eProceeding BorNCe19

interpersonal relationship. Individualistic cultures stresses on students who were more likely to adopt mastery goals were
one’s independence from others meanwhile collectivist those who perceived their parents as emphatic. This finding
cultures emphasize on strong interdependent with others and could suggest that it would be interesting to study the
maintaning group cohesion. (Triandis, 2001). Keshavarz and relationship of perceived parenting styles and goal orientation,
Baharudin (2009) through their empirical studies review found to better understand students specifically and perhaps human
out that Malaysian parents belong to collectivist culture who as a whole and entail recommendation for good parenting
regarded authoritarian parenting as not a pervasive parenting practice hence development of children goal orientation, if
style and this is equivalent to other practise of parenting style there is any. Therefore, it is crucial for parents to have the
in other collectivist countries. ability to examine their parenting styles as they might be
significant to develop their children goal orientation which
Noting different parenting style practise is essential as later would predict better tasks undertakings in their future to
according to Linwood (2006) parents who exhibit warmthness support holistic and empowered human capital as outlined in
and trust to their child seen to have children with better self- Malaysia National Transformation 2050 plan.
reliance in the classroom, curiosity and flexibility, complexity
in their play, also higher self-esteem and less behavioral 3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
problems. This finding suggested that parents who display
appropriate warmthness towards their children might have the Although parenting styles were indeed associated with
key to shape well-developed children. In preparing the nation students’ performance, as commonly discussed, in academic
to move forward, the government of Malaysia regardless on setting, there has also been a rise of studies that relate the role
been emphasizing on the role of parenting, had also been of parenting to the study of goal orientations (Mahasneh,
taking into account the development of people not just in 2014; Korkmaz, 2014; Froiland, 2011; Gonzalez, Doan
academic settings, but also in the newly emerged technical and Holbein, & Quilter, 2002) since decades ago. Steinberg,
vocational education. The set up of community colleges since Lamborn, Darling, Mounts, and Dornbusch (1992) studied on
the year 2001 had since been providing alternative education the relationship between parenting styles and achievement
for people to their tertiaty education with very minimal fee and goal mentioned that authoritarian, authoritarianism, and
less demanding academic qualification imposed (Laporan permissive parenting styles and their relation to achievement
Tahunan Kolej Komuniti, 2013). This effort had allowed goal. With regards to Baumrind (1971) seminal work on child-
tremendous enrollment of the under privileged children raised rearing study, Gonzalez, Greenwood, & WenShu (2001) based
by lower socioeconomic status parenting background to claim on their study on 311 undergraduates specifically mentioned
the benefits from the tertiary education. that permissive parenting style as failed to be predictor of any
goal orientations.
Pinquart (2017) mentioned that parenting style played a major
role in the development of children and adolescent future and Later studies by Chen (2015) in the study on relations between
indirectly contributes to the benefits and gives a good impact perceived parenting styles among university students in Hong
primarily towards educational organizations. Through this, it Kong by using Buri (1991) Parental Authority Questionnaire
could be seen that parenting styles had been found to be found out that mastery goals and performance approach goals
commonly correlated to academic achievement as also to be associated with authoritative parenting styles which then
reported by many researchers (Boon, 2007; Pong, Johnston, & related to academic achievement, meanwhile authoritarian
Chen, 2012) parenting styles was positively correlated to performance
approach goals yet do not contribute to academic achievement.
Chan and Chan (2007) as retrieved from Chen (2015)
mentioned that parenting style might have further implications Apart of that, It was found that in many studies (Sahin,
on children that included developing their sense of goal Topkaya, & Kurkcu, 2016; Chen, 2015; Musa, 2013) gender
orientation. Perhaps, this explained on students employment of was being controlled to investigate other elements of
certain goal orientation in engaging with their learning motivation as for example, self-regulation, self-efficacy and
activities although they do not actually consciously perfectionism. In terms of performance goals, Musa (2013)
acknowledge this. reported that there was no significant difference between girls
and boys in performance goals. In addition to this, Sahin et al.
Goal orientation frequently also termed as learning and (2016) also found that there was no significant difference in
performance goals (Dweck & Legget, 1988; Elliot & Dweck, achievement goals to goal orientation dimension in between
1988). Jones (2014) simplified the concept of goal orientation gender. Notwithstanding with the findings, contrasting
which is also referred to as achievement goal as divided into findings were also found that boys had tendency to adopt
two respectively mastery and performance goal, which divided performance goals (Freudenthaler, Spinath, & Neubauer,
each to ‘approach’ and ‘avoidance’ strategy. Goal orientation 2008). Gherasim, Butnaru, & Mairean (2013) found that girls
hence, is also discussed as goal orientations (plural form) to had more tendency to learning goals.
describe different orientations.
Although not many researches were interested to examine on
The study of goal orientation is indeed important to explain goals orientation between genders, the literature attained so far
purposes underlying ones’ motive to attempt or avoid task. showed varying findings, thus inconsistent. Perhaps, Meece,
Lerdpornkulrat, Koul, and Sujivorakul (2012) mentioned that Glienke, & Burg (2006) postulation on the effects of gender in

139

motivation might be due to culture, ability, and socioeconomic 5.3 Instrumentation
status should be taken into account for further research.
Instrumentation used for this study is questionnaire, which
Existing studies to investigate on the relationship between was prepared in three parts; PART A: demographic data,
parenting styles and goal orientations is not uncommon and PART B: parenting style, and PART C: students’ goal
has gained its fame in the West and Asian. Regardless that orientation. The questionnaire was translated using the back-
they had been similar studies in Asian context, it is yet to translate method as recommended by Brislin (1970).
attain study on perceived parenting styles and goal
orientations in Malaysian context due to very insufficient Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) by Buri (1991) that
literature as according to wide extensive investigation based contained 30 items was used for Part B of the complete
for this research so far. questionnaire. This questionnaire stood to measure the
independent variable of this study that was the types of
In addition to that, past researches (Masud et al., 2015; parenting style. This questionnaire was sectioned into three
Alrakaf, Sainsburry, Rose, & Smith, 2014) studied on the category that were not interrelated as each category measured
perceived parenting style to its relation on goal orientation for different parenting styles, namely; authoritarian,
among university and school students, but none have studied authoritative, and permissive with 10 items for every types of
specifically in the context of students enrolling for basic parenting style. 5-point likert scale was used as according to
certificate level education. Therefore, this extended study is its original adaptation.
utmostly needed to address the gap of the present literature on
relationship of parenting styles and goal orientations within Achievement goal orientation questionnaire which adopted
Malaysian context, specifically among community college from Elliot and McGregor (2001) was used for Part C. AGQ
students as well as to see if there is any similarities or consists of 12 items which comprised of three items for each
differences of findings to the studies completed both in the domain of goal orientation, namely; mastery approach,
Western and Oriental cultures as previously mentioned. mastery avoidance, performance approach, and performance
avoidance. 7-point likert scale was used as according to its
4.0 HYPOTHESES original adaptation.

The following are the null hypothesis of this study: 5.4 Pilot Testing

i) Null Hypothesis 1 Based on the earliest literature on PAQ (Buri, 1991) and AGQ
(Elliot & McGregor, 2001) respectively, it was found that
Is there any significant difference of students’ goal orientation reliability scores range from α= 0.74 to α= 0.85 and in
between gender?/ There is no significant difference of different domains that were permissiveness, authoritarians,
students’ goal orientation between gender. and authoritativeness between paternal and maternal role
meanwhile, internal consistency for AGQ questionnaire by
ii) Null Hypothesis 2 Elliot and McGregor (2001) was done by individual item and
each item showed value of more than 0.74.
Is there any significant relationship between perceived
parenting styles and students’ goal orientations?/ There is no The reliability scores of items according to dimension reported
significant relationship between perceived parenting styles and in this pilot test could be accepted as the internal consistency
students goal orientations. scores were respectively high as Nunnally & Bernstein (1994),
which score suggested to be at least around α= 0.7 to α= 0.8 to
5.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY be accepted in the field of social science.

5.1 Research Design 6.0 DATA ANALYSIS

By referring to the previous studies (Chen, 2015; Buldur, 6.1 Demographic Data
2014; Dehyadegary, et al., 2012; Freudenthaler et al., 2008), it
was decided that for this research, a cross-sectional survey to The summary of significant respondents’ demographic data
be employed to obtain the data needed. Pearson correlation per this study as presented in the table below.
was used to interpret the findings. In this study however, as it
only focused on one institution, generalization to all
community colleges students should not be assumed.

5.2 Population and sampling

The works of Krejcie & Morgan (1970) was referred to
determine the sampling size. The total number of the
population chosen was 320 respondents. However, a number
of 32 respondents were chosen by using simple random
sampling as the subject of pilot test. The respondents involved
in the pilot test were acknowledged by their identity number to
ensure the accuracy of data collection for the real study which
involved a number of 229 respondents.

140

Table 6.1 Demographic Data. course at 25.8 percent to make up the largest percentage of the
sample. In contrast, students majoring in Architectural
Demographic Frequency Percentage Technology was recorded at 6.1 percent.
Details (%)
110 6.2 Students Perception on Parents Parenting Style
Gender 119 48.0
Male 52.0 Table 6.2. Frequently adopted parenting styles as perceived by students.
Female

Parenting Style Mean Std. Deviation

Age 13 5.7 Permissive 3.32 0.63
18 200 87.3
19 12 5.2 Authoritarian 3.60 0.49
20 4 1.7
Others Authoritative 3.90 0.46

Race 226 98.7 Table 6.2 showed the result of mean scores for the most
Malay 1 0.4 frequently adopted parenting styles as perceived by students in
Indian 2 0.9 Kolej Komuniti Arau. It was found out that Authoritative
Siamese parenting style (M= 3.90, SD= 0.46) to outscore authoritarian
(M= 3.60, SD= 0.49) and permissive (M= 3.32, SD= 0.63).
Course Based on the result attained, it could be seen that the majotity
of parents within the population studied practised authoritative
Electrical 48 21.0 parenting style compared to others as perceived by students.
55 24.0 However, it must also be noted that the SD scores showed
Technology 59 25.8 only slight dispersed between the parenting styles.
14 6.1
Fashion and
53 23.1
Apparel

Food Processing

Architectural 6.3 Students Goal Orientation
Technology
Table 6.3. Frequently adopted goal orientation among students.
Computer and
Networking Goal Orientation M Std.
Deviation

Based on Table 6.1, it was found out that the number of Performance Approach 5.50 1.34
female students for this study was 119 meanwhile male
students at 110 where female students outnumbered male Mastery Avoidance 4.60 0.99
students based on the cleaned data sample. Initially, based on
the enrollment record, it was noted that female students had Mastery Approach 4.37 1.35
already outnumbered the male students. Therefore, the finding
that will be discussed later might illustrate the norm of Performance Avoidance 5.07 1.25
population within the studied institution. The finding also
reveal the age of the respondents to vary as the majority of the Table 6.3 presented data on the frequently adopted goal
respondents which was at 87.3 percent recorded as 19-year- orientation among students in Kolej Komuniti Arau. There
olds students. As community colleges serve as institutions that were four dimensions of goal orientation studied and it was
provides certificate level education at tertiary level which found out that students had frequently adopted performance
courses range at average for 16 to 20 months, it was already approach goal orientation (M= 5.50, SD= 1.34). This had been
expected for such distribution of age where the enrollment of followed by performance avoidance (M= 5.07, SD= 1.25).
students at average are those who have completed their Mastery goal orientations were relatively lower than both
secondary level education at 18 years old. Community performance goal orientations. However, between the two
Colleges had been restructuring its’ admission system, from mastery goal orientations, it was found out that mastery
trimester system (three intakes per year) to semester system approach to score the least for frequently adopted goals
(two intakes per semester) which caused reduced number of (M=4.37, SD= 1.35) in contrast to mastery avoidance who
students at 18 years old. scored slighly higher (M= 4.60, SD= 0.99).

Meanwhile, for race, as Perlis is the smallest state of Malaysia
and is known to be dominated by Malay ethnic, the finding
shows consistent result on the percentage of the dominating
population at 98.7 percent and Indian at 0.4 percent as the
least. Lastly, as for the course, it could be seen that
respondents majoring in Food Processing and Quality Control

141

6.4 Students Goal Orientations between Gender 6.5 The Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles
and Students’ Goal Orientations
Table 6.4. Students Goal Orientation and Gender t-test for Equality of Means.
Table 6.5. Relationship Between Types of Parenting Styles as Perceived by
t-test for Equality of Means Students and Students’ Goal Orientations.

Variable Sig.

Performance (2- Permiss
Approach ive
Mastery t df tailed) Authori
Avoidance tarian
Mastery -1.372 217.720 .172 Authori
Approach tative
Performance
Avoidance -3.979 226.232 .000 Perfor r .167* .139* .251*
mance .011 .035 .000
-2.085 227 .038 Approa Sig. (2-
ch tailed)

-2.560 227 .011 Master r .111 .097 .178*
y .142 .007
Avoida Sig. (2-
nce tailed) .093

Table 6.4 revealed the result for Null Hypothesis 1 testing on Master r .295* .054 .215*
there is no significant difference of students’ goal orientation y .000 .420 .001
between gender. To test this null hypothesis, independent Approa Sig. (2-
sample T-test was performed. The result was discussed ch tailed)
pertaining to the dependent variable that includes four
difference goal orientations; performance approach, mastery Perfor R .102 .084 .221*
avoidance, mastery approach, and performance approach.
Levene’s test reveal significant result thus equal variances mance Sig. (2- .204 .001
assumed for mastery avoidance goal orientation and Avoida tailed) .125
performance approach goal orientation (p <0.05). Meanwhile, nce
for mastery approach goal orienation and performance
avoidance goal orientation, Levene’s test revealed that equal *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
variances were not assumed.
Findings showed there was significant relationship between
As for the result of indepent sample T-test, it was revealed that permissive parenting style and both performance approach (r=
there was significant difference in mastery approach goal 0.167, p <0.05) and mastery approach goal orientations (r=
orientation between male and female students [t(127)= -2.085, 0.295, p <0.05). As for the authoritarian parenting style, it was
p< 0.05]. Significant different was also found in mastery found out there exists significant relationship with only
avoidance goal orientation between male and female students performance approach goal orientation (r= 0.139, p <0.05).
[t(226.23)= -3.979, p<0.05]. Significant relationship were also found between authoritative
parenting style with all four goal orientations; performance
As for the performance avoidance goal orientation, significant approach (r= 0.251, p <0.05), mastery avoidance (r= 0.178, p
difference was also found between male and female students <0.05), mastery approach (r= 0.215, p <0.05), and
[t(227)= -2.560, p< 0.05]. However, it was noted that there performance avoidance (r= 0.221, p <0.05). As in general, all
was no significant difference between male and female the significant relationship found were positive but weak.
students in performance approach goal orientation [t(217.72)= Based on this, null hypothesis 2; there is no significant
-1.372, p >0.05]. relationship between parenting styles as perceived by students
and students goal orientation failed to be accepted for
The result summarized as, there was signficant difference relationship between permissive and authoritarian parenting
between male and female students in mastery approach, styles and mastery avoidance goals, authoritarian parenting
mastery avoidance, and performance avoidance goal style and mastery approach goals, and permissive and
orientation. However, there was no significant difference auhoritarian parenting style with performance avoidance
found between male and female students in performance goals.
approach goals. Based on this result, Null Hypothesis 1 there
is no significant difference of students’ goal orientation Based on the findings presented in this chapter, it was found
between gender, failed to be accepted for mastery approach that the most frequently adopted parenting styles as perceived
and avoidance, also performance avoidance goal orientation. by students was authoritative parenting style.

142

7.0 DISCUSSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, Studying at the tertiary level is also just an option to the
RECOMMENDATIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS respondents, perhaps, it should be noted that students who
extend their education at an optional level to have pure interest
7.1 Students’ Perception of Parents’ Parenting Style in receiving higher education, probably, for their life
improvement, experiences, accreditation and so on. Hence,
Statistical result of this study showed that parents as perceived they value education received but, as they are still adolescent,
by the students to most frequently adopted authoritative performance oriented is taken into account.
parenting styles (M= 3.90, SD= 0.46). However, the data
gained was not so strong, only slight dispersed was noted in 7.3 Goal Orientations and Gender
comparison to authoritarian parenting style (M=3.60,
SD=0.49) and followed by permissive parenting style Additionally investigated was on if there was significant
(M=3.32, SD= 0.63). According to Baumrind (1971) works, it difference between goal orientation adopted between male and
was suggested that authoritative parenting styles as the best female students. The result of independent T-test inferential
practice to be adopted among the three parenting styles’ statistic analysis showed that there was significant difference
typology. in between male and female students in mastery approach,
mastery avoidance, and performance avoidance goal.
As per this study, determining the most frequently adopted However, there was no significant difference found in
parenting style had been regarded as a concern because it performance approach goal orientation.
might provide general insight of parenting styles practised as
perceived among students in community college and might As it was found that students tend to adopt performance goal
disclose area to be further studied. orientation, therefore, that could explain such result of there is
no difference in performance goal orientation in between male
On this term, the study provided contrasting finding that as and female students, because, regardless of gender, students
expected from a sample within Asian region. Based on Masud, averagely inclined to adopt performance approach goal
Thurasamy, & Ahmad (2015) it was mentioned that Asian orientation. This finding is clearly contrasted with the
culture to show more authoritarian parenting styles compared investigation by Buldur (2014) and previous study by Musa
to the West and European countries. In addition, earlier study (2013) who found no significant difference between any goal
by Watabe & Hibbard (2014) mentioned that there exist orientation in between gender.
authoritarian parenting style among the Japanese which also
regarded as a part of Asian region. Not only contrasting with 7.4 Relationship between Perceived Parenting Style
findings by studies within Asian region, the finding of this and Students’ Goal Orientations
study also contrasted to the earlier idea presented by
Keshavarz and Baharudin (2009) on expected parenting styles Null hypothesis 2 showed result that there was no significant
in collectivist culture in Malaysia which is authoritarian relationship between perceived parenting styles and students
parenting style. goal orientation. It was revealed that there significant
relationship exist in between permissive parenting style and
Based on the findings of this study and the comparative performance approach goal as well as mastery approach goal,
studies as mentioned, it could be suggested that perhaps, the authoritarian parenting style and performance approach goal,
parents whom children currently (to date of this study) age and last but not least authoritative parenting style with all goal
were around 19 and 20 born after the independence of orientation namely performance approach, performance
Malaysia in 1957. Therefore, they might adopt more forward avoidance, mastery approach, as well ass mastery avoidance.
thinking style and do not rely to raise their kids up in orthodox Other than mentioned, no relationship was found. However,
way as usually practised among ancient parents in Malaysia although significant and positive relatonship was noted, the
who practised traditional Asian culture. correlation found was either at very weak or weak level.

7.2 Most Frequently Adopted Goal Orientation Based on the relationships found mentioned, it was at all not
expected for permissive parenting style to have significant and
As found out, students preferred performance-approach goal positive relationship to both approach goal orientations while
orientation where it was also discovered that students least authoritative was also found to contribute to avoidance goal
inclined to mastery-approach goal orientation. Perhaps, this orientations. Permissive which had so far not found reported
has relation to their age factor which as reported between 18 in any literature, as extensive research to date for the purpose
and 20, that could still be regarded as adolescent. of this study, contribute to the development of approach goals
which usually regarded as exemplary. This might suggest
This finding was consistent to Sahin et al. (2016) who awkward situation for parents who perceived as practising the
revealed that older students had lower performance and best parenting style but also resulting to avoidance goal
mastery approach goal orientation in contrast to younger orientations. In this situation, it might be suggested that,
students. In terms of community college students as reported, perhaps, due to lack of demandingness and responsiveness
there could be linked that their age factor to explain on their shown by parents, children were eventually forced to struggle
tendency to adopt performance approach goal in contrast to for their desire. It could be that parents to give too much
other goal orientations. access of freedom for the kids to choose their own future thus

143

and as pursuing education at tertiary level at an institution 7.6 Recommendations for Future Research
regarded as not mainstream, as optional, resulted to such
findings. This might actually giving the picture of the real There were some limitations embraced by this study, thus
inner personality of the students in community college. should be considered to be overcome in order to replicate for
However, this could also be not the case because, it could also better extensive research. A larger sample is highly
be questioned whether the way respondents perceived their recommended and this could also be obtained by extending
parents parenting style containing bias nor vice-versa. population perhaps in between same type of population in few
Respondents may perceived their parents parenting style different institutions. Besides, grabing data from larger
differently in case parents were also responding to the study of population could also enhance the chance of assuming for
parenting. This could happen as mentioned by McBride- generalization of findings.
Chang and Chang (1998) where students perceived parents to
practise permissiveness when parents actually perceived The second recommendation derived from the administration
themselves practising authoritative style. of the questionnaire answering session. Although students
were briefed before responding to the items, students faced
7.5 Implications of The Study difficulty understanding items especially on parenting style
because some of the items sentences were too long thus giving
In general, the findings of the research did not only add to the room for misunderstanding to happen. In order to avoid such
current knowledge in the construct of psychology education, misunderstanding, it is suggested that instructor to go through
but involving a web of sectors related in human development each item one by one with the respondents. Besides, it is also
and nation building. As for parenting style construct, a suggested that for the future research, the questionnaire to be
uniformed movement could be established throughout the broken down to several parts to avoid respondents lack of
sample population for initial stage by selected government focus when responding to questionnaire. Each respondent
agencies to promote awareness among already-parents on their should be given identity clue to trace their identity for the
parenting style practice towards their children. By knowing parts-matching purpose.
the fact that perception of parents and children might be
different, children should also be acknowledge to take part to The third recommendation, as the study intended to discover
perceive their parents parenting style in order to provide better on the role of parenting style, it is best to have parents
mutual understanding between parents and children. This also themselves to respond to parentng questionnaire as perceived
could provide knowledge to parents to study themselves in by parents. As for this study, parenting styles determined was
their childrens’ view so they could re-adjust or re- actually obtained by the perception of respondents through
accommodate their style accordingly. recalling process. Therefore, the data could be not precise or
facing bias.
In terms benefiting parents and children as well, goal
orientation study could also be conducted longitudinally Next, is on the research methodology that is related to data
starting in primary school, secondary school, and after school analysis procedure. Both questionnaires used ; PAQ and AGQ
or during receiving tertiary level education. A log book on original Likert scale used was for the score of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
childrens’ development not only in academic but in terms of with 1 being strongly disagree and 5 is strongly agree and 1, 2,
other development such as on this very matter case of goal 3,4,5,6, and 7 with 1 being very not true of me to 7 very true
orientation could also be jotted for further reference by of me. To avoid respondents to choose neutral as the answer,
parents. By this, parents will be encouraged to get actively the questionnaire might need to be adapted to employ even
involved in their children development rationally and number Likert scale score.
appropriately by addressing the needs and restricting
themselves from force tasking children on matters that might 8.0 CONCLUSION
bring no interest at all to students which might lead to other
issues as serious as, for instance, mental health. As reported in This study studied on the relationship between perceived
a newspaper report on September 12, 2016, the rise of mental parenting styles and goal orientations among students in a
health cases among students is alarming and among the factors selected community college in the northern zone. This study
discussed was study pressure. was conducted on respondents through the distribution of
questionnaire on parenting styles and goal orientation.
It is hoped that, by understanding either students goal
orientation or parenting style could enlighten the gap of To sum up, null hypothesis 1 there is no significant difference
knowledge on human behavior. Amidst that, it potentially of students goal orietation between gender has failed to be
beneficial to curb or provide intervention for such problems to accepted for mastery approach, mastery avoidance, and
happen to prevent the loss of functioning future nation as performance goal orientation which means there are
human capital who are also task force towards a developing differences in students goal orientation based on gender.
nation.
Null hypothesis 2 there is no significant relationship between
parenting styles as perceived by students and students goal
orientation also failed to be accepted which signifiy
significance in both variables relationship between permissive
and authoritarian parenting and mastery avoidance goals,

144

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permissive and authoritarian parenting with performance environment, achievement goals and maths performance: Gender
avoidance goals. differences. Educational Studies, 39(1), 1-12.

