eProceeding BorNCe19

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the TVET Applied
Research Grants Scheme (TARGS), Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Melaka Polytechnic,
Department of Polytechnic and Community College
Education (JPPKK) for financially sponsoring, facilities
and gratefully knowledge during this research.

REFERENCES

[1] Foxwell, W. J., 1961. The Agriculture Tractor: Its Function and Design.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: Automobile
Division. Pp. 113 – 127

[2] Emanuela, E. C., Michal, P., Giovani, B. P., Matteo, Z., 2014. Design
Issues and in Field Tests of the New Sustainable Tractor LOCOSTRA,
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) open access
robotics journal, 3, pp 83 – 105

[3] Christina, P., Dorina, I., 2014. Design Process of a Low Cost Tractor.
International Journal of Mining, Metallurgy & Mechanical Engineering
(IJMMME), 2 (2), pp. 69 – 73

[4] Shareef, I. A., Ahmad Omer, O. M. Z., Fadol Mukraz, M. A., Ahmed
Mohammed, N. H., 2014. Conceptual Design of Transmission for Small
Tractor. Pp. 1 – 55.

[5] Kumar, R., 2016. Human Factors for Tractor Design Considering
Physical Environment. Wisdom Herald, 7 (1), pp. 35 - 40

[6] Pattanshetti, V. S., 2016. Design and Analysis of Go Kart Chassis.
International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology, 4 (1), pp.
150 – 164

[7] Suratkar, A., Shukla, V., 2013. 3-D Modelling and Finite Element
Analysis of EOT Crane. International Journal of Mechanical and
Production Engineering, 1 (2), pp. 34 – 37

[8] Yuce, C., Karpat, F., Yavuz, N., Sendeniz, G., 2014. A Case Study:
Designing for Sustainability and Reliability in an Automotive Seat
Structure. Sustainability, 6, pp. 4608 – 4631

[9] Naik, A., Mishra, R., Khot, A., Sharma, S., Desai, A., 2015. Design,
Analysis & Fabrication of Portable Car Wash Trolley. International
Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering and Science, 3 (1), pp.
988 – 1008

39

Hybrid Pine-apple Leaves Fibers (PALF)/Aramid Embedded
Thermoset for Ballistic Impact Resistance Panel

Mohamad Pazlin bin Saion Mohd Faiz bin Razali Mohd Farizzal bin Dolah Muhd

Mechanical Engineering Department Mechanical Engineering Department Mechanical Engineering Department
Polytechnic of Malacca Polytechnic of Malacca Polytechnic of Malacca
Malacca, Malaysia Malacca, Malaysia Malacca, Malaysia

Abstract - Agriculture by product was a serious issue in term of performance in exclusive ply and fiber orientation in a
dumping problems. Besides occupy a large site, also create laminated composite. Throughout this literature overview,
habitat for harmful organism. As this by product might there's no such research at the interplay of fibers in lamina
economically and technically solve the environmental and social composite for the reason that stacking sequence of the lamina
issues, make these fibers an alternative to partially replaced and fiber orientation in the composite are associated. Thus, the
synthetic fibers in composite materials. The application of Pine- improvement a new interplay lamina composite the usage of
apple Leaves Fibers (PALF) as reinforcements in polymeric aramid fiber and pine-apple leaves fiber in weave structure
composites has increased in many industrial sectors from civil may be a thrilling topic to be explored in the element for
construction to automobiles. This demands the characterization gaining extra knowledge beneath the mechanical checking out
of promising fibers, such as those extracted from Pine-apple and improving the mechanical and bodily properties of the
Leaves Fibers (PALF) for possible application in composites. In composite structure packages.
the present work, pullout tests were performed to compare the
interfacial adhesion with epoxy resin of these Pine-apple Leaves Woven Hybrid Pine-apple leaves/Aramid Hybrid Yarn is the
Fibers (PALF) that provide greatly different characteristics. combination of natural and synthetic fibers in the form of
Mechanical tests were performed in Pine-apple Leaves Fibers thread or yarn. The yarn is weaved to form a fabric type of
(PALF) composites. In these tests, it was observed the superiority fiber reinforced material. Then, the fabric is fabricated with
of mechanical properties for the composite reinforced with 25 % epoxy as the resin to form a hybrid composite. For composite
volume of Pine-apple Leaves Fibers (PALF) and 75% volume fabrication, woven fabric Pine-apple leaves/Aramid hybrid
Aramid embedded thermoset compared to other samples. yarn composite was prepared with vacuum bagging hand lay-
Additionally, ballistic tests were carried out using high-velocity up method. Woven fabric Pine-apple leaves/Aramid hybrid
impact testing device. In this evaluation, 50 samples composites yarn composite was fabricated with total fiber content of 40 %
were used against the 9 mm ball bearing. The results revealed a and 60 % of Epoxy as the matrix. The fiber ratios of Pine-
relatively lowest depth of penetration (4.0mm) for the sample apple leaves/Aramid hybrid yarn were varied in weight
with 25% Pine-apple Leaves Fibers (PALF) composite, fraction of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100 respectively.
considered efficient according to the personal body armor The composites of woven fabric Pine-apple leaves/Aramid and
standard. Therefore, all these results highlight the potential of woven fabric Aramid/Epoxy were also fabricated for
these Pine-apple Leaves Fibers (PALF) fibers as polymer comparison. The mechanical properties of five (5) samples
composites reinforcement in ballistic armors. composites were tested accordingly. Based on the high-
performance requirement, the considerable mechanical
Keywords - Pine-apple Leaves Fibre (PALF), Ballistic Impact, properties of natural fibers can be achieved through the
Aramid, Polymer, Tensile Test, Flexural Test, Morphological hybridization with synthetic fibers. Additionally, the product
Characterization is biodegradable, economical and has remarkable mechanical
performance in relation to a specific weight. The binder or
I. INTRODUCTION resin most commonly used is thermoset polymers such as
polyester, epoxies and phenolic [1]. However certain
Natural fibers such as pine-apple leaves are inexpensive, drawbacks, such as the incompatibility between fibers and
abundant and renewable, lightweight, with low density, high polymer matrices, the tendency to form aggregates during
toughness, and are biodegradable. Natural fibers such as pine- processing and the poor resistance to moisture, reduce the use
apple leaves have the potential to be used as a replacement for of these natural fibers as reinforcements in polymers. Several
traditional reinforcement materials in composites for treatments and modifications are used to improve fibers/matrix
applications which require a high strength-to-weight ratio and compatibility, such as bleaching, acetylation and use coupling
further weight reduction. However, natural fibers have low agent [2]. Polymer matrix composites have two main
strength. The study is to examine the different ratio of weight components: an organic polymer as a matrix and high strength
percentage of Hybrid Pine-apple leaves/Aramid composites fibers as the reinforcement. The fibers are the main component
under tensile and flexural types of loading. In this study, that carries the applied load. However, the matrix firmly bonds
different percentages of Pine-apple leaves in the mixture the fibers together and uniformly distribute the applied load to
(100%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 0%) were used to investigate the
protective plate performance against ballistic impact. The
research was accomplished to investigate the fabric

40

the fibers. The interaction achieved between components ballistic composites, in bicycle tires, marine cordage, marine
(matrix and reinforcements) directly affect the properties and hull reinforcement, and as an asbestos substitute. The name is
performance of composite material [4]. The main a portmanteau of "aromatic polyamide" [3]. The matrix is
characteristics of PMCs are their high strength and high D.E.R.331 liquid epoxy resin with a density of 1.08 g/m3. The
modulus with improved physical and chemical properties (in resin was cured using joint amine type (905-3S). Non-silicone
relation to their individual components) such as light weight, mold release agent formula 700-A supplied by Aerosol
dimensional stability and chemical resistance [4,5] The matrix Specialist Sdn Bhd used prior to fabrication processes.
used in the manufacture of a PMC can be a thermoplastic or a Fabrication of Hybrid Composites Hand-lay-up method was
thermosetting polymer. Thermoset polymers have their adopted to fabricate laminates of Aramid, Pine-apple leaves
molecules chemically joined together by cross-linking. Once and hybrid weaved fabric with epoxy resin. The woven fabrics
the curing reaction is completed resins cannot be melted or re- were hand lay-up with the epoxy matrix by mixing the epoxy
used again. The most common thermosets used in composite resin (DER 331) and amine hardener in the ratio of 2:1. Two
fabrication are: epoxies, polyesters, vinyl esters, phenolics, thick mild steel plates are used as a mold (10×10 cm2) in the
polyimides and cyanate ester. Commonly, thermosetting fabrication process. The entire mold surface was sprayed with
polymers have been used as the matrix for long continuous a mold release agent to prevent adhesion of composites to the
fibers reinforced plastic [6, 7, 8]. In thermoplastic polymers mold after curing and also to ensure a smooth sample surface.
the molecules are not chemically joined together; thus, they The ratios of Pine-apple leaves to Aramid yarn were varied to
can be heat-softened, melted, and reshaped many times as get a range of hybrid ratio. As shown in Table 1, the ratio
required. Typical thermoplastic polymers used as matrix Pine-apple leaves / Aramid in percentage are S1 (25/75), S2
materials in polymer-based composites are nylons, (0/100). S3 (50/50), S4 (100/0), S5 (75/25), and composites
polyethylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyether, and were cured by applying compression pressure using dead
polyacetals. These polymers have been used commonly to weights on the top of the mold and cured at room temperature
develop short fiber-reinforced plastic, which is generally for 24 hours. For the curing process, compression pressure
fabricated by injection-molding, or extrusion processes [6, 7, applied is 5 Mbar, resin curing temperature is at 270C and
8]. The penetration resistance of a material is governed by the resin type is Epolam 2017 Resin which kind of resin that have
dynamic deformation mechanisms of both the projectile and good mechanical properties, low viscosity and compatible
target. The thickness, strength, ductility, toughness, and with all sort of hardeners. Experimental Procedure Tensile
density of the target material, in addition to the velocity and Test on the Composites Standard test method (ASTM D3822-
hardness of the projectile, are crucial factors that determine 2007) was used for tensile properties of each composite
ballistic impact performance. The aim of this study is to specimen. The 3 specimens were prepared for each type of
investigate the fundamental effects of the woven Hybrid Pine- fabric.
apple Leaves Fibers (PALF) arrangement with Aramid
towards increasing ballistic resistance properties. The
experiment focusses on the ballistic limit test known as NIJ
V50, which qualifies materials to be registered for the use in
combat armor panels. The results show that the composites
withstood 300 m/s ± 5 limit of ball bearing velocity, satisfying
the NIJ test at level II. In this study, a laminated woven
Hybrid Pine-apple Leaves Fibers (PALF)/Aromatic Polyamide
synthetic fibers with thermoset polyester composite is
developed for a ballistic impact from ball bearing under
shooting test. The test for ballistic impact conducted under
Level II body armor. This Resistance panel of Level II body
armor is designed to be lightweight but still very protective.
The panels protect from 13 bore shotgun and 9 mm handguns.
In this study, the use of real ammunition was replaced by gas
gun compressed air. The findings give an optional decision to
engineers whether or not bio composites are qualified to
replace synthetic composites in certain engineering
applications especially in ballistic resistance.

II. WOVEN COMPOSITE MANUFACTURING

The woven Pine-apple leaves, Aramid and Hybrid fabrics
were supplied by Sri Jentayu Sdn Bhd. The fiber used in this
study is Aramid. Aramid fibers are a class of heat-resistant and
strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and
military applications, for ballistic-rated body armor fabric and

41

Table 1. The ratio Pine-apple leaves / Aramid composition in weight
percentage.

Sample Ratio of Pine-apple leaves / Aramid
number in wt.%
25/75
S1
0/100
S2 50/50
S3
100/0
S4 75/25
S5

Fig. 1. Flow chart of composite Pine-apple leaves/Aramid processing. III. BALLISTIC IMPACT TEST USING GAS GUN

A single stage gas gun operated ballistic impact test apparatus
was used to carry out experimental studies. The apparatus
consists of a projectile propelling mechanism, chronograph for
velocity measurement, support stand for holding the specimen,
containment chamber, safety devices and strain measuring
facility. Air was used as the propelling gas. Compressed gas
cylinder, barrel for propelling and guiding the projectile, quick
release valve and a nitrogen gas based solenoid valve to
operate the quick release valve are the components of the
propelling mechanism. The barrel was 1.5 m long. Its inner
diameter was governed by the diameter of the projectile used.
Projectile speed was maintained at 300 m/s by adjusting the
air pressure in the cylinder. Experimental studies were carried
out on flat specimens of (10×10 cm2) with different
thicknesses. In this work, there are two main evaluations on
the specimens which are tensile properties and ballistic
measurement. The tensile testing of this composite was
conducted to estimate the mechanical properties of the
specimens and compare to the fiber reinforced material.
Meanwhile, the ballistic testing using a gas gun was conducted
to measure the ballistic resistance in term of V50 and energy
absorption, Eabs. In this work, the evaluation of ballistic
resistance was only focused on the sample properties and
composition itself. Eventually, the impact deformation
depends on the shape of the projectile end and the target
geometry. The area of the projectile nose related to the amount
of impact force concentrated in the projectile’s tip at the
impact moment, in this prospective the failure mechanism of
composite relate with projectile velocity, projectile shape
criteria

Fig. 2. Flow chart of composite Pine-apple leaves/Aramid weight % and
strength test.

Fig. 3. Schematic representation of high-velocity impact testing device (Gas
Gun).

42

Tensile strength (MPa)

Fig. 4. Fracture of Pine-apple leaves/Aramid composite after impact testing. 100
80
60
40
20
0

Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample
12345

Flexible modulus (MPa)

a) b) 35000
30000
Fig. 5. SEM of the heterogeneities of the a) Pine-apple Leaves Fibers (PALF) 25000
cross sections b) Pine-apple Leaves Fibers (PALF) surfaces. 20000
15000
Table 2. Mean flexural test results. 10000
5000
0

Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample
12345

Table 3. Mean tensile test results. Fig. 6. Mean tensile strength and flexural stress of composite Pine-apple
leaves/Aramid.
Table 4. ANOVA test result on penetration of Hybrid Pine-apple Leaves Fibre
(PALF)/Aramid. IV. CONCLUSION

Effect of hybridizing naturally woven Pine-apple leaves with
Aramid fabric/epoxy composites on tensile, flexural and
impact properties were studied. From the results, it is clear
that replacement of Aramid with 25 weight % Pine-apple
leaves declined the tensile properties by only 20%. Highest
flexural strength and modulus of were observed in the hybrid
laminates (A75/PA25) than other laminated composites due to
the dense fiber architecture and mechanical interlocking. The
impact toughness of hybrid composites (75/25 weight %)
showed good agreement with the pure Aramid fiber reinforced
polymer composites. This indicate that hybridization of 25
weight % Pine-apple leaves can absorb and efficiently
dissipates the impact energy. From the ANOVA test results, it
was found that there is a statistically significant difference
among the mean of individual mechanical properties. The
residual plots proved the goodness of fit of the ANOVA. From
the results, it is concluded that the laminated composites S2
(A75/PA25) can efficiently replace the pure Aramid
composites S1 (A100/PA0). From this study, it have
demonstrated that the difference in indentation resistance
between the composite panel and its corresponding core
material depends on the resistance force. This study have also
found that composite form of 25% of Pine-apple leaves with
75% of Aramid has competitive resistance behavior compared
to the 100% Aramid. It can be concluded that Pine-apple

43

leaves material can be used to reinforce Aramid in enhancing
the strength and mechanical properties of the ballistic armor.

REFERENCES

[1] D. Gay, "Composite Materials: design and applications.", 3rd edition,
Taylor & Francis Group,U.S., 2015.

[2] P.K. Mallick, "Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing,
and Design.", 3rd edition, Taylor & Francis Group, U.S., 2008.

[3] Hillermeier, Karlheinz (1984). "Prospects of Aramid as a Substitute for
Asbestos". Textile Research Journal. 54 (9): 575–580.

[4] R.M. Wang, S.R. Zheng, and Y. G. Zheng, "Polymer Matrix Composites
and Technology.", Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge UK., 2011.

[5] A. Boudenne, L. Ibos, Y. Candau, and S. Thomas, "Handbook of
Multiphase Polymer Systems", John Wiley & Sons Ltd., vol. 1. 2011.

[6] P.K. Mallick, "Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing,
and Design.", 3rd edition, Taylor & Francis Group, U.S., 2008.

[7] U. S. A. Department of Defence, “MIL-HDBK-17-3F, Composite
Materials Handbook: Volume 3. Polymer Matrix Composites, materials
usage, design, and analysis.”, Compos. Mater. Handb., vol. 3, 2002.

[8] R. Kumar, T. Singh, and H. Singh, “Natural fibers polymeric composites
with particulate fillers – A review report,” Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. and
Appl., vol.1, no. 1, pp. 21–27, 2015

44

Investigation of Ultrasonic Micro Milling Table using
Finite Element Analysis

Adil Arif Bin Mat Sahrizan Bin Mohamad Sahari

Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Politeknik Kota Kinabalu,

N0. 4 Jalan Politeknik KKIP Barat, Kota Kinabalu N0. 4 Jalan Politeknik KKIP Barat, Kota Kinabalu
Industrial Park, 88460 Industrial Park, 88460

Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract - In advanced machining, precision cutting is a crucial resonances [3]. The investigation was done using the
primary requirement to achieve in the manufacturing process. In analytical and experimental method. Both methods are used to
line with that purpose, the vibration-assisted machining (VAM) determine the correlation between each other. The analytical
was introduced. VAM is combination with small amplitude and analysis was carried out using the Finite Element Analysis
frequency to improve the fabrication process. The research aims (FEA). While the experimental analysis was conducted using
to investigate the Ultrasonic Micro Milling Table (UMMT) by an impact hammer test. It is the experimental approach for
using the theoretical and experimental method. Finite element solving technical problems, and it became efficient as the
analysis (FEA) models are used to predict the effect of the finite element method is used[2]. This aforementioned method
machine structure dynamic response with VAM. Finally, the is significant for future analysis to predict the surface
results of the investigation are discussed. roughness.

Keywords - VAM, FEA, Impact hamper test II. LITERATURE REVIEW

I. INTRODUCTION From the previous research have been done by Brehl and Dow
(2008) [1] on the VAM, they found to have a few benefits
Vibration contributes a lot of benefits and application, whether when applies that technique. Typically there are two types of
we noticed it or not. Nowadays, vibration always in use in VAM, among them is one dimensional (1-D) and two
medical, industrial, manufacturing, communication, to name a dimensional (2-D) VAM. The critical thing in VAM is a
few. Vibration is one of the mechanical symptom produced mechanical part of generating the vibration is called
when oscillation occurs about an equilibrium point. Precision piezoelectric or magnetostrictive actuator to crate
in machining is a critical requirement in manufacturing. To reciprocating harmonic movement motion. If applies the right
achieve this purpose, the vibration-assisted machining (VAM) amount of vibration using suitable parameter during
was introduced. VAM is combination with small amplitude machining it can improve the fabrication process in
and frequency to improve the fabrication process. It has been manufacturing. FEA is a numerical technique for finding
applied from turning, drilling, milling to grinding [1]. VAM approximate solutions to boundary value problems. This
has many benefits, among them improves surface roughness, technique is a powerful tool to solve a difficult and complex
extend tool life, burr suppression, cutting force, and others. structural analysis. Usually a finite element analysis consists
With that basis, the vibration consumed during machining of three principal steps with is pre-processing, analysis and
must be applied in the right range to avoid mechanical failure post-processing. [4, 5]. Impact hammer test is another method
of the product or machine. Generally, many manufacturers use to determine the dynamic behaviour in a mechanical system.
‘try and error’ technique to investigate the right parameters to Based on previous research Cristina, P., Ioan, T. (2008) [7] It
use during machining. This technique takes a long time and shows that FEA does fit its function to analyse the mechanical
not so practical to determine the dynamic characteristic of structure. In improving the dynamic characteristics of a
machines or product that produce. Hence, the focus analysis machine tool, FEM mode shapes provide effective guidelines.
specifically on the dynamic behaviour in order to find the Chern and Chang [9] performed slot milling in glass while
hidden characteristic like natural frequency, mode shape and vibrating the workpiece table at frequencies up to 1000 Hz.
damping model. Extensive analysis needs to be done to Their experimental study into vibration-assisted machining
investigate the dynamic behaviour, and one of them is modal showed that specific frequencies must be avoided during the
analysis. Modal analysis is essential to understand and also to machining process. The application of an applied vibration
optimising the dynamic behaviour of the structure and leading that coincides with the natural frequency of the machined
to safer design. It also leads to lighter and stiffener workpiece will cause resonance which damages the machining
construction [2]. By modelling the structure with a modal system [3]The advance research has done by Ibrahim, R et al.,
analysis parameter it can investigate the problem caused by (2010) [8] on desktop micro-machining for vibration-assisted

45

machining found that to improve the fabrication process has a Figure 3. Impact hammer test setup.
certain frequency must be avoided. This experiment was done
by using ANSYS 11 for analytical and impact hammer test for
experimental. The result collected have been compared to see
their correlation between each other to determine the result of
modal analysis.

