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rkdmu I G dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’I dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’I dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’I dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’Ijk’dkp,to5f k’dkp,to5f jk’dkp,to5f k’dkp,to5f ................. 1 [qfmu ! G dkog8u[.sp c]t dkox j Pocx’0v’I j k’dkpw;|5 j j,....................... 1 [qfmu @ G ]t[q[ln[rao................................................................................... 8 [qfmu # G dkogduf]6d c]t dko;k’czo7v[7q;......................................... 14 [qfmu $ G rtpkf8yf8+mk’grflerao Xr8r? ............................................... 21 [qfmu & G dkolq’glu,l50trk[ c]t madlt-u;yf j ........................................... 26 rkdmu IIG dkoxjPocx’mkf8 Pocx’mkf8 Pocx’mkf8 Pocx’mkf8jk’M .......................................................... 31 [qfmu * G xt8ydy]ypkg7,u ............................................................................. 31 [qfmu ( G l6fg7,u ........................................................................................ 41 [qfmu ) G lq,zqog7,u ................................................................................... 49 [qfmu _ G vqd-uc-o c]t vqd-yffk-q’.......................................................... 54 [qfmu !WG Iu3fic-o ................................................................................... 62 rkdmu IIIG dtclw22hkdq’ dtclw22hkdq’dtclw22hkdq’ .......................................................................... 67 [qfmu !! G dkorq;rao]ts;k’ dtclw22hkF zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk j c]t 7;k,8hkow22hk0v’lkpF dqfgdo3v, ................................ 67 [qfmu !@ G 8volkp8+]Podao c]t 8+0t|kodao ............................................ 71 [qfmu !# G 7;k,8hkow22hk0Boda[7;k,pk;F goNvmu|hk8af c]t mkfmu j gIaf j lkpo=kw22hk............................................................................... 77 [qfmu !$ G g7nv’8hkow22hkx j Po7 j k c]t g7n j v’8hkow22hk.og8adoyd j ................. 82 [qfmu !& G de]a’w22hkF rt]a’’kow22hk c]t cI’’kodtclw22hk .............. 87 [qfmu !* G dqfgdo16o{c]ol ......................................................................... 92 [qfmu !( G dko.-hw22hkmu4nd8hv’ j .................................................................. 96 rkdmu IVG oEF vk-yfF [kg-u c]t gdnv oEF vk-yfF [kg-u c]t gdnv................................................... 102 [qfmu !) G oE ............................................................................................ 102 [qfmu !_ G vk-yf........................................................................................ 109 [qfmu @W G [kg-u......................................................................................... 117 [qfmu @! G gdnv ........................................................................................... 125 lk]t[ko lk]t[ko |hk ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
rkdmu VG w22hkc,jgsa^dw22hkc, ........................................................................... 133 [qfmu @@ G mq’c, j gsa^d j ................................................................................. 133 [qfmu @# G mq’c, j gsa^d0v’dtclw22hk j ........................................................ 139 [qfmu @$ G dko8yfc,gsa^d c, j gs^adw22hk c]t 7;k,cI’c, j gs^ad j ................. 145 [qfmu @&G 3,g8uw22hkdtcldq’ ................................................................... 150 [qfmu @* G dkoltmhvoc,gs^adw22hk j ........................................................... 153 rkdmu VIG w22hkdtcllts^a[ w22hkdtcllts^a[................................................................... 157 [qfmu @( G dkodegouf c]t [qf[kf0v’w22hkdtcllts^a[ ....................... 157 [qfmu @) G 3,g8uw22hkdtcllts^a[ .............................................................. 161 [qfmu @_ G 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hklts^a[ ................... 164 [qfmu #WG \=hcx’w22hk c]t dkolq’w22hkwxwd j ......................................... 168 rkdmu VIIG g]o ......................................................................................... 173 [qfmu #! G g]oF g]ol;fF g]os^5[ ................................................................ 173 [qfmu #@ G vq’xtdv[mule7ao0v’g]o j ......................................................... 175 [qfmu ## G ]adltot0v’cl’zkog]o j ......................................................... 178 [qfmu #$ G I6[0v’;af45zkog]ol;f j ........................................................... 181 [qfmu #& G I6[0v’;af45zkog]os^5[ j ............................................................. 183 [qfmu #* G dkogdufI6[gmy’2u,.odhv’4kpI6[ j ............................................... 186 [qfmu #( G 8k c]t dkog[y’gsao j ................................................................ 188 [qfmu #) G cl’0k;F cl’lu c]t dkocpdcl’lu0k;................................. 193 [qfmu #_ G lu0v’;af45 ................................................................................. 196 [qfmu $WG xt3spf c]t zqoglp0v’cl’................................................... 201 rkdmu VIIIG mkfvq’7tmkf c]t mkfvtoq’7tmkf mkfvq’7tmkf c]t mkfvtoq’7tmkf ............................ 204 [qfmu $! G mkfvq’7tmkf ......................................................................... 204 [qfmu $@ G mkfvtoq’7tmkf...................................................................... 209 rkdmu IXG dko4jkpmvf]adltotmk’de,trao kpmvf]adltotmk’de,trao kpmvf]adltotmk’de,trao kpmvf]adltotmk’de,trao .................................... 213 [qfmu $# G 37i3,3-, ................................................................................ 213 [qfmu $$ G dkoc[’95]a’c[[Iadlk j ............................................................ 219 [qfmu $& G dkoc[’95]a’3fpmk’dq’ j ........................................................... 225 [qfmu $* G 7;k,zyfxqddt8y0v’37i3,3-,................................................. 233 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