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Keberkesanan Latihan Industri Semester Akhir (LISA)
Terhadap Kebolehpasaran Graduan Politeknik Kota
Kinabalu

Mardinah Haris Noor Izzati Mohmd Yusof Siti Nazura Senan
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Politeknik Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia
Sabah, Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia

Abstrak - Latihan Industri merujuk kepada penempatan pelajar Latihan industri memberikan peluang kepada pelajar
di sesebuah organisasi untuk menjalankan latihan praktikal yang untuk mempraktikkan teori yang telah dipelajari di
diselia oleh industri terpilih, sama ada di luar atau di dalam dalam kelas bagi mengukuhkan kefahaman dan
negara, dalam jangkamasa yang ditetapkan sebelum meningkatkan kemahiran teknikal disamping
dianugerahkan persijilan. Maka, kurikulum pendidikan yang membentuk kemahiran insaniah (Muzafar et al., 2018).
mengamalkan pembelajaran secara teori dan amali di Politeknik Tidak hairanlah kursus Latihan Industri ini merupakan
perlu disesuaikan dengan kehendak dan keperluan industri masa modul yang wajib disempurnakan oleh pelajar IPT untuk
kini. Bermula tahun 2015, program diploma yang ditawarkan di melayakkan pelajar dianugerahkan pensijilan. Hal ini
Politeknik Malaysia diarahkan untuk melaksanakan modul bagi memastikan pelajar bersedia untuk menghadapi
Latihan Industri Semester Akhir (LISA) secara berperingkat dunia pekerjaan yang sebenar sekaligus memenuhi
oleh Jabatan Pendidikan Politeknik (JPP). Perlaksanaan LISA kehendak pihak industri. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak
ini adalah bertujuan untuk menyediakan pelajar secara holistik ada dinyatakan di mana-mana dasar, standard, atau garis
untuk berhadapan dengan industri sekaligus dapat panduan berkaitan masa dan tempoh terbaik sesuatu
meningkatkan kebolehpasaran graduan berbanding latihan industri perlu dijalankan. Penetapan masa dan
perlaksanaan Latihan Industri Semester Empat (LISE). tempoh pelaksanaan adalah kuasa autonomi IPT yang
Responden kajian ini adalah melibatkan dua kumpulan graduan menggubal kurikulum dengan berpandukan standard
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu (PKK) yang berbeza, iaitu kumpulan umum yang dikeluarkan oleh badan akreditasi.
graduan yang menjalani LISE dan kumpulan graduan yang
LISA. Responden telah mengisi maklumat status pekerjaan di Merujuk Struktur Program Pengajian Diploma
dalam Sistem Kajian Pengesanan Graduan (SKPG) sama ada Politeknik Malaysia keluaran tahun 2010 dan 2014,
graduan berstatus bekerja, melanjutkan pengajian, kursus Latihan Industri dilaksanakan pada semester
meningkatkan kemahiran, menunggu penempatan pekerjaan empat iaitu pada tahun kedua pengajian dan dikenali
dan belum bekerja. Laporan daripada SKPG ini telah dianalisis sebagai Latihan Industri Semester Empat (LISE).
dengan menggunakan perisian Microsoft Excel 2016 bagi Bermula pada sesi Jun 2015, pelaksanaan kursus Latihan
mendapatkan peratusan kebolehpasaran graduan bagi kedua- Industri Semester Akhir (LISA) telah dimulakan secara
dua kumpulan graduan. Hasil analisis mendapati peratusan berperingkat sehingga sesi Disember 2016. Dalam
kebolehpasaran bagi graduan yang menjalani LISA adalah lebih sistem pendidikan Politeknik, pelajar diberikan autonomi
tinggi berbanding kumpulan pelajar yang menjalani LISE. dalam memilih syarikat untuk mereka menjalani latihan
Peratusan status graduan bekerja bagi LISA juga adalah lebih industri dengan beberapa kriteria penting yang perlu
tinggi. Secara keseluruhannya, perlaksanaan LISA adalah dipatuhi seperti berikut:
berkesan terhadap peningkatan kadar kebolehpasaran graduan
PKK. i. Syarikat bersedia menawarkan latihan industri.
ii. Pemilihan syarikat dengan bidang pengajian
Kata kunci - Latihan industri, Latihan Industri Semester Akhir
(LISA), Kebolehpasaran Graduan yang bersesuaian.

1. Pengenalan Sejak kebelakangan ini, isu kebolehpasaran graduan
menjadi fokus pelbagai pihak berkepentingan termasuk
Dasar Latihan Industri Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM). Mantan
menyenaraikan beberapa objektif umum dan khusus bagi Menteri Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi, Datuk Seri
program latihan industri dan salah satu daripadanya Idris Jusoh dalam satu kenyataan berita pada 25 April
adalah untuk membantu menaikkan kebolehpasaran 2017 menyatakan bahawa program menimba
graduan. Latihan industri adalah satu tempoh dimana pengalaman industri bagi tempoh setahun hingga dua
pengalaman bekerja ditawarkan oleh syarikat kepada
pelajar samada secara berbayar atau tidak.

147

tahun mampu meningkatkan kebolehpasaran graduan. Kesan daripada trend yang kurang memberansangkan
Dapat dilihat di sini bahawa program atau kursus ini, pihak JPP telah mengambil inisiatif dengan
Latihan Industri mempunyai impak yang besar terhadap mengubah pendekatan pelaksanaan latihan industri yang
kebolehpasaran graduan. Kamus KPI Tahun 2019 yang
dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Pendidikan Politeknik dan sebelum ini dilaksanakan pada semester empat iaitu
Kolej Komuniti (JPPKK) mendefinisikan tahun kedua pengajian, diubah kepada semester enam
kebolehpasaran graduan sebagai graduan yang tergolong
di dalam kategori mendapat pekerjaan, menjadi (semester dan tahun akhir pengajian) bagi membantu
usahawan, melanjutkan pengajian, meningkatkan kebolehpasaran graduan khususnya graduan Politeknik.
kemahiran, dan menunggu penempatan pekerjaan pada
tahun konvokesyen. Definisi kebolehpasaran graduan di Pelaksanaan Latihan Industri Semester Akhir (LISA)
dalam kamus KPI JPPKK ini amat luas dan mencakupi telah dimulakan secara berperingkat bermula sesi Jun
pelbagai kategori. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk tujuan 2015 sehingga sesi Disember 2016. Kini, semua
kajian ini, kebolehpasaran graduan diambil kira daripada
kategori yang mendapat pekerjaan. program telah melaksanakan LISA.
Oleh itu, perbincangan lanjut di dalam kajian ini akan
melihat keberkesanan latihan industri khususnya LISA 3. Objektif Kajian
terhadap kebolehpasaran graduan PKK dengan
membandingkan kadar kebolehpasaran graduan yang Merujuk kepada isu kebolehpasaran graduan yang
menjalani LISE dan LISA. dinyatakan dan inisiatif yang diambil oleh pihak JPP
dalam melaksanakan LISA, objektif kajian ini adalah
2. Penyataan Masalah untuk:
Isu kebolehpasaran graduan IPTA/IPTS yang digembar-
gemburkan kebelakangan ini membimbangkan banyak i. Mengenalpasti keberkesanan perlaksanaan
pihak. Menurut Uji et al. (2018), kelompok penganggur
tertinggi adalah di kalangan belia berumur lingkungan LISA terhadap kadar kebolehpasaran graduan
20-24 tahun yang rata-rata merupakan graduan lepasan Politeknik Kota Kinabalu.
Pra-U, tingkatan enam, diploma dan kemungkinan
termasuk graduan yang memiliki ijazah pertama. Ini ii. Mengenalpasti keperluan industri dalam
dapat dilihat daripada statistik graduan lepasan Ijazah pengambilan graduan khususnya graduan
pertama dan diploma IPT yang belum bekerja bagi tahun Politeknik Kota Kinabalu.
2006-2011. Peratusan belum bekerja bagi graduan
diploma dan ijazah pertama adalah di dalam julat 46-60 4. Sorotan Kajian
peratus daripada jumlah keseluruhan graduan yang
belum mendapat pekerjaan (rujuk rajah 2.1). Di dalam sorotan kajian ini, perkaitan antara latihan
industri dan kebolehpasaran graduan dibincangkan
Sumber: Laporan Kajian Pengesanan Graduan 2011, KPT dengan merujuk kajian-kajian lepas yang telah dibuat
oleh penyelidik tempatan dan luar negara.
Rajah 2.1. Peratus Graduan Ijazah Pertama dan Diploma IPT Yang Belum
Mendapat Pekerjaan Tahun 2006 – 2011. a. Latihan industri

Latihan industri merujuk kepada penempatan
pelajar di sesebuah organisasi untuk
menjalankan latihan praktikal yang diselia oleh
industri terpilih, sama ada di luar atau di dalam
negara, dalam jangkamasa yang ditetapkan
sebelum dianugerahkan pensijilan. Kebanyakan
kajian menyatakan kebaikan pelaksanaan
program latihan industri dalam menyiapkan
bakal graduan untuk melangkah ke alam
pekerjaan sebenar. Menurut Halizawati et al.
(2017), latihan industri sangat penting dan
memberikan kesan yang besar terhadap
kemahiran pelajar. Nurjannah et al. (2017) juga
menyatakan bahawa graduan dengan
pengalaman latihan industri adalah dijangka
lebih baik dan lebih mudah mendapat pekerjaan.

148

b. Kebolehpasaran graduan Skop kajian ini hanya merujuk kepada graduan Diploma
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu dengan menggunapakai data
Dr. Seetha et al. (2018), dalam kajiannya kebolehpasaran graduan daripada Unit Pengesanan
menyatakan bahawa tiada definisi tunggal dan Graduan bagi tahun konvokesyen 2014–2018 bagi
jelas terhadap terma kebolehpasaran. Manakala semua program yang melaksanakan latihan industri. Di
bagi Maria (2017), kebolehpasaran merupakan dalam kajian ini juga, kebolehpasaran adalah dirujuk
kemampuan individu untuk mencari pekerjaan, kepada kategori mendapat pekerjaan sahaja.
mengekalkan pekerjaan, beradaptasi dan
berubah mengikut keperluan semasa pekerjaan. 6. Dapatan Kajian dan Perbincangan
Bagi Uji et al. (2018), kebolehpasaran graduan
boleh dirujuk sebagai kemampuan graduan Berdasarkan surat arahan pelaksanaan LISA daripada
untuk mendapat pekerjaan selepas tamat Jabatan Pendidikan Politeknik (JPP) pada tahun 2014,
pengajian. Kebolehpasaran graduan adalah maklumat sesi pelaksanaan LISA dan tahun
dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai faktor dalaman dan konvokesyen bagi program yang terdapat di PKK
luaran yang kompleks. Kerjasama dan usaha dikenalpasti (rujuk jadual 6.1). Sembilan [9] daripada
semua pihak yang berkepentingan seperti tiga belas [13] program diploma melaksanakan LISA
institusi pendidikan, industri, kerajaan dan bermula sesi Jun 2015. Empat [4] program pula
kementerian berkaitan, masyarakat, ahli memulakan LISA pada Jun 2016.
keluarga dan graduan itu sendiri amat penting.
Data hasil daripada Kajian Pengesanan Graduan PKK
Di dalam kajian konsep Dr. Seetha et al. (2018), semasa konvokesyen tahun 2014-2018 dikumpulkan dan
kerangka model bagi kebolehpasarasan graduan dianalisis untuk meningkatkan kefahaman akan trend
telah ditambahbaik dengan menambah masuk kebolehpasaran graduan PKK sebelum dan selepas
satu [1] pembolehubah baharu iaitu latihan pelaksanaan LISA. Data diasingkan kepada dua [2]
siswazah dan tidak hanya melihat kepada kumpulan mengikut sesi pelaksanaan LISA bermula.
pembolehubah kemahiran insaniah semata. Tiga
[3] elemen di dalam latihan siswazah ini adalah Jadual 6.1. Senarai Program dengan Sesi Pelaksanaan LISA Bermula dan
latihan industri, mentoring dan pengurusan Tahun Konvokesyen Pertama Graduan LISA.
bakat.

Berdasarkan kajian lepas di atas, latihan industri dilihat
amat penting dan memberi kesan yang positif kepada
kebolehpasaran graduan. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian
perbandingan ke atas keberkesanan LISA dan LISE
terhadap kebolehpasaran graduan agak terhad. Ini
berkemungkinan disebabkan pelaksanaan LISA yang
agak baharu di dalam sistem pendidikan Politenik
Malaysia.

5. Metodologi dan Skop Kajian

Kajian ini merupakan kajian kuantitatif. Metod yang
digunakan untuk menyediakan kajian ini adalah secara
semakan dokumen, data, laporan dan kajian lepas.
Dalam erti kata lain, kajian ini hanya menggunakan data
sekunder sedia ada yang disimpan dan dikumpulkan oleh
unit yang berkaitan. Ia bermula dengan mengenal pasti
sesi pelaksanaan LISA bermula, tahun bergraduasi dan
seterusnya mendapatkan data daripada laporan Kajian
Pengesanan Graduan yang telah dikumpulkan oleh Unit
Pengesanan Graduan PKK. Data ini kemudiannya
dimasukkan ke program excel untuk analisis lanjut dan
perbandingan.

149

Jadual 6.2. Jumlah Responden dan Mendapat Pekerjaan (LISA sesi Jun 2015). Secara umumnya, daripada data dan analisis di atas,
pelaksanaan LISA amat berkesan dalam meningkatkan
Sumber: Laporan KPG, Unit Pengesanan Graduan PKK kadar kebolehpasaran graduan. Hasil kajian ini
Jadual 6.3. Jumlah Responden dan Mendapat Pekerjaan disokong oleh Ng Siok Gek (2017), yang mendapati
majikan adalah amat berpuas hati dengan tahap
(LISA sesi Jun 2016). kesediaan kemahiran dan disiplin pelajar LISA
berbanding pelajar LISE. Industri juga didapati
Sumber: Laporan KPG, Unit Pengesanan Graduan PKK cenderung mengambil pelajar LISA untuk latihan
R – Jumlah responden indsutri. Dalam satu kajian beliau yang berbeza ke atas
B – Jumlah responden yang menyatakan bekerja pelajar LISA, pencapaian kadar kebolehpasaran agak
* – Tahun konvokesyen pertama graduan yang menjalani LISA tinggi dengan 72% pelajar mendapat pekerjaan dalam
tempoh 2 minggu selepas tamat pengajian. Ini juga
Merujuk kepada jadual 6.2 dan jadual 6.3, data selari dengan Muzafar et al. (2018), yang mendapati
kebolehpasaran bagi kedua-dua kumpulan ini 61% responden LISA mendapat pekerjaan selepas tamat
menunjukkan peningkatan yang amat ketara bagi tahun pengajian.
konvokesyen dengan graduan yang tamat dengan LISA
berbanding LISE. Peningkatan ini dapat dilihat dengan Justeru, selain kelebihan kemahiran insaniah yang dicari
jelas di dalam rajah 6.1. oleh para majikan, struktur program latihan industri juga
perlu dititik beratkan bagi memastikan program latihan
Rajah 6.1. Peratusan Kebolehpasaran Graduan Bagi Tahun Konvokesyen tersebut memberikan manfaat yang optimum bukan
2014-2018. sahaja kepada pelajar tetapi juga kepada pihak bakal
majikan. Menurut Galvan et al. (2013), prestasi yang
baik sebagai pelatih akan meningkatkan kebarangkalian
untuk diambil bekerja dalam tempoh empat [4] bulan
selepas bergraduasi. Maria (2017) dalam kajiannya pula
menyatakan bahawa rangkaian hubungan peribadi
dengan majikan, pekerja, pusat kerjaya, dan agensi
pencari kerja juga merupakan elemen kejayaan dalam
mencari pekerjaan. Ini dapat dikaitkan dengan
kesesuaian pelaksanaan LISA bagi membantu
meningkatkan kadar kebolehpasaran graduan berbanding
LISE disebabkan selepas LISA, rekod dan reputasi
prestasi pelajar semasa latihan industi masih baru dan
hubungan dengan pihak industri juga masih ada. Perkara
ini sudah semestinya memberi manfaat kepada kedua-
dua pihak iaitu pelajar dan juga majikan.

7. Kesimpulan dan Cadangan

Kajian mendapati bahawa pelaksanaan LISA amat
berkesan dalam membantu menaikkan kebolehpasaran
graduan. Kajian ini juga menyokong bahawa program
latihan indsutri diperlukan oleh para graduan dan tidak
hanya bergantung kepada kemahiran insaniah semata.
Melalui latihan industri semester akhir, bakal graduan
dapat mempraktikkan ilmu pengetahuan, kemahiran
teknikal dan kemahiran insaniah yang telah dipelajari
dan diserap sepanjang berada di pusat pengajian ke
dunia pekerjaan yang sebenar tanpa ragu-ragu. Pelajar
dapat memberikan komitmen sepenuhnya
memandangkan pelajar ini akan tamat pengajian sejurus
tempoh latihan indsutri tamat. Bakal majikan juga tidak
akan berasa rugi untuk melatih pelajar. Tempoh latihan
industri dapat digunakan sepenuhnya untuk tujuan

150

melatih, mentoring dan pengurusan bakat seterusnya
menawarkan pekerjaan kepada pelajar yang sesuai.
Daripada kajian ini juga, adalah dicadangkan satu kajian
lanjutan yang mengkaji graduan LISA yang mendapat
pekerjaan di dalam bidang. Ianya akan memberikan
gambaran yang lebih jelas terhadap keberkesanan
program latihanan industri dan kebolehpasaran sebenar
sesuatu program.

RUJUKAN

Jabatan Pendidikan Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti. (2019). Kamus KPI 2019.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.

Muzafar Mat Yusof & Nur Hidayah Mohiddin. (2018). Refleksi Pelajar
Terhadap Keberkesanan Kursus Latihan Industri: Kajian Kes Pelajar
Politeknik Muadzam Shah. Attarbawiy: Malaysian Online Journal of
Education, Vol 2, No. 2 (2018), 46-54.

Rozita @ Uji binti Mohammed & Falex J. Langkan. (2018). Isu
Lebolehpasaran Dan Kebolehgajian Graduan Pra-U Tingkatan Enam Di
Bahagian Pantai Barat Selatan Sabah. Journal of Global Business and Social
Entrepreneurship (GBSE), Vol. 4: No. 10 (January 2018) page 96-105.

Dr. Seetha Nesaratnam, Shivaani Prabha Karan & Foo Yi Von. (2018).
Conceptualisation of A Graduate Employability Framework From A
Malaysian Perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Studies.
ISSN 2162-3058. 2018, Vol. 8, No. 4.

BH Online. (2017). Latihan Industri Tingkat Kebolehpasaran Graduan.
Dimuat Naik Pada 25 April 2017 di
http://www.bharian.com.my/node/275746.

Halizawati Halim & Irni Norsuhana Ismail. (2017). Latihan Industri:
Keberkesanan Terhadap Peningkatan Kemahiran Pelajar Fesyen dan Pakaian
Di Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan. E-Proceeding National Innovation and
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Nur Jannah Mohaidin, Masniza Supar, Mohd Adha Ibrahim & Morni Hayati
Jaafar Sidik. (2017). Employers’ Perception On Internship Programme.
SHSWeb of Conferences 36, 00010 (2017).

Maria Baron-Puda. (2017). Improving Graduate Employability Through
Internships Programs.

Ng Siok Giek. (2017). Perbandingan Prestasi Antara Pelajar LI Semester
Akhir dengan Semester Empat dari persepsi Industri. Advanced Journal
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Ng Siok Giek. (2017). Penilaian Prestasi Pelajar LI Semester Akhir dari
persepsi Industri. Advanced Journal Technical ad Vocational Education 1 (1):
398-403, 2017 eISSN: 2550-2174.

Galvan Jose, Fisher Eden, Casman Elizabeth, and Small Mitch. (2013).
Assessing The Impact Of Mandatory Interships On Employability Of Recent
College Graduates In Mexico. Proceedings of the 2013 Conference for
Industry and Education Collaboration Copyright ©2013 American Society for
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Penilaian Latihan Industri Politeknik KPT Edisi 2013. Kementerian Pengajian
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Graduan 2016-2011. Kajian Pengesanan Graduan, KPT.

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Pengajian Tinggi.

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Kompetensi dan Kesediaan Penggunaan Internet dalam
Aktiviti Keusahawanan di Kalangan Pelajar Bermasalah

Pembelajaran

Norazila Suboh Nor Hidayah Binti Mohamed T.J.Iskandar Abd. Aziz

Kolej Komuniti Hulu Langat Kolej Komuniti Hulu Langat Kolej Komputeran & Informatik
Jalan Prima Saujana 2/G Jalan Prima Saujana 2/G
Taman Prima Saujana Taman Prima Saujana Universiti Tenaga Nasional
43000 Kajang 43000 Kajang
Selangor, Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia KM 7, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN
[email protected] 43000 Kajang
[email protected]
Selangor, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstrak - Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melihat tahap kompetensi Kajian ini berfokuskan kepada kekurangupayaan
dan tahap kesediaan penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti pembelajaran. Kekurangupayaan pembelajaran ditakrifkan
keusahawanan di kalangan pelajar bermasalah pembelajaran sebagai suatu kecelaruan kepada satu atau lebih proses asas
(LD) di Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kajang Utama psikologi yang membabitkan kefahaman atau menggunakan
(SMKKU). Selain itu kajian juga ingin mengenalpasti samaada bahasa. Kecelaruan dimanifestasi melalui masalah keupayaan
terdapat perbezaan tahap kompetensi pelajar lelaki dan untuk mendengar, berfikir, bertutur, membaca, menulis,
perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti mengeja atau mengira [3]. Kekurangupayaan pembelajaran
keusahawanan. Kajian juga ingin mengenalpasti samaada adalah termasuk kekurangupayaan persepsi, kecederaan otak,
terdapat perbezaan tahap kesediaan pelajar lelaki LD dan disfungsi otak minimal, disleksia, dan afasia perkembangan
perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti [4]. Kekurangupayaan pembelajaran bukanlah suatu keadaan
keusahawanan. Sampel kajian adalah terdiri daripada 86 orang yang disebabkan oleh kekurangupayaan penglihatan,
pelajar LD di SMKKU. Kajian ini dilakukan secara kuantitatif pendengaran, kerencatan akal, gangguan emosi, atau masalah
dan deskriptif dengan menggunakan satu set soal selidik yang persekitaran, budaya atau ekonomi. Istilah masalah
terdiri dari 4 bahagian utama iaitu Bahagian A: Latar Belakang pembelajaran atau learning disability (LD) juga selalu
Responden; Bahagian B: Kompetensi Pengetahuan Berkaitan digunakan bagi merujuk kepada kekurangupayaan
Internet; Bahagian C: Kompetensi Kemahiran Berkaitan pembelajaran yang menjelaskan individu yang mempunyai
Internet dan Bahagian D: Kompetensi Tingkahlaku dan tahap fungsi intelek yang terhad dan sedang berkembang atau
Kesediaan Penggunaan Internet Dalam Aktiviti Keusahawanan. berkembang pada tahap yang lambat berbanding individu
Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan inferensi menggunakan normal [5].
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) versi 22. Statistik
peratus, kekerapan, skor min dan sisihan piawai digunakan bagi Keusahawanan merupakan bidang kerjaya yang sangat penting
mengukur tahap kompetensi dan kesediaan penggunaan internet di negara ini. Kemajuan ekonomi sesebuah negara sering
dalam aktiviti keusahawanan di kalangan pelajar LD di dikaitkan dengan pencapaian rakyatnya dalam bidang
SMKKU. Analisis Inferensi menggunakan ujian t tak bersandar keusahawanan sama ada di peringkat domestik atau global.
digunakan untuk mengukur perbezaan tahap kompetensi dan Masyarakat yang berjaya melahirkan paling ramai usahawan
tahap kesediaan pengunaan internet dalam aktiviti adalah masyarakat yang paling baik [6]. Keusahawanan secara
keusahawanan berdasarkan faktor jantina. asasnya ditakrifkan sebagai proses menerokai idea yang
kemudiannya ditukar menjadi produk atau perkhidmatan, dan
Kata kunci – tahap kompetensi, kompetensi pengetahuan, segala usaha yang terlibat bagi memperkenalkan produk atau
kompetensi kemahiran, kompetensi tingkahlaku perkhidmatan tersebut ke pasaran. Keusahawanan juga
merupakan proses yang membenarkan individu menjalankan
I. PENGENALAN perniagaan dalam cara yang inovatif [7]. Setiap kelompok
masyarakat sama ada golongan normal mahupun golongan
Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU) merupakan insan yang istimewa. OKU perlulah merebut peluang untuk menceburkan diri dalam
dunia keusahawanan. Bidang keusahawanan merupakan satu
Segala keperluan dan kebajikan mereka wajar dititikberatkan bidang yang tidak mengenal erti cacat, kurang upaya atau pun
normal. Untuk berjaya dalam bidang keusahawanan,
supaya mereka dapat terus hidup berdikari serta boleh seseorang perlu sanggup berhadapan risiko, rajin,
bertanggungjawab dan tidak mengenal erti putus asa [8].
mengembangkan bakat dan potensi diri mereka [1]. Terdapat
Perniagaan atau keusahawanan perlu dilihat sebagai batu
tujuh kategori utama kekurangupayaan yang dihadapi OKU loncatan baru dalam menyediakan peluang pekerjaan untuk
golongan OKU. Cabaran dan halangan golongan ini perlu
iaitu Kekurangupayaan Penglihatan; Kekurangupayaan

Pendengaran; Kekurangupayaan Fizikal; Kekurangupayaan

Pembelajaran; Kekurangupayaan Pertuturan;

Kekurangupayaan Mental dan Kekurangupayaan Pelbagai [2].