III. METHODOLOGY

There were two methods to run the analysis on the ultrasonic
micro-milling table which is the theoretical and experimental
method. The result for both analyses was compared to see the
correlation. The investigation focused on dynamic analysis
(natural frequency and mode shape). The experiment used
ANSYS 14 for analytical analysis and impact hammer test for
experimental analysis.

Figure 1. Exploded view of UMMT.

Figure 2. Experiment flow for analytical analysis ANSYS. Figure 4. Analytical and experimental flow charts for modal analysis focus on
natural frequency.

IV. RESULT

The modal analysis using ANSYS result shown in Figure 5.
The natural frequency for Mode 1, Mode 2, Mode 3 and Mode
4 are 222.02 Hz, 908.19 Hz, 1008.9 Hz and 1559.2 Hz,
respectively. The maximum frequency for this analysis
appeared at Mode 4, and the minimum frequency occurred at
Mode 1. For the first and fourth mode, the mode shape was
bending toward up at direction and for the second and third
mode, the mode shape was bending at Z and X direction. It
predicted that the top cover of UMMT maximum
displacement appear where the workpiece is clamped during
machining.

46

(a) Mode 1, 203 Hz

(a) Mode 1, 222.02 Hz

(b) Mode 2, 895 Hz

(b) Mode 2, 908.19 Hz

(c) Mode 3, 1020 Hz

(c) Mode 3, 1008.9 Hz

(d) Mode 4, 1559.2 Hz (d) Mode 4, 1580 Hz

Figure 5. Deformation for each mode 1,2,3 and 4. Figure 6. The natural frequency of the system obtained in impact hammer test
(a, b, c, d).
The natural frequency of the experiment is extracted from ME'
scope software. From the experiment, four natural frequency The comparisons between the natural frequency of FEA and
has been estimated for the UAMMT structure. Figure 6 impact hammer test shown the closeness result. Table 1
illustrates the modal analysis result for Mode1, Mode 2, presents the summarization for both analysis.
Mode 3 and Mode 4 which is 203 Hz, 895 Hz, 1020 Hz and
1580 Hz, respectively.

47

REFERENCES

Table 1. Comparison of finite element predictions with modal test result.

Mode Frequency Frequency Error [1] Brehl, D.E. Dow, T.A. (2008). Review of vibration-
percentage assisted machining. Precision Engineering, 32, 153-172.
(Hz) (Hz)
(%) [2] Anayet, U. P., Waleed, F.F., Nurul Amin, A. K. M., Loh, S.K.,(2009),
ANSYS Impact Dynamic Modal Analysis of Vertical Machining Centre Component.
9.45 Advance in Acoustics and Vibration, 10.1155/2009/508076.
simulation hammer test 1.47
1.08
1 222.02 203 1.32 [3] Farrokhi, H., Khani Sheykh Rajab, A., Pakzad, S., Mahboubkhanh, M.,
3.33 % Sadeghi, M.H. (2011). Modal Analysis of the Milling Machine Structure
2 908.19 895 through FEM and Experimental Test. Advanced Material Research, 383-
390 (2012) pp6717-6721.
3 1008.9 1020

4 1559.2 1580

Average percentage of error [4] Roylance, D. (2001) Finite Element Analysis, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Based on the compiled result, the error percentage is 3.33 % Cambridge, MA 02139.
are bellow than 10%. The result suggest that the natural
frequency agrees with each other. There were few reasons that [5] Widax,P(1997). Introduction to FEA
contribute to the frequency different error between FEA and
impact hammer test. The different geometry structure when http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/97Class
modelling the 3-D drawing was among of them. This problem
subsequently contributed the error when performing the FEA. Proj/num/widas/history.html [viewed 15/05/2013]
Furthermore the impact signal may be weak that may caused
the frequency responses function measurement provides an [6] Dytran Instrument, Inc. Introduction to Impulse Hammer.
inaccurate results. Other than that, the equipment may not be http://www.dytran.com/img/tech/a11.pdf [Viewed 015/05/ 2013]
in its best condition that may affect the data collected.
[7] Cristina, P., Ioan, T. (2008) Modal Analysis of a Turning Tool System,

WSEAS International Conference on VISUALIZATION,

IMAGING and SIMULATION.

[8] Ibrahim, R., Bateman, R., Cheng, K., Wang, C., Au, J.,(2010). Design
and analysis of a desktop micro-machine for vibration-assisted
micromachining. Journal of Engineering Manufacturing, 2011 225:1377.

[9] Chern, L. and Chang, C. Using two-dimensional cutting for micro-
milling. Int. J. Mach. Tools Mfg., 2006, 46, 659–666

Figure 7. The natural frequency of the system obtained in the Impact Hammer
Test.

The frequency responses graph for deformation as illustrated
in Figure 7. From the graph, the Y-axis is the amplitude (mm)
and at X-axis is the frequency (Hz). Based on the data shown
we can get the specify amplitude and phase angle base in the
natural frequency for each mode. The amplitude result and the
natural frequency for each mode are shown in Table 1. Based
on the result from frequency responses function (deformation),
the value of amplitude (mm) can be used as a guideline to
determine suitable parameter.

V. CONCLUSION
From this investigation there are few frequency we must
avoided when using the ultrasonic micro milling table.
Vibration-assisted machining need to be performed where the
vibration may occur in order to avoid the natural frequency
resonances in the machining system. Both result from ANSYS
and impact hammer test was correlated to determine their
inaccuracies. When compiled both result, the error percentage
was below 10% where the result of natural frequency agrees
with each other

48

Study of Parameter Current, Voltage and Significant to
Design of Experiment in SMAW 3G

Abdul Razak bin Mohd Daim

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu

No. 4 Jalan Politeknik KKIP Barat, Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park
88460 Kota Kinabalu
Sabah, Malaysia
[email protected]

Abstract - Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process is an tensile strength and hardness value [2]. Nevertheless, an
alternative of arc welding process when an electric current is increase of welding current and speed has effectively enhanced
applied to create an electric arc between the electrode and the the penetration depth on the weld piece [3]. The effect of groove
metals to be joined. The present study discussed the significance of angle, thermal cycle, heat input and pre-heating prior to tensile
design optimization of current (A) and voltage (V) parameters in test were studied and the result showed that tougher structure of
3G SMAW welding for ASTM grade B 106-9mm thick mild steel weld joint was observed whilst reducing the crack susceptibility
plate based on Design of Experiment (DoE) method. Statistical when optimum combination of these parameters was obtained
analysis of variance (ANOVA) with eight set of process values were [4]. Heat input is increased when the welding current and
performed to indicate the percentage contribution of each welding voltage are increased and thus stimulates the formation of
parameter. Dye penetrant inspection and bending test were defects in the weldment which is observed to reduce the
carried out to determine the metallurgical defects formed on the mechanical properties of the weld joint [5]. The formation of
welded joint. The results showed that face bend and root bend are defects would subsequently reduce the hardness of the heat
significant to design optimization model with p-value of 0.0008 and affected zone with increased of welding ampere. However, the
0.0048 respectively. The percentage contribution of current and hardness of heat affected zone was still higher than weld joint
voltage is indicated as 43.36% and 15.9% accordingly with 40.8% zone and base metal [6]. The solution to this problem is to stable
in average. Optimum parametric condition obtained by DoE is the welding current and voltage with adequate electrode
said to 81.50A with 21.91V for face bend; and 61.84A with 22.31V distance to the weld piece in order to supress the formation of
for root bend. The metallurgical studies revealed that these defect [7]. Apparently, the ductility of the weld joint is
welding configurations are capable of producing defect-free welds. measured by bend test in two directions which are known as
face bend and root bend. The strength of the weld joint is
Keywords— Shield metal arc welding; design of experiment; welding promising when the elongation of the bended surface is not
parameters; analysis of variance; signal-to-noise ratio appreciable less than that of the base metal [8]. Therefore, it is
necessary to investigate the most influencing design parameters
I. INTRODUCTION in 3G SMAW welding parameters that give the best
combination to obtain desirable weld joint properties by
Shield metal arc welding (SMAW) is often known as manual statistical analysis tool. Statistical technique of Design of
metal arc welding (MMA) or stick electrode welding. When Experiment (DoE) satisfies the needs of design optimization by
electricity passes through the flux coated electrode, the flux reducing the time required for experimental investigation
forms a gas by heating and shields the electricity arc on the weld significantly. This statistical tool is able to define potential
joint. The shield serves as a coating to prevent any combination of variables to indicate the optimum combination
contamination from atmospheric gasses to the weldment. The for better outcomes. It is useful to reveal minimum variation
3G SMAW is widely used in welding industry due to its simple with relative acceptable range of all combinations for the
working principle and wide range of manufactured forms of variables at appropriate levels. Optimization of process
base materials which enables the welder to weld in 1G to 3G parameters by DoE is feasible to examine if design parameters
positions on structural steel. Welding parameters includes is significantly optimized [9]. Hence, the present study aims to
current, voltage, rate of gas flow, electrode stick out, weld edge optimize welding current and voltage for ASTM grade B 106-
preparation, welding position and speed of welding. Most of 9mm thick mild steel plate using Design of Experiment (DoE)
these parameters have greatly influenced the weld quality with statistical technique. current.
features of bead geometry, metallurgical characteristics as well
as weld chemistry. Previous study revealed that current and
flow rate of gas have improved the weld joints quality with
increasing of ultimate load by statistical analysis of Taguchi
method [1]. Additionally, the welding speed is said to be the
most influential process parameter to obtain the greater value of

49

II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Materials selection A. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

In the present study, shield metal arc welding (SMAW) process The response of design configurations for elongation analysis is
was performed for ASTM grade B 106-9mm thick mild steel shown in Table 4.
plate. Table 1 shows the Welding Procedure Specification
(WPS) for welding process 3G SMAW. TABLE 4. Elongation analysis for face and root bend.

TABLE 1. Welding Procedure Specification (WPS). Specimen Face Bend 1 Root Bend 1 Elongation (mm)
(mm) (mm)

Weld Layer Class of welding rod Polarity X Y X Y FB2 RB2
with size of 2.6mm 1 14.1 16.74 4.9 5.1 0.187234 0.040816
Root/Penetration 1st DCEN (+) 2 13.44 14.58 7.52 8.04 0.084821 0.069149
Hot pass 2nd E7016 DCEP (+)
Fill pass 3rd DCEP (+) 3 13.48 15.5 5.18 5.56 0.149852 0.073359
E7018 DCEP (+)
First capping 4th 4 12.82 13.72 6.52 7.12 0.070203 0.092025
E7018
5 13.3 14.3 8.2 10.08 0.075188 0.229268
E7018

B. Design of experiment (DoE) 6 13.72 15.64 6.44 6.9 0.139942 0.071429

The optimization technique used in this study is Design of 7 14.22 15.64 4.22 4.58 0.099859 0.085308
Experiment (DoE) to optimize the best combination of design 8 13.46 15.76 4.04 4.2 0.170877 0.039604
parameters of welding current and voltage. Each parameter was
designed to have two levels denoted by low and high levels. The Table 5 and Table 6 show the reading data for analysis of
characterization of significant parameters was performed using variance (ANOVA) of face and root bend respectively.
statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). The design
parameters have been categorized into face bend and root bend TABLE 5. Face bend reading data for ANOVA.
as shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2. Categories of design parameters. Std Run Factor 1: A Factor 2: B Response;

current voltage (volt) Elongation

Face bend Root bend (ampere) (mm)
Low High Low High
Factor 60 63 80 90 2 1 80.00 21.00 0.1872
Current (Ampere) 21 23 21 23
Voltage (volts) 7 2 83.00 23.00 0.0848

Bend test is one of the destructive tests to indicate the flexural 6 3 80.00 23.00 0.1498
strength of the weld joint. In the present study bend test was
conducted at face and root side of the weld joint. Root bend 3 4 83.00 21.00 0.0702
aims to indicate if any lack of penetration and fusion while
welding. Table 3 shows the design configurations for face and 4 5 83.00 21.00 0.0751
root bend accordingly. Sixteen sets of design configurations
with different values of parameters and results for face and root 5 6 80.00 23.00 0.1399
bend were obtained and discussed. Nevertheless, non-
destructive test of dye penetrant inspection was performed to 8 7 83.00 23.00 0.0998
detect surface breaking flaws of the weld joint. The red colour
dye penetrant was drawn into the surface of weld joint by 1 8 80.00 21.00 0.1708
capillary action to determine if any crack was detected.
Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) for face bend are
TABLE 3. Design configuration for face and root bend shown in Fig. 1. In the ANOVA analysis, F-test value of the
current and voltage parameters are comparing with the standard
Causes probability value of F0.05 at 5% significance level to 95%
confidence level. The corresponding parameter is statistically
No. Current (A) Voltage (v) significant if the P-value of the model is less than 0.05. It is
observed from Fig. 1 that P-value for current A and voltage B
1+ - are 0.0002 and 0.6588 respectively while the combination of
these parameters AB is 0.0122. The model demonstrates P-
2+ + value of 0.0008 which is less than 0.05 and therefore it is
significant at 95% confidence level.
3- -

4- +

50

TABLE 6. Root bend reading data for ANOVA.

Std Run Factor 1: A Factor 2: B Response;

current voltage (volt) Elongation

(ampere) (mm)

7 1 63.00 23.00 0.2244

4 2 63.00 21.00 0.0691

5 3 60.00 23.00 0.0733

3 4 63.00 21.00 0.0920

8 5 63.00 23.00 0.2292

1 6 60.00 21.00 0.0714

2 7 60.00 21.00 0.0853

6 8 60.00 23.00 0.0396

Fig. 2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for root bend.

Based on the analysis of elongation percentage, specimen 1 was
observed to have the highest percentage of 15.77%. Table 7
shows the optimum parametric combination of current and
voltage was observed to be 81.5A and 21.91V for face bend
weld joint. While for root bend weld joint, specimen 6 with
18.6% of elongation percentage gives the optimum parametric
combination of 61.84A and 22.21V respectively as shown in
Table 8.

TABLE 7. Face bend parametric combination.

Fig. 1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for face bend. Number Current (A) Voltage (V) Desirability
1 81.50 21.91 1.000
Fig. 2 shows the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for root bend. 2 81.49 22.00 1.000
The P-value for model of corresponding parameters current A 3 80.13 21.99 1.000
and voltage B is indicated as 0.0048 which is less than F0.05. 4 80.44 22.82 1.000
Hence, combination of AB with F-value of 63.57 is significant 5 82.37 21.40 1.000
at 95% confidence level. In ANOVA analysis for face bend 6 81.90 21.64 1.000
weld joint, the contribution percentage was calculated and 7 82.74 22.82 1.000
indicated as 89.97% for current A and 0.12% for voltage B 8 82.67 22.25 1.000
accordingly while the combination of AB was indicated as 9 80.36 22.63 1.000
9.91%. On the other hand, ANOVA analysis for root bend weld 10 82.47 21.20 1.000
joint shows the contribution percentage of current A was
computed as 43.36% and 15.9% for voltage B while TABLE 8. Root bend parametric combination.
combination of AB of 40.8% accordingly. From the
contribution percentage values for both face and root bend weld Number Current (A) Voltage (V) Desirability
joint, it is observed that current A and voltage B are 1 61.84 22.31 1.000
considerably significant. 2 60.37 22.03 1.000
3 60.24 22.82 1.000
4 60.30 21.33 1.000
5 61.56 22.86 1.000
6 61.13 21.35 1.000
7 61.04 21.42 1.000
8 62.98 22.70 1.000
9 62.98 21.72 1.000
10 60.83 22.49 1.000

51

TABLE 9. Defects indication for face bend weld joint.

No. Specimen Indication No. Specimen Indication

1. Arc-strike (visual) Undercut
Arc-strike
5.

2. Porosity Undercut
Cluster porosity
6.

3. Transverse crack 7. Undercut
undercut

4. Surface porosity Undercut
Undercut Arc-
strike 8.

TABLE 10. Defects indication for root bend weld joint.

No. Specimen Indication No. Specimen Indication

1. - Porosity Undercut
Porosity
- Undercut 5.

2. - Porosity Undercut
porosity
- Undercut 6.

3. - Porosity Undercut
porosity
- Undercut 7.

4. - porosity Undercut
porosity
- undercut 8.

52

B. Defect indication by dye penetrant inspection [9] P. C. Satyaduttsinh, V. D. Jayesh and M. P. Tushar, “A review on
optimization of MIG welding parameters using Taguchi’s DoE
Defects indication of the weld joint was performed using dye method,” International Journal of Engineering and Management
penetrant inspection and illustrated in Table 9 for face bend Research, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 16-21, 2014.
and Table 10 for root bend weld joint accordingly.

IV. CONCLUSION

The design parameters of welding current and voltage was
studied and optimized to determine the optimum parametric
combination ASTM grade B 106-9mm thick mild steel plate.
Statistical analysis tool of Design of Experiment (DoE) was
performed and it is observed that welding current is the most
influencing factor with both P-values less than 0.05 compared
to welding voltage in face bend and root bend weld joint. Heat
affected zone was increased with increase in welding ampere
and hence fasten the melting process of electrode. The
optimum parametric combination of current and voltage was
observed to be 81.5A and 21.91V for face bend weld joint.
While for root bend weld joint, optimum parametric
combination of 61.84A and 22.21V was indicated.

REFERENCES

[1] N. Choudhury, R. Rudrapati and A. Bandyopadhyay, “Design
optimization of process parameters for TIG welding based on Taguchi
method,” International Journal of Current Engineering and
Technology, no. 2, pp. 12-16, 2014.

[2] N. Nadagopal and C. Kailasanathan, “Analysis of mechanical
properties and optimization of gas tungsten Arc welding (GTAW)
parameters on dissimilar metal titatnium (6AL-4V) and aluminium
7075 by Taguchi and ANOVA techniques,” Journal of Alloys and
Compounds, vol. 682, pp. 503-516, 2016.

[3] K. D. Ramkumar, D. Mishra, B. Ganesh Raj, M. Vignesh, G.
Thiruvengatam, S. Sudharshan, N. Arivazhagan, N. Sivashanmugam
and A. Rabel, “Effect of optimal weld parameters in the microstructure
and mechanical properties of autoheneous gas tungsten arc weldments
of super-duplex stainless steel UNSS32750,” Materials and Design,
vol. 66, pp. 356-365, 2015.

[4] S. Zoalfakar and A. Hassan, “Analysis and optimization of shielded
metal arc welding parameters on mechanical properties of carbon steel
joints by Taguchi method,” International Journal of Advanced
Engineering and Global Technology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1431-1444,
2017.

[5] S. Talabi, O. Owolabi, J. Adebisi and T. Yahaya, “Effect of welding
variables on mechanical properties of low carbon steel welded joint,”
Advances in Production Engineering & Management, vol. 9, no. 4, pp.
181-186, 2014.

[6] Y. M. Samir, “Investigation on effect of welding current on welding
speed and hardness of HAZ and weld metal of mild steel,” International
Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp.
44-48, 2015.

[7] X. Meng, G. Qin, Y. Zhang, B. Fu and Z. Zou, “High speed TIG–MAG
hybrid arc welding of mild steel plate,” Journal of Materials Processing
Technology, vol. 214, no. 11, pp. 2417-2424, 2014.

[8] y. Feng, Z. Luo, Z. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Luo and Y. Huang, “Keyhole gas
tungsten arc welding of AISI 316L stainless steel,” Materials and
Design, vol. 85, pp. 24-31, 2015.