[qfmu $( G dqfgdodkoln[g-Nv0v’mko,a’cf] j ............................................ 236 [qfmu $) G c-o c]t dko7;[75,dkoltcf’vvd0v’c-o........................ 242 rkdmu XG dkoxjPoI6[ c]t Iadlkrt]a’’ko PoI6[ c]t Iadlkrt]a’’ko jPoI6[ c]t Iadlkrt]a’’ko PoI6[ c]t Iadlkrt]a’’ko....................................... 247 [qfmu $_ G rt]a’’koI6[8k’M j ................................................................... 247 [qfmu &W G dkoxPoI6[rt]a’’ko j ............................................................... 256 [qfmu &! G dkozt]yfrt]a’’kow22hk......................................................... 260 [qfmu &@ G dkooe.-hrt]a’’ko .................................................................. 266 rkdmu XIG dkooe.-hmkfg7,u.odkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5f dkooe.-hmkfg7,u.odkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5f................... 269 [qfmu &# G 7;k,dhk;|hk c]t [qf[kf0v’mkfg7,u ................................... 269 [qfmu &$ G vao8t]kp0v’mkfg7,u.o-u;yfxt9e;ao...................................... 273 [qfmu && G dkooe.-hmkfg7,umu4nd8hv’ c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkly j ’c;f]hv, j ... 279 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
1 rkdmu I dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’I dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’I dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’I dkoln[rao c]t rafmtokdko0v’Ijk’dkp,to5f k’dkp,to5f jk’dkp,to5f k’dkp,to5f [qfmu ! [qfmu ! dkog8u[.sp dkog8u[.sp dkog8u[.sp dkog8u[.sp dkog8u[.spj c]t dkox c]t dkox c]t dkox c]t dkox c]t dkoxjPocx’0v’I Pocx’0v’I Pocx’0v’I Pocx’0v’I Pocx’0v’Ijk’dkpw;|5 k’dkpw;|5 k’dkpw;|5 k’dkpw;|5 k’dkpw;|5j, !D dkog8u[.sp dkog8u[.sp dkog8u[.sp dkog8u[.spj0v’Ijk’dkppy’ c]t -kp k’dkppy’ c]t -kp jk’dkppy’ c]t -kp k’dkppy’ c]t -kp dkog8u[.sp dkog8u[.sp dkog8u[.sp dkog8u[.spjmk’fhko];’l6’ c]t oE|ad mk’fhko];’l6’ c]t oE|ad jmk’fhko];’l6’ c]t oE|ad mk’fhko];’l6’ c]t oE|ad oadIPo7yf;k py’ c]t -kp,udkog8u[.sp j 7ndao s^n 8 j k’daoL j gIqk9tgsao;jkdkog8u[.spj0v’7qo la’gdf wfh9kddkogru,oE|ad c]t ];’l6’D j grfpy’ g,nvvkp5 !@{!# xu 9t,uoE|ad c]t j ];’l6’gruj,0Bow;d;jkgrf-kpF le]a[grf -kpg8u[.sp16 j .o- j ;’vkp5 !#{!& xuD j dkog8u[.spj0v’Ijk’dkppy’ c]t -kp,u7;k,c8d8jk’daomk’fhko];’l6’ c]t oE|adfaj’I6[ !D!D 4hkxP[mP[7;k, c0’cI’]ts;k’py’ c]t -kpc]h;oadIPo j 7yf;k.z9tc0’cI’d; j kdaoL j oadIPo9q’mqf]v’fb’lkp1k’ sn^ g-nvd j .shg8a,7;k,lk,kfgrnjvmqflv[7;k,c0’ cI’0v’dhk,c0o c]t ,n /jkp]t # 7qo c]h;[aombdzqoD oAoc,odkog8u[.sp j mu j gsaowfh9kdrkpovdF l j ;odkog8u[.sp j 0v’vtw;pt;trkp.o,u j -j;’dkog8u[.sp7ndao s^n [+ oadIPo9twfhlbdlk.oglAoltcf’8+wxoUG j I6[ !D! -kp c]t py’ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
2 @W !& !W & ! W & !W !& @W vkp5 Xxu? Ijk’dkp sq;.9 lt\v’ 9eo;ogmnv0v’oE|adgdufmevyf j 9kddkolbdlk0v’oad;ymtpklkf.shI6h;kG .og;]kmu j jIjk’dkp,udkog8u[.spF vtw;pt j ;trkp.o,u-;’dkog8u[.sp j j1j6.o]tfa[vkp58k’dao g-a j oG lt\v’g8u[.sp j .o- j ;’vkp5 & xu]q’,kF j \kp7;k,;k95]a’ lt\v’0v’gfad,udko0tspkp8q;c8 j ,Ngduf9qoIvfvkp5 & xu c8 j 4hkvkp5dkp j & xu c]h;95]a’lt\v’9t[+0tspkpvud ,ao,uc8gru j ,0t|kf0v’95]a’0Bogmq j koAoD le]a[95]a’ j zy;|a’F 95]a’ xtlkfl;oxkp pa’,udkog8u[.sp j 8+wxvudD l j ;osq;.9 c]t I j k’dkp,udkog8u[ j .spg8a,mu j g,n j vvkp5xt,ko @W xuD j ovdoAoF pa’,uxafw9vnoMmu j ,uvyfmyrqo s^n 7;[75,dkog8u[.sp j 7nG vkskoF de,trao c]t j Ivd3,oD @D dkoxjPocx’ c]t dkoxa[8q;0v’I Pocx’ c]t dkoxa[8q;0v’I jPocx’ c]t dkoxa[8q;0v’I Pocx’ c]t dkoxa[8q;0v’Ijk’dkppy’ c]t -kp k’dkppy’ c]t -kp jk’dkppy’ c]t -kp k’dkppy’ c]t -kp g,nvdhk;g0Qkl6 j w;|5 j ,vkp5]ts; j k’ !#{ @W xu grfpy’ c]t grf-kp9t,udkox j Pocx’ j mk’fhkoIjk’dkpF 9yf.9F lt8yxaopkF vk]q,c8d8jk’daoD dkoxjPocx’faj’djk;gduf0Bo 3fpme,t-kf 9kdw;gfadskw;zh6.spjD I6[ !D@ glAoltcf’dkog8u[.sp0v’I j k’dkpF j sq;.9 c]t lt\v’.o-;’vkp58 j k’daoD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
3 oadIPo9q’0Poly j ’mu j jxjPocx’.o8qogv’.lj[jvogxqks; j k’D j I6[ !D# dkoxPocx’mu j le7ao0v’I j k’dkpw;|5 j j, I6[ !D$ ltcf’dkoxPocx’I j k’dkp0v’grf-kp.o- j ;’vkp58 j k’dao * gfnvo sk #$ xuD j * gfnvo ({) gfnvo _{!! gfnvo !@{!# xu !${!* xu !({#$ xu !? dkox !? dkox !? dkox !? dkox !? dkoxjPocx’mu Pocx’mu Pocx’mu Pocx’mu Pocx’mujle7aomk’fhkoI le7aomk’fhkoI le7aomk’fhkoI le7aomk’fhkoI le7aomk’fhkoIjk’dkpgrf-kp k’dkpgrf-kp j k’dkpgrf-kp k’dkpgrf-kp k’dkpgrf-kp ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