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diberi perhatian kerana bilangan golongan OKU di Malaysia pendidikan khas adalah pengajaran yang bercorak individu
yang menceburi bidang keusahawanan masih lagi berada di yang direka untuk memenuhi keperluan-keperluan pendidikan
tahap rendah [9] Bidang keusahawanan juga sangat bertepatan yang berkaitan dengan murid-murid kurang upaya. Pendidikan
dengan keperluan golongan OKU kerana mereka mempunyai khas menyediakan peluang-peluang pembelajaran yang tidak
kemahiran yang dapat dikembangkan melalui perniagaan. dapat disediakan dalam kurikulum yang piawai atau biasa.
Keusahawanan bukanlah bidang baharu bagi golongan OKU
di Malaysia. Terdapat usahawan OKU yang telah berjaya B. Kategori OKU dan Masalah Pembelajaran
menjalankan perniagaan seperti kedai menjahit baju,
menternak lembu, menternak ikan sangkar, membuka bengkel Secara umum, kurang upaya boleh dikategorikan kepada
membaiki kereta dan mengurus kedai makan [10].
kurang upaya fizikal dan mental. Secara spesifik pula, terdapat
Keterbukaan akses ke internet untuk semua telah mewujudkan
kemungkinan baru yang menarik untuk para usahawan di pelbagai jenis kurang upaya seperti terencat akal, pekak, buta
seluruh dunia. Jurang digital semakin berkurangan dan para
usahawan boleh menggunakan apa yang sudah sedia ada dan palsi serebral. Di Amerika Syarikat, Akta IDEA 1997 [3]
dalam talian, dan terkini mereka juga boleh membuat,
menggunakan Internet untuk meningkatkan pendidikan iaitu undang-undang berkaitan pendidikan untuk OKU, telah
mereka, meneliti idea-idea baru, mengumpulkan wang,
bekerjasama, dan memulakan syarikat mereka sendiri. Impak mengkelaskan golongan OKU kepada 13 kategori iaitu
yang paling jelas dari penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti
keusahawanan adalah penciptaan segmen baru dalam Autisme; Pekak; Buta; Masalah pendengaran termasuklah
perniagaan atas talian, dengan pasaran global hampir 3 bilion
pengguna dan kos pengedaran yang rendah. Contoh terbaik kurang pendengaran; Gangguan perkembangan mental;
adalah Google dan Facebook, yang kini merupakan syarikat
paling berharga di dunia [11]. Kurang upaya Pelbagai; Kecacatan ortopedik; Kecacatan yang

Kompetensi dan kesediaan pelajar LD untuk mempelajari dan disebabkan faktor kesihatan; Gangguan emosi yang teruk;
menggunakan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan perlu juga
dikaji bagi menilai keberkesanannya. Menurut [12], secara Masalah pembelajaran yang spesifik; Masalah bahasa dan
umumnya, kompetensi merupakan piawaian untuk
melaksanakan sesuatu tugas dengan spesifik. Konsep pertuturan; Kerosakan trauma otak; Masalah penglihatan dan
kompetensi menggabungkan elemen pengetahuan, kemahiran
dan ciri-ciri tertentu yang harus dimiliki oleh seseorang Kebantutan perkembangan. [17] mengkategorikan
individu untuk melaksanakan tugas yang diarahkan dengan
berkesan. Menurut [13], kompetensi bermakna “competence, kekurangupayaan OKU kepada empat kategori utama iaitu
proficiency, skillful and skill”. Kompetensi ditakrifkan
sebagai gabungan aspek pengetahuan, kemahiran dan ciri-ciri Kekurangupayaan Penglihatan; Kekurangupayaan
peribadi yang perlu dimiliki serta diamalkan bagi
melaksanakan sesuatu pekerjaan atau jawatan. Kompetensi Pendengaran; Kekurangupayaan Fizikal dan
dilihat sebagai kemampuan atau kecekapan yang diperlihatkan
seseorang ketika melakukan sesuatu. Sebagai contoh, bagi Kekurangupayaan Pembelajaran. [2] pula menambah lagi tiga
tujuan kajian ini, pengetahuan, kemahiran dan tingkahlaku
pelajar LD menggunakan internet dalam aktiviti kategori kepada empat kategori sedia ada yang disenaraikan
keusahawanan diukur sebagai tahap kompetensi semasa.
Selain kompetensi semasa, tahap kesediaan pelajar LD [18] iaitu kekurangupayaan pertuturan, kekurangupayaan
menggunakan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan juga
memainkan peranan penting. Pelajar LD perlu bersedia untuk mental dan kekurangupayaan pelbagai, menjadikan terdapat
mempelajari dan menggunakan internet supaya dapat
membantu mempertingkatkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran tujuh kategori utama OKU di Malaysia.
mereka dalam bidang keusahawanan.
II. OBJEKTIF KAJIAN
A. OKU dan Pendidikan Khas
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tahap kompetensi dan
Pendidikan Khas bererti program yang dirancang khusus kesediaan penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan
untuk memenuhi pelbagai keperluan pendidikan murid-murid di kalangan pelajar bermasalah pembelajaran di sekolah
yang berkeperluan khas. Pengajaran dan pembelajaran menengah yang menawarkan Program Pedidikan Khas
program ini menggunakan teknik yang bersesuaian dengan Integrasi (PPKI). Berdasarkan tujuan kajian ini, beberapa
murid-murid khas. Ini termasuk menggunakan sumber dan objektif digariskan, antaranya untuk:
peralatan khas untuk membantu pembelajaran murid-murid
khas [14]. Menurut [15] menyatakan pendidikan khas adalah i. Mengenal pasti sejauh mana tahap kompetensi pelajar
arahan yang direka khas bagi memenuhi keperluan luar biasa lelaki LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam
kanak-kanak yang luar biasa. [16] pula menerangkan aktiviti keusahawanan.

ii. Mengenal pasti sejauh mana tahap kompetensi pelajar
perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam
aktiviti keusahawanan.

iii. Mengenal pasti sejauh mana tahap kesediaan pelajar
lelaki LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam
aktiviti keusahawanan.

iv. Mengenal pasti sejauh mana tahap kesediaan pelajar
perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam
aktiviti keusahawanan.

v. Mengenal pasti perbezaan tahap kompetensi pelajar
lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan LD terhadap
penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan.

vi. Mengenal pasti perbezaan tahap kesediaan pelajar
lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan LD terhadap
penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan.

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menjawab persoalan kajian
berikut:

i. Apakah tahap kompetensi penggunaan internet dalam
aktiviti keusahawanan pelajar lelaki LD?

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ii. Apakah tahap kompetensi penggunaan internet dalam merujuk kepada nilai-nilai peribadi dan perlakuan yang perlu
aktiviti keusahawanan pelajar perempuan LD? dihayati dan diamalkan. Ini dapat dijelaskan melalui Model
Kompetensi Iceberg di Rajah 1.
iii. Apakah tahap kesediaan penggunaan internet dalam
aktiviti keusahawanan pelajar lelaki LD? Rajah 1. Model Iceberg.

iv. Apakah tahap kesediaan penggunaan internet dalam Menurut [21], model Kompetensi Iceberg mengandungi tujuh
aktiviti keusahawanan pelajar perempuan LD? kategori kompetensi yang dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan
iaitu Kumpulan Kompetensi Pengetahuan/kemahiran yang
v. Adakah terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara ditunjukkan oleh rajah Iceberg yang berada di atas paras air.
tahap kompetensi pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar Kumpulan kompetensi ini terdiri daripada kategori kompetensi
perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam iaitu Kemahiran dan Pengetahuan. Manakala kumpulan kedua
aktiviti keusahawanan? ialah Kumpulan Kompetensi Tingkah Laku yang ditunjukkan
pada bahagian Iceberg yang berada di bawah paras air.
vi. Adakah terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara Kumpulan kompetensi ini terdiri daripada kategori kompetensi
tahap kesediaan pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar iaitu Nilai; Peranan Sosial; Imej Diri; Sifat dan Motif. Model
perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam Kompetensi Iceberg sangat popular digunakan dalam
aktiviti keusahawanan? penyelidikan pendidikan terutamanya dalam mengkaji tahap
kompetensi pengetua, guru-guru dan pelajar. Model ini
Berdasarkan persoalan kajian ke-lima, H05 telah dibentuk. menekankan tiga elemen utama iaitu kompetensi pengetahuan
Sementara itu berdasarkan persoalan kajian ke-enam pula, H06 (domain kognitif), kompetensi pengetahuan (domain
pula telah dibentuk. psikomotor) dan kompetensi sikap (domain afektif). Elemen-
elemen tersebut merupakan faktor yang menunjukkan
• H05 - Tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan perbezaan tahap prestasi yang dikaitkan dengan kompetensi di
antara tahap kompetensi pelajar lelaki LD dan antara individu yang cemerlang (outstanding preformer)
pelajar perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dengan individu yang biasa prestasinya (average performer).
dalam aktiviti keusahawanan. Model iceberg telah diadaptasikan sebagai kerangka
konseptual kajian seperti di dalam Rajah 2.
• H06- Tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara
tahap kesediaan pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar Rajah 2. Kerangka Konseptual Kajian.
perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam
aktiviti keusahawanan. Kerangka Konseptual bagi kajian ini adalah berasaskan format
kajian kuantitatif di mana soalan kaji selidik dibina dan
III. KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL digunakan sebagai instrumen untuk mencekup data dari
responden yang dikenalpasti. Kajian ini melihat kompetensi
Menurut [19], kompetensi boleh ditakrifkan seperti berikut “A dan kesediaan pelajar LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam
competency is an underlying characteristic of an individual aktiviti keusahawanan. Perbezaan antara jantina pelajar LD
that is causally related to criterion-referenced effective and/or
superior performance in a job situation”. Underlying
characteristics bermaksud kompetensi merupakan satu watak
yang mendalam dan kukuh pada seseorang individu dan ianya
meramalkan perilaku individu tersebut dalam semua keadaan
dan tugas yang diberikan. Sebagai contoh, seseorang pelajar
LD yang mempunyai minat yang mendalam terhadap ICT dan
internet lebih mudah mempamerkan kemahiran dan
pengetahuan apabila diberikan tugasan yang memerlukan
penggunaan internet. Manakala pelajar LD yang langsung
tidak berminat menggunakan internet agak sukar
mempamerkan kemahirannya. Causally related bermaksud
kompetensi boleh menyebabkan atau meramalkan tingkah
laku dan prestasi seseorang. Ia merupakan dorongan atau
motif yang menjadi faktor penyebab tindakan tersebut
dilakukan. Jika tingkah laku dibuat tanpa sebarang motif ianya
tidak dianggap sebagai satu kompetensi. Criterion-referenced
bermaksud kompetensi ialah faktor sebenar yang boleh
meramalkan seseorang itu berupaya melakukan suatu tugasan
dengan baik atau sebaliknya.

Menurut [20], tiga komponen utama kompetensi adalah
pengetahuan, kemahiran dan ciri-ciri peribadi (tingkah laku).
Kompetensi Pengetahuan adalah maklumat yang dimiliki oleh
seseorang dalam sesuatu bidang. Kompetensi Kemahiran pula
adalah kebolehan untuk melakukan suatu tugas secara fizikal
dan mental. Kompetensi peribadi, sikap atau tingkah laku

154

turut dikaji bagi melihat samaada terdapat perbezaan yang peratus seperti dicadangkan [25]. Kaedah pentadbiran soal
signifikan dari segi penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti selidik kepada semua sampel kajian adalah dengan bantuan
keusahawanan. guru kelas mereka, di mana setiap responden akan diedarkan
borang soal selidik, dan guru beserta pengkaji membimbing
IV. SAMPEL DAN INSTRUMEN KAJIAN responden dengan membaca dan memberi penerangan
mengenai setiap soalan yang diajukan. Responden selaku
Populasi sasaran bagi kajian ini adalah melibatkan remaja pelajar LD mampu untuk membaca dan menjawab persoalan
OKU kategori LD berumur di antara 13-17 tahun, iaitu pelajar diberikan, dan jika ada masalah, mereka akan bertanya kepada
LD di sekolah menengah di Malaysia yang sedang mengikuti guru dan pengkaji.
program PPKI dan sekolah tersebut ada menjalankan program
usahawan untuk pelajar LD. Ini bermakna pelajar OKU PPKI Instrumen kajian yang digunakan ialah set soal selidik yang
yang mengalami kekurangupayaan lain seperti kurang upaya diambil dan diubahsuai daripada set soal selidik yang dibina
penglihatan, kurang upaya pendengaran, kurang upaya fizikal, oleh [26] serta dari kerangka California ICT Digital Literacy
palsi serebral atau kecacatan otak, dan lain-lain tidak terlibat Policy Framework [27] dan [28]. Soal selidik yang baik dapat
dalam kajian ini. Berdasarkan [2], sehingga tahun 2016 di mencapai objektif yang disasarkan, memperolehi maklumat
Malaysia, bagi kategori OKU, masalah pembelajaran atau LD yang paling tepat dan lengkap serta mencapai tujuan sebenar
mendominasi dengan bilangan pendaftar seramai 143,334 kajian dengan perbelanjaan yang sederhana [29]. Soal selidik
orang. Jumlah ini adalah sebanyak 35% dari bilangan OKU ini dibentuk dengan mengambil kira faktor-faktor iaitu
yang mendaftar iaitu seramai 409,269 orang. memberi masa yang cukup kepada responden untuk menjawab
soal selidik tersebut; soal selidik itu mudah dijawab kerana
[2] melaporkan dari segi umur pula, bilangan tertinggi soalan yang ditanyakan berbentuk ringkas, pilihan jawapan
individu OKU yang mengalami LD adalah dari lingkungan pun disediakan dan ini amat menjimatkan masa, tenaga dan
umur 13-18 tahun iaitu seramai 38,396 orang (26.78%). perbelanjaan pengkaji.
Mereka ini adalah pelajar sekolah menengah di peringkat
umur remaja. Berdasarkan ciri-ciri responden yang ditentukan Set soal selidik yang dibina mempunyai empat bahagian
oleh kajian ini, sebuah sekolah telah dikenalpasti oleh (Jadual 1) iaitu Bahagian A: Latar Belakang Responden;
pengkaji memenuhi ciri-ciri pelajar LD yang diperlukan iaitu Bahagian B: Kompetensi Pengetahuan Berkaitan Internet;
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kajang Utama (SMKKU). Bahagian C: Kompetensi Kemahiran Berkaitan Internet dan
Bahagian D: Kompetensi Tingkahlaku dan Kesediaan
Sampel kajian merupakan individu-individu di dalam populasi Penggunaan Internet Dalam Aktiviti Keusahawanan.
yang terlibat secara langsung dalam kajian dan mempunyai Keempat-empat bahagian ini memerlukan responden
ciri-ciri yang hampir sama dengan populasi [22], [23]. menandakan (√) pada kotak jawapan pilihan serta mengisi
Pemilihan sampel yang tepat membolehkan generalisasi ruang kosong yang disediakan. Item-item di dalam soal selidik
dilakukan ke atas kajian [14]. Ia merangkumi ahli-ahli dari bahagian B, C dan D menggunakan skala Likert 5 poin (Jadual
kumpulan kecil yang dipilih dari populasi untuk mengkaji sifat 2). Skala 1 mewakili Sangat Tidak Setuju (STS), skala 2
atau parameter populasi. Dalam kajian ini, SMKKU telah mewakili Tidak Setuju (TS), skala 3 mewakili Kurang Setuju
dipilih sebagai lokasi kajian. SMKKU menjalankan program (KS), skala 4 mewakili Setuju (S) manakala skala 5 mewakili
PPKI yang mempunyai seramai 111 pelajar LD yang Sangat Setuju (SS).
berdaftar. Pemilihan pelajar LD di SMKKU sebagai kumpulan
sasaran kajian adalah disebabkan mereka memiliki ciri-ciri
yang homogenus dari segi kecacatan anggota, kecerdasan
minda, kelayakan akademik dan program keusahawanan yang
dijalankan. Untuk mengikuti program PPKI di SMKKU,
pelajar LD hendaklah memenuhi syarat asas iaitu disahkan
oleh pengamal perubatan sebagai pelajar LD, mendaftar
sebagai OKU di Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM),
memohon kemasukan ke sekolah melalui Pejabat Pendidikan
Daerah (PPD), serta boleh menguruskan diri sendiri [2].
Pemilihan sampel kajian ditentukan oleh pengkaji melalui
persampelan bertujuan. Bilangan minimum sampel yang
diperlukan dari populasi sasaran 111 orang pelajar LD ialah 86
orang sahaja. Jumlah sampel ditentukan dengan merujuk
kepada pemilihan saiz sampel yang ditetapkan oleh Table for
Determining Sample Size yang dikemukakan oleh [24].
Sebanyak 86 borang soal selidik telah diedarkan kepada
sampel kajian yang dipilih dengan bantuan guru kelas pelajar
LD di SMKKU, dan kesemuanya telah berjaya dikutip oleh
pengkaji. Kadar pulangan soal selidik iaitu 100 peratus adalah
sangat memuaskan dan menepati kehendak kajian melebih 80

155

Jadual 1. Agihan item Bahagian A, B, C dan D. kaedah yang digunakan pengkaji untuk menjalankan kajian ini
ianya melibatkan huraian mengenai proses mereka bentuk
Dimensi / Konstruk Nombor Jumlah Sumber instrumen kajian, cara perolehan maklumat serta kaedah
Item Item Rujukan analisis data. Analisis data secara deskriptif dan inferensi
memberi jawapan kepada semua persoalan kajian. Ini
Bahagian A Diolah dan membolehkan pengkaji membuat rumusan dan cadangan
diadaptasi dari berdasarkan dapatan kajian yang diperolehi.
Maklumat Demografi – 15 item Van Deursen et.

A1 al (2014),
California ICT
Latar belakang diri hingga 4 Digital Literacy

A4 Policy
Framework
A5 (DLPF 2008) Jadual 3. Nilai pekali kebolehpercayaan item soal selidik.
dan SESS
Latar belakang internet hingga 3 (2013-2014)

A7 Nilai
Alpha
Latar belakang perniagaan / A8 8 Konstruk Bilangan (α)
keusahawanan hingga Item
A10e Bahagian B – Kompetensi Pengetahuan 0.902
Berkaitan Internet 17
Bahagian B Bahagian C – Kompetensi Kemahiran
Berkaitan Internet
Kompetensi Pengetahuan Berkaitan Internet – 17
Bahagian D – Kesediaan Penggunaan Internet
item Dalam Aktiviti Keusahawanan 22 0.945

Trait 1 : Pengetahuan Asas B101 7 Nilai bagi keseluruhan Konstruk B, C & D
ICT hingga
B105 10 0.852
0.968
Trait 2 : Pengetahuan Asas B201 5
Internet hingga
B205

Trait 3: Pengetahuan Asas B301

Penggunaan Internet Dalam hingga V. PERBINCANGAN

Aktiviti Keusahawanan B305 5 Data telah di analisis secara deskriptif dan juga inferensi bagi
menjawab persoalan kajian. Perbincangan berfokuskan
Bahagian C analisis inferensi. Analisis inferensi telah dijalankan bagi
soalan kajian ke-lima dan ke-enam. Ujian t tak bersandar telah
Kompetensi Kemahiran Berkaitan Internet – 22 dijalankan bagi melihat hubungan dan perbandingan
berdasarkan persoalan kajian yang dikemukakan iaitu untuk
item melihat perbezaan yang signifikan bagi tahap kompetensi dan
tahap kesediaan penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti
Trait 1: Kemahiran C101 keusahawanan berdasarkan faktor jantina.

Mengakses & Menggunakan hingga 7 Soalan Kajian Ke-lima: Adakah terdapat perbezaan yang
Internet C105 signifikan antara tahap kompetensi pelajar lelaki LD dan
pelajar perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam
Trait 2 : Kemahiran C201 5 aktiviti keusahawanan?
Membina Laman Web / Blog hingga HO5: Tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara
C205 tahap kompetensi pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan
LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti
Trait 3: Kemahiran C301 5 keusahawanan.
Berkomunikasi hingga
Didapati nilai-t bagi perbandingan tahap kompetensi
Menggunakan Internet C305 penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan bagi pelajar
lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan LD ialah 1.212 dan tahap
Trait 4 : Kemahiran C401 5 signifikan p=0.585. Tahap signifikan ini lebih besar daripada
Menggunakan Internet hingga 0.05 (p>0.05). Oleh itu, hipotesis nul (HO5) gagal ditolak.
Dalam Aktiviti C405 Jadi, tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan tahap
Keusahawanan kompetensi penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan
bagi pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan LD. Namun skor
Bahagian D min tahap kompetensi penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti
Kesediaan Penggunaan Internet Dalam Aktiviti keusahawanan bagi pelajar lelaki LD (min=3.68, s.p=1.0)
adalah lebih tinggi sedikit daripada pelajar perempuan LD
Keusahawanan – 10 item (min=3.41 s.p=1.059). Ini bermakna tahap kompetensi
penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan bagi pelajar
Kesediaan Menggunakan D101 10 lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan LD adalah hampir sama.
Internet Dalam Aktiviti hingga
Keusahawanan D110 Soalan Kajian Ke-enam: Adakah terdapat perbezaan yang
signifikan antara tahap kesediaan pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar
Jumlah Keseluruhan Item 64

Jadual 2. Skala Likert bagi item bahagian B, C dan D.