53

Structural Analysis of Tractor Gearbox Stand using Finite
Element Analysis (FEA)

Md Saifuddin Md Yusop Mohamad Pazlin Saion Mohd Farizzal Dolah Muhamad

Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Polytechnic Melaka Polytechnic Melaka Polytechnic Melaka
Melaka, Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract - Entering a new era of agriculture, modern technology is example, but most of them have not been suitable for supporting
used to facilitate farmer to do the work in a faster and easier way. a tractor engine.
One of the modern agricultural technology are tractor. Tractor is In agricultural mechanization, tractors as a vehicle or machine
one the vehicle that use by the farmer to plow crops. Tractor is has contributed so much to improve the productivity and
same with other vehicle where it needs to do some service work effectiveness of the agricultural heavy work [2]. Tractor is said
when the time has come. One of servicing that need to do is to be a huge contribution in modern developing countries that
gearbox servicing. The method that used to disassemble the replace the conventional method that use animals or human
gearbox before servicing required skillful worker and special forces to do the work. The limitation of animals and human
tools. Currently, mechanics disassemble the gearbox is considered forces has led to the invention of tractor to overcome hard work
dangerous because the tools that use to hold the gearbox is only and taking a long time during farming. There have two types of
jack stand. It can cause accidents when removes the gearbox. To tractor engines which are petrol and diesel engines. Both have
overcome the problem, a product is designed to replace the its advantages and disadvantages, but majority of agricultural
existing method which is tractor gearbox stand. Since the tractor machinery using diesel engines as shown in Figure 1.1 because
is heavy, the designed product needs to go through engineering it is easy to repair and maintain, good and has a solid
analysis, especially structural analysis to know the product's construction and can deliver more power at low speed [3].
ability to withstand the heavy load. Engineering analysis is very
important, especially when involving the safety of human and its Figure 1.1 Gearbox transmission of tractor [3].
environment. Moreover, it's also time effective and cost saving.
The structural analysis used are Finite Element Analysis (FEA) The development of agricultural machines such as tractor has
using CATIA V5 CAD software. FEA is a visual aid and simulation brought new demand in farming industries and agricultural
by using software to determine the performance of the designed workers. The farmers themselves must know about energy,
product using the computerized method. The results of FEA mechanical forces and have mechanical skills. It is important
obtained from every node that has been specified and set in the that farmers know how to maintain, safely operate and repair
design structure. Three designs (A, B and C) are chosen to analyze the tractor [4]. Safety, convenience and comfortable must be
their structure, strength and determine its safety factor. Same load taken into consideration while performing a job in the
is applied to those designs which are 11.772 kN (front load) and workplace to ensure worker safety and comfort [5]. Safety in
29.43 kN (rear load). FEA results gave Von Mises Stress which is the workplace must be the first thing to consider because it is
can be used to calculate the safety factor for each design. Based on involving the human life. Similar to the current servicing work
the results, it shows that design A has met the design criteria while of tractor gearboxes, proper and working equipment should be
design B and C did not meet the design criteria. Design A has a used to ensure that the work is done safely.
safety factor of 5 (front stand) and 2 (rear stand) which is safe to A method that uses the computer as its medium to predict the
use and has an ability to withstand the applied load. The results performance of certain parts how its react to the vibration, real-
show that the selected design A are safe to use while servicing the world forces and physical effects is called Finite Element
gearbox of the tractor.

Keywords - Tractor gearbox, structure analysis, Finite Element
Analysis (FEA), safety factor

I. INTRODUCTION

The innovation relates to an agriculture engine support and
particularly to a support or mount which will accommodate
gearbox engines for rapid overhaul, for testing, and
maintenance work. In the prior art various means have been
devised for supporting for repair, for test operation, and the like
when removed from the vehicle chassis. Some of these have
been reasonably suitable for engine overhaul in garages, for

54

Analysis (FEA) [6]. It is a simulation software that use by using tractor are still progressing until now where modern tractors
a computer to give prediction how a part give a feedback from were introduced. Modern tractor such as John Deere 508 SE
external forces, vibration and so on. It will provide information utility tractor now is widely used by a modern farmer but it is
such as part deformation, maximum stress and transitional much more expensive. Some of small scale farming tends to by
displacement vector under applied loadings. It can solve both much older tractor because it is cheaper. However, older tractor
displacement and stresses with respect to the applied loads tend to require more maintenance such as gearbox service,
which analyze at any geometry, sizes and shape [7]. Since the especially the replacement of clutch [14].
servicing of tractor gearbox required a tool that can withstand a
very high load to hold the gearbox, FEA is a suitable method to An observation and survey was conducted in a workshop where
use because it can give a predicted result about the performance the tractor gearbox are serviced. The method used by mechanics
of the design product. FEA can give an initial prediction about seems dangerous while servicing the tractor gearbox. They are
the response of a particular design under some conditions and using jack stand to hold the gearbox during servicing work. The
provide structured data that can be used in the design phase [8]. jack stand can be unstable because it is just holding at a certain
The results of FEA obtained from every node that has been location under the gearbox engine. It can cause an accident
specified and set in the design structure. It is a basic concept of when the mechanics try to move the tractor back at its place to
FEA where the structure is divided into small elements that assemble the gearbox. Since the jack stand is static and not
called as finite elements [9]. movable, the service job can be a dangerous situation because
it can fall during servicing work. Figure 1.2 shows that how
Safety factor which also known as factor of safety (FoS) is a tractors are split into two main units for ease of servicing. There
measurement that tells the designer how a system can withstand have no suitable and safe tools that can be used to split the
the actual or expected loads [10]. It is using a simple calculation tractor. Current method of separation that mechanics use is held
where ultimate/yield tensile strength divided with allowable by themselves while the other mechanics put the jack stand
stress from the design. Ultimate tensile strength is use for brittle under the tractor. It is not an effective way to use the method
material while ultimate yield strength is use for ductile material. and can harm the mechanics body because the tractor is heavy.
The safety factor is used to ensure the product design does not
occur any unpredicted failure or existence of the flaw or Figure 1.2 Tractor split into two main units for servicing [1].
deformation [10]. The value of safety factor, however
depending on the loading condition and material used. To overcome the problem faced by mechanics during gearbox
Typically a safety factor of 1.5 is used for yield strength and 2.5 servicing, a tool is designed to solve the problem. The tool is
to 3.0 are used for ultimate tensile strength [11]. The value of called tractor gearbox stand. It will help the mechanics during
safety factor must not too low or too high to avoid any failure separation of gearbox because it has wheels and rail for ease of
or uneconomical design. Based on engineering experiences, moving. As is known, jack stand can hold high load up to 5 tons.
safety factor usually has 1.5 to 2.5 for design that use metal as That is why mechanics use it as a current stand to hold the
its material structure [12]. Based on this value of safety factors, tractor while servicing work. Since the proposed design need to
the designing of tractor gearbox stand should have a safety hold the high load from tractor during servicing, it is needed to
factor between 1.5 and 2.5 because the material structure of be analyzed using structural analysis to predict what will
tractor gearbox stand is mild steel. It has a good balance of happen in real situations. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
toughness, strength and ductility. The load applied on tractor applies to the three concept design that has been selected. So,
gearbox stand will be static long-term loads where the safety the objective of this study is to design, determine and analyze
factor is between 2 and 5 as shown in Table 1.1. Static-long the structure of the tractor gearbox stand using FEA. The design
term loads are chosen because the time spent on the servicing that meets the safety factor requirement will be the selected
work can sometimes take up to a day if there has a problem design.
regarding gearbox condition.
II. METHODOLOGY
TABLE 1.1 SAFETY FACTOR UNDER TYPES OF LOAD [12].
A. Survey and Observation
Type of load Safety factor The idea to design tractor gearbox stand is generated through
Static short-term loads 1 – 2.5 an observation and survey method at Pejabat Pertanian Melaka
Static long-term loads 2–5
Repeated loads 5 – 15
Variable changing loads 4 – 10
Fatigue loads 5 – 15
Impact loads 10 – 15

Tractor has undergone several developments and improvements

since 1849 where it starts with a steam engine tractor but it is
not very practical. Tractor with internal combustion engines
starts to revolutionize the farming industry in early 1907 [13].
In 1924, Farmall row crop tractor has been introduced where it
is much better and suited to row crops and does not need the use
of animals to do the farming work [13]. The developments of

55

Tengah. The idea to invent a design of tractor gearbox stand Figure 1.6 Concept design C.
was generated during the servicing of tractor gearbox at Pejabat
Pertanian Melaka Tengah. The mechanics use jack stand to hold Figure 1.4 shows drawing of concept design A. It has a tough
the separated unit of tractor while servicing tractor gearbox as structure where it is supported by four shock absorbers. It uses
shown in Figure 1.3. They use several jack stands to hold the angle iron as the main structure and use rectangular hollow
separated unit of tractor because of the heavy weight. The total section iron as center structure. It has a large contact area at the
mass of the tractor is almost 5000 kg and design of tractor top for ease of positioning the tractor gearbox. The center of the
gearbox stand must be able to withstand the load. Current main structure will support by bottle jack for ease of height
method use by mechanics to separate the units of tractor is using adjustment. Each side of the design has two solid shaft iron for
human force. Several mechanics were holding the separated installation of the wheel. It will be used for ease of movement
units of tractor while the other mechanic put the jack stand during separation. It uses thickness of 5 mm of angle iron and
below the tractor. This method uses much energy of mechanics rectangular hollow section iron. The whole concept design A
during servicing because of high load of tractor. The design of will use mild steel as its material.
tractor gearbox stand needs to meet the safety criteria which are
it can withstand the weight of the tractor. To do so, engineering Concept design B is similar with design of jack stand where the
analysis is applied to the design and calculated in analysis difference is only its size as shown in Figure 1.5. On the top of
software. the design, there has four support use to hold the tractor
gearbox. It uses circular hollow section iron with thickness of 5
Figure 1.3 Jack stand used to hold the tractor during servicing work. mm. The main structure uses an angle iron as its structure with
the shape of a pyramid. The shape of the pyramid is used to
B. Detail Drawing of Concept Design stabilize the design. At the center of the design, there will be a
bottle jack to adjust the height of top spot. It also has two solid
The structural analysis is done using analysis software which is shafts for installation of wheel for both sides. The material use
CATIA V5 CAD software. The detail drawing is drawn using of this design is mild steel.
CAD software to illustrate the shape and dimension of the
design. Three concept designs were drawn using CAD Concept design C as shown in Figure 1.6 use a concept of
software. These concept designs will be analyzed using Finite scissor jack. It uses circular hollow section iron as its base with
Element Analysis (FEA) to test their structural strength and to a thickness of 5 mm. It uses angle iron and rectangular hollow
determine its safety factor. section iron for top supporter. The height adjustment use the
concept of scissor where it will be adjusted by using a bottle
Figure 1.4 Concept design A. Figure 1.5 Concept design B. jack in its center. It also has two solid shafts for wheel
installation on both sides. Mild steel will be used as its main
material.

C. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) on Concept Design

Structural analysis is applied to generate concept design to
ensure that the structure can perform well under the applied
loads without failure. There have several methods that use to
analyze the design structure, but this project is using numerical
analysis method to analyze the design. Numerical analysis is a
simulation method where the analysis is done by using
analytical software. The analysis that use is a Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) by using CATIA V5 CAD software.

Three concept designs will be applied with FEA to determine
its performance under specific loads. The material used in this
analysis is mild steel and its material properties are shown in
Table 1.2. Material properties of mild steel are added into the
software according to the value in Table 1.2. Mild steel is
chosen because it has a good balance of toughness, strength and

56

ductility. Also, it has low prices and easy to get with varying Applied load or force exert to Applied load or force exert to
sizes and shapes. front stand design: rear stand design:
Force= Mass × gravity Force = Mass × gravity
Table 1.2 Material Properties For Mild Steel. acceleration acceleration
F = ma F = ma
Young’s modulus 209 GPa F = 1200 kg x 9.81 m/s F = 3000 kg x 9.81 m⁄s
Poisson’s ratio F = 11.772 kN F = 29.43 kN
Density 0.29
Yield strength 7870 kg/m3

370 MPa

Since the tractor is separated into two units when servicing its Table 1.3 shows the OCTREE Tetrahedron Mesh size that has
gearbox, the mass will be different for front and rear units. Front been setting in FEA. There has two sizes need to be set which
unit will have a mass of 1200 kg and rear unit will have a mass are mesh element size and absolute sag size. Mesh element size
of 3000 kg without wheels. These masses will be the load that is the size of every element in the structure and absolute sag size
applied to the concept design in the gravity direction in FEA. is a maximal gap between the mesh and the geometry. Both
The structure will be analyzed in static load condition where the sizes are set to the smallest possible size until the result became
load only applied in a negative z - direction. constant. From the FEA result, the smallest possible size can be
set is 6.51 mm for mesh element size and 1.61 mm for absolute
sag size as shown in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3 OCTREE Tetrahedron Mesh Size.

Mesh Element Size Absolute Sag Size
6.51 mm 1.61 mm

Concept design A (Front) Concept design B (Front) III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is done using CATIA V5 CAD
software where it is a computerized method or simulation to
predict the real-world forces applied on certain products. It also
can define the performance of the product design using
simulation methods in fastest way. The analysis will show
whether the product will break and shows the weak point or
maximum stress on the product when load is applied. The FEA
result in CATIA will mention the full results, especially the
maximum stress and deflection of the tractor gearbox stand.

Concept design C (Front) D. FEA on Front and Rear Stand of Design A

Figure 1.7 Load and restrain location for front stand and rear stand. Figure 1.8 shows the result of FEA for front stand where the
load applied is 11.772 kN. The maximum stress on the CATIA
Figure 1.7 shows that the loads and restrain location for front use of Von Mises stress formulation and it shows the maximum
and rear stand of three concept designs of tractor gearbox stand. stress for front stand is 73 MPa. Based on calculation of safety
All concept design has the same location of load where it is factor below, it shows that the safety factor value for front stand
located at the top surface of the design. The load applied is is 5. It shows that the design is safe to use when load are applied.
distribution load where it is symbolized as a yellow arrow FEA results for rear stand are shown in Figure 1.9 where the
pointing downward direction. The restrain are located at five load applied is 29.43 kN. The maximum stress for rear stand
locations which are four at wheel shaft and one at the center of when load is applied is 188 MPa. Safety factor calculation
the design. The restraint is symbolized as blue clamp as shown shows that the safety value is 2 which is it is safe to use. From
on Figure 1.7. The load applied for front stand is 11.772 kN structure computation in FEA, the number of nodes, elements
while load applied for rear stand is 29.43 kN and it is same for and degree of freedom (D.O.F) is shown in Table 1.4. The
three concept designs. The calculation of applied load is shown number of nodes, elements and D.O.F are automatically
below. generated from the analysis.

Table 1.4 Number of Nodes, Elements and D.O.F for Design A.

Number of Front Stand Rear Stand
Nodes 236542 240995
126570 132216
Elements 709626 722985
D.O.F

57

Figure 1.8 FEA result of front stand. Figure 1.10 Deflection of front stand.

Figure 1.9 FEA result of rear stand. Figure 1.11 Deflection of rear stand.

Safety factor calculation for Safety factor calculation for E. FEA on Front and Rear Stand of Design B

front stand (Design =A): rear stand (Design A): The results of FEA for design B are shown in Figure 1.12 and
( ) ( ) = Figure 1.13. The load applied for front stand is 11.772 kN while
load applied for rear stand is 29.43 kN. For front stand, it shows
( ) = 370 ( ) = 370 that maximum stress result is 148 MPa when load is applied on
73 188 the top of the design. From the maximum stress value, safety
factor can be calculated and its value is 2.5. For rear stand, the
( ) = 5 ( ) = 2 maximum stress result shows a value of 486 MPa which is very
high and exceeding the yield strength of the selected material.
Figure 1.10 and Figure 1.11 shows the maximum deflection of From the calculation of safety factors, rear stand design has 0.8
both stands when load is applied. Maximum deflection for front for its safety factor. This result shows that rear stand design
stand is 0.136 mm while maximum deflection for rear stand is failed when load is applied since the value of the safety factor
0.333 mm. The design faced a little deflection when load is is below than 1. Table 1.5 shows the number of nodes, elements
applied on the top of the design. The maximum deflection is and degree of freedom (D.O.F) for design B in structure
indicated the red color shows in both Figure 1.10 and 1.11. computation.

Table 1.5 Number of nodes, Elements and D.O.F for design B.

Number of Front Stand Rear Stand
Nodes 158937 218834
82469 115979
Elements 476811 656502
D.O.F

58

Figure 1.12: FEA result of front stand. Figure 1.14: Deflection of front stand.

Figure 1.13: FEA result of rear stand. Figure 1.15: Deflection of rear stand.

Safety factor calculation for Safety factor calculation for F. FEA on Front and Rear Stand of Design C

front stand (Design =B): rear stand (Design B=): Both Figure 1.16 and 1.17 shows result of FEA when load
( ) ( ) applied to the design. The maximum stress of front stand is 162
MPa as shown in Figure 1.16. The load that applied on front
( ) = 370 ( ) = 370 stand is 11.772 kN. Safety factor can be determined by dividing
148 486 the yield strength of material with maximum stress from the
FEA. The safety factor for front stand is 2.3 and it is safe to use.
( ) = 2.5 ( ) = 0.8 Figure 1.17 shows the maximum stress value of 405 MPa when
29.43 kN load is applied. From the result, the safety factor for
Maximum deflection of front and rear stand for design B is rear stand is 0.9 as shown in safety factor calculation. The
shown in Figure 1.14 and 1.15. It shows that, maximum design is not safe since the value of the safety factor is below
deflection for front stand is 0.358 mm while maximum than 1. Number of nodes, elements and D.O.F are generated
deflection for rear stand is 0.884 mm. The location of maximum automatically in the software as shown in Table 1.6 below.
deflection of front and rear stand for design B has indicate red
color as shown in Figure 1.14 and 1.15. It shows that maximum Table 1.6 Number of nodes, Elements and D.O.F for design C.
deflection is at the top area of the stand where the direct force
is applied. Number of Front Stand Rear Stand
Nodes 238967 238967
123077 123077
Elements 716901 716901
D.O.F

59

Figure 1.16 FEA result of front stand. Figure 1.18 Deflection of front stand.

Figure 1.17 FEA result of rear stand. Figure 1.19 Deflection of rear stand.

Safety factor calculation for Safety factor calculation for IV. CONCLUSION

front stand (Design =C): rear stand (Design C=): It can be concluded that structure analysis is very important to
( ) ( ) determine the performance of product design when it’s
involving very high load to ensure its safety before use. One of
( ) = 370 ( ) = 370 the methods to determine whether it is safe to use or not is using
162 405 simulation methods using analysis software. It is cost effective
and time saving. The design is drawn using CAD software and
( ) = 2.3 ( ) = 0.9 directly analyze its structure by applying required setting.
Although it is based on simulation only, but its results can be
Maximum deflection for front stand is 1.81 mm as shown in used as a prediction in real world situations.
Figure 1.18 while maximum deflection for rear stand is 4.53
mm as shown in Figure 1.19. Both maximum deflection of front Based on the results of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) that has
and rear stand are located at bottom of the design. It is located been done using CATIA V5 software, it shows that concept
at one beam that use to hold the bottle jack and indicate as red design A give better result than others concept design. The
color in Figure 1.18 and 1.19 safety factor for front and rear stand of design A is 5 and 2. The
value of the safety factor is good where its value is more than
1. It means the design is safe enough to use under applied load.
Also, the safety factor value is not too small (high probability
of failure) and not too large (increase cost, weight or size). The
maximum deflection for front and rear stand of design A also
has good value of displacement which are 0.136 mm for front
stand and 0.333 mm for rear stand. The safety factor result of
design B is not good because only the front stand is safe enough
to use with a safety factor of 2.5 compared with rear stand with

60

a safety factor of 0.8. Rear stand is not safe to use because the
value is below than 1 which means it will fail when load is
applied. Similar to concept design C where the safety factor for
front stand is 2.3 and safety factor for rear stand is 0.9. Front
stand is still safe to use, but rear stand will fail when load is
applied. Based on the results, concept design A will be selected
as the final design since it fulfil the safety condition and
engineering requirements.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the TVET Applied Research
Grants Scheme (TARGS), Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Melaka Polytechnic, Department of Polytechnic
and Community College Education (JPPKK) for financially
sponsoring, facilities and gratefully knowledge during this
research.

REFERENCES

[1] Foxwell, W. J., 1961. The Agriculture Tractor: Its Function and Design.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: Automobile
Division. Pp. 113 – 127

[2] Emanuela, E. C., Michal, P., Giovani, B. P., Matteo, Z., 2014. Design
Issues and in Field Tests of the New Sustainable Tractor LOCOSTRA,
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) open access robotics
journal, 3, pp 83 – 105

[3] Christina, P., Dorina, I., 2014. Design Process of a Low Cost Tractor.
International Journal of Mining, Metallurgy & Mechanical Engineering
(IJMMME), 2 (2), pp. 69 – 73

[4] Shareef, I. A., Ahmad Omer, O. M. Z., Fadol Mukraz, M. A., Ahmed
Mohammed, N. H., 2014. Conceptual Design of Transmission for Small
Tractor. Pp. 1 – 55.