4 grf-kpG g,n grf-kpG vvkp5]ts; j k’ !${!& xu 7;k,l6’9tgru j ,0Bo1 j k’w;;kF c0o0kpk;vvdF j ,u0qo1j6vtw;pt;tgrfF dhk,goNvg]uj,0tspkp8q;F lP’g]uj,c8dF ,u0qo0UcIhF ,u|;fF ,uly;F 7=svp.sp0Bo c]t lP’g;Qkx j Pocx’S ,uws^ j pk;F |hkgvydd;hk’vvd c8 j dt3rd8hv,g0QkD w;|5 j j, -kpg]u,,udkozt]yf8q;vtl59yc8 j vkp5 !@ xu 0BowxD j @? dkox @? dkox @? dkox @? dkox @? dkoxjPocx’mu Pocx’mu j Pocx’mu Pocx’mu Pocx’mujle7aomk’fhkoI le7aomk’fhkoI j le7aomk’fhkoI le7aomk’fhkoI le7aomk’fhkoIjk’dkpgrfpy’ k’dkpgrfpy’ j k’dkpgrfpy’ k’dkpgrfpy’ k’dkpgrfpy’ I6[ !D& ltcf’dkoxPocx’I j k’dkp0v’grfpy’.o- j ;’vkp58 j k’dao j * gfnvo ({) gfnvo _{!! gfnvo !@{!# xu !${!* xu !({#$ xu grfpy’G g,n grfpy’G grfpy’G vvkp5]ts; j k’ !@{!# xu 7;k,l6’ c]t oE|adgru j ,0Bow;F g8Qkoq,F dt3rd j 0tspkp.sp0BoF g]u j ,,u0qo16 j vtw;pt;tgrf c]t g]u j ,,uxt9egfnvoD j dkog]u,gxaoxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’ .o- j ;’vkp5]ts; j k’ !W sk !$ xu c8 j 4hkIvfvkp5 j !( xu [+gxaoxt9egfnvo7;oxbdlkcrfS dkoxPocx’0v’grfpy’9tg]u j ,w;d j vogrf-kpxt,ko j !{@ xuD dkoxPocx’fa j ’dj k;,ad9tgIaf.shw;|5 j ,I6hlbdda’;qo.9F 1hko s^n [+lt[kp.9D j grnvdP,.sh,udkoxtrbf8q;mu j 4nd8hv’8+gsfdkofa j ’dj k; w;|5 j ,-kp{py’ 7;olbdlkd j P;da[ j 95fryglf.odkog8u[.sp c]t x j Pocx’0v’I j k’dkp38gv’ 3fpdyovksko.sh7q[\;f\6 j c]t j rP’r=F vvdde]a’dkp1k’lt\ j eltg\u c]t radz j vo.shrP’r=D j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
5 #? dkox #? dkox #? dkox #? dkoxjPocx’mk’fhko9yf.9 c]t lt8yxaopk Pocx’mk’fhko9yf.9 c]t lt8yxaopk jPocx’mk’fhko9yf.9 c]t lt8yxaopk Pocx’mk’fhko9yf.9 c]t lt8yxaopk ovdoAoF dko,u3vdkfwfhgsao c]t wfhI6hly’8j k’M 1 j k’d;hk’0;k’ rk.shw;|5 j ,wfh rafmt j oklt8yxaopk c]t 9yf.90v’8qowfh1k’fuD j $? dkox $? dkox $? dkox $? dkoxjPocx’mk’vk]q, Pocx’mk’vk]q, Pocx’mk’vk]q, Pocx’mk’vk]q, .o-;’oUw;|5 j ,,uvk]q,x j Pocx’vkfgduf7;k,la[lqoF vk]q,[+fu Xs’5fs’yf’ j kp?F .9IhkpF j [+I6h9t7;[75,vk]q,8qogv’D ltoAoF dko.shw;|5,wfh j ,u3vdkf ltcf’7;k,7yfgsao.ola’7q, 9tgxaodko -j;p]t[kpvk]q,F .shg0qkI6hlbdgxao8q;0v’8q;gv’F gduf7;k,r6,.9 c]t \Ao.98+8qogv’D &? dkoxa[8q; c]t dkolhk’]adltot dkoxa[8q; c]t dkolhk’]adltot oyfwlmu oyfwlmu oyfwlmujfuoyfwlmu fuoyfwlmu d? dkoxa[8q; d? dkoxa[8q;d? dkoxa[8q; { .shoadIPo9qj’7Qo7yfdjP;da[lyj’muj8qogv’ 7;o9txa[8q;,uspa’cfjL dkoxa[8q; c,o,u7;k,9egxao c]t 8hv’wfhxa[ j 8q;wx8k,dkoxPocx’0v’I j k’dkp c]t 9yf.97nG j xa[8q;.shg0Qkda[\6grn j voF zh6.sp j F la’7q,F ltrk[ s^n j 4kot7;k,gxao9y’0v’8qogv’F 8A’gxQk\kp-u;yf0v’ 8qogv’D I6[ !D( w;|5j, g,nvdhk;l6 j w;|5 j ,9t,udkox j Pocx’mk’fhko j 9yf.9 c]t lt8yxaopk fa’8+wxoUG j { 8hv’dkogxao8q;0v’8q;gv’ c]t 7;k, gxaovyflts^tF rhv,ma’ltcf’7;k, 7yfgsaovvd,kgrnv.shzh6vn j opv,Ia[D j { 8hv’dko\6grn j vo c]t g-n j v\Ao\6 j s^kpd; j jk r+c,jD { ,adgIaf s^n mqf]v’ly’cxdM .\ j M g]NvpMD j { ,adltcs;’sk7;k,I6h c]t ,udko rafmtok0t[;odko7Qo7yf3fp.-hgsfzqoD I6[!D* w;|5j,-kp{py’ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
6 ovdoAoF d=8hv’wfhgvqk.9.ljdkoxa[8q;8+grfdq’dao0hk,.shg\ktlq,g-ajoG dko;k’8q;F dkoxkdg;QkF dy]ypk,k]tpkfF dko-;pgs^nv c]t vn j oM ma’ouhd=grn j vlhk’]adltotoyfwlmu j fucd j j 8qogv’D 0? dkolhk’]adltotoyfwlmu 0? dkolhk’]adltotoyfwlmu 0? dkolhk’]adltotoyfwlmu 0? dkolhk’]adltotoyfwlmu 0? dkolhk’]adltotoyfwlmujfu { .shoadIPo9q’7Qo7yfg[y j ’;j k8qogv’,u]adltotoyfwlmu j fu7;o,ufhko.fcf j jL ovdoAopa’8hv’wfhIPoI6h c]t g/yd/qo[k’madltmu9egxaofa j ’8q;1 j k’.o[qflqomtok] j 5,oUG j [qflqomtokG [qflqomtokG[qflqomtokG { 0hvpgxao7qovvoohv,F 4 j v,8qo8ts^vf j g;]kD { g;]kzh6vnog;Qk 0hvp9t2a’d j vo 9kdoAo j 0hvp9yj’g;QkF oUc,jodkog/yd8qogv’ .sh,u7;k,lk,kfgxaozh6g;Qkmufu c]t j zh62a’mujfu c]t lyj’le7aoc,jo9y’.9 8+daoD { gvqkK zh6g;Qkmufuc, j oco;.fL j { vkK zh6g;Qkmufu 8hv’g;Qk1 j k’c9 j ,c9h’F j -afg9oF g;QklAo c8,ugoNv.oF m j kmupY, j cph,F lq[8kzh62a’F [+.9Ihvo c]t [+ ltcf’;k8qoI6hs^kpD j { 7ao-Ao zh62a’mufu c, j oco;.fL j { gvuK 2a’fh;p7;k,8A’.9F ltcf’ 7;k,lqo.98+zh6g;QkF [+g;Qk8af7;k, zh6g;QkD { 0hvp8nj,cfjK ovdoAo g;]k2a’pa’ 7;oltcf’mkmug0Qk.9F gsaovqdgsao j .9F fu.9F glp.9DDD 8+zh6g;Qk8k,lt4k otdkomug\ktlq,vudwfJD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
7 { gvqkK 7ao-Aoly’mu j g;Qk,k c, j omadltdkoln j lkoc, j o[+LF gxaodkoln j lkolv’mk’D j madltdkolnlkooU- j ;p.shgIqk,u7;k,g-n j v\Ao.o8qogv’ c]t pa’- j ;p.shgIqkrafmtok j 7;k,leraoda[zh6vnowfhgxao1 j k’fu o= KD j { ovdoAod=pa’,umadltvnoMvudmu j gIqk7;og/yd/qo c]t I j eIPogvqk16 j [qfmu &D j { 0v[.9gfu muvtmy[kp.sh0hvpg0Qk.9D j { g9QkK [+gxaospa’D ;ymudkomuj-j;p.shgIqklhk’oyfwlmufu,u7nG g]nvdrq[grn j vomu j fugrn j v-j ;p.sh8qogv’dtme.oly j ’mu j fuF j ,u7;k,dt8aop68+r+c,jF pkfrujohv’F \6jgrnjvo c]t zh6,u[5o75oD lyj’le7ao8hv’,u7;k,vqfmqoF ,u7;k,lk,ad7uF I6h9adxt1afS gxao7qo[+gsaocd8q;F [+gvqkxP[7qovn j oF [+9ecodlkflt|k c]t j -qo-kf-qogzqkD j 7e4k,G !D Ik’dkp0v’grfpy’ c]t -kp,udkog8u[.sp j 7ndao s^n 8 j k’daoL 4hk8 j k’ 8 j k’co;.fL j @D g,nvdhk;g0Qkl6 j w]ptw;|5 j ,9t,udkox j Pocx’s^kpfhko 7nfhko.fcf j jL #D .og,nvIj k’dkp0v’8qogv’,udkox j Pocx’F oadIPo7;oxt8y[af8qoco;.fL 4hk[+xa[ j 8q;9tgxaoco;.fL $D pqd8q;1k’]adltotoyfwlmu j fumu j 8qogv’g7upxt8y[af,kxt,ko & 1 j k’D j &D dkolhk’]adltotoyfwlmufuoAo ,uxt3spfcd j 8qogv’[+L j *D co;.f9b’gvUo; j kgxaozh6g;Qkmu j fu c]t gxaozh62a’mu j fuL rhv,ma’lts^5[madltdkoln j lkoD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
8 [qfmu @ [qfmu @ ]t[q[ln[rao ]t[q[ln[rao]t[q[ln[rao !D ]t[q[ln[raogrf-kp ]t[q[ln[raogrf-kp 9q’la’gdfI6[8+wxoU; j k,ul j ;oxtdv[.fcf j jL ]t[q[ln[raogrf-kpxtdv[,u @ l;o 7nG vtw;pt;tl j ;oovd c]t vtw;pt;tl j ;o.oD j vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tlj;oovd xtdv[,u4q’vaomt c]t vq’7t-kfD 4q’vaomts5h,cd j;oovd ovaomt c]t j ,u|hkmuIadlkv5ostr6,.shr=fuda[dkog8u[.sp j 0v’8q;vtl59yD vq’7t-kfxtdv[fh;pdhk,mu j lk,kf j sqf1nfwfhD rkp.ovq’7t-kf,u m+xaflt;t c]t xkpvq’7t-kfgxaodhvoohvp,uglahoxtlkf c]t g]nvf,ks^+]hP’gxao9eo;os^;’s^kpD vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tlj;o.o xtdv[,u cd j;o.o jovaomtF m+lqj’vtl59yF 8jv,]6d\kdF s^vfgda[vtl59yF s^vflhk’vtl59yF s^vfgda[8q;vtl59y c]t 8v,0a[oEg,nvdD c8 j ]tl j ;ogs^q j koU9t,u|hkmu j c8d8 j k’dao j wx7nG T cdjovaomt jovaomt ,u @ | jovaomt cd ;p gIaf|hkmu j zt]yf8q;vtl59y c]t Ivd3,ogrf-kpF pk;xt,ko j @ -a’8uc,afD 8q;vtl59ygxao95]a’ln[raogrf-kpD T s^vflhk’vtl5 s^vflhk’vtl s^vflhk’vtl9y rkp.o|;pvaomtxtdv[fh;pm+7qfIP’dao16 j rkp.oD g,n j vs^vfoU j lhk’ vtl59yc]h;9twxgda[w;h16js^vfgda[vtl59y g-yj’16jfhko|hk|j;pvaomt c]t 8yf16jda[m+lqj’vtl59yD 9kdoAoF 8q;vtl59y9t4nd]e]P’wxgda[w;h16j8jv,lhk’vtl59y s^n 8v,]6d\kdD j I6[ @D! vtw;pt;t.o]t[q[ln[raogrf-kp rqdpjP; 8jv,lhk’oE]hP’vtl59y 8jv,]6d\kd m+lq’vtl59y j mk’gfuoxaflt;t |j;pvaomt 4q’vaomt s^vfgda[8q;vtl59y s^vflhk’8q;vtl59y vq’7t-kf ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