Skor Min Deskripsi Skor

1 Sangat Tidak Setuju (STS)
2 Tidak Setuju (TS)
3 Kurang Setuju (KS)
4 Setuju (S)
5 Sangat Setuju (SS)

Data dari kajian rintis yang diperolehi telah dianalisis dan nilai
purata α (0.968) telah diperolehi (Jadual 3). Umumnya,

156

perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti perempuan LD terhadap pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar
keusahawanan? penggunaan internet dalam perempuan LD dengan tahap
aktiviti keusahawanan? signifikan = 0.585
HO6: Tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara tahap
kesediaan pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan LD Soalan Adakah terdapat perbezaan Tidak terdapat perbezaan yang
terhadap penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan. Kajian 6 yang signifikan antara signifikan antara tahap
tahap kesediaan pelajar kesediaan penggunaan internet
Nilai-t bagi perbandingan tahap kesediaan penggunaan lelaki LD dan pelajar dalam aktiviti keusahawanan
internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan bagi pelajar lelaki LD perempuan LD terhadap bagi pelajar lelaki LD dan
dan pelajar perempuan LD ialah 1.389 dan tahap signifikan penggunaan internet dalam pelajar perempuan LD dengan
p=0.308. Tahap signifikan ini lebih besar daripada 0.05 aktiviti keusahawanan? tahap signifikan = 0.308
(p>0.05). Oleh itu, hipotesis nul (HO6) gagal ditolak. Jadi,
tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara tahap VI. KESIMPULAN
kesediaan penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan
bagi pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan LD. Namun skor Kajian ini telah dijalankan dengan jayanya dan mencapai
min tahap kesediaan penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti objektif untuk mengukur dua tahap yang ditunjukkan oleh
keusahawanan bagi pelajar lelaki LD (min=3.95, s.p=0.708) pelajar LD di SMKKU iaitu tahap kompetensi dan tahap
adalah lebih tinggi daripada pelajar perempuan LD (min=3.72 kesediaan penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan.
s.p=0.747), tetapi masih di bawah nilai 4.0. Ini bermakna Selain itu kajian juga turut mengenal pasti sama ada terdapat
tahap kesediaan pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan LD perbezaan yang signifikan antara tahap kompetensi pelajar
terhadap penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan lelaki dan perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan internet dalam
adalah sama atau hampir sama. aktiviti keusahawanan. Kajian juga telah mengenal pasti sama
ada terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara tahap kesediaan
Tahap kompetensi penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti pelajar lelaki LD dan perempuan LD terhadap penggunaan
keusahawanan pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan LD internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan.
secara keseluruhannya telah diperolehi. Begitu juga dengan
tahap kesediaan penggunaan internet aktiviti keusahawanan Secara keseluruhannya, keputusan kajian menerusi analisis
pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar perempuan LD. Perbezaan tahap secara deskriptif menunjukkan responden mempunyai tahap
kompetensi dan tahap kesediaan antara pelajar lelaki LD dan kompetensi sederhana tinggi terhadap penggunaan internet
pelajar perempuan juga telah dapat ditentukan. Ini dalam aktiviti keusahawanan. Dapatan analisis skor min
membolehkan pengkaji membuat rumusan dan cadangan tertinggi dan terendah turut menonjolkan tahap kompetensi
berdasarkan dapatan kajian yang diperolehi. Jadual 4 dan kekuatan responden dari segi ilmu pengetahuan asas
memaparkan rumusan dapatan kajian yang telah dijalankan. teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi, pengetahuan asas
internet, dan pengetahuan asas penggunaan internet dalam
Jadual 4. Rumusan dapatan kajian yang telah dijalankan. aktiviti keusahawanan. Keputusan kajian juga menunjukkan
responden mempunyai tahap kompetensi kemahiran
Bil. Soalan Kajian Dapatan Kajian penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti keusahawanan yang
Soalan sederhana tinggi. Dapatan analisis skor min tertinggi dan
kajian terendah terhadap tahap kompetensi kemahiran responden
memberi indikasi bahawa responden secara keseluruhannya
Soalan Apakah tahap kompetensi Para responden iaitu pelajar LD berada pada aras sederhana tinggi. Kajian menunjukkan
Kajian 1 penggunaan internet dalam berada pada tahap Sederhana responden mempunyai tahap kompetensi yang sederhana
aktiviti keusahawanan Tinggi dengan nilai min = 3.68 tinggi bagi kemahiran mengakses dan menggunakan internet,
pelajar lelaki LD? tahap kompetensi yang rendah bagi kemahiran membina
laman web/blog, tahap kompetensi sederhana tinggi bagi
Soalan Apakah tahap kompetensi Para responden iaitu pelajar LD kemahiran berkomunikasi menggunakan internet, dan tahap
Kajian 2 penggunaan internet dalam berada pada tahap Sederhana sederhana tinggi bagi kemahiran menggunakan internet dalam
aktiviti keusahawanan Tinggi dengan nilai min = 3.41 aktiviti keusahawanan. Keputusan analisis tahap kesediaan
pelajar perempuan LD? responden terhadap penggunaan internet dalam aktiviti
keusahawanan mendapati responden berada pada aras
Soalan Apakah tahap kesediaan Para responden iaitu pelajar LD sederhana tinggi. Ini menunjukkan pelajar LD mempunyai
Kajian 3 penggunaan internet dalam berada pada tahap Sederhana minat dan bersedia untuk menggunakan internet dalam aktiviti
aktiviti keusahawanan Tinggi dengan nilai min 3.95 keusahawanan.
pelajar lelaki LD?
Keputusan kajian menggunakan ujian t-tak-bersandar pula
Soalan Apakah tahap kesediaan Para responden iaitu pelajar LD mendapati tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan bagi
Kajian 4 penggunaan internet dalam berada pada tahap Sederhana kedua dua tahap kompetensi dan tahap kesediaan berdasarkan
aktiviti keusahawanan Tinggi dengan nilai min 3.72 faktor jantina. Ini bermakna pelajar lelaki LD dan pelajar
Soalan pelajar perempuan LD? perempuan LD di SMKKU secara khususnya mempunyai
Kajian 5 Tidak terdapat perbezaan yang
Adakah terdapat perbezaan signifikan tahap kompetensi
yang signifikan antara penggunaan internet dalam
tahap kompetensi pelajar aktiviti keusahawanan bagi
lelaki LD dan pelajar

157

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sudah mempunyai pengetahuan asas terhadap penggunaan “Keusahawanan Sosial Dalam Atasi Masalah Peluang Perkerjaan
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dalam aktiviti keusahawanan dapat disalurkan kepada pelajar 2015, Chapter 1.4
dengan optimum untuk menyokong kecenderungan mendalam
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kemahiran yang dimiliki oleh pelajar LD, agar output [12] Rao, M.S. 1997. “The Entrepreneurial Competency Index: An
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[13] Daud Ibrahim. 2003. Mengenalpasti Masalah-masalah Dalam
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159

Penyelesaian kepada Isu Sebaran Zakat di Politeknik Kota
Kinabalu: Satu Tinjauan Analisis

Dicky Wiwittan Toto Ngadiman Raja Ahmad bin Raja Husin Haider Ahmad Fazil

Jabatan Perdagangan Jabatan Pengajian Am Jabatan Pengajian Am
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu Politeknik Kota Kinabalu Politeknik Kota Kinabalu

Sabah, Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstrak - Dalam membantu memartabatkan institusi zakat, pendidikan sejak awal lagi kemungkinan boleh menyebabkan
institusi pengajian tinggi juga mempunyai peranan yang penting ibadah ini akan ditinggalkan. Justeru kajian perlu dijalankan
dalam mendidik dan menyebarkan risalah berkaitan zakat. untuk melihat sejauh mana tahap penyebaran zakat yang
Kefahaman tentang zakat masih menjadi tanda tanya apabila disebarkan kepada pelajar Politeknik Kota Kinabalu di Pusat
terdapat segelintir individu masih belum memahami kefarduan Islam institusi tersebut. Sekiranya didapati Masjid PKK belum
ibadah zakat. Adakah pendidikan berkaitan zakat belum begitu aktif dalam isu ini, kerjasama dengan institusi zakat Sabah
tersebar luas dalam kalangan pelajar IPT? Justeru, kajian ini bersama dengan tenaga pengajar Politeknik perlu dijalankan.
bertujuan untuk mengkaji persepsi pelajar Politeknik Kota Ini kerana ibadah zakat bukan sahaja melepaskan individu
Kinabalu terhadap penyampaian maklumat berkaitan zakat di Muslim daripada tuntutan rukun Islam yang ke empat, bahkan
Pusat Islam politeknik tersebut. Sampel kajian ini adalah terdiri kepentingannya dapat membantu golongan asnaf dan juga
daripada pelajar Politeknik Kota Kinabalu. Kajian ini memperkasakan ummah.
menggunakan instrumen soal selidik dan menganalisis data
menggunakan kaedah deskriptif dan nilai purata skor. Hasil II. DALIL PENSYARIATAN ZAKAT
kajian mendapati penyampaian maklumat berkaitan zakat masih
belum memuaskan. Kajian ini berpendapat masih wujud ruang Dalam Islam, terdapat lima rukun Islam iaitu mengucapkan
penambahbaikan dalam aspek sebaran maklumat berkaitan dua kalimah syahadah, mendirikan solat, menunaikan zakat,
pendidikan zakat oleh wakil Pusat Zakat Sabah dan tenaga berpuasa pada bulan Ramadan dan menunaikan haji. Perintah
pengajar IPT di Pusat Islam Politeknik. Beberapa implikasi untuk mengeluarkan zakat adalah rukun Islam yang ketiga
dasar serta cadangan juga turut dibincangkan dalam kajian ini. daripada lima rukun Islam tersebut. Perintah mengeluarkan
zakat adalah datang daripada Allah SWT, sepertimana firman
Kata kunci - Zakat, IPT, Politeknik Allah SWT [2] yang bermaksud:

I. PENGENALAN “Dan dirikanlah kamu akan sembahyang serta keluarkanlah
zakat dan taatlah kamu kepada Rasul supaya kamu beroleh
Pengurusan zakat di Malaysia adalah baik dan menunjukkan rahmat”. (an-Nur: 56).
kemajuan dalam kutipan jika dibandingkan dengan negara-
negara yang lain. Ramai hartawan muslim mula sedar akan Pada zaman pemerintahan Khalifah Abu Bakar R.A, baginda
kewajipan membayar zakat mula mengeluarkan zakat. Dengan akan memerangi orang-orang yang enggan mengeluarkan
adanya cawangan-cawangan pungutan zakat yang ditubuhkan zakat kerana harta yang dikurniakan kepada orang-orang yang
memudahkan lagi orang Islam untuk membuat bayaran zakat. kaya juga terdapat hak orang miskin. Berkaitan dengan agihan
[1]. Terdapat juga kaunter bergerak zakat ditubuhkan untuk zakat pula, ianya telah dijelaskan dalam surah At-Taubah ayat
memudahkan pembayar zakat melaksanankan rukun Islam 60:
tersebut. Hasil daripada penambahbaikan dalam sistem
kutipan, sebagai contoh, jumlah zakat harta yang dikutip oleh "Sesungguhnya sedekah-sedekah (zakat) itu, hanyalah untuk
Pusat Zakat Negeri Sembilan (PZNS) adalah sebanyak RM71 orang-orang fakir, orang-orang miskin, amil-amil yang
juta sehingga November 2015, meningkat 1.7 peratus mengurusnya, dan orang-orang muallaf yang dijinakkan
berbanding tempoh sama tahun lalu. hatinya, dan untuk hamba-hambanya yang hendak
memerdekakan dirinya, dan orang-orang yang berhutang, dan
Namun, beberapa kajian oleh Institut Pengajian Tinggi Awam untuk (dibelanjakan pada) jalan Allah, dan orang-orang
(IPTA) menunjukkan wujud kelompangan dalam agihan zakat musafir (yang keputusan) dalam perjalanan(ketetapan hukum
menyebabkan ia tidak memberi impak maksimum. Pusat-pusat yang demikian itu ialah) sebagai satu ketetapan (yang
pungutan zakat perlu sentiasa melakukan penambahbaikan datangnya) dari Allah. Dan (ingatlah) Allah Maha Mengetahui
agar bantuan zakat kepada golongan asnaf dapat disalurkan lagi Maha Bijaksana". (QS al-Taubah 9: 60)
dengan lebih lancar dan berkesan [3].
Zakat dikira sebagai ibadat di sisi Allah S.W.T [4]. Bagi
Kesedaran tentang kewajipan membayar zakat perlu bermula individu Islam yang telah cukup syarat dan kriteria tertentu
bermula sejak peringkt awal lagi. Kegagalan memberi untuk mengeluarkan zakat, maka wajib baginya untuk

160

menunaikan rukun Islam ini. Ibadat zakat dapat menyucikan dianalisis secara deskriptif dan hasil ditunjukkan adalah dalam
harta seseorang selain mendapat keredaan dan pengampunan bentuk skor min. Penentuan tahap persepsi adalah berdasarkan
disisi Allah SWT. Dalilnya sepertimana yang difirmankan kepada Jadual 1.
oleh Allah SWT seperti berikut:
Jadual 1. Skor min dan tafsiran.
"Ambillah (sebahagian) dari harta mereka menjadi sedekah,
supaya dengannya engkau membersihkan mereka (dari dosa) V. HASIL KAJIAN
dan mensucikan mereka (dari ahklak yang buruk), dan Seramai 140 pelajar Politeknik Kota Kinabalu terlibat dalam
doakanlah untuk mereka, kerana sesungguhnya doamu itu kajian ini di mana sebanyak 57.1 peratus responden adalah
menjadi ketenteraman bagi mereka, dan (ingatlah) Allah Maha lelaki manakala 42.9 peratus adalah daripada kalangan wanita.
Mendengar lagi Maha Mengetahui. (QS At-Taubah 9:103) Sementara itu, daripada responden yang terlibat sebanyak
24.3% responden yang mendapat bantuan zakat, manakala
"Dan dirikanlah kamu akan sembahyang serta keluarkanlah selebihnya (majoriti) iaitu sebanyak 75.7 peratus adalah bukan
zakat dan taatlah kamu kepada Rasul supaya kamu beroleh penerima zakat. Persepsi mereka terhadap sebaran maklumat
rahmat." (QS An-Nur 24:56) berkaitan zakat dapat diperhatikan pada Jadual 2.

III. ISU KUTIPAN DAN AGIHAN Jadual 2. Hasil anslisis.

Mekanisma pengagihan zakat di negara ini didapati gagal Hasil analisis skor min menunjukkan semua item-item berada
membendung masalah kemiskinan dalam kalangan umat Islam pada skor sederhana iaitu 3.00 – 3.99. Item 5 menunjukkan
walaupun jumlah kutipan zakat oleh pusat kutipan zakat skor yang tertinggi sementara item 3 menunjukkan skor yang
dilaporkan meningkat setiap tahun. Menurut Presiden terendah. Secara kesimpulannya tahap sebaran maklumat
Muafakat Sejahtera Masyarakat Malaysia (Muafakat), jumlah zakat dalam kalangan pelajar politeknik adalah masih lagi
kutipan zakat yang besar jika diurus dengan baik sepatutnya tidak memuaskan dan perlukan usaha dari perbagai pihak
mampu membebaskan umat Islam daripada masalah perlu dilaksanakan.
kemiskinan [5]. Pihak yang bertanggungjawab perlu mengkaji
semula dan memperbaiki sistem agihan zakat supaya tujuan VI. IMPLIKASI DASAR DAN CADANGAN
utama kutipan zakat mencapai matlamat. Didapati bahawa Penambahbaikan terhadap sistem agihan zakat haruslah
pusat zakat tidak dapat mengenal pasti keperluan sebenar dilakukan segera agar keyakinan pembayar zakat terhadap
golongan asnaf mengikut keutamaan. Menurutnya lagi, institusi zakat Sabah tidak merundum. Cadangan utama dalam
mekanisma kutipan zakat di Malaysia sangat efisien dan antara kajian ini adalah melaksanakan kaedah lokalisasi di IPTA
yang terbaik di dunia, namun birokrasi dalam kaedah khususnya di Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
pengagihan zakat menyebabkan golongan asnaf kekal miskin. Walaubagaimanapun beberapa cadangan penambah baikan
turut dibincangankan dalam kajian ini.
Menurut Utusan Malaysia, 12 Disember 2002, yang
memetiknya dari Laporan Pusat Pungutan Zakat (PPZ) Majlis
Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (MAIWP), Sabah hanya
mengagihkan RM1 juta dari RM5 juta yang dipungutnya. Pada
tahun 2004 Sabah mengagihkan RM 4,900,207.04 daripada
7,784,937.74 yang diterimanya, iaitu agihan hanya 62.9%
sahaja. Pada tahun 2005 agihan zakat Sabah meningkat ke
79.4%, 2006 agihan sabah sebanyak 73.4%.

Sehingga ke hari ini masih terdapat media-media massa dan
cetak yang melaporkan isu-isu berkaitan masalah dalam
agihan zakat. Sebagai contoh akhbar Utusan Malaysia
bertarikh 26 November 2015 melaporkan kenyataan pegawai
zakat yang mengakui bahawa agihan zakat lebih sukar
barbanding pungutan zakat dan beliau juga mengakui terdapat
kritikan dari segi agihan terhadap asnaf. Punca kemiskinan
dalam negara juga dikaitan dengan pentadbiran zakat yang
tidak cekap.

IV. METODOLOGI KAJIAN

Kajian ini dijalankan ke atas pelajar Muslim Politeknik Kota
Kinabalu dengan menganalisis persepsi mereka terhadap
penyebaran maklumat berkaitan zakat di Institusi tersebut.
Borang soal selidik secara online telah diedarkan kepada
pelajar Muslim PKK. Seramai 140 pelajar Muslim telah
menjawab soalan kaji selidik. Jawapan responden kemudian

161

a) Pihak pengurusan zakat pusat perlu menyebarkan institusi perlu diperkasakan dengan langkah pertama dengan
maklumat yang telus dan meluas agar semua asnaf yang memakmurkan masjid dengan solat berjemaah lima waktu.
berpotensi mengetahui maklumat dan kelayakan mereka untuk Hasil pemerhatian penyelidik mendapati bahawa kedatangan
menerima zakat. Ini termasuklah laman web yang pelajar dan kakitangan Politeknik Kota Kinabalu ke masjidnya
berinformatif, pengiraan kelayakan dan menyediakan masih ditahap yang rendah. Hanya segelintir sahaja yang
permohonan zakat secara online disamping iklan dan kempen memakmurkan masjid. Begitu juga sebahagian masjid-masjid
perlu diperbanyakkan. Untuk di IPT borang permohonan perlu di Sabah, yang hanya diimarahkan apabila ada program-
diletakkan di pejabat Hal Ehwal Pelajar supaya pelajar mudah program keagamaan tertentu.
untuk mengambilnya [6] .
f) Di Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, tidak terdapat satu
b) Kebanyakkan asnaf tidak mengetahui mereka layak tempat atau sudut khas untuk mempamerkan maklumat
untuk memohon zakat atau tidak, oleh yang demikian, satu berkaitan zakat. Kajian ini juga mencadangkan supaya
taklimat khas berkaitan permohonan zakat perlu dibuat kepada sekurang-kurangnya pada masa ini, satu sudut di bahagian
pelajar-pelajar baru di IPT. Pada masa ini semasa minggu suai masjid di Politeknik tersebut dimanfaatkan untuk meletakkan
kenal pelajar baru, pelajar akan diberi taklimat pinjaman informasi berkaitan zakat dan juga nombor pegawai zakat
PTPTN. Selain itu, pusat zakat sendiri perlu memainkan yang menguruskan zakat pelajar. Pada masa ini penggunaan
peranan penting dengan melakukan konsep 'turun padang' aplikasi ‘whatsapp’ juga dirasakan sesuai untuk melayan
untuk mencari sendiri mereka yang layak menerima zakat. sebarang pertanyaan daripada pelajar berbanding panggilan
Persepsi mereka yang bekerja menguruskan zakat juga perlu terus dan melalui email.
lebih tulus dan mempunyai perasaan simpati yang tinggi dan
tidak melayan asnaf seperti seorang pengemis. Ini kerana VII. KESIMPULAN
layanan yang agak tidak memuaskan dari pihak pekerja zakat
juga menyebabkan ramai mereka yang layak agak kurang Setiap institusi agama dan lapisan masyarakat Islam
berani untuk memohon zakat.Untuk menjejaki asnaf bukanlah mempunyai peranan masing-masing dalam memartabatkan
sesuatu yang mudah terutamanya mereka yang tinggal di pendidikan Islam, bukan sahaja berkaitan zakat tetapi
pedalaman dan tidak wujud hubungan jalan raya seperti kepada cabang-cabang ilmu yang lain. Begitu juga setiap
kebanyakan tempat di Sabah. Oleh yang demikian perlu pusat individu dan institusi perlu memanfaatkan teknologi dan
zakat mewujudkan pasukan jejak asnaf. Ini akan menjadi media-media massa, cetak dan sosial yang ada bagi
mudah sekiranya diwujudkan program kerjasama antara PSZ penyebaran ilmu agama kerana setiap usaha pasti diganjari
dan IPTA. Perlu juga diwujudkan khidmat pejabat atau kios dengan pahala.
bergerak bukan sahaja untuk kutipan zakat tetapi untuk agihan
terus ke tempat asnaf. RUJUKAN

c) Birokrasi dalam urusan permohonan zakat juga perlu [1] Muhammad Syukri Salleh. 2006. Lokalisasi Pengagihan Zakat: satu
dimudahkan untuk mengelakkan asnaf berasa malas dan Cadangan Teoritis. dalam Hailani & Abdul Ghafar (penyt). Zakat:
berputus asa untuk membuat permohonan. Sebagai contoh Pensyariatan, Perekonomian & Perundangan. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti
untuk permohonan borang hanya perlu maklumat yang penting Kebangsaan Malaysia
sahaja dan pengesahan status dipermudahkan. Pemimpin
kawasan (penghulu/ketua kampung/ketua masyarakat) perlu [2] Al-Quran
main peranan isu agihan zakat ini, hanya mereka yang
mengetahui penduduk setempat yang benar-benar layak [3] Dicky Wiwittan Toto Ngadiman, Harunnizam Wahid & Mohd Ali Mohd
menerima zakat atau tidak. Wakil pusat zakat juga perlu turun Nor. 2016. “Kajian Kepuasan Agihan Zakat Di Institusi Pengajian
padang, meninjau sendiri keadaan hidup masyarakat yang Tinggi: Kajian Di Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.” Prosiding
memerlukan, bukan hanya duduk di pejabat, dan menyalahkan National Conferences On Sustainable Cities (Nacosc) 2016 Volume 2, ms
penduduk yang tidak mengisi borang. 119

d) Bukti jumlah kutipan dan pengagihan juga perlu [4] Al Qardawi, Yusuf. "A Comparative Study of Zakah, Regulations and
diberitahu kepada umum. Ini akan menambahkan lagi Philosophy in the Light of Qur'an and Sunnah." Translated by Monzer
keyakinan orang ramai terhadap pusat zakat. Disamping Kahf 1 (1999).
kesedaran pentingnya mengeluarkan zakat, orang ramai juga
ingin melihat wang yang mereka zakatkan melalui pusat zakat [5] Mekanisme agih zakat perlu diperbaiki. Borneo Post (2014). Dipetik
sampai kepada asnaf. dalam https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/06/05/mekanisme-agih-
zakat-perlu-diperbaiki/
e) Masyarakat mula menerima masjid sebagai pusat
untuk pelbagai urusan hal ehwal agama. Oleh yang demikian [6] Dicky Wiwittan Toto Ngadiman, Harunnizam Wahid & Mohd Ali Mohd
Nor. 2016. “Cadangan Melokalisasikan Agihan Zakat Di Institusi
Pengajian Tinggi: Kajian Di Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.”
Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Emas Dalam Institusi Kewangan Di
Malaysia

162

Peranan Institusi Masjid Pengajian Tinggi dalam
Memperkasakan Institusi Zakat

Dicky Wiwittan Toto Ngadiman Haider Ahmad Fazil Raja Ahmad bin Raja Husin

Jabatan Perdagangan Jabatan Pengajian Am Jabatan Pengajian Am
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu Politeknik Kota Kinabalu Politeknik Kota Kinabalu

Sabah, Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstrak - Selain menjadi pusat sebaran ilmu, institusi pengajian institusi Masjid di Politeknik Kota Kinabalu Sabah (PKK)
tinggi juga mempunyai peranan dalam memartabatkan mengambil peranan dalam menyebar luaskan pendidikan
kefahaman Islam dalam kalangan pelajarnya. Namun isu-isu mengenai Zakat. Sekiranya didapati Masjid PKK belum aktif
agama khususnya mengenai kefahaman tentang zakat masih dalam isu ini, kerjasama dengan institusi zakat Sabah bersama
menjadi tanda tanya. Adakah pendidikan berkaitan zakat belum dengan tenaga pengajar Politeknik perlu dijalankan. Ini kerana
begitu tersebar luas dalam kalangan pelajar IPT? Justeru, kajian ibadah zakat bukan sahaja melepaskan individu Muslim
ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tahap kekerapan perbincangan daripada tuntutan rukun Islam yang ke empat, bahkan
ilmu tentang zakat di institusi Masjid di Politeknik. Sampel kepentingannya dapat membantu golongan asnaf dan juga
kajian ini adalah terdiri daripada pelajar Politeknik Kota memperkasakan ummah.
Kinabalu. Kajian ini menggunakan instrumen soal selidik dan
menganalisis data menggunakan kaedah deskriptif dan nilai II. KAJIAN LITERATUR
purata skor. Hasil menunjukkan bahawa institusi pendidikan
memainkan peranan yang sangat penting dalam memberi Zakat adalah salah satu daripada lima tiang agama yang telah
kefahaman tentang zakat kepada masyarakat. Kajian ini
berpendapat masih wujud ruang penambahbaikan dalam aspek ditetapkan oleh Islam kepada umatnya. Menunaikan
sebaran maklumat berkaitan pendidikan zakat oleh wakil Pusat
Zakat Sabah dan tenaga pengajar IPT di Pusat Islam Politeknik. (membayar) zakat merupakan rukun Islam yang ketiga. Ia
Beberapa implikasi dasar serta cadangan juga turut
dibincangkan dalam kajian ini. diwajibkan ke atas setiap orang Islam yang telah cukup syarat-