[5] Kumar, R., 2016. Human Factors for Tractor Design Considering Physical
Environment. Wisdom Herald, 7 (1), pp. 35 - 40

[6] Pattanshetti, V. S., 2016. Design and Analysis of Go Kart Chassis.
International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology, 4 (1), pp.
150 – 164

[7] Suratkar, A., Shukla, V., 2013. 3-D Modelling and Finite Element Analysis
of EOT Crane. International Journal of Mechanical and Production
Engineering, 1 (2), pp. 34 – 37

[8] Yuce, C., Karpat, F., Yavuz, N., Sendeniz, G., 2014. A Case Study:
Designing for Sustainability and Reliability in an Automotive Seat
Structure. Sustainability, 6, pp. 4608 – 4631

[9] Naik, A., Mishra, R., Khot, A., Sharma, S., Desai, A., 2015. Design,
Analysis & Fabrication of Portable Car Wash Trolley. International Journal
of Advanced Technology in Engineering and Science, 3 (1), pp. 988 – 1008

[10] Rutheravan, M., 2016. Summary of Safety Criteria in Design. Research
Gate.

[11] Burdekin, F. M., 2007. General principles of the use of safety factors in
design and assessment. Engineering Failure Analysis, 14, pp. 420–433.

[12] Rosato, D. V., Rosato, D. V., 2003. Plastic Engineered Product Design, 1st
ed., United Kingdom: Elsevier Advanced Technology

[13] Goering, C.E. 2008. A Century of Tractor Development: 1907-2007.
Transactions of the ASABE 51(2), pp. 379-383.

[14] Brake & Clutch Supply. 2013. The Basics of a Clutch Job. <www.clutch-
shop.com>, referenced October 8, 2019.

61

The Design and Development of a Smart Safety Box Using
Blynk Application

Ninie Farahana Binti Kamarulzaman Noor Azlyn Binti Ab Ghafar

Department of Mechanical Engineering Multimedia and Instructional Unit
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Politeknik Kota Kinabalu

N0. 4 Jalan Politeknik KKIP Barat N0. 4 Jalan Politeknik KKIP Barat
Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park
88460, Kota Kinabalu 88460 Kota Kinabalu
Sabah, Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract - Technology is growing rapidly, including II. LITERATURE REVIEW
telecommunications that has brought us to the world of easy,
simple, fast and secure. Smart safety box using Blynk application Smart Safety Box is important to be used for all people over
is a tool to help to save valuable items such as gold, documents the world to save valuable items such as gold, documents and
and other valuable items from theft or robbery. At the beginning other items valuables from theft or robbery in the box. Before
of the discovery of safes, it is used only in the form of a safety this, most people in this world had missing their precious thing
lock. However, as the development of the times, people found when robbery happen in their home. This prototype concern
some features that can be used on safes to secure objects in them. about the secure when user not at home. The need to make this
A fingerprint detector, or better known by the name of process as efficient as possible in order to minimize problems
fingerprint, password or phone notification. Fingerprint is a occur. This prototype is to help user to prevent any theft or
feature where it used the authenticity of a person’s fingerprint, in robber a box when not at home. It is also important to make
this case the owner safes. The fingerprint is integrated with the user feel more secure when leave home or travel somewhere.
IR Sensor and connected with the solenoid lock. While the Blynk Besides, the smart safety box used will not be easily broken
application give the notification when the safe was forced open by because it is put inside with high quality steel material.
thieves or robbers. Safes used in this final project is controlled by Product review made is to review about the other existing
microcontroller named Nodemcu. The program used is the basic product function really is and find out how it performs as well
program of the Nodemcu. as identify its advantages for each and then compare with the
other products that have been reviewed already.
Keywords - smart safety box, Blynk application, fingerprint detector
A. Types Of Safe
I. INTRODUCTION
There are a few types of Smart Safety Box that exist today in
A smart safety box is a solution that will help user overcome the market. Each of them have different concept, design and
many, if not all, valuable items and storage issues. These their function as well as how it performed based on its ability.
technically advanced help to save valuable items such as gold, There are 3 style of smart safety box on markets which is:
documents and other items valuables from theft or robbery.
Overall, a smart safe is a simple solution with a world of • Burglary Safe
benefits. So, for this project, we decided to develop a smart • Treny Rottweiler Three Steel Mechanical Safety Box
safety box that is capable of keeping all of our valuable items • Treny Dai Fuku Digit Tow Key Safety Box
even when not at home or travel somewhere. The smart safety
box is a secure lockable box used for securing valuable objects i. Burglary Safe
against theft and/or damage from fire. The body and door were Burglary safe protect important documents and any valuables.
made from high quality steel. One significant distinction It also equipped with mechanical lock for the emergent
between types of safes is whether the safe is secured to a wall opening of the safe and comes with combination lock which
or structure or if it can be moved around. A less secure version allows 3 to 8-digit security code protection. The electronic
(only suitable for petty cash) is usually called a cash-box. The locking system is well designed with high security and easy
objective of this project is to design and fabricate a smart operational performance.
safety box using Blynk application. It also design to protect
user’s cash and valuable items in the box by using a biometric Fig. 1. Burglary safe.
fingerprint locking system and to learn and understanding
about both of hardware and software using to accomplish this
project.

62

ii. Treny Rottweiler Three Steel Mechanical Safety Box

It has 3-digit mechanical password key, for double protection.
Besides, it use mechanical password system to avoid using the
batteries and has longer lifespan and higher reliability. In
addition, it can be drilled to the wall so that it is not easy to be
moved. Purely mechanical password system and it is battery
free.

Fig. 2. Treny rottweiler three steel mechanical safety box. Fig. 4. Smart Safety Box Project Flow Chart.

iii. Treny Dai Fuku Digit Tow Key Safety Box Material selection and precise tool is very important to
Treny Dai Fuku Safe Box is certified by SGS, CE which can produce quality and functional smart safety box. This is
withstand 1000kg of external force and won’t damage its because of the diverse materials for each different material.
shape. It has magnetic lock which prevent the thief to apply Furthermore, the capacity and the quality of every
the shock waves to unlock the safe. This safe box is very solid substance is subject to the mechanical and electronic
and able to stand resistant of significant percussion without properties of the material. In addition, in the selection of
any deformation. It also included with two different types of materials also there are factors to be considered which are
key to protect the safe in a more secure system. solid reliability and price factors such materials in addition,
the provision of materials and components needed to be done
Fig. 3. Treny Dai Fuku Digit Tow Key Safety Box. intelligently and systematically in the process of prototype.
Arrangement for materials and component will be done with
III. METHODOLOGY the end goal to build up a model can run easily
In designing this smart safety box, a flow chart of
method needs to be used to design and assemble the A. LIST OF MATERIALS
smart safety box. The chart is used as a guideline to
follow in order for the product to meets the requirement Table 1. Items Name with the functions.
and time can be managed efficiently. The process will
determine this products efficiency. Analyzing every No Item & Function
step is important so that the project can be successful.
Name

The solenoid lock denotes a latch

for electrical locking and

1 unlocking. This type features
energy saving because it is

Solenoid door unnecessary to always power the
lock DC 12v solenoid on.

Fingerprints are unique to the

person they belong to and cannot

2 Adafruit be duplicated without extensive
preparation.

Fingerprint

Scanner

Microcontrollers are used

in automatically

controlled products and devices.

3 NodeMCU Can be used to connect devices to
the internet

esp-8266

63

A passive infrared sensor is an vii. Stick the wiring in the safety box so that the wiring
looks neat.
electronic sensor that
viii. After that, spray the box with the colour that
4 measures infrared (IR) light chosen.
radiating from objects in its field
Infrared Fig. 6. Hardware implementation (inside view of smart safety box).
of view.

Sensor

Used as a power source to power

the solenoid.

5

12v Battery
Lead Acid

A hinge is a mechanical
bearing that connects two solid
6 objects, typically allowing only a
limited angle of rotation between
Door Hinge them.

B. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

The system need the DC power supply, 12V to activate the
system. Then the IR sensor and biometric fingerprint will act
as an input and give the detection input to the microcontroller,
which are Arduino Uno and NodeMcu. Lastly the solenoid
lock will open and closed the safety box when receiving the
command from the microcontroller and the Blynk application
will give the notification when the safe was forced open by
thieves or robbers.

Fig. 5. Block diagram of Smart Safety Box. Fig. 7. Programming code for Smart Safety Box.

IV. TESTING AND FABRICATION The model has been developed to test whether it can perform
or run as we want and does not have any problem as long it
In this prototype construction process, too many procedures run or work. The experimental setup of the project is to test
that have to follow. There is procedure that have to follow to the biometric fingerprint and the IR sensor are functioning
build prototype construction. well. Then, the combination of all circuit to the product, the
programming code and the integration as a system is complete.
i. Prepare all material and tool that required to be use. The results are good considering that all the inputs and outputs
ii. Cut work pieces that will be used with the are working as required.

dimension that has been set up V. CONCLUSION
iii. Use a MIG MACHINE to weld all the part.
iv. Build prototype with specification that has been set Smart Safety Box, like all safes, are designed to protect and
keep safe the user’s valuable items. The results of this product
up. had been fabricated and it can be successfully used as a safe
v. Prepare the coding for all of the electronic device box to keep valuable items. With an integrated bio-metric
fingerprint sensor to act as an input to unlock the hatch, it will
that need to be coded that has been set up. be harder to unlock and unlike the other locking systems that
vi. Set up the connection of the wiring of the circuit uses a key or combination code, they are easily obtainable by
other people.
that needed to run all the electronic device.

64

REFERENCES

[1] Adafruit, (2014, Jan 15), Fingerprint by Adafruit. Retrived from
https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-optical-fingerprint-sensor?view=all

[2] Muhammad Aqib, (2018, Nov 15), Learn how to create fingerprint
controlled door lock with sensor module, an 12C LCD and Arduino
UNO. Retrieved from https://maker.pro/arduino/projects/how-to-create-
a-fingerprint-reading-door-lock-system-with-an-arduino-uno

[3] Bill Phillips, (1995), The Complete Book Of Locks and Locksmithing (4th
edition).

Fig. 8. The complete prototype of Smart Safety Box. [4] Tarun Agarwal, (2013, Mar 17), Infrared Sensor Circuit Diagram and
Working Principal. Retrieved from https://www.elprocus.com/infrared-ir-
Overall, we achieved the main objective of the project which sensor-circuit-and-working/
is protecting the user’s valuable items and could function
properly according to its specifications. First, we started out [5] Remnis, (2018, Dec 12), Fingerprint Sensor with An Arduino or an ESP.
with a rough sketch of the project, and after we got the steel Retrieved from https://www.hackster.io/remnis/fingerprint-sensor-with-
plate, we used the grinder to cut out the plates that will form an-arduino-or-an-esp-4919d
the frame of the project. After that, we used MIG welding
machine to weld its frame together. The design was released [6] Roshan Arkhan, (2019, Jan 15), Guide for Relay Module with Arduino.
and it can be successfully used as a functioning safety box. Retrieved from https://randomnerdtutorials.com/guide-for-relay-module-
We also integrated it with IoT using the device such with-arduino/
asNodeMCU esp-8266 and Blynk application. Since our frame
is made out of metal, we needed a platform for our [8] Ralph Goodman, (2015, Aug 14), Types Of Security Safes That Can
components to safely be placed and not touch any conducting
surfaces so we salvaged hard plastic parts from a printer to act Protect Your Valuables. Retrieved from
as a platform. We successfully integrated it with IoT and could
notify user when the box is opened and opened by who by https://unitedlocksmith.net/blog/9-types-of-security-safe-that-can-protect-
having their ID’s written in the coding phase.
your-valuables.

65

Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique Using db-UT
Software for Sizing Internal Flaws in Welds

Hooi Peng Lim Limi Chong

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu Politeknik Kota Kinabalu

No. 4 Jalan Politeknik KKIP Barat, Kota Kinabalu No. 4 Jalan Politeknik KKIP Barat, Kota Kinabalu
Industrial Park, 88460 Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park, 88460 Kota Kinabalu
Sabah, Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract - Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) technique is used for the weld as the transmitter and receiver. Diffraction of cracks
sizing internal cracks and flaws in weld metal. This technique is and flaws is shown when ultrasound is incident at liner
able to detect cracks and flaws accurately, however, training and discontinuity in addition to the normal reflected wave range.
experience are still essential to analyse the complex patterns The diffracted energy is discharged over a wide angular range
observed. The dB-UT software provides multi-channel and is presumed to initiate at the boundaries of the cracks and
conventional Pulse Echo (PE) for TOFD detection. In TOFD, flaws. However, it is difficult to sizing cracks and flaws through
entire un-rectified A-scans are digitised and stored for display as images captured when there is offset detected between the
a B-scan or D-scan image that is a series of stacked A-scan with transmitter and receiver. This offset take place due to the non-
displayed as a grey-scale image. It is usually used for the inspection horizontal crack and flaw and the use of beam transducer which
of welds by an array of TOFD probes straddling the weld and produce broad defect curve shapes [2]. To avoid this problem,
scanning along the welds or at right angles to the weld. Thus, there the separation between the transmitter and the receiver probes
is movement of the probes in one dimension along, or at right was proposed to keep constant for all simulated cracks (slits).
angles to the weld with the probes ultrasonic beams pointing at the Apparently, separation is varied and optimized to obtain the
weld. The movement is usually manual with encoder feedback or maximum amplitude of the diffraction signal for slit with
it can be motorized. This paper presents the analysis performed on unknown height [3]. Study on TOFD technique for accurate
calibration blocks with different thickness vary from 17.0mm, sizing of cracks embedded in sub-cladding revealed that
18.0mm, 25.0mm and 26.0mm for analysing the inclination angle diffracted signal from inclined slit at 10° and 15° is sensitive to
and depth of surface-breaking for inclined cracks and flaws. angle as a locator of the slits [4]. Additionally, research for
Additionally, comparison for probe angle beam at 45°, 60° and 70° accurate sizing of surface breaking cracks have shown
was made to indicate the effects of lateral wave, back-wall signal significant correlation between the actual and estimated
and flaw signal during scanning process. through-thickness height and length of the slits [5].
Nevertheless, combination of fuzzy logic and neural networks
Keywords - time of flight diffraction, scan plan, probe centre for automatic TOFD inspection system has provided better
separation, lateral wave, back-wall signal accuracy and reliable texture of weld defects. It is a novel
approach to indicate segment-based texture of defects through
I. INTRODUCTION computational algorithm [6]. On the other hand, sizing of
surface breaking cracks in complex shape and geometry of
Back dated to 1985, the Harwell Centre in United Kingdom first component can be done through experimental probability of
applied the TOFD technique to do sizing for cracks and flaws detection and probability of sizing curves associated with
in nuclear reactor welds. Maurice Silk had invented the TOFD TOFD. Parameters of probe angle beam and probe centre
in the late 1970’s [1]. The study proposed the alternative of separation were reported to be improved by increasing the gain
using time delay to identify defect size and crack depth show setting and optimizing the probe spacing [7]. Recently, total
better inherent accuracy for poor quality material. Time of focusing method imaging is developed as an alternative to
Flight Diffraction (TOFD) uses diffraction of ultrasonic TOFD and phased array ultrasonic testing due to its greater
energies from the upper tip to lower tip of the internal structures resolution and clearer images of detects involving notches
(primarily discontinuities) in a test piece using a set of two nearby welds [8]. Most recent, echo signal envelope and DE has
probes. The tips of internal discontinuity will diffract an reduced the computational load and enhanced the measurement
ultrasound beam; this diffracted beam can then be detected and accuracy in low SNR using a denoising method to improve the
accurately measured using arrival time of the diffraction. The extraction accuracy of the envelope [9]. Therefore, the present
constraint of a typical ultrasonic testing technique is to sizing study aims to analyse the inclination angle and depth of surface-
defects with the amplitude of reflected signal because the breaking for inclined cracks and flaws for calibration blocks
amplitude is strongly depending on the orientation of the crack. with different thickness and the effects of lateral wave, back-
However, instead of amplitude, TOFD uses the time of flight of wall signal and flaw signals for different probe angle beam.
an ultrasonic pulse to determine the position of a reflector. In a
TOFD system, a pair of probes is placed symmetrically across

66

II. INSPECTION CONFIGURATION TABLE I. Weld configuration for calibration block 1704.

This section describes the inspection configuration facilities Weld configuration Setup 1
available to setup the system for an inspection. It is envisaged
to review and amend all the settings for a new inspection task. Thickness (mm) = 17.0 Beam spread (deg) = 70 (90-54)/ 70
The ultrasonic excitation voltage, pulse width, amplification Bevel Angle (deg) = 30.0/ 30.0 (90-54)
and filters for each channel and for each gate, the start, width 00.0/ 00.0 Fre. (MHz) 15.00/ 15.00
and threshold levels were set accordingly. If required, distance K factor = 1.08/ 1.08
amplitude correction (DAC) curves need to be configured. The Crystal Dia. (mm) = 3.00/ 3.00
report variables were initialised and completed as far as PCS (mm) = 62.0
possible ahead of the analysis. Finally, the manipulator Offset (mm) 0.0
variables and scan parameters were specified so that various Test range (mm) = 0.17
inspection configuration parameters can saved to a setting file
and be re-loaded at later date. Four different thicknesses of The actual TOFD image is shown in Fig. 2 with flaws. The
calibration blocks vary from 17.0mm, 18.0mm, 25.0mm and
26.0mm were inspected to measure the inclination angle and time-base is horizontal and the axis of motion is vertical. The
depth of surface-breaking for inclined cracks and flaws. lateral wave is the fairly strong multi-cycle pulse at top, and the
Nevertheless, comparison for probe angle beam at 45°, 60° and back-wall is the strong multi-cycle pulse at bottom. The flaws
70° was made to indicate the effects of lateral wave, back-wall show as multi-cycle grey and white reflections between the
signal and flaw signals. lateral and back-wall signals. The scan shows several separate
flaws. The ultrasonic noise was detected from grain reflections.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It has limited the practical frequency that can be used. There is
also ultrasonic information available past the back-wall
A. Calibration block 1704 with thickness of 17.0 mm (typically shear wave diffractions), but this is generally not
used.
TOFD was performed on calibration block 1704 with thickness
of 17.0mm. The probes used were both 15MHz with angle 70°. Lateral
Probe Centre Separation (PCS) was indicated using equation wave
(1) as shown.
Flaws
Probe centre separation (PCS)
Back-wall
= beam crossing point x tanθ x wall thickness x 2 …... (1)
Fig. 2. TOFD display with flaws of calibration block 1704. Shear
= 2/3 x tan70° x 17 x 2 wave

= 62mm

The probe placement is demonstrated in Fig. 1 with PCS
distance of 62.0mm in between the weld piece.

B. Calibration block 1804 with thickness of 25.0mm

TOFD was performed on calibration block 1804 with thickness
of 25.0mm. The probes used were both 15MHz with beam angle
70°. PCS was indicated using equation (2),

Probe centre separation (PCS)

= beam crossing point x tanθ x wall thickness x 2 …... (2)
= 2/3 x tan70° x 25 x 2
= 91.0 mm

Table II shows the scan plan for calibration block 1804 with
probe arrangement details.

Fig. 1. TOFD images were generated in D-scan by the stacking of greyscale
transformed from A-scan.

Table I shows the scan plan for calibration block 1704 with
probe arrangement details.

67

TABLE II. Weld configuration for calibration block 1804. Fig. 4 shows the scan plan for calibration block 2104 with two
different probes arrangement details.
Weld configuration Setup 1

Thickness (mm) = 25.0 Beam spread (deg) = 70 (90-54)/ 70
Bevel Angle (deg) = 30.0/ 30.0 (90-54)
00.0/ 00.0 Fre. (MHz) 15.00/ 15.00
K factor = 1.08/ 1.08
Crystal Dia. (mm) = 3.00/ 3.00
PCS (mm) = 91.0
Offset (mm) 0.0
Test range (mm) = 0.25

Flaw depth perpendicular to the surface can be measured from
the TOFD image by fitting cursors on the lateral wave and top
tip signals of the flaw as shown in Fig. 3.