9 T 8jv,]6d\kdG v,]6d\kdG lhk’oE v,]6d\kdG ]hP’vtl59y ,u]adltot0k;05ho gvUo;k -ug,ao j (semen)D g,njv grf-kp ,u7;k,I6hlbdmk’grf Xvq’7t-kf9tc0’8q;? c]t 8v,oUd=9t0a[-ug,ogrn j vxtlq,da[oE j vtl59yvvdmk’m+lq’vtl59y3fpz j kovq’7t-kf c]h;vvdovdI j k’dkpD j T 8jv,0a[oEg,nvdG v,0a[oEg,nvdG jv,0a[oEg,nvdG ,uI6[I jv,0a[oEg,nvdG v,0a[oEg,nvdG k’dq,F ,u @ m+F ,u|hkmu j 0a[oEs^+]n j o s^n oEg,nvd.lwxskvq’ j 7t-kf c]t gIaf|hkmu]hk’vk-yf.ooExaflt;tF grn j v[+.sh8q;vtl59y8kp.og;]kg7n j vo,kD j 3fpmq;wxI j k’dkp0v’grf-kp9tg]u j ,lhk’8q;vtl59y g,n j vvkp5xt,ko !@{!# xu c]t j 9tlhk’wx8ts^vf-u;yfD vksko0v’8q;vtl59y c8d8k’9kdvksko0v’95]a’mq j ;M wx7nG gxaooE j 8ko2i5d38lD @D ]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’ ]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’ 9q’la’gdfvtw;pt;t.o]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’]5 j ,ouhG j Ia’w0j ,qf]6d wlhcdj xkd,qf]6d Iu,.spj Iu,ohvp -jv’7vf xj5,la’;kf m+oelq’w0 j j I6pjP; rqdpjP; I6[ @D$ vtw;pt;t .o]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’ I6[ @D@ \;pvaomtz j k8af8k,mk’pk; j m+lq’vtl59y j 95]a’lhk’Ivd3,o s^vfohvp sk’ 8q; sq; fhko0hk’ fhko|hk I6[ @D# 8q;vtl59y ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
10 ]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’c[ ]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’c[ ]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’c[ ]t[q[ln[raogrfpy’c[j’gxao @ l ’gxao @ l j’gxao @ l ’gxao @ lj;o 7nG j;o 7nG vtw;pt;tl j;o 7nG ;oovd c]t vtw;pt;tl j ;o.oD j vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tl;oovd j ;oovd xtdv[,u0t3,,F Iu,.sp j;oovdF Iu,ohvpF x5 j ,la’;kf c]t xkd- j v’7vfD j vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tl vtw;pt;tlj;o.o xtdv[,u- j;o.o jv’7vfF ,qf]6dF m+oelqj’w0jD 0t3,,G ,u]adltotgxao-Uo 4af,k,uIu,.sp 0t3,,G c]t Iu,ohvpxtdv[fh;pdhk,g-y j ’vhv, j gvqkx5,la’;kfF xkdm+xaflt;t c]t xkd- j v’7vfD j x5j,la’;kfG j,la’;kfG xtdv[fh;pdhk,0t|kfohvpF ,uglahoxtlkf c]t g]nvf,k j,la’;kfGx5 ]+]hP’gxao9e o;os^kp g-y’w;8+7;k,I6hlbdmk’grfD j xkd-jv’7vfG 16 ’7vfG ]5 j ,xkdm+xaflt;tF 16 j Iv[xkd- j v’7vf,ug9hp[k’Mgvuho; j k rq,,t9k]uD j -jv’7vfG gxaomk’z v’7vfG ko0v’g]nvfxt9egfnvo c]t ]6dohvpD j ,qf]6dG ,qf]6dG 7hkp7n\kdoEg8qhkF 8k,zy;0v’,qf]6d,uglahog]nvfwxs^+]hP’gxao9eo;os^kpD m+oelqj’w0G c, j olj ;omu j 8+9kd,qf]6d pk;xt,ko !* -a’8uc,afD j I;pw0jG I;pw0 ,u @ vao g-y’16 j mk’0hk’0v’,qf]6dc8 j ]tvaoF I;pw0 j gIaf|hkmu j zt]yfw0 j D w0 j gxao j 95]a’ln[raogrfpy’D 8k,xqddt8yw09tl5dgfnvo]t ! | j ;p c]t vvd9kdI;pw0 j .o- j ;’g7y j ’dk’0v’Iv[ j gfnvo gvUo;kG j dko8qdw0 dko8qdw0dko8qdw0D 4hkw0 j [+wfhIa[dkoxtlq,,aod=9tlts^kp8q; c]t z j kowxsk,qf]6dD j w0,u0t|kf.sp j d;j k 8q;vtl59yF 8q;vtl59y8hv’g[y j ’fh;pdhv’95]tmaf9b j ’gsaoD j I;pw0j I6[ @D& vtw;pt;tl;o.o0v’grfpy’ j ,qf]6d -jv’7vf 3zh’,qf]6d m+oelq’w0 j j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
11 #D dko,uxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’ dko,uxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’ dko,uxt9egfnvo ltcf’g4y’dkorafmtokdko0v’Ik’dkp 0v’gfadpy’; j kwfhg0Qkl6 j w;j lk;c]h; c]t [q’[vdg4y’7;k,rhv,mu j 9t4nrk s^n .shdegoufgfadwfhD j xt9egfnvogduf0BophvodkogIaf;Pd0v’Ivd3,ogrfgvl38ic-o (Estrogen) c]t 3xig9lg83io (Progesterone)D Ivd3,o @ -toyfoU,u|hkmu7;[75,dkolhk’w0 j F dko8qdw0 j j 8ts^vf9qooewxl6dkoxt8ylqomy0v’vtl59yS c8 j 4hkw0 j c]t vtl59y[+wfhxtlq,raodao9trk.shzt|a’ j fhko.o3zh’,qf]6dmu4ndlhk’0Bogxao[ j vo/a’8q;0v’w0 j oAo9t4nd0a[w] j vvd,kdkpgxao j g]nvfxt9e g]nvfxt9eg]nvfxt9e gfnvoD 3fpxqddt8yc]h;grfpy’,uxt9egfnvoc8 !@ xu sk &W xuF c8 j ]t7A’xt9egfnvo9t,k # j sk & ;ao .om5dM @) ;ao c]t glpg]nvfxt,ko !@W sk !)W cm3 D fa’oAoF c, j py’9b j ’8hv’dyo j vkskomu,umkfgs^ad c]t 3xi8yo grn j vlhk’g]nvfmqfcmol j ;omu j glpwxD j dko,uxt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’,ad9t,uvkdkos^kp1k’ltcf’vvdwxrhv,daog-a j oG vyf j g,nvpF g[n j vvkskoF g9a[sq;F x;f[=]yg;os^a’ c]t cv;F vk]q,[+fu Xs’5fs’yf’ j kp?D [k’7qo,ad j I6[ @D* dko8qdw0j m+oelq’w0 j j 95]a’.oI;pw0 j j 95]a’w0 8qd9kdI;pw0 j j g0Qkl6jm+oelqj’w0j 95]a’w0j g7njvowxskzt|a’,qf]6d mkf95]a’w0[+wfhIa[dkoxtlq, j 9tlts^kp8q;wx l;ozt|a’ j ,qf]6d c]t s^vfg]nvf9t lts^kpgxaoxt9egfnvo zt|a’,qf]6d xkd,qf]6d ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
12 g9a[mujmhv’ohvpF c8jvkdkooU9tfugv’g,njvgduf]6dc]h;F grkt,aoc,jovkdkoxqddt8y8k, me,t-kf0v’,aoD { gxaospa’xt9egfnvo9b’,k[+xqddt8y c]t I6hlbdg9a[x;fL j lkgsf 0v’dko,uxt9egfnvo[+xqddt8yvkfgonv’,k9kdvk]q, c]t dko;y8qdda’;qo j 8jk’M g-y’gxaogsf.shdkolhk’Ivd3,o0v’lt\v’.sp j zyfxqddt8yc]h;,uzqoltmhvo8+dkolq j j’ Ivd3,o0v’8v,.8hlt\v’D j $D dkoIadlkvtokw,]t[q[ln[rao dkoIadlkvtokw,]t[q[ln[rao dkovtokw,vtw;pt;tgrf-kpG me7;k,ltvkfvtw;pt;tgrf1 jk’lt\jeltg\uF ]hk’fh;poEltvkf 1k’|hvp;ao]t @ 7A’ s^n s^a’9kdp j P;m5d7A’ c]t rkps^a’vk[oE7;o j g-af.shcsh’D dkovtokw,vtw;pt;tgrfpy’G me7;k,ltvkfvtw;pt;tgrf1k’lt\ j eltg\ufh;p j dko]hk’fh;poEltvkf1k’|hvp;ao]t # 7A’ s^n s^a’9kdp j P;m5d7A’ c]t rkps^a’vk[oE7;o j g-af.shcsh’D 7;og]nvdo5’3lh’-hvomu j jvjvoo5h,F r=fu c]t [+7;o.-h-EvudD le]a[grfpy’mugxaoxt9egfnvo 7;oxt8y[affa j ’oUG j { 7;o.