Kata kunci - Zakat, IPT, Politeknik syaratnya untuk berzakat. Ini berdasarkan hadis Rasulullah

I. PENGENALAN S.A.W yang bermaksud:

Masjid di institusi pengajian tinggi (IPT) telah dianggap “Aku mendengar Rasulullah s.a.w bersabda: Islam
sebagai pusat sebaran ilmu pengetahuan. Masjid bukan sahaja didirikan atas lima dasar iaitu bersaksi bahawa tidak
untuk menunaikan solat bahkan telah digunakan untuk ada tuhan yang berhak disembah dengan sebenar-
aktiviti-aktiviti agama yang lain. Perdebatan dan forum-forum benarnya melainkan Allah dan Muhammad s.a.w
untuk membincangkan masalah atau isu-isu kontemporari adalah Rasulullah, mendirikan solat, mengeluarkan
seperti sistem ekonomi atau sosial Islam. Di samping itu, zakat, menunaikan haji di Baitullah dan berpuasa di
terdapat papan notis atau kenyataan untuk menyebar luaskan bulan Ramadan.” (HR Bukhari dan Muslim)[2]
pendidikan Islam dengan menampal maklumat-maklumat
tertentu. Pelaksanaan dan kewajipan tiang ini adalah keperluan kepada
umat Islam. Untuk menyelesaikan zakat sebagai salah satu
Kajian yang dijalankan di Politeknik pada tahun 2016 [1] daripada lima tiang, Islam tidak hanya prihatin terhadap
mendapati tahap pengetahuan pelajar Muslim di Politeknik pembayaran zakat, tetapi meminta pengedaran dengan tepat
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah adalah pada tahap yang kurang berdasarkan hukum Islam [3]. Zakat dari etimologi perkataan
memuaskan di mana masih terdapat segelintir pelajar Muslim berasal dari bahasa Arab. Perkataan zakat dikenali sebagai
yang tidak memahami kefarduan ibadah zakat. Mereka kata akar (Masdar) dari kata 'zakka' yang bermaksud berkat,
menganggap zakat adalah sebagai ibadah yang tidak wajib tumbuh, bersih dan baik [4]. Menurut undang-undang Islam,
seperti harus atau sunat. Terdapat juga segelintir menganggap zakat bermaksud sebagai hak mandatori dalam harta tertentu
cukai yang dikenakan oleh pihak sudah mencukupi untuk berdasarkan syarat dan peraturan tertentu [5]. Menurut al-
melepaskan diri dari membayar zakat dan tidak mempunyai Qaradawi [6], zakat ditakrifkan sebagai bahagian tertentu dari
sebarang rasa bersalah sekiranya tidak membayar zakat. harta individu yang harus dikeluarkan kepada mereka yang
berhak menerima zakat. Allah berfirman dalam Surah al-
Justeru kajian perlu dijalankan untuk melihat sumber-sumber Tawbah (9: 103).
pendidikan zakat yang diperoleh oleh pelajar dan sejauh mana
Di Malaysia, setiap institusi pengajian tinggi (IPT) di
Malaysia dilengkapi dengan Masjid kemudahan untuk ibadah
bagi komuniti Islam. Masjid merupakan institusi utama umat
Islam yang mempunyai banyak peranan penting sebagai pusat
sebaran dakwah dan seruan Islam dan bukannya terhad

163

semata-mata untuk ibadah khusus seperti solat, tilawah al- IV. HASIL KAJIAN
quran dan lain-lain. Seperti yang diterangkan dalam surah al- Analisis Demografi
Hajj 22:40), Al-Quran menyebut perkataan masjid secara Analisis pertama yang perlu dijalankan adalah membuat
langsung iaitu Masjid Quba’, Masjid Nabawi, Masjid al- analisis tentang latar belakang responden yang terlibat dalam
Haram dan Masjid al-Aqsa dan makna masjid secara umum penyelidikan ini.
ialah tempat sembahyang. Di samping itu, Masjid dibina
sebagai tempat melaksanakan ibadah, menyalurkan ilmu, Rajah 1. Umur Responden.
mengadakan perbincangan hal ehwal pentadbiran,
persaudaraan dan tempat untuk merealisasikan agenda Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebanyak 97.1 peratus responden
perpaduan umat pada ketika itu [7]. daripada kalangan pelajar Muslim PKK adalah berumur
kurang daripada 25 tahun, diikuti oleh responden yang
Kutipan Zakat yang ditunjukkan oleh Bahagian Zakat Dan berumur antara 25 hingga 35 tahun iaitu sebanyak 2.1 peratus.
Fitrah (MUIS) menunjukkan peningkatan pungutan setiap
tahun. Walaupun begitu agihan zakat masih belum dapat Rajah 2. Jantina Responden.
diagihakan sepenuhnya pada tahun yang sama. Sebagai contoh
pada tahun 2017, pungutan zakat adalah sebangak Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebanyak 57.1 peratus responden adalah
88,312,023.67 tetapi agihan adalah sebanyak 62,748,397.94 lelaki manakala 42.9 peratus adalah daripada kalangan wanita.
[8]. Sebelum ini, akhbar Utusan Malaysia, 12 Disember 2002, Sementara itu, Rajah 3 menunjukkan peratusan pelajar Muslim
yang memetiknya dari Laporan Pusat Pungutan Zakat (PPZ) PKK yang mendapat bantuan zakat. Daripada rajah tersebut
Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (MAIWP), Sabah hanya 24.3% responden yang mendapat bantuan zakat,
hanya mengagihkan RM1 juta dari RM5 juta yang manakala selebihnya (majoriti) iaitu sebanyak 75.7 peratus
dipungutnya. Pada tahun 2004 Sabah mengagihkan RM adalah bukan penerima zakat.
4,900,207.04 daripada 7,784,937.74 yang diterimanya, iaitu
agihan hanya 62.9% sahaja. Pada tahun 2005 agihan zakat
Sabah meningkat ke 79.4%, 2006 agihan sabah sebanyak
73.4%.

Sehingga ke hari ini masih terdapat media-media massa dan
cetak yang melaporkan isu-isu berkaitan masalah dalam
agihan zakat. Sebagai contoh akhbar Utusan Malaysia
bertarikh 26 November 2015 melaporkan kenyataan pegawai
zakat yang mengakui bahawa agihan zakat lebih sukar
barbanding pungutan zakat dan beliau juga mengakui terdapat
kritikan dari segi agihan terhadap asnaf. Punca kemiskinan
dalam negara juga dikaitan dengan pentadbiran zakat yang
tidak cekap.

Justeru sebagai kesimpulannya, agenda pembangunan zakat
juga perlu dibincangkan dalam institusi Masjid pengajian
tinggi. Kajian ini adalah penting bagi memberi cadangan
kepada pentadbir di institusi pengajian tinggi untuk membantu
dalam menyebar luas dan memberi kefahaman mengenai
pendidikan zakat.

III. METODOLOGI KAJIAN

Kajian ini dijalankan ke atas pelajar Muslim Politeknik Kota
Kinabalu dengan menganalisis sumber pengetahuan berkaitan
zakat diperoleh. Borang soal selidik secara online telah
diedarkan kepada pelajar Muslim PKK. Seramai 140 pelajar
Muslim telah menjawab soalan kaji selidik. Soalan bermula
dengan latar belakang responden, kemudian berkaitan hukum
mengeluarkan zakat, perasaan apabila tidak mengeluarkan
zakat, dan akhirnya kepada soalan sumber pengetahuan
tentang zakat. Responden menjawab soalan tersebut dengan
menjawab di ruangan yang disediakan.

164

Rajah 3. Penerima Zakat Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Muslim PKK. V. PERBINCANGAN DAN IMPLIKASI DASAR

Sumber Pendidikan Zakat Hasil analisis yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1 menunjukkan
bahawa terdapat perkara-perkara yang memerlukan
Analisis seterusnya adalah untuk menganalisis sumber-sumber penambahbaikan dari aspek sebaran zakat dalam kalangan
pengetahuan pelajar mengenai pendidikan zakat seperti yang pelajar. Pertama adalah terdapat kelemahan dari sudut
ditunjukkan Jadual 1. pendidikan zakat yang disebarkan melalui tulisan dan bahan
pembacaan berbanding dengan medium media sosial yang
Jadual 1. Sumber pendidikan tentang zakat pelajar Muslim PKK. menyumbangkan peratusan yang tertinggi. Media sosial
merupakan salah satu bentuk kemajuan teknologi dalam
Sumber Bil & peratusan bidang informasi dan komunikasi. Pengaruh media sosial
adalah berbeza-beza terhadap setiap individu dan masyarakat
________________________________________ sehinggalah kepada bidang agama. Walaupun terdapat
kebaikan namun dalam aspek-aspek tertentu akan
Pusat Zakat Sabah 63 (45%) menyebabkan impak negatif terhadap individu dan masyarakat
[9].
Kuliah Agama 35 (25%)
Kedua adalah, pada masa kini penggunaan media sosial telah
Media Cetak 30 (21.4%) menjadi tren sehingga pendidikan Islam juga telah disebarkan
melalui whatsapp, telegram dan lain-lain. Walaupun terdapat
Media Elektronik 39 (27.9%) kebaikan melalui perantara media sosial tersebut dari sudut
kecepatan sebaran, perkongsian yang meluas dengan rakan
Sekolah Rendah & Menegah 48 (34.3%) sosial dan penjimatan kos membeli bahan cetak, namun
terdapat banyak kelemahan seperti sumber yang tidak
Pusat Islam Politeknik 35 (25%) disahkan oleh jabatan agama, maklumat yang boleh diubah
dan diragui, sebaran yang tidak diketahui penulis utama dan
Media Sosial 65 (46.4%) banyak lagi.

__________________________________________ Ketiga, kelemahan pusat Islam atau Masjid di Politeknik
sebagai pusat sebaran ilmu dan pendidikan zakat adalah selari
Jadual 1 menunjukkan sumber-sumber pendidikan berkaitan dengan kajian-kajian yang menunjukkan kelemahan
zakat diperoleh oleh pelajar Muslim PKK. Terdapat tujuh pengimarahan masjid di universiti di Malaysia. Kajian yang
sumber pengetahuan yang diuji iaitu bermula dengan sebaran dijalankan oleh Shukri Ahmad [10] mendapati bahawa
maklumat daripada (1) institusi zakat iaitu Pusat Zakat Sabah; penghayatan ibadah solat dalam kalangan pelajar di IPTA
(2) kuliah-kuliah agama; (3) media cetak seperti majalah, buku adalah masih rendah dan belum menunaikan solat fardu
dan lain-lain; (4) media elektronik seperti television, radio dan sepenuhnya. Rumusan daripada kajian tersebut adalah ramai
lain-lain; (5) pendidikan daripada sekolah rendah dan pelajar tidak mengambil berat tentang kefarduan solat, latar
menegah; (6) belajar dari institusi pengajian iaitu di Politeknik belakang keluarga yang kurang pendidikan agama, kesibukan
Kota Kinabalu; dan yang terakhir adalah daripada (7) media aktiviti dalam kampus, teknologi media, kurang bimbingan
komunikasi seperti facebook, twitter, instagram, whatsapp dan agama, persekitaran dan rakan-rakan yang mempengaruhi
lain-lain. Hasil tinjauan mendapati sumber tertinggi pengabaian solat dalam kalangan mahasiswa. Kajian tersebut
pendidikan tentang zakat adalah daripada media komunikasi menunjukkan skor-skor yang rendah bagi keseluruhan item-
seperti Facebook, twitter, whatsapp dan lain –lain lagi iaitu item yang melibatkan item seperti pernah mengikuti ceramah
sebanyak 46.4 peratus, diikuti oleh sebaran pendidikan oleh atau kelas agama di masjid (3.02), pernah menghadiri majlis
institusi zakat Sabah (Pusat Zakat Sabah) sebanyak 45 peratus. ilmu agama dalam tempoh sebulan yang lepas di masjid
Bagi sebaran pendidikan zakat daripada institusi pengajian (2.53), saya menghadiri majlis ilmu sekurang-kurangnya
tinggi iaitu Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, ianya menyumbangkan seminggu sekali di masjid (2.23), menghadiri kuliah maghrib
sebanyak 25 peratus sahaja. Sementara itu, sumber yang sekurang-kurangnya seminggu sekali di masjid (2.17) saya
paling rendah adalah daripada media cetak seperti majalah, mengikuti majlis bacaan Yassin setiap malam Jumaat di
buku dan lain-lain. masjid (2.12).

VI. KESIMPULAN

Zakat adalah salah satu ibadah yang diberi keutamaan dalam
Islam. Ini kerana zakat tidak hanya berkaitan dengan
hubungan Muslim sebagai individu dengan pencipta Allah
SWT, tetapi juga berkaitan dengan hubungan di kalangan
masyarakat sama ada Muslim atau tidak. Seperti yang
disebutkan dalam banyak kitab-kitab, ceramah dan risalah,
kewajiban lengkap dalam zakat bukan hanya dari segi

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pembayaran, tetapi juga pengedaran zakat kepada penerima.
Justeru kepentingan mengenai usaha dalam pendidikan zakat
juga dapat membantu untuk mendidik orang ramai khususnya
pembayar untuk melaksanakan pembayarannya.

RUJUKAN

[1] Ngadiman, Dicky Wiwittan Toto, Hairunnizam Wahid, And Mohd Ali
Mohd Nor. "Sumber Pengetahuan Tentang Zakat: Kajian Di Politeknik
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah." Seminar Antarabangsa Pemerkasaan
Pendidikan Islam (Madrasah)(2016): 176-184

[2] Apa Itu Zakat? Dipetik dalam
https://appszakat.sabah.gov.my/pungutan_info.php(2019)

[3] Khairuldin, Wan, Wan Mohd Khairul Firdaus, And Mahadi
Mohammad. "The Philosophy And Elasticity Of Zakah Distribution In
Islam." International Journal Of Education And Research 1, No. 8
(2013): 179-190.

[4] Al-Mu’jam Al-Wasit (2004) Kaherah: Maktabah Al-Syuruq Al-
Dauliyyah

[5] Al-Nawawi, Yahya Bin Syaraf. (2007). Al-Majmu’ Syarh Al-
Muhadhdhab, Beirut :Dar Al-Kutub Alilmiyyah, Jld. 7.

[6] Al-Qaradhawi, Yusuf (2006). Fiqh Zakat. Kaherah: Maktabahwahbah

[7] Majid, Mariam Abd, And Marlon Pontino Guleng. "Masjid Dan
Aplikasi Pendekatan Dakwah Terhadap Masyarakat Multi Etnik Di
Malaysia (Mosque And Application Of Dakwah Strategy On The
Multi-Ethnic Society In Malaysia)." Jurnal Hadhari: An International
Journal 8, No. 1 (2016): 31-48.

[8] Statistik Pungutan dan Azihan. Dipetik dalam
https://appszakat.sabah.gov.my/pungutan_info.php (2017)

[9] Hamid, Sohana Abdul. "Pengaruh Media Massa Terhadap Perubahan
Sosial Masyarakat." E-Bangi 11 (2016): 214-226.

[10] Shukri Ahmad, Yahya Don, W. A. R. K. W. Abdullah, Madiha
Mohammed Ibrahim, And Shahril Fazli Mat Hussain. "Penghayatan
Solat Dan Pengimarahan Masjid: Kajian Dalam Kalangan Pelajar
Universiti Utara Malaysia." In 2nd International Conference On Social
Sciences Research (Icssr 2014), Pp. 9-10. 2014.

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Predictive Factors of Obesity and their Relationships to
Dietary Intake among Hard Rock Café Melaka’s Guests

Norharnani Zulkifli, Anderson K.Selva

Beaufort Community College Hard Rock Café Melaka,
Sabah, Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia

Abstract - The economic upheaval of Malaysians from the 1990s 1.1 Research Background
onwards, brought rapid changes in the traditional life styles to
sedentary lifestyle with high food availability and over nutrition. Obesity has taken over the world by storm for the past 40 years
This is led to an increase in overweight and obesity, which has and that not affecting wealthy and the middle class alone, but
become a major public health problem. A representative random also the residents of developing and third world countries.
sample of 500 questionnaires was sent out to study the reasons for Malaysia has been affected by obesity which experiencing
Malaysians being overweight and obese. A descriptive, cross marked demographic, socio-economic and life style changes for
sectional design of questionnaires was utilised to document the the past 20 years. Traditional dietary habits have been changing
demographics, health, physical activity, eating behaviour, very rapidly and modified to suit the residents’ life style better
purchasing behaviour and diet. Data was gathered using a 28 which is combined effect of westernized diets and population
questions pen and paper survey, which was handed out to the mixture, as well as the changes in lifestyle that encourage
patrons who was here in Hard Rock Cafe Melaka to have their sedentary changes.
meals. Out of the 431 respondents who filled up the questionnaires,
45.9% were males and 54.1% were females. When analysed by the These changes have led to a profound alteration in the health
respondents’ health conditions, 2.8% were extremely unwell, and and nutritional status of the Malaysians. As the nation proceeds
16.9% indicated that they are not well. Those suffering from high rapidly towards a developed economy status, the populations’
blood pressure were 18.3%, but the ones who suffering from lifestyle continues to change as well. Morbidity and mortality
diabetes is higher at 22.3%. This had indicated that there are more rates from traditional infectious diseases and under-nutrition
respondents who were not well but reluctant to disclose their have decreased and this have been taken over and replaced by
health conditions for whatever reason that could be. A staggering rapidly rising rates of chronic diseases which are closely related
percentage of 60.8% of the respondents does not do more than 10 to obesity and its side effects. Obesity is now a key risk factor
hours of housework. Another 50.3% does not do any regular in the natural history of other chronic and non-communicable
exercise, but sadly 57.7% watch more than 15 hours of television diseases (NCDs) among Malaysians.
in a week. These raises the question to their current weights as
there are more respondents are overweight. 1.2 Professional and Scientific Stakes of the Question

Keywords - obesity, food and beverages, nutrition Obesity has emerged as a world-wide phenomenon for the past
40 years in developed countries like United States of America
1. INTRODUCTION and United Kingdom and not only affecting wealthy and
middle-class income groups, as well as residents of countries
Men and women value a good quality health and men do not previously considered to be poor (Barry, 1998). World Health
compromise the health for anything else in life. Health is a Organisation (2016) (WHO) has identified obesity as the most
central to human existence and so valued that men and women significant current health promotion and disease prevention
routinely greet family, friends, and colleagues with a question priorities in the world because it is a major contributor to many
about health, “How are you?” The days are long gone with the preventable causes of death. National Health and Morbidity
under-nutrition and its associated infectious diseases in the Survey (NHMS) (2014), confirmed that same as the rates of
developed and developing countries as written by Gill (2006), obese Malaysians increasing very rapidly. WHO (2016)
the obesity and the related diseases have taken over the health indicated that worldwide obesity has doubled since 1980 and in
issues lately. Health is rather complicated concept with multiple 2014 alone, there were 1.9 billion adults of 18 years old and
dimensions as some caused by the under nutrition and diseases above were overweight with 600 million of them were obese.
(Simons-Morton, McLeroy & Wendel, 2009). Good health is The same records have indicated that overweight and obesity
harder to achieve and it is becoming increasingly difficult for are both linked for more deaths worldwide than underweight.
growing numbers of people amid changing and unpredictable Except for some parts in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, there are
environments (Keleher, MacDougall & Murphy, 2011). Society more people are obese than underweight now.
today emphasising and placing nutritional importance in the
social aspects and the healthy eating concept in order to stay Gill (2006) mentioned that in Asia Pacific regions, there was
strong, fit and healthy. Connor (1999). major nutritional-related issue was the main concern. In
Malaysia overnutrition has increased from 4.4% in 1996 to
15.1% in 2011, with 2.5 million Malaysians are obese (WHO,

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2016). The lifestyle has been profoundly influenced by the home, 12.5% have at least one meal that was either purchased
improved standard of living, high income and free health care from outside or consumed outside (Malaysian Food Barometer,
since 1960s. Food is plentiful and affordable, most homes are 2014). The first Mc Donald’s opened its doors in Malaysia in
equipped with house hold appliances that provide efficiency as January 2001 (McDonald’s, 2016) and there will be 500 outlets
well as comfort. Cars are now used as means of transport for in the nation by 2020 (The Star, 2013). This has opened the door
even shortest distances, housemaids are affordable and most for cheap take away to the working parents, especially the
outdoors activities are restricted and most does not want to be working parents.
in the hot and humid conditions of Malaysia. In addition, the
tradition and customs of most Malaysians in relation to food Malaysian’s growth was five times faster than their counter
habits and the perceptions of weight status probably contribute parts in Europe and North America in terms of urbanisation,
to the risk of obese (Rampal, Rampal, Khor, Md. Zain, Ooyub, economic development and the emergence of the middle class
Rahmat, Ghani and Krishnan, 2007). Ismail, Chee, Nawawi, and according from the report of Malaysian Food Barometer
Yusoff, Lim and James (2002), indicated in their research that (2014). Once people become better off socially, they tend to
Malaysian’s are growing horizontally than vertically quicker enter a nutritional transition, in which they abandon traditional
than they did 2 decades ago. National Health and Morbidity plant based diet and begin to eat more meat, fat and processed
Survey (NHMS) (2015), reported that almost half (45.3%) of foods (Nestle 2003). According to Lowell (2004) and Spurlock
Malaysians are with BMI of more than 25. Consumers are (2005), ‘supersizing’ or selling a larger portion of a meal or a
increasingly becoming more interested in the foods they eat and drink to consumers with their up selling technique by fast food
especially the processes through which they are taken before companies contribute significantly to a higher intake and
reaching their dining table (Humphrys, 2001). additional intake of salt, sugar and fat daily. Warkah (2016) in
the research found that in the state of Selangor, there are more
Men blamed busy lifestyle, dual working families with children overweight and obese women compared to any other states and
and the emphasis now placed on quick meal solutions to feed territories in Malaysia as the spending power in the state is
the hunger of the family (Schroder & McEachern, 2005). The higher than anywhere else in Malaysia.
explosion of obesity in United States of America happened
exactly the same time as the explosive growth of the fast food 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Research
industry (Spurlock, 2005). For example, McDonald’s have
31,000 outlets in 119 countries and they are growing every year The problem broadly addressed in this research study involves
since then. Lowell (2004) argues that obesity and bad health are the increasing of obesity among Malaysians. The aim of the
closely linked to poverty, this supported by Marshall (2004), study is to determine increasing level of obesity among
Spurlock (2005), Turner, Kelly & McKenna (2006) as fast Malaysians aged 18 and above to determine the association
foods and convenience foods are cheaper compared to fresh between obesity and age, gender, education level urban/rural
produce. Lower income consumers will be more attracted to status and self-esteem, to better explain how food industry’s
consume more often than middle class or higher society. food supply could be improved, to reduce the prevalence of
According to Marshall (2004), in early 20th century woman obesity among Malaysians.
accounted for 21% of the labour force in UK, and by late in the
century they are accounted for 60% of the total labour force. The study was guided by the following research questions and
Working women were unable and unwilling to spend as much contextualised by theoretical concepts and model.
time in grocery shopping, cooking and cleaning after meals.
Female participation in the labour market is high in Malaysia a. Obesity linked to social position among Malaysians
with 58% in 2015 (Department of Statistics, Malaysia, 2016). b. The perception of society on obese women and men as

Nestle (2003) argues that men and women on their own or as healthy and rich
working parent with work commitments, do consume half of c. Lower educated Malaysians tend to be obesity than
their meals alone or with children outside home quite often.
Quarter of them is fast food, and Britain is one of the largest university educated
consumers of ready-made meals in Europe (Lawrence, 2004). d. Higher income society eating out more thus
UK fast food market is worth estimated £7.2 billion annually
with an average spending of £20 per month per adult. Busy contributing to obesity to them and their family
lifestyle, dual working families with children and the emphasis members
was being placed on quick meal solutions (Schroder & e. Lack of time to cook own food and eating out
McEachern, 2005). A modest ready-made meal contains 1,400 contribute to obesity
calories, that is an increase of 3% - 5% in last 20 years and 75% f. The roles and influences of celebrity chefs in Malaysia
of salt in consumer diet comes from fast food and ready-made in obesity
meals (Lawrence, 2004; Spurlock, 2005). Malaysia is a country g. Influences of advertising to the consumers
of foodies as more urbanites consume the meals outside of h. Western influenced eating habits and the affects to
home than at home. 64% of Malaysians eat at least one meals Malaysians
per day outside of home, and of the remaining 36% who eats at i. Accessibility and the higher prices of fresh produce
compared to processed and cheaper food choices and
the links to obesity