18.99 Fig. 4. (a) Scan plan for calibration block 2104 of probe angle 60° and (b)
probe angle 70°.
Fig. 3. Measuring flaw depth for calibration block 1804.
D. Calibration block 2604 with thickness of 18.0mm
C. Calibration block 2104 with thickness of 26.0mm
TOFD was performed on calibration block 2104 with thickness TOFD was performed on calibration block 2604 with thickness
of 26.0mm. The probes used were both 10MHz with beam angle of 18.0mm. The probes used vary from 5MHz to 15MHz with
60° and 70°, respectively. PCS was indicated using equation (3) beam angle 45°, 60° and 70°, respectively. PCS was indicated
and (4), using equation (5), (6) and (7),
Probe centre separation (PCS)
= beam crossing point x tanθ x wall thickness x 2 …... (3) Probe centre separation (PCS)
= 2/3 x tan60° x 26 x 2
= 60.0mm = beam crossing point x tanθ x wall thickness x 2 …... (5)
Probe centre separation (PCS) = 2/3 x tan45° x 18 x 2
= beam crossing point x tanθ x wall thickness x 2 …... (4) = 24.0mm
= 2/3 x tan70° x 26 x 2
= 95.0mm Probe centre separation (PCS)

= beam crossing point x tanθ x wall thickness x 2 …... (6)
= 2/3 x tan60° x 18 x 2
= 41.0mm

Probe centre separation (PCS)

= beam crossing point x tanθ x wall thickness x 2 …... (7)
= 2/3 x tan70° x 18 x 2
= 66.0mm

68

Fig. 5 shows the scan plan for calibration block 2104 with three wave. Spreading of the beam and angle of refraction are needed
different probes arrangement details which are set to 45°, 60° to provide the greater volume coverage when weld thickness is
and 70° accordingly. increased. Nevertheless, it is also required to ensure the angle
of incident at the region of interest to reveal efficient amplitude
(a) responses from upper and lower tip echoes [10]. The
comparison for three different probe angle beams was shown in
Probe angle: 45° Fig. 6. The images illustrates the effects of lateral wave, flaws
and back-wall signal for three probe angle beam of 45°, 60°,
(b) and 70° respectively. Flaws in the weldment deeper than the
25mm plate thickness was not resolved from the back-wall
Probe angle: 60° signal. Signals for flaws deeper than 41.0mm and 66.0mm were
likely not be seen. The solution to this problem is applying the
offset scan for the scan plan. By offsetting the probe pairs, from
the centreline of the weld and making two scans (or using two
pairs of the same probes), the toe crack will be detected on the
offset that places the crack above the locus of equal time [11].

(a)

(c) Probe angle:70°

Fig. 5. (a) Scan plan for calibration block 2604 of probe angle 45°, (b) probe (b)
angle 60° and (c) probe angle 70°.
(c)
The present study reported larger probe dimensions provides
higher intensity pulse for a greater distance of probe placement. Fig. 6. (a) PCS comparison for probe angle beam of 45°, (b) probe angle
However, smaller probe dimensions is used to address better beam 60° and (c) probe angle beam 70°.
divergence of the images. Selection of probe refraction angle is
depended on the shape and geometry of the weld components F. Probe frequency comparison for angle beam 60°
tested. Thicker weldment requires smaller refraction angle to Fig. 7 illustrates the images resolved for probe frequency of
detect clearer back-wall signal. In addition, higher angle of 5MHz, 10MHz and 15MHz with fixed angle beam of 60°. The
refraction is needed to ensure the near surface coverage is better images showed better and sharper resolution with higher
addressed when the weld cap is remained in the weldment. frequency. It has greatly reduced the dead zone and increased
Nevertheless, the results revealed that the actual beam angles the coverage volume of the test piece. Object with smooth
used may be off-set by 5 -12 degrees from the nominal due to surface conditions, sound attenuation and noise of material was
the large divergence in TOFD transmitting and receiving
probes. Thus, no significant deterioration of the technique will
result. The values of probe centre separation (PCS) was
indicated to set to two thirds through the test weldment is
significant. The following section discusses the effects of probe
frequency, diameter and angle on ultrasound attenuation, beam
divergence and diffraction.

E. PCS comparison for probe angle beam of 45°, 60° and 70°

The parameter of the probe must be defined to provide the
required volume coverage in a single pass non-parallel scan,
when a metal plate is welded. The probe angle beam is crucial
in the welding zone to ensure essential and adequate near
surface coverage at minimum acceptable distance to the lateral

69

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Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 600-
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70

Islamic Branding (IB) and Marketing Opportunities

Didi Reena Binti Matzen Zaidi Bin Basli

Jabatan Perdagangan Jabatan Perdagangan
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Politeknik Kuching Sarawak

Kuching, Sarawak Kuching, Sarawak

Abstract - The rationale behind the study is to identify the Islamic (d) Outbound Islamic brands. Halal brands that
brands produced from Islamic countries and which are non- originate from Islamic countries but not necessarily target
Islamic countries concern of producing Islamic brands, try to find Muslim consumers.
out the major factors that addressing the Muslim market and what
are the responses or the reactions of global customers towards 1.1 Islamic Branding And Marketing Opportunities
Islamic brands, and try to investigate the challenges and
opportunities that Islamic brands are facing. However Islamic Muslim markets provide many business opportunities across all
brands face several challenges. Islam not only advocates trade only product and service categories although differing in size and
of what is clean and wholesome but teaches that property is a behaviour across the world, including the following.
sacred trust, that everything belongs to God. Recommendation:
Advertising-wise and branding-wise, think big and see the world a) Food and beverage: The global Halal food market is
as open marketplace, Appeal to global consumer estimated to be worth approximately USD 650 billion annually,
and represents a major opportunity for companies to go
Keywords - Islmic Branding, Halal Product, Islamic Marketing international and global. Some companies from Muslim
countries are trying to develop their own brands and some
I. INTRODUCTION Islamic governments are assisting places and destinations to do
the same. However, at present many of the branding
Based on findings by Alserhan (2011), the term IB could be opportunities are being taken up by global Western brands such
used to describe brands as “Islamic” because: as Nestle.

(a) These brands are Shariah-compliant, i.e. Islamic b) Education: There is an explosion of Islamic
brands by religion; educational institutions at primary, secondary and tertiary
(b) They originate from an Islamic country, i.e. Islamic levels as the figures for Islamic youth increase. By 2050, it is
brands by country of origin; or estimated that Muslims will account for 60% of the world’s
(c) Their target is the Muslim consumer, i.e. Islamic population under the age of 18. The youth market represents a
brands by destination. massive future prospect, and yet although young people are
exposed to information from all over the world with the
The combination of these three descriptions of Islamic brands expansion of the Internet, research suggests they tend to still
creates four distinct types of brands; true Islamic brands, keep their Islamic values.
traditional Islamic brands, inbound Islamic brands, and
outbound Islamic brands: c) Tourism and hospitality: Islamic travel, tourism and
leisure form another segment of the Islamic market that offers
(a) True Islamic brands. These brands satisfy the three products and services to both Muslims and non-Muslims. From
descriptions of IB; they are Halal, produced in an Islamic tourist destinations in the Middle East to Halal airlines and fully
country, and they target Muslim consumers. The word “true” Halal hotels and resorts, there is something for everyone, and
which is used here does not mean that the other categories of most Muslim majority countries are trying to cash in on the
Islamic Brand are “wrong”. For example, because they were growth of tourism and tourism-related travel. Pure Islamic
intended for the Muslim consumer in the first place, the vast tourism and hospitality is growing slowly but surely as
majority of the brands that originate from Islamic countries are companies such as Al Jawhara Group of Hotels and Apartments
Halal. comply with Shariah law throughout all their operations.

(b) Traditional Islamic brands. Brands originating in d) Medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and personal
Islamic countries and targeting Muslims. These are assumed to care: This promises to be another large growth area in the
be Halal as explained above. It was taken for granted that all global Islamic market. There is a growing industry in generic
brands available there are Halal, prior to the globalization of medical, pharmaceutical, wellness and healthcare products that
Islamic markets. do not contain non-compliant substances such as certain
animal-based gelatines for many Muslims who want to comply
(c) Inbound Islamic brands. Halal brands that target with Shariah law and consume only what is Halal. The growth
Muslim consumers but originate from non-Islamic countries. of this category, spurred on by newly created Halal standards
These brands were mostly Islamized, i.e. changed in order to and accreditation facilities, has meant that some countries such
make them Halal.

71

as Malaysia are strategically earmarking companies The last point is particularly crucial for halal brands from non-
manufacturing medicines, pharmaceutical and cosmetics Muslim countries. Muslim consumers will ask: under what
products for special assistance in building their businesses and authority is this product deemed halal? Our investigation found
marketing their products. that Muslim consumers are not averse to such brands. Whether
they are of Muslim origin or not, what consumers want are
e) Entertainment: Art, sports and entertainment can be quality, care and clarity along with halal credentials. Malaysia,
enjoyed by anyone and there are hundreds of television Indonesia and Brunei are mooting unified halal standards.
channels throughout the world dedicated to the Muslim
consumer, varying in content usually, but not always, by Such moves should be supported – the more products that carry
country. Even in Muslim minority countries entertainment a global halal brand, the more familiar and accepted it will be
brands are emerging, for instance, MTA Muslim TV as known among consumers. But unification is not easy. Participants must
as Islam Channel in the UK. see the value in going through the process. In Brunei, for
example, restaurateurs said the process was too complicated.
(f) Internet and digital products and services: The Certification must be rolled out with positive buy-in, or it risks
Internet, media and digital products area provides arguably the alienate those providing goods and services. Hotel owners in
most exciting of the opportunities available to those wishing to Malaysia faced exactly this issue.
serve Islamic markets. Muslims can now find digital libraries,
digital art and photography and other products. Global brands The takeaway message is that credibility and clarity are the
also see the market potential in digital space. For example, fundamental pillars of any global halal brand. Muslim
mobile phone manufacturer LG launched handsets in August, consumers see halal brands as their allies in building their
2009 with a number of special features, including a Qiblah Islamic lifestyle. Halal brands must keep this trust in mind and
indicator, and prayer time alarm functions as well as Quran ensure that their products and communications express how this
software, the Hijiri calendar and a Zakat calculator. And the trust is valued, and how the brand helps to safeguard its
growth of the networked society presents many opportunities in consumers’ well-being.
the area of social media, where brands such as Muxlim.com,
probably the world’s largest Muslim lifestyle media company, 2.1 To identify Islamic brands produced from Islamic
are emerging and growing, helping individuals and businesses countries
to connect with each other in, and understand, Muslim markets.

(g) Financial products and services: Over the last
twenty years there has been a proliferation of banks offering
Islamic finance, and countries such as Malaysia, Singapore,
Hong Kong, London, and others are competing to capitalize on
this trend and become regional Islamic finance hubs. Following
the recent global recession, issues regarding lack of trust in the
conventional banking system have added impetus to the growth
of Islamic finance. The Islamic finance industry in general was
relatively unaffected, although there were some sukuk (Islamic
bond) defaults in places such as Dubai while the breakdown of
the conventional global finance between 2007 and 2009 caused
havoc in most countries. This resilience of Islamic finance has
led some players and observers in the industry to call it ‘ethical
finance’.

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

In this report paper, there are few numbers of study purposes
that we have been doing such as follows:

a) To identify Islamic brands produced from Islamic
countries;
b) To identify which are non–Islamic countries concern
of producing Islamic brands;
c) To analyze the major factors that addressing the
Muslim Market;
d) To find out the responses and reactions of global
customers towards Islamic Brands; and
e) To investigate the challenges and opportunities that
Islamic brands are facing.

72

Mecca Cola, which has been marketed as a soft drink that makes Marketing’, although of course they would come under such a
an anti-Coke (or anti-Western) statement, tends to isolate definition, but also to any brands that are seeking to address the
Muslims by encouraging them to think of themselves as needs of Muslim markets. We are referring to any activity
separate from a larger community. Many of the half-dozen related to the branding and marketing of countries, products and
Muslim cola brands launched after 9/11 attempted to address a services to Islamic audiences, regardless of whether or not they
sense of outrage in the global Muslim community at being reside in Muslim majority or Muslim minority countries or have
vilified as terrorists in the West. The decision to purchase Muslim ownership.
Mecca Cola, positioned as a Muslim alternative to Coke or
Pepsi, might seem less about making a statement of faith than The rather broad definition we have chosen also includes
about identifying as a member of the Muslim community. companies that do not have Islamic owners yet are reaching out
Perhaps even more significantly, Mecca Cola is probably the to Muslim consumers but does not restrict the discussion of
nearest companies would get to producing (a Muslim global Islamic branding and marketing to Muslim owned businesses.
brand) because it spans so many countries and it's kind of a fast- Thus, non-Muslim brands would also come under this heading
food product. It is brands like Mecca Cola in the fast-moving if they were looking to build their brands and market share in
consumer goods category that have the greatest potential for any Muslim majority or minority market. Indeed, several
going global. There would appear to be some independent brands that are meeting the needs of global Muslim audiences
evidence for this conclusion. Of the top 18 global consumer currently are from non-Muslim, often Western, companies.
brands in the Dinar Standard ranking, the largest category of
global Muslim brands (28 percent) would appear to be fast- We would disagree when some observers will say that it is not
moving consumer goods (FMCGs), followed closely by appropriate to mix branding and marketing with religion. It is
transportation brands (22 percent). This analysis assumes always good to give consumers what they really want from a
FMCG retail and food brands are taken together. Four of these market perspective, and it would be incorrect to think that Islam
brands considered by Dinar Standard served the food industry, as a religion does not influence the needs and wants of its
four transportation, three consumer electronics, two the followers. Muslim markets have never been properly addressed
automotive industry, two finance, and one each retail, energy, either in Muslim majority or minority countries even though the
and real estate. Western branding and marketing managers fully understand the
main markets they normally deal with. The opening up of
Example of products: Mecca Cola Muslim markets and the rise in immigration of Muslims to
Western countries as significant and growing minorities means
List of the top INBOUND ISLAMIC BRANDS from non-Islamic countries that their needs can no longer be ignored.

2.2 To identify which are non–Islamic countries We are thus not concerned with branding a religion but with the
concern of producing Islamic brands building of brands that appeal to a global religious population
We are referring not just to brands that originate from Islamic by using this wider definition.
countries when we use the words ‘Islamic Branding and
Many Western multinationals’ attention has been captured by
this huge market. For example, Nestle is now manufacturing
many of its brands using Halal processes and is working with
Halal accreditation agencies to fast-track growth in Islamic
markets. In 2008, Nestle achieved US$5.2 billion revenue in
Halal products alone. Several Western fast food chains
including McDonalds, KFC and Subway are opening more and
more outlets that serve Halal products, and makers of personal
care and cosmetics products such as Unilever and L’Oreal have
introduced products and campaigns to gain the loyalty of that
fast-growing segment in the developing world, middle class
Muslim women.

2.2 To analyze the major factors that addressing the
Muslim Market

From our own analysis across Muslim markets, we found that
Muslim consumers yearn for brands to help them identify
products to support their chosen lifestyles. The halal brand they
select becomes a byword for the level of piety that suits them
and represents who they are.

Brands must explain their halal credentials, of which one aspect
is a clear and credible logo. But a halal brand is much more than
a logo. It must stand for values that are important to the Muslim
consumer: purity, integrity, transparency and wholesomeness,

73

to name a few. For tech savvy futurists who are the most supported by the Halal Industry Development Corporation, set
influential among Muslim consumers, putting clear information up by the government.
on the web is crucial. Equally important is that retail staff
should be primed on the halal logo used and the certifier. 2.3 To find out the responses and reactions of global
customers towards Islamic Brands
For products other than food and beverages, an explanation of
what it means to be halal and how the product achieves it is There can be no doubt that the next wave of brand development
even more important. In the halal cosmetics industry, this and success will come from the Islamic world. Its rise is partly
means no alcohols and no animal-derivative ingredients. There a response to the surge of branding activity in the West since
is also a growing trend towards ethical and organic production, the late 1980s. By the 1990s a reaction had begun to kick in
as well as use of traditional, local ingredients. from Asia, with brands from Singapore, South Korea, India and
China making considerable headway in global as well as
The race is on to establish powerful international ‘halal brands’. regional markets.
The stakes are high: by some estimates, the global market for
halal products is worth $500 billion a year. Other factors are driving the development of Islamic brands.
Islamic countries realize they cannot rely forever for their
However, it is a market strewn with confusion, as separate prosperity on their reserves of ‘black gold’. Dubai now has less
Muslim countries try to establish recognized standards and than twenty years’ oil left, Brunei less than fifty. It is also a sign
producers from outside the Muslim world also hurry to enter the of growing financial muscle. The Islamic countries are rapidly
market. That leaves many Muslim consumers crying out for gaining ground on their Western counterparts in global
reliable brands that will help them guide their choices. economic power.

(a) First, for the uninitiated, what is halal? In its broadest In the current economic crisis the Islamic countries are charging
sense, it applies to anything that is “permitted” or “lawful” and to the rescue of the West. Abu Dhabi in November 2007 took a
covers everything from food to finance to logistics. In a significant $7.5 billion stake in Citigroup in order to rescue the
narrower sense, it covers anything made from animal products, giant financial services company from ruin. The Dubai
especially food, personal care products and pharmaceuticals. Investment Corporation has taken positions in many globally
known corporations such as HSBC and SONY. And as the
(b) Certification in these industries can be especially Crunch bit deeper, investors in Abu Dhabi and Qatar stepped in
tricky. That makes it all the more important for marketers to to offer £7 billion to troubled UK bank, Barclays, and Kuwait
establish credible brands that give Muslim consumers the Investment Authority took significant stakes in Daimler AG
assurance and confidence they crave. Those that can establish and Citigroup.
instant recognition and credibility will gain a larger mind share
and pocket share among Muslim consumers as halal brands Many analysts see the cultivation of intangible assets such as
proliferate. As in any industry, brands that establish first mover strong brands as an essential feature in a mature and stable
credentials are likely to win. national economy. It is perhaps therefore not surprising that
Islamic branding successes are gaining profile. Emirate Airlines
For now, the race to establish recognized brands is being is one example, Kuwait’s telecommunications company Zain
conducted at country level. Brunei Darussalam sees the ‘Brunei another.
Halal Brand’ as a means of diversifying its economy away from
oil. It focuses primarily on food and offers small and medium Governments outside the Muslim world are also joining in.
sized enterprises an umbrella brand under which they can reach New Zealand Trade and Enterprise has identified halal as an
an international audience. emerging global trend that holds promise for the country’s food
and beverage and cosmetics industries. The government in the
As part of that effort it plans to open a UK facility in Philippines – a predominantly Roman Catholic country with a
Birmingham, a city with a large Muslim population. It also Muslim minority – recently issued halal guidelines. Even
wants to strengthen its Islamic association in the minds of Carrefour in France has brought a range of halal products to
Muslims, with a tourism initiative titled “Brunei Islamic market – though French retailers have been rather coy on the
Experience.” The aim is to net a share of the blossoming halal subject.
tourism market, which requires halal certified hotels and
restaurants. When Muslim nations say they are developing Muslim brands
with a view to the welfare of their Muslim citizens we must take
Singapore is also vying to create value with its Singapore Halal them at their word. But to achieve that aim by delivering clarity
Brand. The minister for Muslim affairs spoke recently about and ease of deciphering the various halal brands,
how a quintupling of halal-certified restaurants has boosted internationally-recognised standards will be important.
tourism. Given that two of Singapore’s biggest markets for
tourists are Malaysia and Indonesia, the increase in halal food There is nothing more off-putting for Muslim consumers than
availability is a clear win. what they see as the un-Islamic behaviour of putting another
brand down or causing confusion. What national brands must
Similarly, Malaysia’s JAKIM (Department of Islamic avoid is conveying a sense of competitiveness or bickering.
Development) wants to establish itself as a global standard,