-hzhkvtokw, s^n zhkmultvkfgrn j vIv’g]nvfxt9egfnvoD j { 7;oxPozhkvtokw,g]NvpM 1 j k’|hvp;ao]t @ 7A’D j { IadlkIk’dkp.shltvkfF Ia[xtmkovksko.sh7q[\;f\6 j grn j v-j ;p[e]5’I j k’dkpD j { su^dg;AodkogIaf;Pd|ad X;Pdmu.-hcI’’ko|ad?D j &D rtpkfmu rtpkfmu rtpkfmu rtpkfmu rtpkfmuj gduf0Bo.o]t[q[ln[rao gduf0Bo.o]t[q[ln[rao jgduf0Bo.o]t[q[ln[rao gduf0Bo.o]t[q[ln[rao rtpkfmugduf0Bo.o]t[q[ln[rao ,us^kp1 j k’3fpltgrktc, j ogrfpy’g-a j oG ,tgIa’F goNv’vdF j g-y’,adrq[1 j 6-j v’7vfF xkd,qf]6dF xud,qf]6dF ,qf]6d c]t I;pw0 j F m+I;pw0 j D rtpkffa j ’dj k;j vkfgduf0Bo4hk0kfdkovtokw,8qogv’D ovdoAoF ma’grfpy’ c]t grf-kp 4hkskd,u rbf8ydelP’mk’grfd=lk,kf8yfrtpkf8yf8+mk’grfleraovn j oMwfhvudD j *D dkoln[rao0v’,to5f dkoln[rao0v’,to5f { 9q’lbdlk;q’9vo-u;yf.odkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5fD j w;|5,}w;9tg]uorao j ⎯⎯→dko,ugrflerao ⎯⎯→dkoxt8ylqomy ⎯⎯→8q;vvoj ⎯⎯→dko7vf ⎯⎯→dkog8u[.spjD { oadIPo 7yf;kdkoln[raooU gxaodkoln[raoc[[.fL j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
13 7e4k,G !D 95]a’ln[raogrf-kp c]t grfpy’-nj;jkco;.fL @D vtw;pt;t.fgxao[vog8u[.sp j 0v’w0 j mu j wfhIa[dkoxtlq,raoc]h;L j #D dkogxaoxt9egfnvo\kp7;k,;jkco;.fL grf-kp7;oIPoI6hdjP;da[dkogxao xt9egfnvo0v’grfpy’[+L phvospa’L $D .o-;’z6hpy’gxaoxt9egfnvo7;oIa[xtmkovkskoco;.f grn j v-qfg-upg]nvfmu j skpwxD j &D phvospa’9b’8hv’Iadlkvtokw,]t[q[ln[rao0v’r;dgIqk.shltvkf1 j 6ltg\uL ovdoAo j r;dgIqk8hv’s^ud]P’rbf8ydemulP’mk’grfco;.fL j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
14 [qfmu # [qfmu # dkogduf]6d c]t dko;k’czo7v[7q; dkogduf]6d c]t dko;k’czo7v[7q; dkog8u[.sp0v’7qo9kdw;gfad9qoIvfgxaow;zh6.sp j la’gdfwfh9kddkogru j ,0Bo0v’ j lj;ol6’ c]t oE|adD rhv,daooAo d=la’gdfgsaowfhdkoxjPocx’.ofhko8jk’M1jk’-afg9o oAod=gonv’9kddkogIaf;Pd0v’Ivd3,ogrf 7nG grf-kpvkp5]ts; j k’ !!{!* xu 9t,ulP’c8dF j [jkws^d;hk’vvdF l j ;ogrfpy’9t,ug8Qkoq,0tspkp0BoF lt3rd.sp j vvd c]t ,uxt9egfnvoS j gryjogvUow;oU;jk w;|5j,lk;D ovd9kddkox j,lk;w;|5 jPocx’mujla’gdfwfhrkpovdc]h; vtw;pt;t .o]t[q[ln[raod=,udkog8u[.sp c]t lk,kfgIaf|hkmu j ln[raowfh gvUow;oU; j k w;9tg]uorao sn^ j 16.o- j ;’vkp5c8 j !&{$& xuD j !D dko4nrk s^n dkoxt8ylqomy dko4nrk s^n dkoxt8ylqomy dko4nrk s^n dkoxt8ylqomy 0t[;odkodegouf-u;yfg]u,0Bog,n j vvtl59y g-y j ’gxao95]a’ln[raogrf-kpg0Qkxtlq,da[w0 j mu j j gxao95]a’ln[raogrfpy’ gvUo;k j dkoxt8ylqomyD dkoxt8ylqomyDdkoxt8ylqomyD dkoxt8ylqomygduf0Bo16m+oelq j j’w03fp vtl59y j oa[]hko8q;9tg7nvomu j g0Qkwx.o,qf]6dF c8 j ,urP’vtl59y8q;fP;gmq j koAomu j xt8ylqomyda[w0 j c]h;gdufgxao j 95]a’.\|b j ’95]a’ gvUo; j kG 95]a’xtlq,grf X j zygote?D I6[ #D! 8q;vtl59yg7nvomu j g0Qksk95]a’w0 j jD cdo95]a’ j mkf95]a’ g9hpsh5,-Aoovd 0v’w0j m+oelq’w0 j j w0j Ij;pw0j -jv’7vf vtl59y ,qf]6d 95]a’xtlq,grf9tc[’9kd ! 95]a’ gxao @ 95]a’ gxao $ 95]a’ c]t gru j ,0Bog]NvpM 9qowfh j d5,95]a’D ]ts; j k’dkoc[ j ’95]a’ d5 j ,95]a’9tg7n j vomu j wx8k,m+oelq j ’w0 j c]h; /a’8q;1 j 6zt|a’,qf]6d j gryjogvUod5j,95]a’oU;jkG |+]6d X |+]6d XEmbryon?D |+]6d9twfhIa[mkfvksko c]t dklvqd-uc-o ? 3fpcr9kdglAog]nvf/vp0v’c, j l6 j |+]6dF l j ;oly j ’glfgs^nvvn j oM c]t dkldkd3[oydvvd9kd j |+]6d9tcrg0Qkl6 j glAog]nvf/vp0v’c, j grn j vde9afvvd9kdI j k’dkp8+wxD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
15 |+]6d9tg8u[.sp c]t x j Pocx’I6[I j k’wx8k,vkp5F 8k,dkog8u[.sp j 0v’vtw;pt;t j 9qovkp5wfhxt,ko ) vkmyf 9bj’,uvtw;pt;t7q[4h;o c]t 9tg8u[.spj8+wx.omhv’c,j9qo Ivf,NgdufD I6[ #D@ dkog7njvomu0v’95]a’w0 j mu j wfhIa[dko xt8ylqomyc]h; c]t /a’8q;1 j 6,qf]6d j vtl59yxtlq,da[w0j 95]a’xtlq,grf gdufdkoc[’95]a’ j dj5,95]a’ |+]6d/a’8q; Ij;pw0j 16jzt|a’,qf]6d glAog]nvf c]t cr95]a’ cr95]a’gduf0Bo.\j 2=iugdyo w]ptw08qdj .o0totmugfad1 j 6.omhv’c, j F gfad9twfhIa[vkskoF vkdkf c]t 4 j kpgmly j ’glfgs^nvvvd j 9kdIk’dkp3fpz j kocs j mu j g-n j v,8+]ts; j k’,qf]6d0v’c, j c]t lkp[n0v’gfadD j dkoIadlkl50trk[0v’c,4nrkle7aos^kpw]ptoU 7;odyovkskomu j ,uxt3spf.shs^kp j c]t 7q[\;f\6j g-ajoG \kdw,hF zadF -Uoxtgrf8jk’MS vvdde]a’dkpg[qkMF dyomkfgs^ad mu,ulj ;oxtlq,0v’vk-yf32]ydF [+7;ofn j ,ly j ’g[n j vg,qk g-a j oG gs^QkF 1kl6[F 1kmu j crf[+wfhcotoe j c]t s^udg;Aolkoryf8k’M g-a j oG luphv,zq, s^n oE1kvtokw,vkf9tgxaovao8t]kp8+gfad.omhv’S j oAod=grnvs^udg;Ao[+.shgfadmu j gduf,kgxaogfadrydkoF ,u[aoskmk’]t[q[skp.9F oE|ad8 j ed; j k,kf j 4ko7n @F& dy3]dik, c]t vnoMD j w]ptg;]k Xla[xtfk? lt\v’ c]t vvdcvdlaos^a’ grfkoxkdF s6 lt\v’ vtw;pt;tgrfrkpovd sq;.9 8k c0o 8k I6[ #D$ vtw;pt;t8k’Mmu j xkdqf.o- j ;’g;]k8 j k’M0v’dkog8u[.sp j 0v’|+]6d j 0k X!? X@? X#? X$? X&? X*? X(? X)? ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
16 @D dko7vf w]ptdko4nrk0v’c,py’xt,ko @)W ;ao s^n $W vkmyf oa[c8 j ;aomevyf0v’dko,uxt9e j gfnvo7A’l5fmhkpD g,nvg4y’g;]k7vf9t,uIvd3,omu j lhk’9kd8 j v,.8hlt\v’dt85ho .shdhk,goNv j ,qf]6d[u[8q;1k’cI’ c]t 4 j u0Bo[;dda[dkosqf8q;0v’dhk,goNv|a’mhv’rk.shgfadz j kovvd j ,kmk’-v’7vfD j 7;k,le7ao0v’oEoq,c, 7;k,le7ao0v’oEoq,c,j rkps^a’muc,j 7vf]6dvvd,k.\ j Mwfh @{# ;ao 9b j ’9t,uoEoq,D oEoq,c, j ,u]adltot05ho c]t j ,ulugs^nv’ gvUo;kG oEoq,gs^nv’D l j ;ooEoq,me,tfk9ts^a j ’vvdxt,ko;aomu $D j 8k8t]k’l;oxtdv[0v’oEoq,c, j c]t oEoq,’q;D j lj;oxtdv[ 7;k,g0A,05holtg]pX j g}!WW cm3 ? oEoq,c,j oEoq,’q; oE oE8ko w0,ao 3xi8yo cImkf j ))D( (DW #D) !D@ WD@ )(D& $D) #D( #D# WD( 9kd8k8t]k’9tgsao;k oEoq,’q;,u3xi8yo c]t cI j mkfl6’d; j koEoq,c, j D c8 j r;d j gIqk8hv’.shgfadwfh[=]y3rdoEoq,c, fud; j koq,’q;grkt; j kfn j ,oEoq,c, j 9tgIaf.shgfad,uG j { l50trk[c0’cI’F [+8yfg-Nvrtpkfwfh’kpgrktoEoq,c, j ,ur6,8hkomkos^kpD j { gxaodkoxt1afD { .sh]6dwfhz6drao c]t wfhIa[7;k,vq[v5o9kdc, j jD #D 7;k,zyfxqddt8y.og;]k4nrk 7;k,zyfxqddt8y.og;]k4nrk !? 4nrkovd,qf]6d !? 4nrkovd,qf]6d c, !? 4nrkovd,qf]6d jod=]toumujw0jwfhIa[dkoxt8ylqomyc]h;wx/a’8q;1j6[=]yg;ovnjoM mu[+c, j o,qf]6d g-a j oG [=]yg;o- j ;’mhv’F xud,qf]6dF g-y j ’gxaozqo.shzh68A’mhv’g9a[x;fmhv’1 j k’I5ocI’ j 4hk,uvkdkog-aooU 8hv’Iu[rq[crf3fpf j ;o grktgxaovao8t]kpg4y’0Aoglp-u;yfwfhD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