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Definitions 2.1.1 Genetic Factors
Obesity
Obesity is defined as complex, multifactorial chronic disease Obesity is multi factorial but the fundamental problem is an
which involves the interaction of both genotype and energy imbalance where energy intake has exceeded energy
environment involving human and animals. Integrating factors expenditure over a considerable period of time. This is the
of behavioural, social, cultural, physiological, genetic and physiological level which is influenced by internal factors such
metabolic are involved. The fundamental cause of obesity and as age, sex, and the genetic make-up as well as external factors
overweight is based on energy imbalance on calories consumed such as changes in the environment, e.g., food habits and
and calories expended. Body Mass Index (BMI) is commonly lifestyle (Klonaridou, Papadopoulo & Fahantidou 2006). The
used to indicate overweight and obesity in adults and children. internal and external factors do not act separately but overlap
It is calculated by dividing body-weight in kilogrammes by and can even have an additive effect on each other.
square of the height in metres (BMI- kg/m²). In the graded
classification system developed by the World Health 2.1.2 Socio-Economic Factors
organisation (WHO), a BMI of 30kg/m² or above denotes
obesity (Table 1). There is a high likelihood that individuals Generally, men do not any longer do any manual labour to earn
with a BMI at or above this level will have excessive body fat a living as the work now have been taken over by animals then
(WHO 2011). by machineries (Dovey, 2010). The fact is that the number men
using their energy in their daily work has diminished
Figure 1. An equation for assessing body mass index (Dovey, considerably over the past 30 to 40 years. In Malaysia while
2010). poverty is being addressed, with varying degrees of success, a
Table 1 good proposition of the population has also achieved affluence.
A rapid transition has generated marked changes in lifestyle,
Adults occupational patterns of the population (Noor, 2002). The
For the purposes of this study, adults will be defined as boys prevalence of obesity increased with age with males from 40 to
and girls, men and women above the age of 18 of varied 49 and in females from 50 to 59 among Malaysians as more and
ethnicity. more in the work force are in the service industry rather than in
manual job (Rampal, Rampal, Khor, Md Zain, Ooyub Rahmat,
2. LITERATURE REVIEW Ghani, Krishnan, 2007).
2.1 Factors Associated with Obesity
Humans have to eat to survive, the environments constantly set 2.2 Social Factors
limit on food production, and population will continue to show
in genetic factors affecting metabolism, but where humans Throughout most human history for the past 200 years, weight
given any choice at all in what they eat, what they select is more gain and fat storage have been viewed as signs of health and
likely to be socially influenced according to their spending prosperity. In time of hard labour, war and famine as well
power rather than the result of a biological cravings and frequent food shortages, securing an adequate energy intake to
environmental determinism (Atkins & Bowler, 2001). meet requirements have been major nutritional concern
(Caraher, Dixon, Lang, Carr-Hill, 1999). Today however, the
Figure 2. Factors Associated with Obesity (Chaloupka, & standards of living continued to rise, weight gain and obesity
Powell, 2009). are posing a growing threat to health in countries all over the
world. Malaysia has been experiencing a rapid phase of
industrialisation and urbanisation in recent decades and has
often been recognised as a role model for developing economies,
but comes with a price (Ismail et.al, 2002).

2.3 Lifestyle/Behavioural Factors

According to Noble, Stead, Jones, McDermont, & McVie
(2007), the quality and the quantity of food consumed during
the day and night and also because of in social, cultural,
physical and economic conditions over the past three decades,
people now overweight and obese. To find out if a person
maintains a healthy lifestyle, is to gauge how much a person
consumes fruits and vegetables and indulge with a regular
exercise or with a manual job (Divine, 2005). The obesity
among Malaysians increasing with age and in males from 40 to
49 and in females from 50 to 59 as more people in the work
force are attached to the service industry rather than in manual
job (Rampal et.al, 2007). Many Malaysians enjoy eating during
events and function as they are there to enjoy the company and
celebrate happiness which is defined when they have enough
food on their dining table. When people find that they are not

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happy, the turn to food to find the happiness that they need. number of meals according to the participation in appropriate
Blades (2009) agree with this statement by saying that the amount of physical activity to keep their weight under control.
aspects of food and nutrition do appear to have a fundamental Despite the genetic factors underlying overweight and obesity,
impact on happiness in every human and animals. Family food lifestyle factors are very important determinants of the current
habits maybe comparatively resistant to change in place where obesity epidemic.
culinary knowledge and skills are learned primarily within the
household and passed down between generations especially According to Dixon, Hinde & Banwell (2006), technology has
when the wife or the husband move to join the in laws (Wood, to be blamed the reduce of everyday physical effort in today’s
1994). society. The introduction of more and more labour saving
devices in home and work such as laptops and computers plus
Consumers will be selecting their diets within the context of the the increase usage car and other personal public vehicles as
social, economic, and cultural environment in which they living. mode of transportation have tremendously reduced physical
The decision on one choosing the food on the table is depending activity of consumers. Lowell (2004), mentioned in his findings
on the family with where a person stays and the choices made that Briton makes 30 million car journeys a week, and walks
by a household or the leader of the household. The family over 50 miles or less average per year than 15 years ago. Adults
pattern of eating also relies on the food purchases as they could are less physically active compared to 50 years ago (Marshall,
be from the same ethnic group of a different (Spurlock, 2005). 2004). The increasingly urbanised and digitalised community
Turner et.al., 2006) mentioned that that parents have the have fewer opportunities for physical activity through healthy
opportunity to provide informational influence to their children play. Adults can prevent weight problems with eating less,
as the children perceive their parents to be knowledgeable in the eating better diet and be more active in everyday life, but the
decision making for any purchases and choices for their daily environment is not in their favour to reduce their weight (Rao,
grocery shopping. Women in Malaysia still predominate in 2006).
grocery purchasing and preparation and they have to combine
their work commitment with domestic chores and childcare and Malaysian Digest (2016) reported from the press interview with
they dominate a total of 45% workforce in the Malaysia the Malaysian Health Minister that technology had brought
(Malaysia Statistics, 2015). While women were responsible for negative health consequences. Sitting too long as the works is
to purchase family meals and cooking at home for most of the easier on a personal computer, where less energy is released as
time, but sadly the women often not in control of the eating well as during their free times at home with their smartphone to
preference and habits of the family and household. The cook is run all the errands, such as paying bills, making transactions
not the one who ultimately controls the family eating habits which were the things in the past when a person needs to be
(Stead, Caraher, Wrieden, Longbottom & Anderson, 2004). there physically in the bank or in the post office to do it
themselves. There are more fast food restaurants in low-income
The purchasing decisions do not have to come from the leader areas compared to gymnasiums. Diet plans and programmes
of the household or working parents as lately society has are priced for marketed to middle income and above (Spurlock,
granted children in the household to make the decision of the 2005). According Blackman (2005) Adults must engage in
purchases. The person in charge of the household have given more physical activity to level the calorie intake in daily life.
the children in the family increasing responsibility for Local communities and government should invest in sport and
purchasing decisions and the children control increasing leisure facilities for greater emphasis on physical education in
amounts of money (Lawrence, 2004). Reduce intake of salt and schools. Health and fitness centres should be made available in
sugar and eat together as family as often as possible and all the housing estates to encourage adults and children to
introduce ‘food pyramid’ gradually to children (Rao 2006). involve more on exercise with (Higgs, 2004). The findings by
Food and Drink Foundation recommending more on eating Divine & Lepisto (2005) noted that 75% of adult population in
more fresh fruit and vegetables. ‘Eat your greens’ message from the US do engage in regular exercise programmes and about 14%
UK government, food industries and retailers have responded of these populations are engaged in weight loss programme.
to make fresh produce and organic food more available
(Blackman 2005). 2.4 Environmental Factors

Jones, Comfort & Hillier (2006) mentioned in their findings In Malaysia town planning’s often focused on private
that very little physical activity another reason for BMI higher transportation and more roads then pedestrian walkways are
than 30. Being overweight or obese has implications to health created by local councils and government. The gym
and it’s a concern for the Malaysian government as there are memberships are expensive compared to western world in
more sick leaves, lower productivity and more money spent in Malaysia as indicated by Malaysian Digest (2016). Comparing
clinics and hospitals. S. Subramaniam, the health minister in an Malaysia and Netherlands, gym membership there costs a mere
interview with the media as printed on AL Jazeera News (2016), RM 50 and in Malaysia they are at RM 200. Malaysia is
blamed the lack of exercise as the main reason. According to experiencing a rapid economic development in recent decades
Humphrys (2001), obesity is not a disease but rather a lifestyle leading to increased urbanisation, affluence, and changes in
a person chooses to live and a person’s metabolic rate is often lifestyle and nutrition status of the population (Malaysia
affected by the lifestyle that a person lives, and an overweight Statistics, 2015) Urban dwellers tend to eat away from home
person can prevent by becoming even bigger by eating adequate also with households with dual working spouses tend to eat

170

away from home for the reason of convenience and timesaving their counterpart whom are less. Individual behaviour or
(Rampal et.al, 2007). lifestyle choices also tend to be better in university or college
educated women compared to the high school leavers.
The ‘Westernised’ of global eating habits by Malaysians, made
possible through food imports, fast foods which is high on Jones et.al., (2006) found that the main factor that contributes
sugars and animal fats, is sometimes are blamed for the rising the obesity among poor are, fewer supermarkets in low-income
epidemic of obesity (Noor, 2002). The increase of level income urban neighbourhood compared to better off suburbs. Poor
in any society has a direct relationship to life expectancy and accessibility in some neighbourhood restricting the access the
quality of life. Incomes have grown substantially Malaysia with shops that sells good quality foodstuffs another problem faced
the growth of working women since 1970’s, and the lifestyle by the lower income group. The unbalanced diet of people from
changes of Malaysian public with dual working adults in a lower income group is caused by limited money to spend on
household (Schroder & McEachern 2005; Turner, Kelly & wholesome food compared to fresh fruits and vegetables which
McKenna, 2006). are far expensive (Daborn et. al.). To seek down cost, some
grocery shops will sell unhealthy, value added, less nutritious
Food craving is one of the strongest sensations involved in foods that are more affordable by local community. The higher
eating. The frequency at which the individuals eat has long been cost of preparing foods and the anxiety of people who are
a topic of discussion, the grazer contrasting with one meal a day learning to cook thinking that what would the dish turn out and
eater. In the one situation the body never recovers from one the cheaper value for money and convenience of purchasing,
metabolic load and event before another arrives and in other the appeared to play a large part in discouraging consumers from
body starts afresh after many hours. The usual advice in the trying new techniques and to settle for ready-made and
Western worlds is three square meals a day, but this varies convenience foods (Wood 1994, Stead et al. 2004). Children’s
between two to nine (Schroder et. al., 2005). Malaysians tend food preferences are manipulated by their parents’ behaviour
to have standard three to four meals a day, but the snacking of and their eating habits learned in childhood tend to continue
junk foods and other snacks considered higher in some into adulthood (Turner et.al., 2006). To satisfy stockholders,
occasions. According to Turner et.al., (2006), there are many food industry competes fiercely for every pound spent on food
interlocking factors that probably contribute obesity such as by consumers. These food companies are trying to convince the
genetic, but social and environmental are also major impacts consumers to eat more of their product or to eat more than their
effecting obesity. The rates of obesity decline as the level of the competitors. They are embracing new strategies such as
education increase among adults. Daborn, Dibsall & Lambert increasing the sizes of food portions served to consumers
(2004) indicated that education levels in consumers are very (Nestle, 2003).
important as they will understand the nutritional value and the
food that they consume. British consumers who are educated, Children watch almost 22 hours of TV weekly, only the second
who are motivated and guided are adjusting their diet to their highest activity apart from sleep (Nestle, 2003). Some of the
individual requirements (Richardson & Brady, 1997). children’s TV programmes are sponsored by food companies
and there are lots of advertisements between programmes to
British diet remains remarkably impervious to change. Stead et entice the children to buy their products. Distribution of toys
al. (2004) argues that it is possible that education level of with junk food has increased purchasing demands with children
consumers plays a part in diet changes. According to Caraher, (Higgs, 2004). The influence of children in the purchasing
Dixon, Lang & Carr-Hill (1999) people from higher academic decision have increased over the years and marketers have long
qualification tend to learn understand the energy intake and known children make attractive customers for their influence
expenditure as they choose what they want to consume as well with the parents, attention this group has increased in recent
as they learned it from good quality books and magazines. years by the food companies. Malaysian Digest (2016) on his
Wood (1996) argues that there are limited evidence to suggest findings indicated that children spending too much time
that the purchase or possession of cookery books is not watching television instead of spending time our door activities
necessarily correlated with their use in cooking. Recipes and thus making them vulnerable to all kind of advertisements.
cook books are widely used by those in the higher socio-
economic group argues Stead et al. (2004). Their evidence Children have started to take control of the purchasing decisions
shows that people with no qualification learned from cookery and that have been increasing over the years (Turner, Kelly &
books are 13% compared to 27% with degree. 61% people with McKenna, 2004). Food companies expand sales to existing as
no qualification learned from their mothers compared to 80% well as new audiences through advertising and development
with degree holders. The prevalence of obesity higher among new products designed to respond to consumers’ demands. It is
the primary educated respondents compared to tertiary educated estimated in the UK, the advertising spent on food and
respondents in Malaysia which was found by studies conducted confectionary high in fat, salt and sugar is £600 million, fruits
by Rampal et.al (2006). When an educated women given the and vegetables is £26 million (Nestle, 2003). Advertising
responsibility to make family meals, they were often ensuring influence on food choices especially on children as their direct
that full nutritional meals are prepared in the house hold target market with messages on what to buy in order to increase
compared to lower educated women (Stead et al., 2004). the sales of a particular products especially less value but high
Caraher et.al., (1999), stated that cooking skills and their priced are some of the strategy undertaken by the corporations
appreciation are leaning more to educated women compared to (Jones et.al 2006, Turner et.al., 2006). Children left bombarded

171

with advertising uninformed choices. According to Daborn et Overabundance keeps food prices low and creates pressure to
al. (2004) education to young customers are vital in order for food companies. To overcome this, food companies add value
them to understand and to increase their knowledge food through processing. Only 20% of retail cost is returned to
production, preparation and health issues (Lea, Worsley & producers and the rest to labour, packaging advertising and
Crawford, 2005). value-enhancing act (Nestle, 2003). Food price declined about
40% between 1961 and 2000. Even with the growth of
According to the report from Warkah (2016), in June 2008, then population the overall size of the market for food diminished
health minister, Datuk Liow Tiong Lai congratulated the compared to other sectors in the economy. Manufacturers add
previous health minister Datuk Seri Chua Soi Lek for advising value to their food products to increase sales turnover at the
the government to stop certain advertisement deemed same time keeping the original food cost in order to reap the
detrimental to the public’s health if consumed too much. It profits (Blackman, 2005). In order to make more profits, these
added that television should be more proactive in educating the food processing companies focuses on development of value
public repeatedly of taking care consumers’ health. The media added products rather than on promotion of fresh fruits and
should play a part in educating the public on the consumption vegetables to the consumers as it is easier to add value (Lea et
of healthy food and healthy lifestyle. Noble et.al., (2007) al., 2005). Developing country like Malaysia has adults above
Lowell (2004) have stated that after successful war against the age of 18 working longer hours compared to their counter
tobacco industries, consumer group are waging a fresh war parts in developed countries (Malaysia Statistics, 2016). The
against food industries. Food giants like Kraft, Nestle, Cadbury main factor that has an impact on maintaining a healthy lifestyle
and McDonald’s are now shifted their productions and their is time. Divine (2005) found that the lack of time was the
food products. All the corporations advertising and marketing primary reason why people are not physically active. Changing
trying manipulate and convince consumers from every corner patterns of family eating according to Costarelli and Manios
of life - at home, at work, at school and at play. Consumers need (2009), and decline in cooking skills and the lack of time for
to be responsible for their own life, own health, and own healthy eating in schools and homes, people tend to eat out more
happiness (Spurlock, 2005). often than before.

Fast food chains and free standing restaurants must emphasis According to Gillespie (1994), the rise of the chef gastrosopher
on consumer health and quality must incorporate Strong as ‘superstars’ in most cases that they are businessmen/women
Corporate Social Responsibility. Food Standards Agency and who has to juggle to resolve artistic, marketing (especially
Consumer Association should act on misleading and biased branding) and financial imperatives. Television become a part
advertising and promotion (Schroder et al., 2005). Promotion of of the daily routine in everyone life (Taylor, 1999). Celebrity
healthier diet can be achieved by standard criteria for healthy chefs not only found in specially dedicated programmes on their
eating by greater transparency - informing consumers accurate own such as ‘The Naked Chef’, ‘Ready Steady Cook’, ‘Hell’s
and unbiased information about what are they buying and it was Kitchen’, but as the testament to their celebrity status, they also
produced (Spurlock 2005, Jones et al., 2006). People tend to eat appear as resident chef in day time television programmes such
individually rather than sit down for family meals as the a ‘This Morning’ and even appear in prime time television
working adults has very little time for the family meals and fast shows such as ‘Parkinson’s’. Delia Smith even been entered in
food restaurants makes full advantage of the situation (Stead et Collins English Dictionary in few separate entries, this is a
al., 2004). Fast food restaurant supplying consumers with major accomplishment for their celebrity status. Watching a
convenient food solutions as a profit opportunity (Wright et. al., television is believed as the truth is being conveyed to the public
2001) (Taylor, 1999). Some of the celebrity chefs are not mutually
exclusive to television programmes alone as they have their
Humans had to eat to survive, the environment constantly sets own restaurants. Jamie Oliver with ‘Fifteen’, Heston
limit on food production, and production will continue to show Blumenthal’s ‘The Fat Duck’ and Gordon Ramsey’s chain of 9
change in genetic factors. In business perspective and activities, restaurants in UK among others (McCracken, 1989).
additional food and drinks for a fraction of money is a very cost
effective method of increasing sales at comparatively with little Food product marketers have number of tools at their disposal
cost, a way of drawing potential customers’ attention to the and seek to use these to best advantage. Customers purchasing
product and achieving a competitive advantage (Mela & Rogers, behaviour has an effect by product and service endorsements
1993). This price incentive has encouraged customers to eat and and backing as celebrity chefs carry some weight with the
drink more (Edwards et al., 2005). People from lower socio general public. Kitchen utensils, electric appliances, food
economic groups developed countries are particularly products, and grocery multiples have been marketed by these
vulnerable to becoming obese with the value added options celebrity chefs. In 1988, one in seven have bought new
given to them (Costarelli and Manios, 2009) Parents who are ingredients after watching television cookery programmes, one
responsible in food preparation at home, were reluctant to spend in ten bought cookware or gadget used by celebrity chefs in
money buying and time preparing foods that they perceived those programmes. (McCracken, 1989). Celebrity chefs with
children would not eat, are buying their meals from fast food who are endorsed by the food production companies devise
restaurants for their daily meals (Lowell, 2004). This was recipes and cooking styles that meet the need of general
particularly the case as the lower income communities and had consumer lifestyles with profit in mind. In ‘Naked Chef’
limited economical access to fresh produce (Noble et al., 2007)

172

programme, it took a private life of Jamie Oliver at home in the sample, the range of mean of ages, education level and
cooking at his own kitchen with easily prepared fresh foods other background information’s (Pallant, 2010). Out of 431
(Caraher et. al., 2004). ‘Ready Steady Cook’ another cookery respondents, 198 were males and 233 were females which
programme hosted by Ainsley Harriot, devises cooking with £5 works out 45.9% and 54.1% with it skewed towards females as
worth of grocery in 20 minutes. most of the guests who came in to dine, the females prefer to do
the survey rather than the males. This was the case in couples
The power of personality in the identification of the celebrity and those came in with families as well.
chefs can change and be influential in shaping the perception of
food preparation and the kind of food a consumer wants to eat More than half of the respondents at 50.3% were from the age
and what is acceptable. The lack of education is partly blamed group below the age of 30. These groups of respondents are
in following recipes, but this tends to be overcome by watching active males and females compared to less active respondents
somebody doing it and remember. Television has been a crowd above the age of 46. 19.7% respondents fall into the category
pleaser and it convey as a method of increasing the size of the of above 46 which is quite small number.
audience it can reach (Solomon, Bamossy, Askegard & Hogg
2006). Fam and Walker (2006) argue that most adults prefer 26.9% of the respondents were high school leavers with 44.3%
visual imagery to the written word and television programmes are holding diploma and this is the largest group of
are a light entertainment and more appealing. People watch respondents. 28.8% of the respondents are university educated
them not only to gain access to entertainment but also for who are holding degree and master’s degree.
information and education (Young 2003). According to Dovey
(2010) watching television programme not only for There were 31.6% of the respondents were earning less than
entertainment, gain information and education, but watching RM 2999 and the highest category of the respondents fall into
them more making adults tend to be under exercised and work, the second category with 44.1%, whose household incomes are
thus making them burn less energy. between RM 3000 and RM 7999. 22% of the respondents’
households’ income was above RM 8000. Almost 60% of the
3. METHODOLOGY respondents were not married and this will be taken into the
consideration that either they eat out more or their meals
Data was gathered using a 28 questions pen and paper survey, selections were chosen someone in the household.
which was handed out to the guests who was here in Hard Rock
Cafe Melaka to have their meals. The sample was randomly
given out to 500 guests who were dining here. Since only
Malaysians were needed to do the survey, all other nationalities
were eliminated. Quantitative approach to research involves
statistical analysis. It relies on numerical evidences to draw
conclusions based on the number to be sure of the reliability of
the results and it is often necessary to study relatively large
number of people to get a relatively unbiased and reliable data.
Closed questions were adopted, as they are quicker to answer
and require very little writing. The result provided by this type
of questionnaire can also be easily tabulated and the results
analysed in SPSS.

4. PRESENTATION OF THE RESULTS

4.1 Presentation of results

Data was collected from all the 500 questionnaires handed over
to participants dining-in in Hard Rock Cafe Melaka. The final
number of respondents 431 consists of both males and females.
Practical application of a pen and paper survey administered on
the particular week in order to get a larger sampling of
respondents from all over Malaysia as the title recommends.
Melaka, a tourist destination with 15.8 million visitors last year
from all over the world and 70% of the tourists are local
Malaysians (Tourism Malaysia, 2016). Respondents were
asked to fill in the socio demographic characteristics and
followed up with addressing research questions as outlined in
the aims and objectives of this research.

Since the studies involving human participants, the
information’s was collected with number of people
(respondents) the number of percentages of males and females

173

On the previous page are the findings from the respondents on 1. Obesity linked to social position among Malaysians
their health check to find out in 5 years how many health checks 2. The perception of society on obese women and men
were taken. Only 8.8% of the respondents doing their health
check yearly with another did 4 times over 5 years. Since they as healthy and rich
are not aware of their BMI and the risks associated and not 3. Lower educated Malaysians tend to be obesity than
knowing if they are not well medically the respondents unable
to tell if they are unwell. university educated
4. Higher income society eating out more thus

contributing to obesity to them and their family
members
5. Lack of time to cook own food and eating out
contribute to obesity
6. The roles and influences of celebrity chefs in Malaysia
in obesity
7. Influences of advertising to the consumers
8. Western influenced eating habits and the affects to
Malaysians
9. Accessibility and the higher prices of fresh produce
compared to processed and cheaper food choices and
the links to obesity

It was translated that the respondents are aware that they are According to Daborn, Dibsal & Lambert (2004), when the
neutral with 43.9% think that they are neither extremely unwell education level increases among adults, the obesity will be
nor very good. Only 48 respondents or 11.1% thinks that they lower. The findings in this research show that the high school
are in good health and 12 respondents or 2.8% admitting that educated respondents are 11.6% versus the degree holders at
they are extremely unwell. 14.7% and master’s holders were the lowest at 7.4%. Whereas
32 of the respondents who are holding diploma counts for a
highest of 16.9% of those obese. The high school leavers should
count the most according to the earlier researches and in these
findings it shows that the diploma holders are the highest and
degree holders comes in second on the rank. There is some
relationship with the earlier researches that the masters holders
as they came in the last on the obese respondents.