74

Above all, brands must exude credibility while standards may research and develop Halal products. In this initiative it
vary. is working with several non-Islamic countries like Australia but
is meeting resistance from other Islamic countries such as
Here are some examples of the similarities and differences Malaysia keen to put their own national stamp on Brand Halal.
across global Muslim markets that influence branding and
marketing strategies. (a) One of the most fundamental obstacles to the
growth of brands from the Muslim world is simply
Similarities how they can achieve brand awareness and gain
• Common faith, values and identity as Muslims consumer preference for their brands when established
• Similar dietary requirements (Halal) Western brands have already achieved strong brand
• Similar lifestyle requirements (finance, education, equity and loyalty.
entertainment etc.)
• Strong sense of community and welfare (b) Linked to this challenge is the issue of how to
gain access in cluttered markets. It is important to get
Differences critical mass in terms of distribution in order to
• Diverse locations become successful as an international brand,
• Multiple languages and dialects especially in fast-moving consumer and retail goods.
• Various cultural and lifestyle differences This can be difficult in established markets. Where
• Varying degrees of Islamic religiosity large companies dominate consumer ‘eyeballs’,
• Varying degrees of education, affluence and gaining shelf space in supermarkets located in major
marketing sophistication cities is tremendously difficult for smaller brands. For
example, in the USA Halal food products are
Although a global brand strategy may be created with a outnumbered by Kosher products in supermarkets by
universal value proposition, the implication of this lack of a ratio of 86:1, and 16% of Muslims buy Kosher food
uniformity is that, brand managers and marketers will be forced as they cannot get access to Halal food.
to adopt multiple marketing strategies in order to build
international brands in a variety of countries that appeal to (c) Thirdly, brands need acceptability by
Muslims. consumers in entering new markets, especially with
respect to the country-of-origin. The country-of-origin
Adding to the complexity of the market situation is the fact that effect can be highly influential when it comes to
much of the world’s Muslim population is relatively poor and consumer purchase decisions. Consumers are very
situated in developing economies. Marketers should bear this in risk-averse, and tend not to buy products from
mind, but they should also consider that as economies develop countries about which they have doubts or prejudices
and populations gain in spending power then so do the in the absence of powerful branding. Some Islamic
opportunities for branding and marketing. For instance, the brands might run foul of the ‘country of origin’ issue.
most populous Muslim minority country is India with around Mention ‘Islam’ in the West and a negative reaction
161 million Muslim people, and as more of these people enter often kicks in. The biggest educational challenge for
India’s middle class their spending power increases as does marketers of brands from Muslim countries is to move
their desire to purchase brands. Other countries such as consumer attention away from where products have
Bangladesh, a large Muslim majority country, are not yet at this come from to what they are actually are and the
stage of development. qualities they possess. The management of perceptions
is a vital branding skill. There is a parallel here with
2.4 To investigate the challenges and opportunities that the shift in consumer perceptions which has been
Islamic brands are facing achieved regarding the label, ‘Made in Japan’ since
World War II. Immediately after the War that label
Muslim brands may also face major barriers to acceptance in meant cheap copies of Western products; now it
the non-Muslim world. Many Muslim companies or brands connotes high tech products of high quality and
when they try to become global, face a challenge of the reliability. China is currently going through that same
negativity that's around Muslims. There is an added challenge process.
for companies trying to compete globally in many of these
countries. (d) Thus Muslim brand owners have to take decisions
whether or not to play up or down the country-of-origin of their
In terms of Halal logistics, there is no common agreement on products, and determine what national associations might
what actually constitutes Halal but even in predominantly transfer to their brand images. Only then can a company
Islamic countries. Throughout history different countries and prioritise, create, and tailor its campaigns accordingly, and
Sharia councils have come up with different interpretations. negative perceptions can be successfully avoided with carefully
Disagreement extends beyond products to logistics. Some planned communications strategies. As companies have to
countries check rigorously whether Halal products are stored produce products and services that are of top quality and
and transported separately from non-Halal products, others do acceptable to their intended markets, a further challenge arises
not. Currently, Brunei is trying to become a leader in Halal
accreditation and has established an extensive ‘Halal Park’ to

75

when building international brands in Halal-related categories actually acquire Western brands to fast track their brand
such as food. management expertise, as was the case with Űlker foods, a
company from Turkey that bought Godiva Chocolatier.
(e) There are two aspects to this, the first of which is that
for brands to do well in Halal markets they have to possess the 3.0 CONCLUSIONS
correct accreditation from the relevant authorities. This can be
problematic in international marketing as there is no one However Islamic brands face several challenges. Perhaps the
globally acknowledged accreditation system, and what is biggest concerns Halal products. This is actually a double
acceptable as Halal in one Muslim country may not be approved difficulty. Firstly, Halal evokes a very narrow and often narrow
by the authorities in others; in fact, there are well over a hundred image in Western minds. In fact, Halal has far broader and more
Halal accreditation systems in existence today, with many positive implications to do with pure and healthy living. Islam
conflicting standards. The second issue is that Halal not only advocates trade only of what is clean and wholesome
accreditation is not always connected to product quality, and in but teaches that property is a sacred trust, that everything
some countries, despite government support, many companies belongs to God, and that Man is only His
from Islamic countries have not made it to the international temporary khalîfah (‘steward’) on earth.
stage because their products only satisfied the accreditation part
of the criteria, and not the quality criteria demanded by foreign (a) Firstly, Western branded products are often not
markets. Achieving this combination of gaining proper compliant with Islamic Shariah law and therefore are not
accreditation and meeting international quality standards is considered to be Halal. While this does not affect some
imperative. categories such as luxury cars or fashion accessories, it does
impact on categories such as hospitality, food and beverage,
(f) The final challenge is competitive attack from major pharmaceutical, cosmetics and medical products, and some
Western brands that have moved quickly and deeply into these services.
markets with powerful positioning; strong brand names, good
value propositions, and that are already known and respected (b) Secondly, the growth of the educated middle class in
both globally and in the Muslim world. The success of big Muslim minority and majority cultures and countries has
brands in Muslim markets is not because they possess technical created an impetus to developing indigenous businesses,
superiority in their products, although they do meet very high products and services that are competitive with the long
quality and accreditation standards, but because their brand established and accepted brands.
names are so well known and trusted that success is almost
guaranteed. (c) Thirdly, Muslim governments would like to see their
local brands going global from a national perspective as they
To build international and global brands, the above challenges know how powerful brands can be in terms of economic
lead some people to say that companies from Muslim majority contribution, and how they shape national images. In
countries will find it difficult, especially in those markets particular, they have noticed that the cultivation of intangible
already dominated by powerful global brands. The very nature assets, such as strong brands, is seen as an essential feature of
of today’s fast-changing business world may help brands from mature, stable, and growing national economies.
Muslim countries, as it is widely acknowledged that business
success increasingly depends on innovation, speed, and agility. (d) Fourthly, and importantly, many Muslim countries
There is no shortage of Muslim business leaders with the vision want to diversify their business interests and rely less on narrow
necessary to harness technology and innovative ideas. resource-based industries, such as energy, which have finite
supplies.
Both of which are freely available and global niche markets
exist for those who can move in quickly, there are always Consequently, there is now a considerable surge in demand
segments in markets where needs and wants are not catered for from Islamic countries and companies seeking to develop
by large global corporations and speed and agility are not global brands and master the necessary branding and marketing
strengths possessed by many of the existing global giants. techniques and skills so competently demonstrated by the West.
Muslim CEO’s must therefore use market dynamics to exploit However, any company, Islamic or non-Islamic, that wishes to
the relative weaknesses of the power brand companies, leverage capitalize on branding and business opportunities should
on their knowledge about the Muslim consumer, and establish understand that the Muslim market as a whole is not a
new and innovative niche market brands that can travel across homogenous one, and across Muslim countries there are many
different countries and cultures. differences, as well as similarities, in terms of consumer
behaviour.
Companies from Muslim countries have an array of branding
opportunities, ranging all the way from products to companies 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
and organizations and even national identities, and their
advantage lies in their understanding of what Muslims want. Whether from any country Islamic or non-Islamic, the global
But they admit to not having enough branding and marketing Muslim market represents enormous opportunities for
knowledge and skill to do the job properly and executive companies but all face challenges. Western brands have the
education is a key priority for them. Some Islamic companies marketing and branding expertise but often lack the cultural
awareness and local knowledge to penetrate Islamic markets

76

successfully. They have to work harder with local market The best examples of this type of thinking in the Muslim world
research and accreditation agencies. can now be found in the Gulf countries particularly in Dubai.
Although product and service branding in the country is less
It is interesting to note that an increasing number of Western sophisticated and prevalent than in the West, it is the hub for
brands are already providing products in many categories the region and a place where new products and brands undergo
alongside brands that are indigenous to Muslim majority trials. People from all over the region—Pakistanis, Iranians, and
countries. They have succeeded to date because of their global Saudis—frequently travel there in search of brands not
brand awareness and reputation. What they must do is available in their local countries.
understand the local context within the markets they are in.
However, for companies from Muslim countries there are Dubai is a special case in the Middle East, as the native
different challenges to tackle before they can take advantage of population only represents 10 to 15 percent of the total
these opportunities. population. If international brands do not fulfill their needs,
locals can always revert to their local brands. These may not
These challenges will be overcome on both sides. Western always be as sophisticated as Western brands but locals are
brands are already moving ahead with some force and the huge emotionally attached to them, as they are part of their everyday
multinationals will undoubtedly continue to gain market share life. Dubai suffers from a "bests" syndrome. Local investors are
if they learn to understand Islamic values, and there are early obsessed with introducing products or developments that are
signs of success that brands developed in the Muslim world are the biggest, the tallest or the greatest. It sometimes seems Dubai
quickly gaining experience in international marketing. There is is driven by the Guinness World Records.
no doubt in mind that the next wave of brand development and
success will come from the global Islamic market. (c) Appeal to global consumers

(a) Advertising-wise and branding-wise Against that backdrop, two of Dubai's most successful brands
are the Emirates Group (transportation) and Emaar (real estate).
Whether or not one agrees that the development of a global Dinar Standard describes the Emirates Group as one of the
Muslim brand is desirable, one question remains: why are there fastest growing brands in the world, and ranks Emaar as the
no such brands? One of the reasons might be the level of largest real estate company in the world by market
marketing sophistication of the Muslim communities. Having capitalization.
done work in the UK, there is an element of that quite clearly.
Advertising-wise and branding-wise they are not as While maintaining their Muslim identities, both brands make
sophisticated as your mainstream British market or Black or efforts to appeal to global consumers. The Emirates airline, for
Caribbean markets. example, serves international cuisine prepared to Islamic
dietary standards. In-flight entertainment choices include films
Brands of course will vary even where standards are shared. in ten different languages with Arabic among them. Emirates
This is where differentiation is important. Brands can exhibit have an identity that is relevant and has impact. People instantly
different values and can excel tremendously through recognize the Emirates identity and distinguished typography
communications and engagement with target consumers. For whenever they encounter the brand on TV or on a billboard. The
brands that want to win loyalty, standards are the technical airline's advertising style also stands out. It is inspiring,
backbone, they must-have qualities. But for the brand to engage respectful and humorous.
with consumers, it must be a friend and support the consumer’s
Muslim lifestyle. Emaar's business operations, meanwhile, are reviewed by
a four-member Sharia board for compliance with Islamic
The most important quality for a consumer halal brand is to jurisprudence. But the company also builds homes in the US.
offer clear, simple and credible information on what makes the The Emaar staff is very brand-savvy. They fully understand
product halal and who has certified it. With modern what branding implies and are aware of the equity it can bring
manufacturing techniques involving a myriad of ingredients to their real estate developments.
and processes, and inputs from multiple sources, it can be hard
for a lay customer to know definitively whether a product is
halal.

(b) Think big and see the world as an open
marketplace

Most Muslim brands have been too focused on regional needs
to ever evolve globally. It could be said that they lack the ability
and vision to think big. When it comes to the brands like Google
or Apple the brands that come out of the West or the US
specifically, these are products or services that apply to
everyone in the world. Currently, Muslim brands are struggling
to think regionally. Marketers, innovators, and entrepreneurs
have to think big and see the world as an open marketplace.

77

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[14] Sandikci, O. Z. & Ekici, A. (2009). Politically motivated brand rejection.
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[16] Sandıkcı, O. Z. (2011). “Researching Islamic marketing: past and future
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[18] Tournois, L. and Aoun, I. (2012). “From traditional to Islamic marketing
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78

Mengenalpasti Penguasaan Pelajar Jabatan Perdagangan
bagi Kursus Statistik (DPB1013)

Murtadha bin Rafaai Nur Ahda binti Awallul Azmi Mohd Firdaus Bin Abdul Rashid

Jabatan Perdagangan Jabatan Matematik, Sains dan Jabatan Matematik, Sains dan
Komputer Komputer
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Politeknik Kuching Sarawak
Sarawak, Malaysia
[email protected] Sarawak, Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstrak - Salah satu kursus utama yang ditawarkan kepada DPB1013 yang perlu dipelajari. Topik tersebut ialah
pelajar semester satu program Diploma Akauntansi (DAT) dan Introduction to statistics, Data Presentation, Measures of
pelajar semester tiga program Diploma Pengajian Perniagaan di Central Tendency, Measures of Dispersion, Correlation and
Jabatan Perdagangan (JP), Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Regression, Hypothesis Testing dan Elementary of Probability
(POLIKU) adalah kursus Statistik (DPB1013). Kursus ini Concepts. Semua topik dalam kursus DPB1013 saling berkait
diimplementasikan mulai Sesi Disember 2016. Objektif kajian ini rapat antara satu sama lain. Pelajar perlu menguasai asas
adalah untuk mendapatkan peratus pencapaian dan penguasaan statistik dengan baik untuk menjawab soalan-soalan semasa
pelajar serta kesalahan-kesalahan lazim yang dilakukan dalam peperiksaan akhir. Pelajar yang tidak meguasai asas dengan
kursus ini. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 47 orang pelajar baik boleh menyebabkan pelajar cuai dan melakukan pelbagai
semester satu program DAT dan 42 orang pelajar semester tiga kesalahan ketika menjawab soalan peperiksaan akhir. Ini dapat
program DPM sesi Disember 2017. Data pelajar ini diperolehi memberikan kesan kepada keputusan markah pelajar dan
dari Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Politeknik (SPMP), POLIKU pencapaian pelajar dalam peperiksaan tidak
bagi laporan “Continuous Assessment” (CA), “ Final Exam” memuaskan seperti pendapat Ahmad (2008).
(FE) dan skrip jawapan peperiksaan akhir pelajar. Hasil kajian
ini mendapati terdapat perbezaan yang sangat ketara dari segi Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti
prestasi antara pelajar DPM dan DAT, pelajar DAT secara topik penguasaan pelajar DPM dan DAT semester satu bagi
purata lebih menguasai keseluruhan topik yang ditanya di dalam kursus DPB1013. Selain itu, kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk
semua topik, sementara pelajar DPM secara purata tidak dapat mengira peratus purata markah pencapaian pelajar bagi kursus
menguasainya keseluruhan topik. Dapatan menunjukkan Statistik (DPB1013) bagi sesi Disember 2017.
penguasaan pelajar terhadap Topik 2 dan 3 iaitu Data
presentation & Measures of Centra Tendency, dan penguasaan II. SOROTAN KAJIAN
terhadap Topik 2 dan 7 iaitu Data presentation & Elementary of
Probability Concepts adalah sangat lemah. Dapatan kajian ini Dalam menjadikan negara sebuah perindustrian yang maju
amat membantu dalam mengenalpasti kelemahan pelajar dalam pada tahun 2020, pelbagai pihak telah mula cakna tentang
menguasai kursus DPB1013 ini. Di samping itu, ianya juga peranan dan kepentingan statistik. Oleh itu, banyak institusi
membolehkan pensyarah mengambil inisiatif atau tindakan pengajian tinggi telah menawarkan kursus Statistik kepada
selanjutnya untuk meningkatkan peratus penguasaan pelajar pelajar.
dan mengatasi kesalahan-kesalahan lazim yang dikenalpasti
melalui kajian ini. Matematik dan statistik merupakan salah satu kursus yang
digalakkan untuk mempelajarinya. Ini kerana Matematik dan
Kata kunci - pelajar, penguasaan, kesalahan lazim, Statistik Statistik banyak diaplikasikan dalam pelbagai bidang.
Contohnya, bidang perakaunan, perniagaan dan kejuruteraan.
I. PENGENALAN Oleh itu, pelajar perlu menguasai asas Matematik dan Statistik
dengan baik agar dapat membantu mereka untuk menguasai
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak (PKS) adalah merupakan antara kursus yang lain sekaligus sebagai salah satu persediaan dalam
politeknik tertua yang ditubuhkan di bawah Kementerian mengharungi alam pekerjaan. Perkara ini dikukuhkan lagi
Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. PKS menawarkan 13 program di dengan pendapat Siti (2001) menyatakan bahawa pelajar yang
peringkat diploma yang disediakan di bawah 6 jabatan induk. mempunyai asas pengetahuan Matematik kukuh dapat
Salah satunya ialah Jabatan Perdagangan yang menawarkan membantu pelajar dalam meningkatkan prestasi terhadap
dua program diploma iaitu Diploma Pengajian Perniagaan dan kursus yang lain.
Diploma Akauntasi.
Salah satu faktor yang menjurus kepada kelemahan pelajar
Kursus Statistik(DPB1013) merupakan kursus yang wajib dalam menguasai ilmu Matematik dan Statistik adalah
diambil oleh semua pelajar semester satu Jabatan kurangkan pemahaman terhadap kemahiran asas dan konsep
Perdagangan. Terdapat 7 topik utama dalam silibus kursus

79

Matematik serta sering melakukan kecuaian ketika VII. SKOP KAJIAN
menyelesaikan masalah Matematik dan Statistik. (Abu,1998). Skop kajian ini hanya melibatkan pelajar semester satu dari
Selain itu, pelajar perlu menanamkan minat terhadap mata Jabatan Perdagangan Politeknik Kuching Sarawak. Kajian ini
pelajaran Matematik dan Statistik agar dapat mengubah bertujuan untuk menganalisis tahap penguasaan pelajar dalam
persepsi pelajar yang sering menyatakan bahawa Matematik menjawab soalan- soalan Peperiksaan Akhir sesi Disember
dan Statistik itu sangat sukar untuk dipelajari. 2017.

Pensyarah juga memainkan peranan penting dalam VIII. METODOLOGI KAJIAN POPULASI DAN
meningkatkan prestasi pelajar terhadap kursus Matematik dan PERSAMPELAN
Statistik. Kegagalan pensyarah dalam mengaplikasikan
pengetahuan mereka semasa proses pembelajaran di dalam Penyelidik telah memilih pelajar semester satu Program
kelas membawa kepada kemerosotan pencapaian pelajar. Diploma Pengajian Perdagangan (DPM) dan Diploma
Menurut Rokiah(1998) kegagalan pelajar dalam menguasai Pengajian Akauntasi (DAT) Jabatan Perdagangan Politeknik
ilmu Matematik adalah disebabkan oleh pensyarah itu sendiri. Kuching Sarawak. Jumlah bilangan persampelan adalah
Justeru itu, pensyarah perlu peka terhadap proses sebanyak 89 orang pelajar yang mengambil kursus Statistik
pembelajaran agar penyampaian lebih efektif dan berkesan. (DPB1013).

III. PERNYATAAN MASALAH IX. INSTRUMEN KAJIAN
Kaedah kajian ini melibatkan data yang diperolehi menerusi
Kursus Statistik DPB1013 ditawarkan kepada pelajar Jabatan statistik Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Politeknik (SPMP),
Perdagangan semester satu Program Diploma Pengajian POLIKU bagi laporan Final Exam Assessment (FE) dan skrip
Perdagangan (DPM) dan Diploma Pengajian Akauntasi (DAT) jawapan peperiksaan akhir pelajar. Data ini diperolehi
di PKS. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini dijalankan untuk daripada markah pelajar selepas menjawab Peperiksaan Akhir
mengenalpasti sejauh mana penguasaaan pelajar terhadap bagi kursus Statistik (DPB1013) dan direkodkan di dalam
topik-topik yang telah dipelajari sepanjang semester terhadap SPMP mengikut Course Learning Outcome (CLO) yang
kursus DPB1013. Hasil dari kajian ini diharapkan pensyarah ditetapkan. Soalan dan topik dalam Peperiksaan Akhir sesi
dapat menambahbaikkan teknik pembelajaran di dalam kelas Disember 2017 adalah seperti Jadual 1.
bagi meningkatkan prestasi pencapaian pelajar pada masa
akan datang. Jadual 1. soalan dan topik bagi peperiksaan akhir sesi disember 2017.

IV. OBJEKTIF KAJIAN X. ANALISIS DATA
Data direkodkan menggunakan kaedah gundalan di dalam
Objektif utama dalam kajian ini ialah; perisian Microsoft Excel 2016 mengikut julat markah yang
telah ditetapkan seperti dalam Jadual 2. Julat markah tersebut
i. Mengenalpasti topik penguasaan pelajar bagi kursus dikategorikan mengikut tahap penguasaan pelajar iaitu lemah,
memuaskan, baik dan cemerlang.
Statistik (DPB1013) bagi program DAT.
Jadual 2. Kategori Penguasaan Mengikut Julat Markah Pelajar.
ii. Mengenalpasti topik penguasaan pelajar bagi kursus

Statistik (DPB1013) bagi program DPM.

iii. Mengira peratus purata markah pencapaian pelajar bagi

kursus Statistik (DPB1013) bagi sesi Disember 2017.