17 @? ]6d/kc/f 3fpxqddt8y Iv[gfnvo|b ]6d/kc/f]6d/kc/f ’ zh6py’mu j j1j6.ow;9tg]uorao9t8qdw0wfhrP’ ! j |j;pgmqjkoAo 9bj’,u3vdkf4nrk c]t 7vfgfadwfh7A’]t|bj’7qoD c8j.o[k’d=]toumuj7vfgfad s^kpd;k ! 7qo .ogmn j v|b j ’oAo c, j ophvo,ulkgsffa j ’oUG /kc/fI j ;,w0 j j|j;pfP;dao c]t /k c/f8k’w0 j jD dD /kc/fI dD /kc/fI dD /kc/fI dD /kc/fI dD /kc/fIj;,w0j|j;pfP;dao s^n w0 ;pfP;dao s^n w0 ;pfP;dao s^n w0 ;pfP;dao s^n w0 ;pfP;dao s^n w0j ! |j;pwfhIa[dkoxtlq,da[vtl59y ! 8q; ;pwfhIa[dkoxtlq,da[vtl59y ! 8q; j;pwfhIa[dkoxtlq,da[vtl59y ! 8q; ;pwfhIa[dkoxtlq,da[vtl59y ! 8q; ;pwfhIa[dkoxtlq,da[vtl59y ! 8q; 8k,xqddt8yc]h; dkoxt8ylqomygduf0Bo 9kd95]a’vtl59y ! 95]a’xtlq,da[95]a’w0 ! 95]a’ j gdufgxao mkiqd ! 7qoD c8,ud=]toumu j cdj o95]a’de]a’c[ j ’8q;9kd ! 95]a’ gxao @ 95]a’oahoF 95]a’ j vkf9tcpdvvd9kddao c]h;g8u[.spgxao|+]6d.o,qf]6d c]t g8u[.sp j 7vfvvd,kwfh @ 7qo j mu,ugrffP;dao c]t ,u]adltotg\nvodaogdnv[m5d1 j k’ gvUo; j jkG /kc/fI G /kc/fI G /kc/fI G /kc/fIj;,w0j|j;pfP;daoD ;pfP;daoD ;pfP;daoD ;pfP;daoD ;pfP;daoD 0D /kc/f8 0D /kc/f8 0D /kc/f8 0D /kc/f8jk’w0G c, j od=]touw0 j l5ds^kpd; j k ! | j ;p c]t w0 j c8j ]t| j ;pwfhIa[dko j xtlq,da[vtl59y ! 8q; mugdufdkoxt8ylqomy.og;]kfP;dao wfh8q;v j vog8u[.sp j j1j6.o,qf]6dc8csj j cpd8k’daoF g;]k7vfd=7vfrkp.og;]k.dh7P’daoD gry j ogvUoc/f-toyfoU; j k j /kc/f8k’w0 j k’w0 j jD /kc/f vkfvvd,k7A’]t @ 7qo 0BowxF oAod=phvo0Bo16da[9eo;ow0 j mu j l5drhv,dao; j k,u9ad j |j;pD c/fxtgrfoUvkfgxaogrffP;dao s^n 8k’grf g-y j ’,u|hk8k c]t ]adltotmk’de,trao j 7hkp7ndaoD I6[ #D& /kc/fI;,w0 j j|j;pfP;dao Xw0 ! | j ;pj xtlq,da[vtl59y ! 8q;? I6[ #D* /kc/f8k’w0 j Xw0 j @ | j ;pj xtlq,da[vtl59y @ 8q;? c/fgrffP; c]t 8k’grf j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
18 #? dkos^5]6d c]t gdufd #? dkos^5]6d c]t gdufd #? dkos^5]6d c]t gdufd #? dkos^5]6d c]t gdufdjvodeoqf vodeoqf jvodeoqf vodeoqf dD dkos^5]6d \kpg4y’dkogdufd vovkp5dko4nrk gfad,uvkp5rP’ @) vkmyf s^n oE|ad j 8q;0v’gfad|hvpd;k !WWW dik,D j 0D dkogdufdvodeoqf \kpg4y’dkomu j gfad7vfvvd,k- j ;’vkp5 @) vkmyf g4y’ #( j vkmyfD dkos^5]6d c]t dkogdufdvodeoqf,us^kplkgsf g-a j oG wfhIa[v5[afgsfF wfhIa[ j mkfryfg0Qkl6jIjk’dkpF 7;k,zyfxqddt8y.o8q;c, c]t vn j oMD j 7D d=]tourydko,kc8jdegoufvkf,ulkgsffaj’oUG dko8yfg-NvF dkoIa[1k sn^ mkf g7,u[k’-toyfF 7;k,zyfxqddt8ymk’de,trao c]t vnoMD ltoAoF zh6mu j gxaoc, j de]a’ j 4nrk7;ogvqk.9.l8qogv’ vaofa[|b j ’7;owx/kdmhv’ c]t g,n j v,u[aoskspa’7;o j xbdlkcrfD dko8A’7aog,nv[+rhv,9t,uzqoltmhvo8+l50trk[0v’w;| j 5,co;.fL j oad;ymtpklkfwfh.sh0=h,6o;kG .o- j ;’g;]kg8u[.sp j 0v’w;|5 j ,rafmtokdko0v’I j k’dkp j c]t ]t[q[ln[raode]a’,udkog8u[.sp7P’76 j da[dkog8u[.sp j fhkovn j oMD c8 j 4hkgduf dko8ah’7ao j djvoIk’dkpmu j pa’[+,u7;k,rhv,vkflq j ’zqo.shI j k’dkpzyfxqddt8y g-a j oG 8q;g8hpF grktIvd3,o j le]a[dkog8u[.sp9t[+s^a j ’F dtf6dd=[+0tspkp c]t dtf6d-k,[+rafmtokg8a,mu j rk.shgduf]6d j pkdF vkfrk.sh,udkomecmh’F xt4Y,gfad c]t vnoM ovdoAovkf,uzqodtmq[8+fhko9yf.9 c]t j la’7q,vudfh;pD $D dko;k’czo7v[7q; c]t dko75,degouf dko;k’czo7v[7q; c]t dko75,degouf dko;k’czo7v[7q; dko;k’czo7v[7q; dko;k’czo7v[7q; gxao;ymudkomuj-j;pgru,75ootrk[0v’xt-kdvo.shfu0Bo3fplt j grktc,oc, j py’9twfh,ug;]k2No26l50trk[.shlq,[6od j vo9tgvqk]6dzh68+wx c]t 9t,ug;]kxtdv[ j lj;oskg’yo c]t gIaf;Pd’ko.shs^kp0BoD dko75,degouf dko75,degoufdko75,degouf 4ndoe.-hgrnvgxaodko;k’czo7v[7q;;ymu|b j ’ 3fpdkog]nvdw]ptg;]k j .f|b’mu j 8hv’dko1kd,u]6d c]t 9eo;o]6dmu j 8hv’dkoD j dko75,degouf,us^kp;ymu 7nG ;ymumk’me,t-kfF dko75,degouf3fp.-hv5xtdvoF .-hmkf g7,u c]t dkozk8afgIaf\aoD j !D ;ymumk’me,t-kf gxao;ymu|b’0v’dko75,degouf 3fpdko,ugrfleraoltgrkt.o j -j;’g;]k 0v’Iv[gfnvomu95]a’w0 j c]t 95]a’vtl59y[+,u3vdkfxt8ylqomydao 7n w]pt j ( ;aodvo gxaoxt9egfnvo c]t ( ;ao oa[c8 j ,Nmevyfmu j gxaoxt9egfnvoD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
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21 3]dgvfgduf9kdg-Nvw;iaf-toyf|bj’-njgv9wv;uD g,njvw;iaf-toyfoU g0Qkwx.oIjk’dkp c]h;,ao9twxme]kpg,afg]nvf0k;mugxaor6,8hkomko0v’I j k’dkp.sh gln j v,]q’gxaogsf.shI j k’j dkpvvogrpF 8yfg-Nvrtpkfvn j oMwfh’ j kpD j @? ]t[q[r6,8hkomko0v’I ]t[q[r6,8hkomko0v’I ]t[q[r6,8hkomko0v’I ]t[q[r6,8hkomko0v’Ijk’dkp7qogIqkD k’dkp7qogIqkD j k’dkp7qogIqkD k’dkp7qogIqkD k’dkp7qogIqkD oadIPo9q’lbdlkI6[8+wxoUF rhv,ma’[vd|hkmu j 0v’g,afg]nvf0k;c8 j ]t-toyfD j [qfmu $ [qfmu $ rtpkf8yf8+mk’grflerao Xr8r? rtpkf8yf8+mk’grflerao Xr8r? rtpkf8yf8+mk’grflerao Xr8r? !D 3]dgvf c]t ]t[q[r6,8hkomko 3]dgvf c]t ]t[q[r6,8hkomko !? 3]dgvfc, 3]dgvfc, 3]dgvfc, 3]dgvfc,jospa’L jospa’L jospa’L oadIPo9q jospa’L jospa’L ’lbdlkI6[8+wxoU c]h;.sh7;k,\kpD j lt\v’glnjv, g-Nv]k.oxkd 8jv,oE1k’gsn^v’.7j ,uw0hcdpk; j 8yfg-Nvrtpkf mk’grflerao ,tgIa’glAog]nvf 4vdmhv’-egINv ,tgIa’zy;|a’ I6[ $D! 7qo8yfg-Nv gv9wv;u I6[ $D@ ]t[q[r6,8hkomko0v’Ik’dkp7qo j 0hvpgxaog,afg]nvf0k; -toyf T 8 0hvpgxaog,afg]nvf0k; -toyf T c],32-yf T4 0hvpgxaog,afg]nvf0k; -toyf B ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