Based on the above findings, 18.3% of the respondents were When the household income increases, it has a direct
suffering from high blood pressure and 23.3% of the relationship to quality of life thus makes the household to
respondents suffering from diabetes admitting that they are consume more and in a wider variety (Schroder & McEachern,
suffering the illnesses associated with obesity. 2005). The respondents in the current research found that those
earning between RM 3000 and less than RM 7999 was 54.13%
4.2 Analysis and comparison with the existing knowledge obese but those earning between RM13000 and above
combined are at 9.8%. Those on household income between
The study was guided by the following research questions and RM 8000 to RM 12999 are a close third position. These
contextualised by theoretical concepts and model. Information
received from respondents for this study has been tabulated to
find the similarities and contradiction from the early researches.

174

findings are contradicting with the earlier research conducted According to Rampal et. al., (2007), Households with dual
as there are no correlation between the household income and working spouses and urban dwellers tend to eat outside the most
BMI. and this does contribute to the obesity among those are having
a busy lifestyle. The second highest obese respondents are
working between 41 and 50 hours at 15.9% and the next is those
spend below hours of working in a week at 11%. Both the
earlier literature did not correlate with the current findings
which were conducted here in Melaka in that last week of
October.

Blades (2004), in his findings have concluded that high income Celebrity chefs are not a cook by the profession, but they have
society tends have abundant of food placed on tables during some kind of influence in peoples’ mind, that people watching
celebrations and all other occasions and the household tend to them cooking and endorsing a products trusted more than others
consume more food outside of their home. Rampal et.al (2007) (Gillespie, 1994). In the current findings, 23.1% those obese
also agreed with this statement as they found that households admitted that they have a very slight influence with the celebrity
with dual working spouses tend to eat more outside when their chefs and 9.7% of those obese indicated that they do not have
household income has a surplus. Those eating outside for more influence from the celebrity chefs. But Taylor (1999) indicated
than 4 times account for 19% of those respondents are obese, in his research that, people who watch celebrity chefs in
whereas those eating 3 times a day outside and 2 days outside television and other medium trust more on what they see and
come close at 15.4% and 14.3% respectively. But those done rather than reading from the labels and recipes.15.8% of
consume their food outside for more than 5 days account only the respondents indicated that they are very highly influenced
for 12.1% and the lowest on the findings was those eat 1 day a by the celebrity chefs and 11.1% agreed that they are highly
week outside. influenced by the celebrity chef. The findings from the research
conducted here have indicated that there is no correlation
There is no relationship on the above findings as only those 2, between obesity and celebrity chef influence.
3 and 4 days are considered obese and as not the earlier research
have conducted which mentions that the surplus of income or
the dual working spouses eat more often outside and they have
higher BMI. According to Noor (2002), the global eating habits
which made possible through food imports as well as the
surplus from the household income making it vulnerable for
Malaysians to eat outside and these does put additional pounds
on the people but the findings in this research did not correlate
between the incomes to the obese respondents the highest at
RM 20000 and above have indicated that on 10% from those
responded are obese.

Divine (2005) have argued in his research that lack of time is Household with dual working parents tend to eat away from
the main reason people does not cook at home and eating home on most working days as well as do take aways for the
outside more often. This argument has been agreed by Spurlock reason of convenience and time saving and this does put on
(2005) that more and more people eating outside as the time additional weight on the people as the foods consumed outside
constrain that they are facing if they cook at home thus putting are high on sugar and salt (Rampal et. al., 2007). Western eating
on more weight. In the current research, those working between habits where more meals are consumed outside of home and
51 hours to 60 hours a week account for the largest of the less cooking at home also contributes to the obesity among
respondents are obese at 20.8%. Those working more than 60 Malaysians argued Noor (2002) in his research. The current
hours a week only 8.3% are obese. findings from this research those cook 5 days at home are 14%
obese compared to those cooking 3 days a week found to be the
most obese at 20.3%. The current finding does not agree with
the earlier research.

According to Jones et. al., (2006) the accessibility to shops that
sells good quality foods, consumers do not bother to shop for
their groceries and tend to eat outside before coming back home.

175

There are fewer super markets in low-income urban 5. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
neighbourhood that makes the purchases difficult, so the
consumers prefer to take their meal more often outside argues 5.1 Results
Daborn et. al. (2005). They have also indicated that costs down
some grocery shops sell unhealthy food which are altered, Out of the 431 respondents who filled up the questionnaires,
perceived less nutritious for consumption, which are the only 45.9% were males and 54.1% were females. The previous
food items available to the consumers, which the consumers studies have generally have not performed sex and age-specific
perceived not suitable for their consumption. analysis for such a narrow age groups as in the present study.
When analysed by the respondents’ health conditions, 2.8%
Western eating habits where more meats are consumed were extremely unwell, and 16.9% indicated that they are not
compared to fresh produce and vegetables (Noor, 2002) has a well. Those suffering from high blood pressure were 18.3%, but
significant in the obesity among Malaysians as they are the ones who suffering from diabetes is higher at 22.3%. This
following suit of their counterpart in West by eating more meat had indicated that there are more respondents who were not
and this does increase the waistlines of Malaysians. But the well but reluctant to disclose their health conditions for
findings above indicate that those eat 3 days a week are highest whatever reason that could be. A staggering percentage of
on obesity at 19.5% but those who eat everyday only at 12.2%. 60.8% of the respondents does not do more than 10 hours of
Those who do not consume red meat at all are obese 8.1%. The housework. Another 50.3% does not do any regular exercise,
findings from the earlier literatures does not agrees with the but sadly 57.7% watch more than 15 hours of television in a
current findings in the research. week. These raises the question to their current weights as there
are more respondents are overweight.
Malaysian are consuming less vegetables and fruit and that is
one of the reason for those obese in Malaysia increasing over Based on the questionnaires received from the respondents, the
the year argues Noor (2002), but the finding in the current researcher investigated the association of the obesity separately
research shows that those eats fruits and vegetables daily are with education level, household income in a month, the number
obese at 15.5% compared to those who does not consume of days that meals are consumed outside of home, hours of work
vegetables at all in a week at 15.4%. Those consume one a week in a week, the influence of celebrity chefs in food diet, how
at 15.2% and those 5 days a week at 15.1%. many days in a week food cooked at home, how often the
Daborn et. al., (2005) have argued that to seek down the costs respondents eat red meat at home and how often they eat fruits
some grocery shops sells unhealthy food which are altered, and vegetables at home. To find out the relationships between
perceived less nutritious for consumption, which are the only the obesity and its links social positions among Malaysians a
food items available to the consumers, which enable the cross sectional investigations was carried out to find the validity
consumers to choose a better food choice as the likes of fresh between education and household income. Level of education
fruits and vegetables are rather expensive to purchase. But in over the years have improved and Malaysians are better
this study, it was not the case as the respondents do eat educated (Malaysia Statistics, 2015). According to Daborn,
vegetables and fruits daily and they are obese the most. Dibsal & Lambert (2004), when the level of education increases
According to Jones et. al., (2006) the accessibility to shops that among the adults, the obesity decreases. In the finding, there are
sells good quality foods, consumers does not have a chance to no significant findings between the education and the obesity in
buy and consume them. There are fewer super markets in low- Malaysians.
income urban neighbourhood, which makes the purchases
difficult. This was found contradicting in the current research lades (2004), in his findings have concluded there are abundant
as well. of food placed on tables during celebrations especially when the
high income society has a surplus of income to do so. Rampal
et.al (2007) also agreed with this statement as they found that
households with dual working spouses tend to eat more outside
when their household income have more to spend to their basic
needs. Higher income society eating out more thus contributing
to obesity to them and their family members were tested in the
questionnaires. According to the responses collected and
tabulated in the previous chapter, it is concluding that there no
significant relationship between the high income and higher
BMI. Global eating habits which made possible through food
imports, made more and more Malaysians eat outside and these
does put additional pounds on the people (Noor, 2002). On the
finding from the respondents above it has indicated that 1.4%
of those underweight eats 5 times a week outside as same as the
ones who eats once a week with the same percentage. 14.4%
of those obese do eat outside 5 days a week as well as once a
week. The researcher is unable to find the correlation between
the incomes to the obese respondents in this hypothesis as both
underweight and obese eat outside the same number of times.

176

Divine (2005) have argued in his research that lack of time is coupled with some capture respondents, the study were not able
the main reason people does not cook at home and eating to give a wider samples and clear answer for the research.
outside more often and that does contribute to obesity. This Additional research could be obtained from all over the nation
argument has been agreed by Spurlock (2005) that more and to have a better sampling and results. Despite that, this study
more people eating outside as the time constrain that they are extends the perspective of research on the environmental
facing if they cook at home thus putting on more weight. This factors associated with obesity among Malaysians. All data
has been found has a significance in the research that the more used in the present study were self-reported by the respondents.
that they work long hours, they gain more weight. According to In the hot climate countries like Malaysia, socio-economic
Rampal et. al., (2007), Households with dual working spouses status does exist and the respondents who filled up the
and urban dwellers tend to eat outside the most and this does questionnaires are all from the captured audiences. If the
contribute to the obesity among those are having a busy lifestyle. questionnaires handed out in the different location or areas,
This study did not find any relationship to lack of time and where the mixes of the respondents are largely in all sections of
eating out often will increase the BMI. The roles and influences life, the data would have been different too. The future research
of celebrity chefs in Malaysia was proven valid as obesity is must continue to explore find out the relationships between the
clearly has a significant from the findings. Gillespie, (1994) increasing obesity among Malaysians and the associations
have argued the same as celebrity chefs are just not a cook, but related to it. There were too little information and papers
according to him, they have some kind of influence in peoples’ published in the last decade on the increasing of obesity,
mind, that they do trust these celebrity chefs. Taylor (1999) especially in this part of the world.
indicated in his research that, people who watch celebrity chefs
in television trust more on what they see done rather than 6. CONCLUSIONS
reading them which is has significant from the findings from
this research. Schroder et. al., (2005), Spurlock, (2005), and The present study on the increasing obesity among Malaysians
Jones et. al., (2006) found in their research that there are very has shed some lights. Obesity has not only taken the developed
little promotion and advertisement on healthy options countries by surprise but also developing and third world
compared to fast foods like McDonalds, KFC, Pizza Huts and countries. What was is traditionally a man wanted to be gain
Dominos. There is no significance on the findings above on the weight as a sign of good health and prosperity. It has become
influences of advertising and cooking at home. The consumers the global scale disease and every government was to put a full
tend to eat lesser fresh produce argued Wood (1994) and Stead stop on it. There are many measures undertaken by the
et. al., (2004). The researcher did not find any significant in respective governments and NGOs, but all this goes to waste of
people watching television and advertising shown in the the residents themselves does not cooperate. The rapidly
television with cooking at home. changing world have given us abundance of food, year around
harvest, great transportation and food chain but men needs to
Western eating habits where more meats are consumed make decisions whether the food he wants to consume is what
compared to fresh produce and vegetables (Noor, 2002) has a he wants as the expenditure of the energy has to be balanced.
significant in the obesity among Malaysians as they are The overabundances of food and very little human energy
following suit of their counterpart in West by eating more meat expenditure, in school, work and in play have created a new
and this does increase the waistlines of Malaysians. Daborn et. strain of disease, obesity! Malaysia was a third world country
al., (2005) have argued that to seek down the costs some until 1980s (Malaysia Statistics, 2015), the rapid development
grocery hops sells unhealthy food, value added and less has changed the way people work, eat and live Levels of income
nutritious food items, which are the only food items available increases, the purchasing power are greater. Obesity has
to the consumers, which enable the consumers to choose a emerged as a world-wide phenomenon and it is slowly coming
better food choice as the likes of fresh fruits and vegetables. into our shores. There should be more research to be conducted
According to Jones et. al., (2006) the accessibility to shops that and find out the associations and the relations between the
sells good quality foods, consumers does not have a chance to obesity among Malaysians and tackle the issues from now
buy and consume them. There are fewer super markets in low- onwards. As per the National Health and Morbidity Survey
income urban neighbourhood, which makes the purchases (NHMS) (2014) the rates of obese Malaysian increasing vary
difficult. There are significant on the findings as there are less rapidly. Men and women are facing an increased risk of
people are eating fresh foods and vegetables. compromised physical and mental well-being.

5.2 Recommendations and Justifications

Research on the prevalence of obesity among the Malaysians
hope to provide the insight of the social and economic issues
and the communities which they live in. It is also to identify the
characteristics of this obesity and to identify the contributing
factors. By understanding of the current issues involved in the
obesity, there will be a better understanding on how to eliminate
the problem surrounding us. Healthy population results in a
community and a healthy nation. The limited time and money,

177

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Program Explorasi Warisan Keropok Lekor: Satu Kajian
Kes

Nor Azarina binti Nordin Fatihah Asmida Binti Yaakub Nik Suliati Binti Nik Awang

Unit Teknologi Elektrik Unit Pengurusan Unit Pengurusan
Kolej Komuniti Kuala Terengganu Kolej Komuniti Kuala Terengganu Kolej Komuniti Kuala Terengganu

Kuala Terengganu Kuala Terengganu Kuala Terengganu
Terengganu, Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstrak - Keropok lekor merupakan salah satu makanan kelengkapan dan pelbagai keistimewaan kepada pengusaha
tradisional di pantai timur Semenanjung Malaysia yang terkenal keropok lekor ini, namun generasi baru tidak berminat
terutama di negeri Terengganu. Tujuan kajian ini dilaksanakan meneruskan perusahaan membuat keropok lekor ini. Andaian
untuk mendapatkan maklumbalas responden yang menyertai ini dibuat hasil tinjauan yang dilaksanakan pada pengusaha
Program Explorasi Warisan Keropok Lekor anjuran Unit Hal keropok lekor ini. Namun, setelah pelbagai pihak membuat
Ehwal Pelajar (HEP) khususnya Kelab Alam Sekitar Kolej promosi, keropok lekor sudah ada generasi baru yang berminat
Komuniti Kuala Terengganu (KKKT). Kajian ini menilai tahap mengusahakan perniagaan berasaskan keropok lekor ini.
pengurusan program yang berlangsung di Kampung Mangkok, Sehubungan itu, masyarakat perlu terus menyokong industri
Setiu, Terengganu. Dari sumber Wikipedia, perkataan "Lekor" perusahaan keropok lekor ini dengan terus sentiasa membeli
bermaksud "Lingkar" dalam bahasa Melayu Terengganu yang keropok lekor. Keropok lekor merupakan salah satu makanan
menggantikan ejaan "ar" kepada "or" di akhir suku kata. Oleh tradisi orang melayu terus digemari oleh masyarakat malahan
itu maksud Keropok Lekor ialah keropok yang berlingkar. Dalam semakin berkembang. Namun usaha pemuliharaan makanan
melaksanakan kajian ini, penggunaan instrumen soal selidik telah tradisi terus diperluaskan lagi dan dipergiatkan lagi dari masa
diedarkan kepada peserta program. Dalam soal selidik ini, ke semasa. Ini bertujuan untuk memastikan keropok lekor tidak
terdapat dua bahagian iaitu Maklumat Peserta dan Pengurusan lapuk ditelan zaman. Justeru itu, Program Explorasi Warisan
Program. Maklumat peserta yang dinilai ialah demografi peserta. Keropok Lekor berlangsung di Kampung Mangkok, Setiu,
Manakala dalam Pengurusan Program mengandungi soal selidik Terengganu. Kampung ini masih kaya dengan keindahan alam
iaitu peranan jawatankuasa program, kesesuaian tempat semulajadi. Kedudukannya yang straegik antara laguna dan
program, pengisian proram, keberkesanan program, kelancaran Laut Cina Selatan membuatkan kampung ini mudah
program, pencapaian objektif program dan maklum balas memperolehi ikan segar.
program. Hasil data kajian diperolehi daripada 50 responden.
Dapatan kajian menunjukkan 78% responden memilih Sangat Kelab Alam Sekitar KKKT telah lama bekerjasama dengan
Bersetuju bahawa kelancaran program berjalan lancar. Kajian Usahawan-Usahawan Wanita Setiu, atau lebih dikenali sebagai
yang dihasilkan ini akan menjadi sumber rujukan KKKT secara PEWANIS dalam membuat pelbagai program. Tujuan
amnya dan Unit HEP secara khasnya. Dalam kajian ini terdapaat PEWANIS ditubuhkan untuk meningkatkan aktiviti kesedaran
cadangan sebagai penambahbaikan dalam merangka dan dan pemuliharaan alam sekitar seperti penanaman semula
menganjurkan program seumpama ini pada masa hadapan. pokok bakau, membuat makanan tradisi seperti keropok lekor
dan membuat budu. Jalinan kaloborasi antara pihak KKKT dan
Kata kunci - pengurusan program, keropok lekor PEWANIS telah dimenterai rentetan dari pelbagai program
yang dijalankan antara Kelab Alam Sekitar. Dalam program ini,
1.0 PENGENALAN peserta akan membuat keropok lekor dari proses awal hinggalah
siap menggoreng atau merebus keropok lekor tersebut. Susulan
Keropok lekor adalah salah satu makanan yang terkenal di daripada penganjuran program ini, jawatankuasa pelaksana
Terengganu. Hampir setiap daerah negeri ini ada menjual telah menjalankan kajian bertajuk Program Explorasi Warisan
keropok lekor. Pelbagai resepi keropok lekor boleh didapati . Keropok Lekor : Satu Kajian Kes. Penghasilan pelaporan
Namun dalam setiap resepi terdapat kesamaan iaitu adalah untuk rujukan dan penambahbaikan bagi melaksanakan
menggunakan isi ikan yang segar. Isi ikan tersebut dicampur kesinambungan program ini pada masa hadapan di Kolej
dengan tepung sagu. Setelah kedua bahan ini siap digaul, bahan Komuniti Kuala Terengganu.
tersebut diuli. Setelah siap diuli, aduanan akan dibentuk
menjadi panjang. Keropok lekor ini boleh direbus atau
digoreng. Kebiasaanya keropok lekor dimakan bersama sos
pencicah. Pelancong yang berkunjung ke Terengganu pasti
tidak akan melepaskan peluang untuk merasainya seterusnya
membeli keropok lekor sebagai buah tangan dari Terengganu.

Ungkapan bahawa tiada yang lama, maka tiadalah yang baru.
Walaupun pelbagai pihak menyediakan kemudahan,

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2.0 Penyataan Masalah menerangkan tentang agamanya, kewarganegaraan dan identiti.
Keropok ekor merupakan identiti makanan tradisi orang melayu
1. Mengenalpasti ciri-ciri demografi peserta program secara amnya dan Terengganu secara khususnya.
2. Mengenalpasti penilaian pengurusan program secara
Manakala menurut Nor Azita Che Din (2010), dalam bidang
keseluruhan budaya sesuatu penulisan ilmiah, penyelidik memerlukan
3. Mengenalpasti cadangan dan cara-cara memperbaiki membuat penyelidikan melalui kajian lapangan1 (fieldwork).
Beliau menyatakan bahawa pengkaji perlu tinggal atau
pengurusan program. menghabiskan masa bersama-sama dengan kelompok
masyarakat yang akan dikaji dalam mengumpul data atau
Maka, kajian kes pelaksanaan program Explorasi Warisan maklumat yang diperlukan. Oleh sebab itu, dapa kajian yang
Keropok Lekor dapat meninjau samada keberkesanan program didapati adalah tulen dan boleh dipercayai. Melalui
ini menarik minat para peserta membuat keropok lekor sendiri. perlaksanaan program yang teratur dan betul adalah salah satu
aspek penting yang dapat menentukan tahap kualiti pengurusan
3.0 OBJEKTIF program. Sehubungan itu, perancangan dengan teliti seperti
mengadakan mesyuarat untuk mendapatkan idea, merancang
Terdapat tiga objektif kajian ini diadakan rentetan penyata dan mengenal pasti masalah sebelum program dijalankan.
masalah yang didapati iaitu:
6.0 Metadologi
a) Menggambarkan ciri-ciri demografi responden
program 6.1 Rekabentuk kajian

b) Menilai pengurusan program Kaedah soal selidik digunakan sebagai instrumen untuk
c) Mendapatkan maklum balas dari responden untuk mendapatkan data. Data kajian juga didapati melalui temu bual.
Temu bual ini dilaksanakan untuk mengutip data yang tidak
penambahbaikan program dapat diperoleh melalui borang soal selidik iaitu cadangan atau
penambahbaikan. Dalam kertas soal selidik mengandungi set
4.0 KEPENTINGAN KAJIAN soalan bercetak. Ianya digunakan dalam memperoleh data
kajian secara laporan kendiri daripada responden kajian (David
Kajian kes ini tidaklah melihat kelemahan atau kekuatan et al., 2010). Dalam borang soal selidik yang diedarkan
program tersebut tetapi diharap dapat digunakan oleh organisasi terkandung enam item pernyataan yang berkaitan dengan
terutama di Unit Pembangunan Pelajar KKKT sebagai langkah perpenilaian program. Kertas soal selidik ini diedarkan kepada
panduan merancang program seterusnya. Kajian kes ini 50 responden yang merupakan peserta program Explorasi
dijalankan untuk menilai keberkesanan pelaksanaan program Warisan Keropok Lekor. Dalam soal selidik itu secara jelas
Explorasi Warisan Keropok Lekor. Ini bertujuan membantu menyatakan pihak responden perlu mengisi penilaian program
dalam menyediakan jawatankuasa program yang mempunyai terhadap 6 item penyataan. Responden diberi pilihan untuk
ilmu dalam perlaksanaan program ini di masa hadapan. memilih hanya satu sahaja penilaian atau respon. Penilaian
Kepentingan kajian kes ini adalah seperti berikut; dibuat berdasarkan lima Skala Likert iaitu untuk, 5 Sangat
a) Mengumpul dan membuat dokumentasi dalam proses Setuju, untuk 4 Setuju, untuk3 Tidak Pasti, untuk 2 Tidak Setuju
dan untuk 1 Sangat Tidak Setuju. Setelah responden menilai,
perancangan program kertas soal selidik dikutip semula dan dianalisis untuk
b) Mengumpul dan membuat dokumentasi dalam proses mendapatkan nilai purata setiap item penyataan. Data kajian
diinterpretasi dalam bentuk carta pa. Setiap carta pai ini dpat
perlaksanaan program dihuraikan secara deskriptif statistik iaitu dalam bentuk
peratusan (%).
5.0 SKOP KAJIAN
Jadual 1. Interpretasi Skala.
Skop kajian dalam kajian kes ini melibatkan responden yang
terlibat sebagai peserta program Explorasi Warisan Keropok
Lekor. Kertas soal selidik ini diedarkan dan dikumpul semula
ke atas 50 orang peserta yang telah mengikuti program ini.

5.1 Kajian Literatur

Program ini memberi peluang responden untuk membuat
keropok lekor sendiri yang merupakan pengalaman yang amat
berharga. Responden dapat merasai bagaimana proses membuat
keropok lekor dari awal hingga akhir. Petikan dari Rasional
Ruhaizan Sulaiman & Ilham M.Salleh, 2010 menyatakan
bahawa daripada hasil tindakan ini, generasi akan datang
secara umumnya berhak untuk menikmati tradisi budaya.
Maka, responden merasai dan mengetahui cara membuat
makanan tradisi ini. Ungkapan bahawa makanan menjadi
lambang identiti kepada seseorang individu adalah tepat. Ahli
gastronome terkenal, Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1848)
“tell me what kind of food you eat, and I will tell you what kind
of man you are” dalam bukunya The Physiology of Taste.
Beliau dengan tegas menyatakan bahawa setiap makanan dapat
menerangkan identiti individu tersebut yang secara langsung

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Jadual 2. Interpretasi Purata Keseluruhan. Jadual 5. Hasil Dapatan Kaji selidik Bahagian A.