V. PERSOALAN KAJIAN

Berdasarkan objektif kajian yang telah ditetapkan, terdapat
beberapa persoalan dalam kajian ini.

1. Apakah topik penguasaan pelajar bagi kursus Statistik
(DPB1013) bagi program DAT?
2. Apakah topik penguasaan pelajar bagi kursus
Statistik (DPB1013) bagi program DPM?
3. Berapakah peratus purata markah pelajar bagi kursus
Statistik (DPB1013) sesi Disember 2017?

VI. KEPENTINGAN KAJIAN

Kepentingan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti
penguasaan pelajar Jabatan Perdagangan terhadap kursus
Statistik (DPB1013) yang telah mempelajari selama satu
semester supaya pensyarah dapat membuat penambahbaikan
dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran pada semester akan
datang.

80

XI. DAPATAN KAJIAN kefahaman terhadap konsep asas yang kukuh dan kemahiran
berfikir kritis.
1. Mengenalpasti topik penguasaan pelajar bagi kursus
Statistik (DPB1013) bagi program DAT. 2. Mengenalpasti topik penguasaan pelajar bagi kursus
Statistik (DPB1013) bagi program DPM.

Rajah 1. Jumlah bilangan pelajar program DAT mengikut Julat Markah.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan jumlah bilangan pelajar mengikut julat Rajah 2. Jumlah bilangan pelajar program DPM mengikut Julat Markah.
markah berdasarkan setiap soalan dalam peperiksaan akhir.
Hasil dapatan menunjukkan lebih dari separuh pelajar DAT Rajah 2 menunjukkan jumlah bilangan pelajar mengikut julat
berjaya menguasai topik 2 dan 3 iaitu sebanyak 34 orang markah berdasarkan setiap soalan dalam peperiksaan akhir.
pelajar mendapat julat markah cemerlang dan 11 orang pelajar Hasil dapatan menunjukkan hanya separuh pelajar DPM
mendapat julat markah baik. Hanya 2 orang pelajar mendapat berjaya menguasai topik 2 dan 3 iaitu sebanyak 16 orang
julat markah yang memuaskan dan tiada pelajar yang pelajar mendapat julat markah cemerlang dan 11 orang pelajar
mendapat julat markah yang rendah. Ini menunjukkan pelajar mendapat julat markah baik. Sebaliknya, 12 orang pelajar
sangat menguasai topik 2 dan 3 berbanding topik-topik yang mendapat julat markah yang memuaskan dan 3 orang pelajar
lain. yang mendapat julat markah yang rendah. Ini menunjukkan
pelajar menguasai topik 2 dan 3 pada tahap yang baik.
Manakala bagi topik 4, seramai 30 orang pelajar mendapat
julat markah cemerlang dan seramai 7 orang pelajar mendapat Manakala bagi topik 4, seramai 15 orang pelajar mendapat
julat markah yang baik. Terdapat 10 orang pelajar mendapat julat markah cemerlang dan seramai 5 orang pelajar mendapat
julat markah yang memuaskan dan tiada pelajar mendapat julat markah yang baik. Terdapat 10 orang pelajar mendapat
julat markah yang lemah. Ini menunjukkan tahap penguasaan julat markah yang memuaskan dan 12 pelajar mendapat julat
pelajar terhadap topik 4 adalah baik. markah yang lemah. Ini menunjukkan tahap penguasaan
pelajar terhadap topik 4 adalah pada tahap yang memuaskan.
Bagi topik 5 menunjukkan seramai 31 orang pelajar mendapat
julat markah cemerlang dan 10 orang pelajar mendapat julat Bagi topik 5 menunjukkan seramai 10 orang pelajar mendapat
markah baik. Walaubagaimanapun, terdapat 4 orang pelajar julat markah cemerlang dan 10 orang pelajar mendapat julat
mendapat julat markah yang memuaskan dan 2 orang pelajar markah baik. Walaubagaimanapun, terdapat 5 orang pelajar
mendapat julat markah lemah. Jumlah pelajar yang mendapat mendapat julat markah yang memuaskan dan 17 orang pelajar
julat markah yang tinggi lebih ramai berbanding topik 4. Ini mendapat julat markah lemah. Jumlah pelajar yang mendapat
menunjukkan tahap penguasaan pelajar terhadap topik 5 pada julat markah yang tinggi sama dengan topik 4 tetapi jumlah
tahap baik. pelajar yang mendapat julat markah yang rendah adalah lebih
banyak berbanding dengan topik 4. Ini menunjukkan tahap
Seterusnya, topik 2 dan 7 hanya 29 orang pelajar yang berjaya penguasaan pelajar terhadap topik 5 pada tahap sederhana.
mendapat julat markah yang cemerlang dan 14 orang pelajar
mendapat julat markah yang baik. Manakala seorang pelajar Seterusnya, topik 2 dan 7 hanya 3 orang pelajar yang berjaya
mendapat julat markah yang memuaskan dan 3 orang pelajar mendapat julat markah yang cemerlang dan 11 orang pelajar
mendapat julat markah yang lemah. Ini menunjukkan tahap mendapat julat markah yang baik. Manakala 6 orang pelajar
penguasaan pelajar terhadap topik 2 dan 7 adalah paling mendapat julat markah yang memuaskan dan 22 orang pelajar
rendah. mendapat julat markah yang lemah. Ini menunjukkan tahap
penguasaan pelajar terhadap topik 5 pada tahap yang lemah.
Secara keseluruhan nya, hampir separuh dari pelajar DAT
berjaya menguasai topik-topik dalam kursus DPB1013 dengan Secara keseluruhan nya, pelajar DPM lebih cenderung
baik kerana setiap soalan julat markah tertinggi adalah julat menguasai topik 2 dan 3 berbanding topik-topik yang lain bagi
markah yang cemerlang. Ini selari dengan pendapat Siti Hajar, kursus DPB1013. Ini kerana pelajar kurang meminati subjek
Faridah & Faizatulhaida (2016) menyatakan pelajar dapat
menguasai masalah Matematik sekiranya mempunyai

81

Matematik dan hanya belajar topik- topik yang senang. dalam membantu pelajar untuk menarik minat pelajar terhadap
Perkara ini disokong oleh Azizi (2005) iaitu pelajar kursus DPB1013 ini seperti man pendapat Noor (2011) untuk
menganggap Matematik adalah suatu matapelajaran yang menghasilkan pembelajaran yang berkesan, pelbagai
susah, tidak menarik dan sukar untuk difahami. pendekatan dan kaedah yang berbeza perlu dipraktikkan di
dalam kelas. Salah satu teknik pembelajaran yang boleh
3. Mengira peratus purata markah pencapaian pelajar dipratikkan adalah dengan penyediaan nota yang interaktif
bagi kursus Statistik (DPB1013) bagi sesi Disember 2017. dengan menggunakan multimedia. Selain itu, di akhir
pembelajaran pensyarah boleh membuat kuiz atas talian
Rajah 3. Peratus purata mrkah pelajar DPM dan DAT sesi Disember 2017. seperti Kahoot! untuk menguji kefahaman pelajar di dalam
kelas. Pelajar pula perlu berusaha lebih gigih dengan
Rajah 3 menunjukkan peratus purata markah bagi pelajar memperbanyakkan mengulangkaji dan membuat latihan serta
DPM dan DAT sesi Disember 2017. Ini menunjukkan bahawa lebih fokus ketika belajar. Selain itu, pelajar juga perlu ada
pelajar DAT lebih menguasai kursus DPB1013 berbanding hubungan baik dengan pensyarah agar dapat membantu pelajar
pelajar DPM. Perkara ini kerana syarat kemasukan ke lebih motivasi dalam pembelajaran Statistik sekaligus dapat
politeknik untuk pelajar DAT mestilah mendapat kepujian meningkatkan pretasi kecemerlangan pelajar
dalam matapelajaran Matematik SPM, manakala syarat
kemasukan pelajar DPM ke politeknik mestilah lulus dalam RUJUKAN
matapelajaran Matematik SPM. Ini membuktikan bahawa
pelajar DAT lebih mempunyai asas Matematik yang kukuh Abdullah, S. A. (2001). Kajian Kebolehan Matematik dan Pencapaian Pelajar
berbanding dengan pelajar DPM. Asas Matematik yang kukuh Kejuruteraan. Tesis Sarjana, UiTM Kampus Bukit Mertajam.
dapat membantu pelajar menguasai apa jua penyelesaian
dalam soalan Matematik. Hal ini sejajar dengan pendapat Ayub, A. F. (2008). Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Matematik Kalkulus
Noor Shah Saad (2002) menyatakan bahawa pelajar yang Menggunakan Model Pengajaran Terus da Model Pembelajaran Masteri.
menguasai asas Matematik yang baik berpotensi berjaya dalam Pakej TEMACCC Dotor Falsafah. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
kursus yang lain.
Azizi, Y. e. (2005). Aplikasi Kognitif Dalam Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: PTS
Selain itu, kursus-kursus dalam program DPM lebih Professional Publishing Sdn. Bhd.
cenderung kepada teori berbanding pelajar DAT lebih
cenderung kepada pengiraan. N., N. H. (2011). Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran: Penelitian semula Konsep-
konsep Asas menurut Perspektif Gagasan Islamisasi Ilmu Moden.
XII. KESIMPULAN International Kongres Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran UKM 2011. Hotel
Vistana Pulau Pinang.
Secara keseluruhannya, dapat disimpulkan bahawa ketiga-tiga
objektif kajian adalah tercapai. Dapatan menunjukkan Rokiah, E. (1998). Kajian Kes tentang Pengajaran Matematik Pensyarah
penguasaan pelajar terhadap Topik 2 dan 3 iaitu Data Institut Teknologi Mara. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universiti Malaya.
presentation & Measures of Centra Tendency, dan penguasaan
terhadap Topik 2 dan 7 iaitu Data presentation & Elementary Saad, N. S. (2002). Prosiding Persidangan Kebangsaan Pendidikan
of Probability Concepts adalah sangat lemah. Perkara ini Matematik. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, (pp. 220-231).
kerana Topik 2 dan 3 merupakan topik pengiraan manakala
Topik 2 dan 7 merupakan topik berkaitan dengan teori dan Siti Hajar, F. d. (2016). Mengenalpasti Penguasaan Pelajar bagi Topik
konsep. Pelajar lebih cenderung menguasai topik yang Pembezaan Kursus Matematik Kejuruteraan 2 (DBM2013). iComplex2016.
melibatkan pengiraan berbanding topik yang berkaitan konsep.
Ini sejajar dengan pendapat Abu(1998) menyatakan faktor Tap, A. O. (1998). Diganosis Kesilapan Matematik. Prosiding Seminar
kelemahan pelajar dalam Matematik atau statistik adalah Pembelajaran, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Abdul Razak Salleh.
disebabkan kelemahan dalam kemahiran asas, pemahaman
konsep dan kecuaian.

Justeru itu, tindakan penambahbaikan perlu dititikberatkan
terhadap topik 2 dan 7 antara pelajar mahupun pensyarah.
Antara cadangan yang boleh dipertimbangkan ialah pensyarah
perlu memberi perhatian khusus kepada pelajar terutama
kepada topik yang lemah berdasarkan hasil kajian ini. Di
samping itu, teknik pembelajaran memainkan peranan penting

82

Persepsi Terhadap e-Pembelajaran dalam Kalangan Pelajar
Semester 1 Jabatan Perdagangan, Politeknik Kuching
Sarawak

Murtadha bin Rafaai Arfieen bin Mokhtar Nur Ahda binti Awallul Azmi

Jabatan Perdagangan, Politeknik Jabatan Perdagangan Jabatan Matematik, Sains dan
Kuching Sarawak Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Komputer
93050 Kuching
Sarawak, Malaysia 93050 Kuching, Politeknik Kuching Sarawak
Sarawak, Malaysia 93050 Kuching,
[email protected] [email protected]
Sarawak, Malaysia
[email protected]

Abstrak - e-Pembelajaran atau Pembelajaran Dalam Talian secara pengajaran tradisional. Kebanyakan pendidik masih lagi
Tahap Global adalah satu daripada 10 lonjakan yang digariskan mengekalkan cara pengajaran yang lebih memusatkan
dalam Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2015-2025 pendidik. Nota- nota diberikan kepada pelajar di papan putih
(Pengajian Tinggi). Antara inisiatif utama adalah, dan pelajar hanya menerima apa sahaja yang diajar. Masalah
Pertama:dengan melancarkan MOOC (massive online open ini dinamakan ‘terlalu dimanjakan’. Ini menyebabkan pelajar
courses) dalam bidang kepakaran khusus untuk Malaysia. mudah merasa bosan dan tidak menumpukan perhatian
Kedua, dengan menjadikan pembelajaran dalam talian sebagai terhadap isi pelajaran yang disampaikan seperti yang ditemui
komponen penting pendidikan tinggi dan Ketiga, dengan oleh Juhana, (2012) . Maka, bagi mewujudkan pembelajaran
mewujudkan prasarana siber yang bersesuaian. Justeru itu, aktif, gabungan pendidikan cara tradisional perlu digabungkan
kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk meninjau tahap dengan gaya e- pembelajaran atau dewasa ini dipanggil
kesedaran. kesediaan dan penerimaan pelajar terhadap kaedah dengan istilah pembelajaran bersepadu atau “ pembelajaran
pembelajaran melalui e-Pembelajaran di Politeknik Kuching gabungan ”.
Sarawak. Kaedah yang digunakan bagi kajian ini adalah kaedah
tinjauan berbentuk deskriptif. Responden adalah terdiri Di dalam Lonjakan ke-9, Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan
daripada 104 orang pelajar semester 1 Jabatan Perdagangan sesi Malaysia (2015-2025) (Pendidikan Tinggi), Model
pengajian Disember 2017. Instrumen kajian mengandungi 30 pembelajaran bersepadu (blended learning) akan menjadi
item berasaskan skala pemeringkatan Likert. Keputusan kajian pendekatan pedagogi utama semua IPT. Pelajar akan mendapat
dianalisis menggunakan perisian Statistical Package for Social manfaat daripada prasarana siber yang mantap untuk
Sciences (SPSS) Versi 22 untuk melihat min, peratusan dan menggunakan teknologi seperti sidang video, penstriman
kekerapan. Persepsi pelajar dalam kajian ini dibahagi kepada 3 langsung dan MOOC (massive online open courses). Institut
item iaitu tahap kesediaan, kesedaran dan penerimaan pelajar Pengajian Tinggi (IPT) tempatan juga akan membangunkan
terhadap e-Pembelajaran di Politeknik Kuching Sarawak. MOOC dalam bidang kepakaran tertentu, menyertai
Dapatan kajian bagi ketiga-tiga item adalah pada tahap konsortium MOOC antarabangsa dan membina jenama global
sederhana. Perbandingan di antara ketiga-tiga item juga pendidikan Malaysia.
menunjukkan pelajar politeknik mempunyai tahap yang
sederhana tentang e-Pembelajaran. 1.1 Pernyataan Masalah

Kata kunci - e-Pembelajaran, persepsi, blended learning Politeknik Malaysia tidak ketinggalan dalam memartabatkan
e-pembelajaran supaya seiring dengan Pelan Pembangunan
1.0 PENGENALAN Pendidikan Malaysia dengan tertubuhnya Pusat e-
pembelajaran dan pengajaran (CeLT) yang bernaung di bawah
Definisi e-pembelajaran menurut Dasar e- Pembelajaran Bahagian Penilaian dan Pembangunan Kurikulum Jabatan
Negara (DePAN) ialah “Penggunaan teknologi maklumat dan Pendidikan Politeknik. CeLT telah melaksanakan beberapa
komunikasi untuk memudah cara proses pembelajaran dan pendekatan dalam kempen “We R Blended” yang dilancarkan,
pengajaran. Secara umumnya e-pembelajaran merujuk kepada antaranya Pertandingan eDOLA, e-Convergence, Flipped
kepelbagaian penggunaan teknologi, penggunaan komputer Classroom, TECC and collaborative classroom, MOOC dan
atau perkakasan elektronik dalam sesuatu pembelajaran, latihan paling popular dan digunakan secara meluas adalah portal
atau program pendidikan. CIDOS atau Curriculum Information Document Online
System yang boleh dicapai melalui alamat
Di seluruh institusi pengajian, proses pengajaran dan http://portal.cidos.edu.my/. Portal CIDOS ini menyediakan
pembelajaran masih lagi berada di takuk yang lama iaitu satu ruang maya kepada semua pensyarah dan pelajar untuk

83

berinteraksi di persekitaran laman web. Secara teknikalnya, Sarizun Binti Mohamad, Sidek Zuraidah Binti Omar, (2017)
apabila pelajar mendaftar satu-satu kursus, pelajar tersebut membuat kajian mengenai kesedaran pelajar dari bidang
akan dapat mencapai laman kursus tersebut. Pelbagai aktiviti kejuruteraan di Politeknik Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah terhadap
dapat dilakukan pada laman tersebut seperti memuat turun e-Pembelajaran mendapati bahawa pelajar Politeknik Sultan
nota dan tugasan daripada pensyarah, membuat kuiz secara Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah mempunyai kesedaran pada
atas talian, bertukar-tukar pendapat sesama pelajar dan tahap sederhana terhadap kepentingan e-Pembelajaran dan
pensyarah, menyampaikan maklumat mengenai kursus dan bersedia menggunakannya sebagai kaedah pembelajaran
berkomunikasi secara maya di antara pelajar dan pensyarah terkini. Dari segi penerimaan pula, didapati pelajar menerima
melalui ruangan Chat Room dan Forum. secara sederhana penggunaan e- Pembelajaran dalam
Portal CIDOS telah digunakan sebagai platform bagi membantu proses pembelajaran mereka. Kesederhanaan ini
pembelajaran dalam talian di Politeknik Kuching Sarawak, adalah kerana kebanyakan pelajar masih dalam proses
namun begitu sehingga kini tahap kesedaran, kesediaan dan mengadaptasi atau menyesuaikan diri dengan kaedah
penerimaan pelajar terhadap e-Pembelajaran di Politeknik teknologi baru ini.
Kuching Sarawak belum dapat dibuktikan. Dapatan daripada
kajian ini penting bagi mengenal pasti sejauh mana tahap Suhaizi Bin Ramli , Mohamad Najib Bin Mohamad Zain dan
kesedaran, kesediaan dan penerimaan e- Pembelajaran dalam Nurul Azyra Binti Said@Idrus, (2013) membuat kajian
kalangan pelajar di Politeknik Kuching Sarawak. Di samping Penggunaan Cidos e- Learning Dalam Kalangan Pelajar
itu juga kajian ini dapat membantu menambahkan Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Politeknik Tuanku Sulatanah
pengetahuan pengkaji atau pada pensyarah dalam membina Bahiyah menunjukkan bahawa tahap pengetahuan pelajar
bahan pengajaran dan pembelajaran berasaskan e- dalam menggunakan CIDOS E-Learning adalah berada pada
Pembelajaran. tahap sederhana dengan nilai min 2.47 dan tahap kesediaan
pelajar dalam menggunakan CIDOS E-Learning pula adalah
1.2 Objektif Kajian 2.76.