22 .o]t[q[r6,8hkomko0v’Ik’dkp,ug,afg]nvf0k;16 j # -toyf7nG -toyfmulu j Xj T4?F [u XB?F mucxf (T8)F g-y’c8 j ]t-toyfgIaf|hkmu j c8d8 j k’daoD j g,afg]nvf0k;-toyfmuluj (T4) gIaf|hkmugxaoz6h[ao-kdkola j ’.shg,afg]nvf0k;-toyfvn j oMj me]kpg-Nvrtpkfmug0Qkwx.oI j k’dkpD j g,afg]nvf0k;-toyfmucxf (T8) gIaf|hkmugxaoz6hme]kpg-Nvrtpkf3fpdq’D j g,afg]nvf0k;-toyf[u (B) gIaf|hkmugxaoz6hlhk’mkfdkp8hkog-Nv j rtpkfD r6,8hkomkoIjk’dkp0v’7qogIqk\kpg4y’75olq,[afme,t-kf1k’|b j j’0v’Ik’dkp j mu,uw;hle]a[xhv’dao[+.shg-Nv3]dg0Qkl6 j jIjk’dkp c]t lhk’ly’mu j 8+8hkog-Nvrtpkf mu j g0Qkwx.o j Ijk’dkpD g-Nvgv9wv;u ,u95fryglf8k’9kdw;iafvn j o7n w;iaf-toyfoUme]kp95]a’g,afg]nvf0k;3fpdq’F j g,nv1j 6.o95]a’g,afg]nvf0k; g-Nvgv9wv;u9tgru j ,9eo;o3fp.-hvk-yfo5pgd^vyd c]t 3xi8yo9kd j 95]a’g,afg]nvf0k;gxao;af45fy[ c]h;dt9kpwxl6g,afg]nvf0k;vn j oM8+wxD j ovd9kdoAo g-Nvgv9wv;u pa’,u3vdkfdkpraowfh’kpD g4y’; j kIj k’dkp9tlhk’r6,8hko j mko8+w;iafoU0Bo-j;’w]ptmevyf0v’dko8yfg-Nvd=8k,F c8jg,njvw;iafdkpraowx[k’lj;o r6,8hkomkomulhk’0Bo,k c]h;9t[+lk,kf8+8hkow;iafmu j dkpraowxwfh oUgxaogsf.sh[+lk,kf j de9afg-Nvgv9wv;uwfhD @D lkgsfdkogduf3]dgvf lkgsfdkogduf3]dgvf .shoadIPovu’.l7ela[8+wxouhc]h;lhk’gxaoxt3spdd j P;da[lkgsfmu j rk.sh8yfg-Nv3]dgvfD j 7ela[G 3vdkfF 8yfg-NvF ,urbf8ydelP’F rq;raomk’grfF z6h,ug-Nvgv9wv;uF .-hg0a,lad1kF j glahog]nvfD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 0=h,6o.shI6h;kzh6mu j 8yfg-Nvgv9wv;uc]h;9tgxao3]dgvf ,uxt,ko @&:{&W: c]t 9tdkpgxao j 3]dgvf.og;]k8+,k.-hg;]kxt,ko &{!W xu s^n s^kpd;koAo 4hkzh6d j P;skdIadlkl50trk[0v’ j 8qogv’ c]t xt8y[af8k,7ecotoe0v’crfD 7qomugxaogvf c, j og;]kmu j g-Nvw;iafme]kp]t[q[r6,8hkomkos^kp gIaf.sh-b,g-Nv c]t j gxaortpkfvnoMwfh’ j kpD j zh6x;p3]dgvf9t8yfg-Nv-toyfvn j oMwfh’ j kpd; j k7qoxqddt8y g-a j oG ;aoot3]dF xvf[;,F gspn j jv s5h,lt\v’vadgl[F 3]dg]u,F 4vdmhv’-EgINv c]t ];,ma’,tgIa’D zh6x;p3]dgs^q j koU9t,uvkdko j I5ocI’0Bo c]t glp-u;yf1k’w;;kD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
23 #D glahomk’8yf8+ c]t [+8yf8+0v’g-Nvgv9wv;u glahomk’8yf8+ c]t [+8yf8+0v’g-Nvgv9wv;u glahomk’8yf8+ c]t [+8yf8+0v’g-Nvgv9wv;u !? g-Nvgv9wv;u,u16.lcf j F 9q j ’lbdlkI6[8+wxouhD j I6[ $D# g-Nvgv9wv;u { 9q’vj ko c]h;\kp7e; j k8yf8+ c]t [+8yf.l j j[jvomug\ktlq,D j DDDDDDDDDD dyog0QkI;,daoda[zh68yfg-NvD DDDDDDDDDDD p5’dafD j DDDDDDDDDD dkoI;,grfD j DDDDDDDDDD .-hshv’oEI;,daoD j DDDDDDDDDD dyooEI;,9vdfP;daoD DDDDDDDDDD g0a,lad1kmu j [+wfhvtg-NvD j DDDDDDDDDD oa’.dh7P’daoD j DDDDDDDDDD 9a[,ndaogxaog;]kfqookoD DDDDDDDDDD c,gvqkoq,.sh]6ddyoD j DDDDDDDDDD crf\=xyoxq;7qogxaogvf j DDDDDDDDD .-hg7nv’o5 j ’Ij ;,dao j DDDDDDDDD sv,cdh,da[zh6gxaogvfD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD g4y’9trq[g-Nvrtpkfgv9wv;u16oE8kF oE]kpF oE,6d8 j k’Md=8k,c8 j ,uxt]y,ko|hvpD j p5’ c]t c,’w,h[+rk.sh8yf8+g-NvwfhD g-Nvgv9wv;ulk,kf8yf8+wfh3fp # mk’ 7nG mk’grfleraoF mk’g]nvf c]t 9kdc,l6 j ]6dD j dD mk’grfleraoG dD mk’grfleraoG dko,ugrfleraoda[z6hmu dD mk’grfleraoG j8yfg-Nvgv9wv;ugrktg-Nvgv9wv;u,us^kp 16oEvtl59y0v’grf-kp c]t .ooEg,nvd.o- j v’7vf0v’z6hpy’mu j 8yfg-NvD j 0D mk’g]nvfG 9kddko.-hg0a,lad1k c]t ly 0D mk’g]nvfG0D mk’g]nvfG ’0v’mu j ,u7q,gxNvofh;pg]nvf0v’z6h8yfg-Nv j gv9wv;u s^n z6h8yfly’gl[8yfD j 0hvpoU]tc,jow;iafgvf mu16 j .oDDD j oEvtl59yz6h-kp muj8yfg-Nv oE.o-jv’7vfz6hpy’ muj8yfg-Nv T g]nvf T oE1k’gsn^v’ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
24 7D 9kdc, 7D 9kdc, 7D 9kdc, 7D 9kdc, 7D 9kdc,jmuj8yfg-Nvl6 8yfg-Nvl6 j8yfg-Nvl6 j8yfg-Nvl6 8yfg-Nvl6j]6dohvpG ]6dohvpG j]6dohvpG c, j]6dohvpG ]6dohvpG jpy’muj8yfg-Nvgv9wv;u4nrk,u3vdkfcrjg-Nv.lj]6d.o mhv’.og;]k4nrkxt,ko &:F g;]k7vfxt,ko !&: c]t fn,oEoq,c, j xt,ko !W:D j g-Nvgv9wv;u [+lk,kf8yf8+9kddkolezafrkpovdg-aoG wvF 9k,F vk[oEI j ;,daoF oa j ’IPo j .oshv’fP;daoD g-Nvgv9wv;u g,njvvvd9kdIjk’dkpwxc]h;,ao9t8kprkp.o !& ;yokmuS ,ao[+lk,kfmqo8+ltrk[c;f]hv,0hk’ovdg-aoG v5ostr6,F vk-yfF 7;k,csh’ c]t 7;k, j -5,D oEc2[F oElt[6F oE1k-adg7n j v’.sh0k;F gs^Qk _W c]t oE2qf lk,kf0hkg-Nvgv9wv;uwfhD j ovd9kd3]dgvfc]h; pa’,urtpkf8yf8+mk’grfleraovnoMmu j g7uprq[vud # xtgrf.sp j fa j ’oUG j { 8yf9kdg-Nvw;iaf ,uG s6fg0Qkl5dF s6fsvowdF g]u, c]t g-Nvw;iafgv9wv;u j { 8yf9kdg-Nvc[dmugip ,uG |v’.ocmhF |v’.omP,F -u2u]ylF /u\kd,;’F czIu,v j voj { gduf9kdc,’w,h ,uG 0Usyf c]t 3]oD dko8yfg-Nv8k’Mgduf0Bowfhco;.fL j g;Qk];,c]h;zy;|a’muj1j68k,xkdF mt;ko|ad c]t mk’.o0v’vtw;pt;tgrf7qogIqk c,jo,u7;k,[k’s^kp 7ngxaoxtgrfmuj,ucr95]a’gxaog,nvdD phvo]adltot0v’cr95]a’mujgxao g,nvdfa’dj k;,u7;k,[k’ c]t 4ndme]kp’ j kpd; j kzy;|a’fhkoovdmu j xqd75,I j k’dkp0v’gIqkF j dko0kfrP’g]adohvpmugIqk[+I6hlbd8q; d=gxao- j v’mk’.shg-Nvrtpkfg0qhkwxwfhD j g-Nvrtpkfmurk.sh8yfg-Nv Xc[dmugip c]t w;iaf? 9tvkwl1 j 6[=]yg;ocrmu j gxaog,nvd c]t j lk,kfg7nvo8q;vvd9kdcr95]a’0v’zh6|b j ’wxskvudzh6|b j ’F phvoco;oU9b j ’rk.sh,u3vdkfgxao j rtpkf8yf8+mk’grfleraowfhD g,nv8yfg-Nv rD8Dr -toyf|b j ’c]h; ,aovkfrk.shgIqk8yfrtpkfvn j oMwfh’ j kpF grktg-Nv j rtpkf8q;mevyfwfhme]kpcr95]a’0v’gIqkgxao[kfczc]h;F 9b’gxaomk’.shg-Nv38vn j og0Qkwx j .oIk’dkp c]t g;]koahoI j k’dkp0v’gIqk9b j ’[+lk,kfgIaf|hkmu j xhv’daoda[rtpkffa j ’dj k;wfhD j $D dkoxhv’dao dkoxhv’daodkoxhv’dao 7nfaj’r;dgIqkI6h3]dgvf gxaortpkfmuj8yf8+9kdvud7qo|bj’wxskvud7qo|bj’fh;pmk’ grfleraoD ltoAoF py’r;dgIqk,u7;k,I6hd j P;rtpkf rD8Dr s^kpgmq j k.fgIqklk,kfs^udg;Ao j 9kd,aowfhfh;ps^kp;ymu c]t xhv’dao8qogv’fa’oUG j { I6h9adrq;raoda[grnvo8 j k’grf s^n w;h.9D j { [+7;o,ugrfleraodvow;vao7;o c]t d j voc8 j ’’koD j { 9qj’rtpkpk,.-hg;]ks;jk’.shgxaoxt3spf c]t 8A’.9IjeIPogrnjv,uvk-u[mujfuF gxao7qofu0v’r+c, c]t la’7q,D j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
