness of 5 mm
ensure worker safety and comfort [5]. Safety in for angle iron and rectangular hollow section iron. The
workplace must be the first thing to consider because it whole concept design A will use mild steel as its
is involving the human life. Similar to the current material.
servicing work of tractor gearboxes, proper and working
equipment should be used to ensure that the work is Concept design B is similar with design of jack stand
done safely. where the difference is only it size as shown in Figure
1.4. On the top of the design, there has four support use
D. Detail Drawing of Concept Design to hold the tractor gearbox. It uses circular hollow
section iron with thickness of 5 mm. Bellow structure
The structure analysis is done using analysis software design use angle iron as it structures with the shape of
which is CATIA V5 CAD software. The detail drawing pyramid. The shape of the pyramid is used to stabilize
is drawn using CAD software to illustrate the shape and the design. At the center of the design, there will be
dimension of the design. Three concept designs was bottle jack to adjust the height of top support. It also has
drawn using CAD software. two solid shafts for installation of wheel for both sides.
The material use for this design is mild steel [6].

Figure 1.5 Concept design C.

Concept design C as shown in Figure 1.5 use a concept
of scissor jack. It use circular hollow section iron as it
base with thickness of 5 mm. It use angle iron and
rectangular hollow section iron for top supporter. The
height adjustment use concept of scissor where it will be

37

adjusted by using bottle jack at its centre. It also has two process, the welding and welding and finishing process.
solid shafts for wheel installation at both sides. Mild The idea to design tractor gearbox stand is generated
steel will be use as its main material. through an observation and survey method at Sime
Darby Workshop. The idea to invent a design of tractor
V. METHODOLOGY gearbox stand was generated during the servicing of
A. Survey and Observation tractor gearbox at Sime Darby Workshop. The
mechanics use jack stands to hold the separated unit of
Table 1.1 Project Analysis Results. tractor while servicing tractor gearbox as shown in
Figure 1.6. They use several jack stand to hold the
Figure 1.6 Jack stand used to hold the tractor during servicing work. separated unit of tractor because of the heavy weight.
The total mass of tractor is almost 5000 kg and design of
In order to create a project, procedure or step plays a tractor gearbox stand must be able to withstand the load.
vital role in obtaining quality work that is able to meet Current method uses by mechanics to separate the units
the needs and comfort of the user. This is an important of tractor is using human force. Several mechanics were
process as we will be able to see the cooperation that hold the separated units of tractor while the other
each member of the group will bring to the project. In mechanic put the jack stand below the tractor. This
the process there are several steps to take. It is a measure method uses much energy of mechanics during servicing
of measurement, cutting, welding, installation and even because of high load of tractor [7]. The design of tractor
finishing. In each of these steps, each member of the gearbox stand need to meet the safety criteria which is it
group will play a role in ensuring that their tasks are can withstand the weight of the tractor. To do so,
completed within the time allotted. The implementation engineering analysis is applied to the design and
process is the most important process in the process of calculated in analysis software [8].
implementing this project. In this process, each member
of the group will take on their assigned tasks. This VI. CONCLUSION
process starts with the measurement process, the cutting
It can be concluded that structure analysis is very
important to determine the performance of product
design when it’s involving very high load to ensure it
safety before use. One of the methods to determine
whether it is safe to use or not is using simulation
method using analysis software. It is cost effective and
time saving. The design is drawn using CAD software
and directly analyze its structure by applying required
setting. Although it is based on simulation only but its
results can be used as a prediction in real world situation
[9]. All the shortcomings and weaknesses in this project
are hoped to be addressed so that they will meet the
needs of the users as a whole. The last conclusion that
can be drawn from designing a product called the tractor
gearbox stand is that it can simplify the work of
mechanics in doing a tractor job. Especially in the work
of separating the tractor gear box. In addition, this tractor
gearbox stand project will also be able to reduce the
number of workers to do a job. In addition, the project
will also increase the level of safety for the workers
during work.

38