Responden Jantina Jumlah
Lelaki Perempuan
Pelajar 35
Pensyarah 35 0 9
PEWANIS 18 6
06 50
Jumlah 36 14

Sumber : Pembinaan Instrumen : Ceramah Kursus Penyelidikan Pendidikan Jadual 6. Dapatan Kajiselidik Bahagian B.
Anjuran Bahagian Pendidikan Guru, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia yang
berlangsung pada 12 – 17 Ogos 1996 di Hotel Novotel, Pulau Pinang, Ghani Setiap item penyataaan dalam bahian B juga telah terdapat
dalam carta pai. Dapati kajian ini dibuat dalam nilai peratusan.
Hj Taib (1996).
Carta Pai 1. Pecahan Peratus Peranan Urusetia /AJK.
6.2 Populasi dan Sampel

Sampel kajian telah ditetapkan oleh penyelidik iaitu seramai
50 orang iaitu peserta program. Manakala bilangan populasi
dan sampel kajian juga berjumlah 50 orang. Menurut
Sekaran (1992), lebih banyak sampel, lebih efisyen untuk
membuat kajian. Maka, bilangan polulasi adalah sama
dengan bilangan sampel untuk kajian ini.

6.3 Instrumen Kajian

Alat untuk mengutip data dipanggil instrumen. Dalam
perlaksanaan kajian ini. yang soal selidik digunakan untuk
mendapatkan data dari responden. penggunaan soal selidik
membolehkan pengkaji mendapat jawapan responden bertulis.
Penggunaaan kertas sebagai soal selidik adalah salah satu
instrument yang membolehkan penyelidik perolehi maklumat
dengan perbelanjaan sedikit (Abd. Majid, 2000).

Kandungaan dalam soal selidik ini terbahagi kepada dua
bahagian iaitu Bahagian A dan bahagian B. Bahagian A
mengandungi soalan berkaitan demografi responden latar
belakang responden. Manakala dalam Bahagian B
mengandungi Skala Penilaian Penilaian Prestasi Pengurusan
Program yang memerlukan responden menandai item
penyataan berdasarkan kaedah skala Likert Lima Mata. Item-
item kajian ini boleh diringkaskan seperti di Jadual 3.

Bahagian Jadual 3. Item kajian. Carta Pai 1 menunjukkan bahawa 84% responden memilih
A Sangat Setuju untuk peranan Urusetia atau AJK sepanjang
Aspek Kajian Program Explorasi Warisan Keropok Lekor. Hanya 2%
B Maklumat Latar Belakang Responden responden memilih Tidak Pasti dalam peranan Urusetia /AJK.
Manakala tiada responden yang memilih Tidak Setuju dan
1) Umur Responden Sangat Tidak Setuju.
2) Jantina Responden
Peranan Urusetia atau Ahli Jawatankuasa
Program
Kesesuaian Tempat Semasa Program
Pengisian Semasa Program
Keberkesanan Program Kepada Peserta
Kelancaran Perjalanan Program
Pencapaian Objektif Program

7.0 KEPUTUSAN

Setelah kertas soal selidik diperolehi, penyelidik mendapat data
untu bahagian A seperti di Jadual 5. Manakala Jadual 6
menunjukkan dapat hasil kajian untuk Bahagian B.

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Carta Pai 2. Pecahan Analisa Kesesuaian Tempat Program. Dapatan dari Carta Pai 4, peratusan menunjukkan bahawa 84%
responden memilih Sangat Bersetuju dalam Keberkesanan
Program Kepada responden. 14% memilih Setuju dan 2%
memilih Tidak Pasti.

Carta Pai 5. Pecahan Kelancaran Perjalanan Program.

Carta pai 2 jelas menunjukkan bahawa hanya 4% responden Hanya 78% responden memilih skor Sangat Setuju dalam
memilih Tidak Pasti dalam peranan Urussetia /AJK. Tiada peranan Kelancaran Perjalanan Program di carta pai 5. Tiada
responden yang memilih Tidak Setuju dan Sangat Tidak Setuju. responden yang memilih skor Tidak Setuju dan skor Sangat
Manakala 80% responden telaah memilih skor Sangat Setuju Tidak Setuju. Sebanyak 6% responden telah memilih skor
untuk Kesesuaian Tempat Program sepanjang Program Tidak Pasti sepanjang Pengurusan Program Explorasi Warisan
Explorasi Warisan Keropok Lekor. Hanya 16% responden Keropok Lekor. Hanya 16% responden memilih Setuju dalam
memilih Setuju dalam peranan Urusetia /AJK. Kelancaran Perjalanan Program.

Carta Pai 3. Pecahan Pengisian Program. Carta Pai 6. Pecahan Pencapaian Objektif Program.

Dalam pecahan peratusan Pengisian Program, sebanyak 78% Dapatan kaji selidik dari Carta Pai 6, menunjukkan 84%
responden memilih skor Sangat Setuju. Keputusan soal selidik responden memilih Sangat Setuju dalam Pencapaian Objektif
ini juga menunjukkan yang responden program ini Sangat Program. 12% memilih Setuju dan 4% memilih Tidak Pasti.
Bersetuju dengan pengisian program ini. Dapatan kajian soal
selidik menunjukkan tiada responden yang memilih skor Tidak Dari temu bual, didapati, responden telah memberi pelbagai
Setuju dan skor Sangat Tidak Setuju. Dari keseluruhan carta pai pendapat dan cadangan untuk program ini jika dilaksanakan
3, 4% responden memilih skor Tidak Pasti dalam pengisian akan datang. Cadangan pertama ialah membuat aktiviti lain
program dan selebihnya 18% responden memilih Setuju. selain membuat keropok. Cadangan kedua ialah peserta
bermalam di kampung untuk merasai suasana kampung
Carta Pai 4. Pecahan Keberkesanan Program Kepada Peserta. diwaktu malam.

7.0 PERBINCANGAN DAN CADANGAN

Setelah hasil dapatan soal selidik diterima dan dianalisis, dapat
dihuraikan seperti berikut. Kajian jelas menunjukkan bahawa
untuk dapatan demografi responden yang mewakili Bahagian A
di soal selidik, terdapat ketidakseimbangan jantina yang telah

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menyertai program Explorasi Warisan Keropok Lekor iaitu RUJUKAN
72% peserta adalah lelaki dan selebihnya iaitu 28% peserta
perempuan. Ini disebabkan ahli Kelab Alam Sekitar KKKT Ruhaizan Bt Sulaiman @ Abd Rahim dan Ilham Nazahiah Bt M.Salleh (2010).
terdiri lebih ramai pelajar lelaki berbanding perempuan. Pemuliharaan Makanan Tradisional Masyarakat Bugis di kalangan generasi
Manakala hasil analisis data untuk Bahagian B iaitu Prestasi Muda di Daerah Pontian, Johor.
pengurusan program secara keseluruhan telah dinilaikan
cemerlang oleh responden. Ini berikutan data yaang diperolehi David C.L. Lim, Nor Azizah Salleh, Saat Md. Yassin, Mohd Kidin Shahran,
menunjukkan bahawa purata peratusan responden yang Alias Mohd Yatim & Abdul Razak Habib. 2011. Kaedah Penyelidikan dalam
memilih skor Memuaskan adalah sebanyak 96%. Analisa juga Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Open University Malaysia.
menunjukkan minimun purata peratusan 78% memilih skor
sangat bersetuju untuk semua item kaji selidik. Namum hasil Kartini Abd Wahab (2016), Kebitaraan Program Pengajian Bahasa Melayu:
dari temubual bersama responden, program ini perlu dibuat Persepsi Dan Harapan Mahasiswa (176-195), Jurnal Melayu Bil. 15 2016
secara berterusan. Dapatan data yang dianalisa ini telah
menjawab objektif kajian nombor dua iaitu menilai pengurusan https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keropok_lekor
program secara keseluruhan.

Responden juga telah memberi maklum balas berkaitan idea
yang boleh dilaksanakan di masa akan datang untuk
pelaksanaan program seperti ini. Idea ini diperolehi dari data
temubual bersama responden. Responden menyatakan bahawa
perlu ada aktiviti tambahan lain selain sedia ada iaitu seperti
meninjau hidupan liar yang semakin pupus namun boleh
menarik minat pelancong iaitu meninjau hidupan kelip-kelip
yang ada di Kampung Mangkok. Program lain yang boleh
dilaksankan juga ialah seperti menangkap ketam dan program
membuat makanan tradisi lain seperti budu.

8.0 KESIMPULAN

Kesimpulan dari program ini, terdapat jalinan kerjasama yang
erat dan usaha dari pelbagai pihak dalam menjayakan kajian ini.
Kajian ini telah berjaya menghasilkan satu pelaporan yang
lengkap dan sebagai salah satu rujukan unit HEP KKKT dalam
mengendalikan Program Explorasi Warisan Keropok Lekor
dimasa hadapan. Dapatan kajian yang diperolehi juga boleh
digunapakai sebagai penambahbaikan dan cadangan dalam
pelaksanaan program sahsiah pelajar. Program berkaitan
sahsiah pelajar adalah untuk membentuk jati diri pelajar yang
berguna kepada diri sendiri, keluarga dan masyarakat
seterusnya membentuk identiti untuk bangsa dan negara.
Program seumpama ini diharapkan dapat membantu pelajar
dalam menanamkan sikap mempertahankan tradisi masyarakat
kita seperti keropok lekor.

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Merekabentuk Alat Bantu Mengira Benih Ikan

Irwandih bin Mat Jaili Azhar bin Ambo

Jabatan Hal Ehwal Pelajar Jabatan Agroteknologi & Bio-Industri
Politeknik Sandakan Politeknik Sandakan
Sabah, Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstrak - Industri penternakan ikan di Malaysia semakin memastikan kualiti serta kuantiti benih sentiasa mencukupi.
berkembang pesat hasil daripada pelbagai inisiatif yang Pergerakan dan saiz yang kecil menyukarkan para pekerja
ditawarkan oleh kerajaan. Teknik pemeliharaan yang semakin untuk mendapatkan kuantiti benih dengan tepat. Benih-benih
baik hasil tunjuk ajar daripada agensi-agensi kerajaan berkaitan ikan ini juga perlu dikendalikan oleh pekerja berpengalaman
membantu penternak meningkatkan hasil pengeluaran mereka. serta mahir bagi mengelakkan daripada risiko tekanan dan
Tekanan dan kematian benih ikan antara masalah yang dihadapi kematian.
oleh pengusaha penternakan ikan. Kajian ini akan memfokuskan
kepada DUA (2) objektif iaitu merekabentuk prototaip alat bantu III. OBJEKTIF KAJIAN
mengira benih ikan dan menguji keberkesanan prototaip yang
dibangunkan. Prototaip yang dibangunkan difokuskan untuk Kajian ini mempunyai DUA objektif iaitu:
kegunaan perusahaan kecil dan sederhana (PKS) dalam sektor
akuakultur. Prototaip ini telah diuji di Pusat Pembiakan Ikan i. Merekabentuk prototaip alat bantu mengira benih ikan.
Politeknik Sandakan Sabah. Kajian mendapati bahawa prototaip ii. Menguji keberkesanan prototaip yang dibangunkan.
ini mampu membuat kiraan dengan ketepatan 99%.
IV SKOP KAJIAN
Kata kunci - Arduino, mengira benih ikan, tekanan ikan, kematian
ikan i. Kajian ini dijalankan di Pusat Pembiakan Ikan Politeknik
Sandakan Sabah.
I. PENGENALAN
ii. Prototaip yang dibina untuk kegunaan perusahaan kecil dan
Pada masa kini, penggunaan teknologi moden dalam industri sederhana (PKS).
akuakultur memainkan peranan yang sangat penting dalam
kelangsungan syarikat. Syarikat-syarikat global sudah V. BATASAN KAJIAN
semestinya mempunyai akses yang lebih luas terhadap arus
perkembangan teknologi ini. Perusahaan Kecil dan Sederhana Batasan kajian ini ialah untuk membangunkan sebuah alat yang
(PKS) jika tidak dibantu dikhuatiri akan gulung tikar kerana efisien dengan kos yang minimum agar dapat digunakan oleh
tidak mampu bersaing. Senario ini sudah pastinya memberi golongan pengusaha kecil dan sederhana. Kajian keberkesanan
impak yang sangat besar terhadap Keluaran Dalam Negara prototaip ini dilakukan di Pusat Pembiakan Ikan Politeknik
Kasar (KDNK). Industri ini telah menggaji seramai 5.7 juta Sandakan Sabah dengan bekalan anak benih yang terhad.
pekerja dan telah menyumbang hampir 36.6 peratus kepada
KDNK Negara. Jumlah yang sangat besar ini mewakili lebih
daripada 90 peratus pertumbuhan perniagaan di Malaysia
(Nadia, 2017). Dalam industri penternakan ikan, pengendalian
anak benih merupakan suatu fasa yang sangat kritikal. Proses
ini jika tidak dikendalikan dengan betul akan mengundang
kepada tekanan seterusnya kematian. Bagi mengurangkan
risiko kematian, penggunaan teknologi merupakan suatu
alternatif yang terbaik.

II. PERNYATAAN MASALAH

Kesedaran penduduk Malaysia terhadap ikan sebagai sumber
protein yang selamat menyebabkan meningkatnya permintaan
terhadap bekalan ikan. Ini secara tidak langsung memberi
impak kepada bekalan benih ikan. Diunjurkan, menjelang
tahun 2020 peningkatan industri akuakultur adalah sekitar 41
peratus. (Dasar Agromakanan dan Industri Asas Tani, 2017).
Justeru pengeluaran benih ikan merupakan suatu industri
sokongan yang sangat penting dalam memenuhi keperluan ini.
Antara cabaran yang dihadapi oleh pengusaha ialah

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VI. METODOLOGI Pembangunan Perisian (Software)
Pembangunan keseluruhan sistem digambarkan dalam Rajah 1
di bawah: Pada fasa ini, penulis menggunakan Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) sebagai platform untuk menulis aturcara
Rajah 1. Cartalir Pembangunan Sistem sebelum diprogramkan ke dalam pengawal mikro yang terbina
dalam “Arduino Uno”. Aturcara program ini perlu ditulis bagi
Mula membolehkan peralatan berfungsi.

Lakaran Uji Lari Sistem
konsep
Setelah program berjaya dimuat naik, fasa terakhir ialah
Pembangunan membuat uji lari sistem. Proses ini dilakukan bagi
Prototaip menambahbaik sebarang ralat pada aturcara agar prototaip yang
dibangunkan mampu berfungsi dan melakukan operasi
Tida sepertimana yang dikehendaki.
k Sesuai?
Prototaip Pengira Benih Ikan

Alat ini berfungsi dengan mengesan sebelum menghitung
semua ikan yang bergerak masuk ke dalam laluan disediakan.
Hasil yang diperolehi ini akan dipaparkan pada sebuah skrin
yang disambung bersama.

Rajah 2. Laluan ikan dipasang dengan alat pengesan (Sensor).

Ya
Penulisan
Program

Pengujian &
Uji Lari

Tidak

Sesuai?

Ya Rajah 3. Paparan Jumlah Benih Yang Dikira.
Selesai

Pada umumnya, metodologi kajian ini terdiri daripada Tiga (3)
fasa utama iaitu:

i. Pembangunan Perkakasan (Hardware)
ii. Pembangunan Perisian (Software)
iii. Uji lari system

Pembangunan Perkakasan (Hardware)

Pembangunan perkakasan ialah suatu proses menyiapkan
bentuk fizikal sistem termasuk pendawaian. Proses yang
terlibat dalam fasa ini ialah:

i. Memahami konsep sistem.
ii. Lakaran konsep.
iii. Memindahkan lakaran kepada fizikal.
iv. Pembinaan prototaip

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Rajah 4. Pandangan Perspektif Sistem. Rajah 5 merupakan proses yang dilakukan bagi mendapatkan
data-data bacaan bagi setiap kumpulan benih. Data yang
diperolehi telah dimasukkan ke dalam Jadual 1.

JADUAL 1. Data Benih Ikan Yang Dikira.

VII. ANALISIS DAN PERBINCANGAN Kajian ke atas prototaip dengan ENAM (6) kumpulan anak
Untuk menguji keberkesanan alat ini, pengkaji telah benih ditunjukkan pada Jadual 1 diatas. Daripada data yang
menyediakan ENAM (6) kumpulan anak benih iaitu masing- diperolehi, menunjukkan bahawa ketepatan kiraan adalah
masing berjumlah 50 ekor, 100 ekor, 200 ekor, 300 ekor, 400 99.06% dengan ralat 0.94%. Bacaan yang mempunyai ralat
ekor dan 500 ekor. Benih-benih tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam agak besar ialah daripada kumpulan 500 anak benih sewaktu
prototaip mengikut kumpulan untuk diambil bacaan. Setiap kiraan kelima dilakukan. Nilai yang diperolehi oleh prototaip
kumpulan akan diambil sebanyak 5 kali bacaan. ialah 518 berbanding 500 ekor nilai sepatutnya. Untuk nilai
yang kecil, bacaan yang diperolehi adalah tepat. Antara faktor
Rajah 5. Proses Pengumpulan Data. ralat ini berlaku ialah berpunca daripada alat pengesan yang
digunakan kurang sensitif. Walaubagaimanapun, secara purata
Mula prototaip ini menunjukkan bacaan yang konsisten.

Masukkan benih ikan ikut VIII. KESIMPULAN DAN CADANGAN.
kumpulan
Melalui penggunaan alat yang dibangunkan ini, elemen
Tidak VIII. sentuhan terhadap benih ikan dapat diminimumkan. Proses
Kira sebanyak 5 pengiraan dilakukan sepenuhnya oleh mesin secara automatik.
Kaedah ini diharapkan dapat mengurangkan risiko tekanan
kali ataupun kematian terhadap anak benih. Pengkaji juga amat
berkeyakinan bahawa alat ini mampu menarik minat pengusaha
Ya akuakultur untuk mengaplikasi teknologi ini ke dalam
Rekodkan perusahaan mereka. Kos keseluruhan pembangunan prototaip
yang rendah menjadi satu kekuatan kepada alat ini untuk
Kira purata & dipasarkan dengan harga yang sangat kompetetif. Ini boleh
Peratus Ralat menggalakkan pengusaha untuk melabur seterusnya mampu
merapatkan jurang penggunaan teknologi di kalangan
Tamat pengusaha kecil dan sederhana.

Bagi menambahbaik fungsi serta keberkesanan prototaip ini,
beberapa kajian lanjut perlu dilakukan. Antara kajian yang
boleh dilaksanakan ialah:

i. Menggantikan alat pengesan dengan yang lebih
berkualiti bagi meningkatkan ketepatan bacaan.

ii. Menambah fungsi prototaip kepada mampu mengukur
saiz anak benih.

iii. Menguji keberkesanan prototaip di lapangan sebenar.

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RUJUKAN

[1] G.E. Tchimmoue1, J. Kamdem, M.E. Sone1, C.T. Tchapga1 (2016).

Development of a cost-effective ARDUINO based automatic BIRD-EGG

incubator. Retrieved from: http://www.iut-

douala.cm/sites/default/files/articles%20colloque/Tchimmoue%20et%20a

l.Full.STD2016.pdf

[2] Encinas, Ruiz, Cortez and Espinoza (2017). Design and Implementation
of a Distributed IOT System for the Monitoring Of Water Quality in
Aquaculture. DOI: 10.1109/WTS.2017.7943540

[3] Jeet Sanghavi, Alay Shah, Saurabh Rane, Naitik Shah, Siddharth Naya,
Poonam Kadam, Dwarkadas J. (2018). Agricultural Productivity
Enhancement System & Livestock Management using Internet of Things.
DOI: 10.1109/ICAECC.2018.8479463

[4] Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani (2011). Dasar Agromakanan

Negara 2011-2020 [Pdf file]. Putrajaya. Unit Penerbitan Wisma Tani.

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http://www.moa.gov.my/documents/20182/29029/Ringkasan+Eksekutif-

DAN-email.pdf/57f992fc-3e97-493b-a5b1-9b2cb0f87cc5.

[5] Laporan Ekonomi 2017/18 (2017) [Pdf File]. Putrajaya. Bahagian Fiskal
dan Ekonomi, Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. Retrieved from
http://www.parlimen.gov.my/ipms/eps/2017-10-27/CMD.26.2017%20-
%20LAPORAN%20EKONOMI%202017%202018.pdf

[6] Nadia Hamid (2017). Bajet 2018: PKS terus diperkukuh. Retrieved from
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2018-pks-terus-diperkukuh

[7] Norazida Ibrahim (n.d). Sumbangan Perusahaan Kecil dan Sederhana
(PKS) Masyarakat Melayu: Kajian Kes di Malaysia. Retrieved from
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_Sederhana_PKS_Masyarakat_Melayu_Kajian_Kes_di_Malaysia

[8] Zainal H. C. Soh, Mohd H. Ismail, Firzana H. Otthaman, Muhamad K.
Safie, Muhamad A. A. Zukri & Syahrul A. C. Abdullah (2017).
Development of automatic chicken feeder using Arduino Uno. DOI:
10.1109/ICEESE.2017.8298402.

187

Desktop Control 3D Application as Mild De-Stress
Mechanism

Marlina Bt Abdul Manaf Mohd Zahirudin B. Mohammed Na’aim

Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Politeknik Kuching Sarawak
Kuching, Sarawak
[email protected] Kuching, Sarawak
[email protected]

Abstract - Stress related disorders is increasing because of work stress and bring excitement during their leisure time. Stress
load, forces faced in teamwork, surroundings pressures and mobile games are categorize as gaming application. These
health related conditions. To avoid people living under heavy games applications are available in Google Playstore or Apple
stress and develop more severe stress-related disorders, different Apps Store[2]as freemium or with single purchase and
internet and applications of stress management interventions are upgrades. Digital solutions like mobile applications have
offered. Mobile apps with self-assessed health, burnout-scores discovered an opportunity to thrive in the currently
and well-being are commonly used as outcome measures. Few competitive market by seeking to provide exemplary solutions
studies have used sick-leave to compare effects of stress to people suffering from stress. At present, many stress
interventions. A new approach is to use nature and garden in a therapy games applications are introduced in the apps market
multimodal stress management context. This study aimed to as an alternative to help those depressed and stress users to get
explore the effects of desktop control as a 3D application to some relieve by initiating various kinds of feedback including
reduce stress amongst administrative staff in organisations. visual and auditory feedback to gain calmness [3].
Experiment were done for 2 consecutive weeks. Ten participants
were involved. This experiment tests whether a desktop control The mobile applications employed in this study help people
application would reduce stress level. Measurement taken were with stress that consequently encourage stress level reduction
the participants' Blood Volume Pulse and Heart Rate by using as well as bringing a state of calmness to a person. Many
Biograph Infiniti Biofeedback System. This experiment took the ready to download applications like Happier, The Mindfulness
participants to experience a nature theme 3D application. Result App, Calm, Mindbody and Happify provide guided meditation
showed that although a normal 3D desktop control was chosen as techniques need consistencies of effort to follow. Even
a mechanism, participant still obtain a reduction in stress level hospitals; recommend the use of digital applications to help
readings. What matters were the nature greenery design and combat stress. However, less are discussing on games apps
calmness engaged in the application. that are able to reduce stress level especially amongst students
and workers. According to Hempel [3], therapy is the first step
Keywords - Blood Volume Pulse, Heart Rate, Nature theme, 3D to dealing with stress and learning to embrace meditation. For
Application, Stress, Desktop control those with installed stress therapy games apps, they are
considered to choose for guided therapy alongside with
I. INTRODUCTION tutorials. To help explain the effectiveness of digital solutions
in reducing stress, study uses BioGraph Infiniti Biofeedback
Stress continues to be one of the challenging mechanisms of System as shown in Figure 1.
responding to situations. Many people find it difficult to
respond to stressful encounters. Commonly, stress is Figure 1. BioGraph Infniti Biofeedback Sensors and System Set.
associated to situations such as threat or demand, where one
has to apply the best kind of response to a particular situation This system is an ideal physiological monitoring and data
they are facing. Sometimes, under a bit of pressure which is acquisition for power users. It offers many channels and only
also called stress, people can perform at their best, motivate two channel assessments were used for this study. The
better and give extra strength. However, frequent and beyond channels used are Skin Conductance (SC) and Blood Volume
limit stress, it stops being helpful and starts causing major
damage to health, mood, productivity, relationships, and
quality of life which later causes depression, unhappiness,
anxiety, moodiness and anger[1]. Thus, instant solutions are
needed before having medical help from the doctors. Variety
of mobile applications were then introduced to simplify users
socializing activities and manage most of their data. This
include mobile applications which are believed to reduce

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