Objektif bagi penyelidikan ini adalah untuk: Yahaya dan Ning, (2011) menerusi kajian ke atas pelajar
i. Mengenal pasti tahap kesedaran, kesediaan dan tahun kedua di Universiti Teknologi Malaysia mendapati
penerimaan pelajar semester 1 Jabatan Perdagangan bahawa tahap pengetahuan dan sikap pelajar terhadap
di Politeknik Kuching Sarawak terhadap penggunaan penggunaan e- Pembelajaran berada pada tahap yang tinggi.
e- Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran. Bagaimanapun dapatan bagi tahap motivasi pelajar terhadap
penggunaan e-Pembelajaran adalah sederhana. Hasil kajian
ii. Melihat perbandingan antara tahap kesedaran, menunjukkan bahawa pelajar telah menyedari kepentingan
kesediaan dan penerimaan pelajar semester 1 pengetahuan penggunaan ePembelajaran dan keperluan
Jabatan Perdagangan di Politeknik Kuching bersikap positif semasa tempoh pengajian di UTM.
Sarawak terhadap penggunaan e-Pembelajaran
untuk tujuan pembelajaran. 3.0 METODOLOGI KAJIAN

1.3 Skop Dan Batasan 3.1 Rekabentuk Kajian

Skop dan batasan kajian ini adalah tertumpu hanya kepada Kaedah penyelidikan yang digunakan bagi kajian ini adalah
pelajar semester 1 yang mengikuti program Diploma kaedah tinjauan berbentuk deskriptif.
Akauntansi dan Diploma Pengajian Perniagaan di Politeknik
Kuching Sarawak bagi sesi Disember 2017. Ini adalah kerana 3.2 Sampel Kajian

pelajar semester 1 lebih mudah dikumpulkan di sesuatu Sampel dalam kajian ini terdiri daripada 104 orang pelajar
tempat kerana mereka tinggal di asrama berdekatan, manakala semester 1 Jabatan Perdagangan sesi Disember 2017 di
pelajar semester lain sudah ramai yang tinggal di luar Politeknik Kuching Sarawak.
kampus.
3.3 Instrumen Kajian
2.0 SOROTAN KAJIAN TERDAHULU
Dalam kajian ini, borang soal selidik digunakan sebagai
Kajian mengenai kesedaran, kesediaan dan penerimaan instrumen kajian yang diubahsuai daripada Sarizun Binti
pelajar di Institusi Pendidikan Tinggi Malaysia amatlah Mohamad, Sidek Zuraidah Binti Omar, (2017). Soal selidik
menarik untuk dikaji kerana ia menggambarkan sejauh yang disediakan dibahagikan kepada 2 bahagian iaitu
manakah tahap kesediaan pelajar peringkat pengajian tinggi di Bahagian A merupakan demografi pelajar yang bertujuan
Malaysia terhadap konsep pembelajaran berasaskan e- untuk mendapatkan latar belakang responden. Manakala
Pembelajaran yang sedang dilaksanakan oleh sebahagian bahagian B terdiri daripada soal selidik yang menggunakan
besar institusi pendidikan di negara ini. Lantaran itu, bahagian Skala Likert berkenaan soalan tahap kesedaran, kesediaan dan
ini membincangkan beberapa kajian yang telah dijalankan penerimaan e- Pembelajaran. Segala pengukuran terhadap
oleh beberapa Institusi Pendidikan Tinggi Malaysia terhadap pembolehubah adalah dibuat berdasarkan maklum balas
penggunaan e- pembelajaran dalam aktiviti pembelajaran terhadap semua pertanyaan yang terkandung dalam soal
pelajar. selidik. Soal selidik ini menggunakan Skala Likert Empat
Mata seperti dalan Jadual 1.

84

Jadual 1. Skala Likert.

Justifikasi STS KS S SS
Ringkasan SanSgeattuTjuidak Kurang Setuju Setuju SSaentugjaut

Skala 1 2 3 4

4.0 ANALISIS DAN KEPUTUSAN

Bahagian ini akan menghuraikan tentang penganalisaan data
serta hasil-hasil yang diperolehi daripada kajian yang telah
dijalankan. Skor min yang diperoleh akan diinterpretasikan
berdasarkan skala Likert empat mata yang diadaptasi daripada
Riduwan (2012) seperti dalam Jadual 2 di bawah:

Jadual 2- Interpretasi Skor Min.

Skor min Interpretasi Responden kajian terdiri daripada 19 lelaki (18.3%) dan 85
1.0 – 1.50 Min perempuan (81.7%) dengan 42.3 % berbangsa Melayu, 20.2%
1.51 – 2.50 Kurang Iban , 17.3 % Bidayuh, 9.6% Cina dan lain-lain bangsa
kaitan sebanyak 10.6 %. Dari segi pengalaman menggunakan
Internet sebanyak 58.7 % menggunakan Internet lebih dari 5
Rendah tahun, manakala 27.9% untuk 3 hingga 5 tahun, 11.5%
untuk 1 hingga 3 tahun dan 1.9 % untuk kurang dari 1 tahun.
2.51 – 3.50 Sederhana
4.2 Tahap Kesedaran pelajar terhadap penggunaan e-
3.51 – 4.00 Tinggi Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran.

4.1 Demografi Responden Bahagian ini menghuraikan analisis dapatan kajian untuk
menguji tahap kesedaran pelajar terhadap penggunaan e-
Latar belakang bagi 104 orang responden kajian ini dihuraikan Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran. Dapatan kajian
oleh carta bar berdasarkan kepada ciri- ciri demografi yang adalah seperti dalam Jadual 3.
dikaji iaitu jantina, bangsa dan pengalaman menggunakan
internet. Ciri-ciri demografi tersebut telah dianalisis dan
ditunjukkan seperti dalam graf dibawah.

Jadual 3. Taburan min mengenai tahap kesedaran pelajar terhadap
penggunaan e- Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran.

Bil Item Min
1 Saya sedar bahawa e-Pembelajaran di portalkan di Politeknik 3.30
2 Saya pernah melayari laman web e-Pembelajaran di politeknik 3.32
3 Saya tahu bahawa e-Pembelajaran satu keperluan pembelajaran di Politeknik 3.42
3.36
Saya sedar bahawa saya perlu menggunakan e-Pembelajaran semasa saya berada di
4 Politeknik 3.42
5 Saya tahu bahawa e-Pembelajaran adalah gaya pembelajaran masa kini 3.09
6 Saya tahu fungsi portal e-Pembelajaran 2.98
7 Saya sedar bahawa gaya e-Pembelajaran adalah lebih menarik dan interaktif 3.10
8 Saya tahu banyak bahan pembelajaran boleh diperolehi dari e -Pembelajaran 2.86
9 Kemudahan di dalam e-Pembelajaran memberangsangkan pembelajaran saya 3.08
10 Saya tahu bahawa e-Pembelajaran boleh meningkatkan pencapaian akademik saya 3.19

Min keseluruhan

4.3 Tahap kesediaan pelajar terhadap penggunaan e-
Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran.

Bahagian ini menghuraikan analisis dapatan kajian untuk
menguji tahap kesediaan pelajar terhadap penggunaan e-
Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran. Dapatan kajian
adalah seperti dalam Jadual 4.

85

Jadual 4. Taburan min mengenai tahap kesediaan pelajar terhadap dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran pelajar adalah pada
penggunaan e-Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran. tahap sederhana. Ini dapat dirujuk dalam Jadual 6 seperti
dibawah.

Jadual 6. Analisis keseluruhan kesedaran pelajar terhadap penggunaan e-
Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran.

4.4 Tahap penerimaan pelajar terhadap penggunaan e 4.6 Perbincangan
Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran.
Hasil dapatan kajian persoalan pertama dengan skor min yang
Bahagian ini menghuraikan analisis dapatan kajian untuk tinggi iaitu 3.42 menunjukkan kebanyakan responden tahu
menguji tahap penerimaan pelajar terhadap penggunaan e- bahawa e- Pembelajaran adalah satu keperluan pembelajaran
Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran. Dapatan kajian di Politeknik dan e-Pembelajaran adalah gaya pembelajaran
adalah seperti dalam Jadual 5. masa kini. Ini diperkukuhkan lagi dengan peratusan responden
yang berpengalaman menggunakan internet melebihi 5 tahun
Jadual 5: Taburan min mengenai tahap penerimaan pelajar terhadap adalah 58.7% membuktikan perkembangan teknologi yang
penggunaan e-Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran. sungguh pesat ini telah meresapi golongan muda kini. Bagi
soalan kemudahan di dalam e- Pembelajaran
Bil Item Min memberangsangkan pembelajaran saya dengan min yang
3.12 paling rendah iaitu 2.86, para pensyarah perlu lebih kreatif
Saya tahu bahawa saya akan ketinggalan dalam membina bahan pembelajaran dalam talian. Banyak
2.71 contoh-contoh yang boleh di dapati di Youtube atau laman
1 sekiranya tidak menggunakan e- 3.13 web lain seperti Google Classroom yang mana lebih mesra
3.20 pengguna. Bagi platform kuiz dalam talian pula, pensyarah
Pembelajaran 2.71 boleh menggunakan platform Kahoot.
3.21 Bagi persoalan kajian kedua, dapatan kajian menunjukkan
Saya menggunakan e-Pembelajaran untuk 3.04 kesediaan pelajar tentang penggunaan e-Pembelajaran dalam
3.33 pembelajaran adalah sederhana. Pelajar menunjukkan sikap
2 berkomunikasi dengan pensyarah dan 2.72 sentiasa positif terhadap penggunaan teknologi dalam
rakan- rakan sekuliah. 3.07 pembelajaran dengan skor min 3.18. Ini memberi peluang
3.02 yang besar kepada pensyarah dalam melaksanakan e-
3 Saya yakin penggunaan e-Pembelajaran banyak pembelajaran dengan lebih meluas. Bagi dapatan soalan
membantu dalam P&P saya pengetahuan mengenai e-pembelajaran, pelajar kurang
berpengetahuan yang mendalam mengenai e- pembelajaran
4 Saya suka mencuba sesuatu yang baru terutama dengan skor min yang paling rendah iaitu 2.58. Justeru itu,
berkaitan dengan e-Pembelajaran usaha yang lebih proaktif perlu dilakukan oleh pensyarah
dalam menggalakkan pelajar dan seterusnya ia secara langsung
5 Saya sering mengikuti kursus yang berkaitan dapat memberi pendedahan yang menyeluruh kepada pelajar
dengan e-Pembelajaran dan pengalaman yang menyeronokkan dalam e-pembelajaran.
Dapatan persoalan kajian yang ketiga iaitu aspek penerimaan
Saya selalu menggunakan e-Pembelajaran untuk pula menunjukkan skor min 3.33 iaitu pelajar tahu e-
pembelajaran banyak memberi manfaat. Ini menunjukkan
6 mendapatkan nota dan bahan- mereka tahu kemudahan e-Pembelajaran banyak memberi
bahan pembelajaran lain manfaat dan mereka juga yakin penggunaan e-Pembelajaran
banyak membantu dalam pembelajaran mereka. Namun begitu
7 Saya dapati bahan pembelajaran mudah diakses bagi soalan pelajar menggunakan e- Pembelajaran untuk
dalam e-Pembelajaran berkomunikasi dengan pensyarah dan rakan- rakan sekuliah
dengan min 2.71 menunjukkan bahawa terdapat
8 Saya tahu e-Pembelajaran banyak memberi banyak platform media sosial seperti facebook dan whatsapp
manfaat digunakan untuk tujuan selain e- pembelajaran. Di sini, para
pensyarah boleh melakukan sedikit pelarasan yang mana
9 Saya mempunyai kemudahan internet di tempat platform media sosial juga sebenarnya boleh digunakan
kediaman sebagai laman web e-pembelajaran. Pensyarah harus lebih
peka dengan apa minat pelajar di zaman ini seiring dengan
10 Saya berpuashati dengan kaedah pembelajaran kepesatan teknologi.
secara e-pembelajaran Perbandingan secara keseluruhan diantara ketiga- tiga item

Min keseluruhan

4.5 Dapatan kajian

Dapatan kajian yang diperolehi menunjukkan purata min bagi
persoalan kajian tentang kesedaran pelajar terhadap
penggunaan e-Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran adalah
berada pada tahap sederhana iaitu 3.19. Manakala nilai purata
min dalam persoalan kajian tahap kesediaan pelajar terhadap
penggunaan e-Pembelajaran untuk tujuan pembelajaran iaitu
2.94, diikuti purata min bagi persoalan tentang tahap
penerimaan pelajar terhadap penggunaan e-Pembelajaran
untuk tujuan pembelajaran iaitu 3.02 juga berada pada tahap
sederhana. Berdasarkan skor purata min keseluruhan iaitu 3.05
menunjukkan tahap kesedaran penggunaan e-Pembelajaran

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dalam persoalan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pelajar RUJUKAN
politeknik mempunyai tahap yang sederhana tentang e-
Pembelajaran. Item-item yang dikaji menunjukkan nilai min Malaysia, K. P. (2015). Retrieved from Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan
yang lebih kurang sama dan kurang memberansangkan. Tahap Malaysia (2015- 2025): http://www.mohe.gov.my/en/download/awam/
kesederhanaan ini adalah kemungkinan daripada kurangnya penerbitan/pppm-2015-2025-pt/3-pelan- pembangunan-pendidikan-malaysia-
daya usaha pelajar untuk belajar secara dalam talian dan sikap 2015- 2025-pendidikan-tinggi/file
semulajadi yang terarah kepada pendidikan tradisional. Bagi
pihak pensyarah pula, perlu lebih kreatif dalam membina Mohamad, S. (n.d.). Sarizun Binti Mohamad, S. Z. (2011).
bahan e-pembelajaran yang lebih berkualiti dan meneroka https://upikpolimas.edu.my. Retrieved from Kesedaran E-Pembelajaran Dalam
minat pelajar dalam institusi sistem pembelajaran yang lebih Kalangan Pelajar Di Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah:
moden. https://upikpolimas.edu.my/conference/index.p
hp/icompex/icompex17/paper/viewFile/35/33
5.0 KESIMPULAN
Suhaizi Bin Ramli, M. N. (2013). Retrieved from Kajian Penggunaan Cidos
Kesimpulannya, dapatan keseluruhan kajian yang diperolehi
menunjukkan bahawa pelajar Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Elearning Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal di
mempunyai kesedaran pada tahap sederhana terhadap
kepentingan e- Pembelajaran dan bersedia menggunakannya Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah:
sebagai kaedah pembelajaran terkini. Dari segi penerimaan
pula, didapati pelajar menerima secara sederhana penggunaan http://ecrim.ptsb.edu.my/file/20150209071403. pdf
e-Pembelajaran dalam membantu proses pembelajaran
mereka. Kesederhanaan ini adalah kerana kebanyakan pelajar Yahaya, N., & Ning, L. N. (2011). Retrieved from Kesediaan Penggunaan E-
masih dalam proses mengadaptasi atau menyesuaikan diri Learning Di Kalangan Pelajar Tahun Kedua Kursus Sarjana Muda Sains,
dengan kaedah teknologi baru ini. Kajian ini boleh dilanjutkan Komputer Serta Pendidikan, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Teknologi
dengan mengenalpasti tahap kesedaran, kesediaan dan Malaysia : http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/12147/3/Noraff
penerimaan para pensyarah pula. Pengaruh faktor- faktor andyYahaya2011_KesediaanPenggunaanE- LearningdiKalanganPelajar.pdf
seperti jantina, semester pengajian dan bidang pengajian
terhadap kesediaan e- Pembelajaran di kalangan pelajar Juhana, (2012), Psychological Factors That Hinder Students from Speaking in
politeknik juga boleh dibuat kajian untuk melihat English Class (A Case Study in a Senior High School in South Tangerang,
perbandingan yang lebih jelas. Semua pihak, baik dari Jabatan Banten, Indonesia) Indonesia Open University
Pendidikan Politeknik, Politeknik, pensyarah sehingga ke
pelajar perlu terus menggembleng usaha untuk Abu Hasan Kassim. Kurikulum Sains Sekolah Malaysia. Modul Pengajaran.
memperkasakan e-Pembelajaran agar agenda Pelan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Skudai, Johor; 2003
Pembangunan Pendidikan Negara 2015-2025 (Pendidikan
Tinggi) dapat dijayakan secara tuntas. Ahmad Zaki Hj. Abd Latiff (2004). Teori Perubahan Sikap Ke Arah Menjana
Kecemerlangan dalam Kepimpinan. Jurnal Pendidikan, 4, 79-85

Ames, C.A. (1990). Motivation: What Teachers Need To Know. Teachers
College Record,91, (3), 409-421.

Andrzej M. Goscinski & Jackie J. Silcock (2003). Toward supporting E-
learning and Providing E-teaching Services for E-world. School of
Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Arbaugh J.B. & Raquel Benbunan-Fich (2007). The Importance of Participant
Interaction in Online Environment. Elsevier B.V. Baruch College, New York.

Azza A.Ariff (2001). Learning from the web: are students ready or not?
Educational Technology & Society 4 (4) 2001. University of Cape Town,
South Afrika.

Baharuddin Aris, Jamalludin Harun & Zaidatun Tasir. (2000). Web CD:
Media Alternatif dalam Pembelajaran Electronik. Prosiding: Konvesyen
Pendidikan UTM 2000.UTM.

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Tahap Kebimbangan Matematik di Kalangan Pelajar
Jabatan Perdagangan di Politeknik Kuching Sarawak

Murtadha bin Rafaai Nur Ahda binti Awallul Azmi

Jabatan Perdagangan Jabatan Matematik, Sains dan Komputer
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Politeknik Kuching Sarawak
Sarawak, Malaysia
Sarawak, Malaysia [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstrak - Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tahap Ashcraft Kausea (2007) menyatakan bahawa Matematik itu
kebimbangan Matematik di kalangan pelajar Jabatan sangat abstrak dan menjadikanya sebagai satu cabaran untuk
Perdagangan di Politeknik Kuching Sarawak berdasarkan dipelajari. Pelajar mula merasa bimbang dan takut bilamana
jantina, bangsa dan program. Seramai 132 orang pelajar memikirkan tentang mata pelajaran Matematik. Persepsi
digunakan sebagai sampel dalam kajian berbentuk kuantitatif negatif ini perlu dielakkan oleh pelajar.
ini. Prakajian rintis telah dijalankan terhadap 24 orang pelajar
untuk melihat nilai kebolehpercayaan item-item soal selidik. Kebimbangan dalam mempelajari Matematik merupakan suatu
Hasil kebolehpercayaannya adalah 0.918. Instrumen kajian perasaan yang akan menggangu dalam manipulasi nombor dan
berbentuk soal selidik yang mengandungi 23 item berkaitan skop penyelesaian masalah Matematik dalam kehidupan. (Marzita
kajian dan diaptasi dari The Revised Mathematics Anxiety Puteh, 2002). Kebimbangan dalam mempelajari Matematik ini
Rating scale (RMARS).Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan juga boleh menyebabkan pelajar hilang keyakinan diri dalam
Perisian Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) versi 22. menyelesaikan pelbagai masalah yang berkaitan dengan
Analisis deskriptif, ujian-t tak bersandar dan ujian ANOVA nombor. Pelajar akan cepat berasa takut dan fobia dengan apa
Sehala digunakan untuk meninjau tahap kebimbangan sahaja yang berkaitan dengan pengiraan. Perkara ini disokong
Matematik mengikut jantina, bangsa dan program. Dapatan dalam kajian Whyte dan Anthony (2012) yang menjelaskan
kajian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan bahawa kebimbangan Matematik dianggap suatu perasaan
terhadap tahap kebimbangan Matematik berdasarkan jantina, takut dan fobia yang akan memberi kesan yang negatif dalam
bangsa dan program. pembelajaran sekaligus menyebabkan pelajar akan mendapat
keputusan yang tidak cemerlang dalam peperiksaan.
Kata kunci - Kebimbangan Matematik, jantina, bangsa, program
Justeru itu, tahap kebimbangan dalam mempelajari mata
PENGENALAN pelajaran Matematik di kalangan pelajar Jabatan Perdagangan
perlu dikaji memandangkan mata pelajaran ini merupakan
Matematik memainkan peranan yang penting dalam sistem pelajaran yang penting bagi pelajar mengaplikasikan dalam
Pendidikan Malaysia terutama kepada pembangunan dan mata pelajaran yang lain. Dengan memahami punca masalah
perkembangan bidang sains dan teknologi. Oleh yang yang dihadapi oleh pelajar, pelaksanaan pengajaran dan
demikian, penguasaan terhadap ilmu Matematik perlu pembelajaran akan dapat dijalankan dengan lebih baik dan
dititikberatkan bagi melahirkan graduan yang berjaya berkesan.
mengaplikasikan ilmu Matematik dalam bidang pekerjaan
terutama dalam bidang perdagangan dan perakaunan. OBJEKTIF KAJIAN
Walaubagaimanapun, kebanyakan pelajar tidak meminati
matapelajaran Matematik. Ini kerana Matematik di anggap Kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk:
suatu mata pelajaran yang susah, tidak menarik dan susah
untuk di fahami. (Azizi, 2005). Ini dibuktikan dalam kajian 1. Mengenalpasti perbezaan
yang dijalankan oleh Dawkins (2006) menunjukkan
kedudukan mata pelajaran Matematik berada pada tahap tahap kebimbangan Matematik berdasarkan jantina.
paling sukar berbanding dengan mata pelajaran yang lain.
2. Mengenalpasti perbezaan
PERNYATAAN MASALAH
tahap kebimbangan Matematik berdasarkan bangsa.
Selain itu, pelajar mesti mahir dalam asas Matematik untuk
menguasai mata pelajaran ini dengan baik. Jika pelajar tidak 3. Mengenalpasti perbezaan
mempunyai asas Matematik yang kuat, pelajar akan
menganggap diri mereka lemah dan mudah berputus asa tahap kebimbangan Matematik berdasarkan program.
ketika mempelajari mata pelajaran Matematik. Perkara ini
berkemungkinan akan memberi kesan kepada keputusan
peperiksaan. Menurut Zainun Ismaon et. al (2013) dan

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