25 .oxaf95[aopa’[+mao,u;ad-yoxhv’dao c]t 1kxyoxq;3]dgvf.shskp0kfgmn j vg4y’; j kwfh,u j dkomqf]v’ c]t oe.-h1k[k’-toyfc]h;d=8k,D &D dko.shdko- dko.shdko- dko.shdko- dko.shdko-j;pgs^nvcd ;pgs^nvcd j;pgs^nvcd ;pgs^nvcdjzh68yfg-Nvgv9wv;u c]t 3]dgvf zh68yfg-Nvgv9wv;u c]t 3]dgvf jzh68yfg-Nvgv9wv;u c]t 3]dgvf zh68yfg-Nvgv9wv;u c]t 3]dgvf !? dko-j ;pgs^nv c]t .shde]a’.9 ;pgs^nv c]t .shde]a’.9 j ;pgs^nv c]t .shde]a’.9 ;pgs^nv c]t .shde]a’.9 g4y’;kxaf95[aooU,uzh68yfg-Nvgv9wv;u c]t gxaogvf .oxtgmfc]h;d=8k,F g0qkg9Qklk,kf j fe]q’-u;yf16.o7v[7q; c]t la’7q,wfh1 j k’xqddt8y7nda[7qomq j ;wxrhv,ma’,ulyf.om5dfhkorkp.8hdqf j \kp0v’[hkog,nv’D 7qomugxao3]dgvfd=,u3vdkfwfhIa[dkoxy j oxq;1 j k’4nd8hv’ 8k,vkdko0v’ j rtpkfmuc-d-hvoD ltoAoF r;dgIqk[+7;o]a’dPfF 7;o.shdko- j ;pgs^nvF .shde]a’.9cd j g0qkg9Qk j grnv.shg0qkg9Qk,u-u;yfpnopk;D j @? dkoxt8y[af8qo0v’zh68yfg-Bvgv9wv;u dkoxt8y[af8qo0v’zh68yfg-Bvgv9wv;u dkoxt8y[af8qo0v’zh68yfg-Bvgv9wv;u 4hkI6h;k8qogv’8yfg-Nvc]h;7;oxt8y[af8qofa j ’oUG j { gIaf.sh9yf.9xqddt8yF dyovkskomu,umkf[e]5’.shrP’r=F vvdde]a’dkpD j { rq[crfgxaoxt9eD 0D le]a[7v[7q;0v’z6h8yfg-Nv}gxaogvfD { ltcf’7;k,Iad c]t .dh-yf-;pgs^nvD j { gvqk.9.lIa[2a’[aosk c]t gxaomu j xbdlkg,n j vzh68yfg-Nvgduf7;k,da’;qoF m=h4vpD j 7D |hkmu0v’7qo.ola’7q,D j { IPoI6h.shg0Qk.97;k,gxao9y’dP;da[3]dgvfD j { 3vh]q,;ymudkoxhv’daodkocr]t[kf0v’gvfD j { xtdv[l;og0Qk.odkogzupcr j .sh-5,-qovhv,0hk’,ult8yI; j ,,nxhv’dao8qogv’F 7v[7q; j c]t la’7q,.shxvfwr9kddko8yfg-Nvgv9wv;umu4nd8hv’D j 7e4k,G !D g-Nvgv9wv;u,us^kp16.lL g,n j v,aog0Qkwx.oI j k’dkp0v’zh68yfg-Nvc]h;9twxme]kp j lj;o.f0v’Ik’dkpL j @D r6,8hkomko0v’Ik’dkp7qogIqk,u7;k,\kpco;.fL j #D c,od5 j ,7qo.fl j P’8+dko8yfg-Nvgv9wv;us^kpd; j k\6 j jL $D dqowd s^n dko8yfg-hnvrtpkf,uco;.fL &D oadIPo7;oxt8y[af8qoco;.fgrnv[+.sh8yfg-Nv3]dgvfL j *D 4hk,u7qo8yfg-Nvgv9wv;u}3]dgvfF g9Qk9t[vd]k;wxIa[dkoxyoxq; c]t Ia[dko.sh j 7exbdlk16.lL j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
26 [qfmu & [qfmu & dkolq j’glu,l50trk[ c]t madlt-u;yf ’glu,l50trk[ c]t madlt-u;yf ’glu,l50trk[ c]t madlt-u;yf ’glu,l50trk[ c]t madlt-u;yf .o-u;yfxt9e;aogIqkg7upgsao [k’7qo,adpk’vvdde]a’dkpF safdkpt[=]ysko s^n s^Yody]k j xtgrf8k’M c]t [k’7qovvdcI’’ko1 j 68k,gInvo-ko1 j k’gxaoxqddt8y g0qkg9Qk9tgxao7qo j c0’cI’[+,adg9a[gxaoD ltoAoF 4hkr;dgIqkm5d7qo1kd.shIk’dkp,ul50trk[c0’cI’fu d=8hv’wfh j vvdde]a’dkpgrnvgIaf.sh8qogv’,ul50trk[dkp c]t 9yfc0’cI’fuD j !D dkolqj’glu,l50trk[dkp ’glu,l50trk[dkp j’glu,l50trk[dkp ’glu,l50trk[dkp { dkolq’glu,l50trk[dkp,uvao.fcf j jL dyf9tdeG 9a[76 dyf9tdeG 9a[76 dyf9tdeG 9a[76 dyf9tdeG 9a[76 dyf9tdeG 9a[76jvvdde]a’dkp vvdde]a’dkp jvvdde]a’dkp vvdde]a’dkp vvdde]a’dkpfh;pmk8j k’Mfa j ’oUG \6oc0oF cv;F ]5doa j ’F g8Aog-nvdF 1nocd; j ’0kF c0oF j 0Bo]q’0Aowf c]t vnoMD j I6[ &D! [vo9a[de,t9vo0v’I j k’dkp7qo j zjkodkovvdde]a’dkpoadIPoI6hlbd co;.fL rkps^a’vvdde]a’dkpc]h; oadIPo 9tI6hlbd;kde,t9vo0v’gIqkg8AocI’d; j jk Ijk’dkp0v’gIqkmuj1j6.omjkxqddt8yF oAod= phvo;jk.o0totmujvvdde]a’dkpoAoIjk’ dkp8hv’.-hrt]a’’kogru,0BoF rt]a’’ko j faj’djk;wfh9kddkogzqkw\hvksko c]t dkl vqd-uc-oD fa’oAoF 9b j ’8hv’dkovqd-u j c-ogru,0Bo c]t .og;]kfP;daooAoI j k’j dkpd=8hv’de9afdkl dkd3[oydvvdovdD phvoco;oAo9bj’rk.shsq;.9g8Aow; c]t skp.94ujD l50trk[mk’dkp \kpg4y’ltrk[ Ijk’dkpmu,u7;k,lq,[6oc0’cI’F g8u[.sp j j 1jk’gxaoxqddt8yF ]t[q[8k’M 0v’I j k’dkp j gIaf;PdwfhfuF ,uxtlyfmyrk[ c]t ,u7;k, 8hko8+rtpkfwfhfuD 0t\a[ 0hk’]e7= [=]yg;f0=h,n= cv[cv0k s^a’/k8uo ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
27 dkovvdde]a’dkp\kpg4y’ Ik’dkp0v’gIqkwfhvvdcI’s^kp9qoI6hlbd; j kvyfg,n j vpF [+; j jk 9tvvdcI’’kofh;pdkos^Yody]kF dko[=]yskoIk’dkp s^n gIaf;Pd8 j k’MD ltoAoF dkovvd j de]a’dkpgxaoxafw9le7aole]a[m5dM7qoD 75oxt3spf0v’dkovvdde]a’dkp,uco;.fcfjL T Ik’dkpg8u[.sp j c0’cI’D j T 8hkomkortpkfD T sq;.9g8AocI’0BoF dko\6o;Po0v’g]nvffuD T 8v,gsn j vgIaf;Pds^kp0Bogrn j vde9afly j ’glfgs^nv8 j k’Mvvdmk’I6gsn j vD j T -;p.sh[5d7t]yd c]t m j kmufu S g7n j vows;7 j v’c7h; c]t ; j v’w;D j @D dkolqj’glu,l50trk[9yf ’glu,l50trk[9yf j’glu,l50trk[9yf ’glu,l50trk[9yf oadIPo9q’la’gdfI6[ zh6mu j ,ul50trk[9yfmu j fu c]t z6hmu j ,ul50trk[9yf[+fuD j T |hk8kpY,cph, T ,u7;k,r=.9 c]t -njo-q,8+7;k,l5d c]t zqoleg]af0v’8qoD T ;k’cczo-u;yf8qogv’w;h1k’g\ktlq,D j T g,nvrq[[aosk8hv’8A’lt8y c]t 7yfw8 j 8v’ j 1jk’,ugsfzqo I6h;k[aoskoAoc, j ospa’D j T ,umk’g]nvd.fcfjF g]nvdmk’mujg\ktlq, le]a[8qogv’D T ,udkorq;raoda[\6grn j vo1 j k’4nd8hv’D j T |hk8k[+lqf-noD j T ;k’czo-u;yf8qogv’pa’[+wfhD T [+,ad8A’.92a’vao.f|bj’.shg0Qk.99tc9h’ g;]kIPo|a’ln2a’wxc]h;7yfwxg]njv’vnjoF rk.shdkoIPo[+I6hg]nv’D j zh6muj,ul50trk[9yf[+7jvpfu ltcf’vvd .shgsao 9yf.9[+lts’q[F rk.sh9yf.9[+9qf9+1j6da[lyj’mujgIaf1j6F fqookowxvkfrk.sh9yf.9glnv,3-,wfhF gdufvk]q,[+fu j Xs’5fs’yfDDD? gxaogsf.shIjk’dkpglnjv,oeD faj’oAoF I6[ &D@ zh6,ul50trk[9yffu I6[ &D# z6h,ul50trk[9yf[+fu ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
28 r;dgIqk m5d7qo9t8hv’rtpkpk,me9yf.9.shfuF 8A’.98+ly’mu j gIqkr;,gIaf1 j 69b j ’rk.shI6hg]n j v’ c]t j 9tgxao7qomuxtlq[zqoleg]afD j I6[ &D$ oaj’lt,kmy { oadIPo9qj’sk;ymume.sh9yf.9lts’q[fh;p dkooa’lt,kmyD j { vu’.lj7ela[8+wxoUgrnjvc8j’gxaoxt3spd .og;]koa’lt,kmyG ,n0;kF ,n-hkpF 8q;-n j jF g8a’F oa’F oa j ’.shlt[kpF lt,kmyF j DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD lyj’muj7;ogvqk.9.ljG g;]koaj’lt,kmy.sh8A’l6o dk’0v’9yf.9w;hmuj]q,skp.9 g-ajoG skp.9g0Qk.sh leobd;kG r5fF g,n j v]q,skp.9vvd.shobd; j kG 3mF s^a[8k j r=lt[kpF [+obdg4y’g]nv’vn j o gIafwxxt,ko & okmuD j dkome9yf.9.shlts’q[ ,u75oxt3spf8+8qogv’s^kpgrkt,aogIaf.shlj;o8jk’M 0v’ lt\v’wfhradzvoF 7;k,7Pfd=z j vo7kp]q’F sq;.9lk,kfl6[lufg]nvfwx]hP’l j ;o8 j k’M 0v’ j Ijk’dkpwfhfuD g,nv,uvkdkog7a j ’8b’ sn^ ,u7;k,7Pf.sh z j vo7kp,aofh;pdkogIaf.sh7;k,7yf j 9qf9=16da[ly j ’.f|b j ’rP’ly j ’fP; 8q;1 j k’G oa[g]d .o.9 #F @F ! c]h;skp.9g0Qkg]ydM s^n 2a’c8 j lP’ j oAoD ltoAoF r;dgIqkmuj1j6.ow;IPo9b’8hv’lhk’8qogv’.sh,ul50trk[dkp c]t 9yf.shfufh;pG j T dkoxa[8q;.shg0Qkda[\6grn j voF zh6.sp j F la’7q, c]t dkoxa[8q;mk’grfD j T Iadlkvtokw,l;o8 j k’M0v’I j k’dkp.shltvkf1 j 6ltg\uD j T vvdde]a’dkplt\+kltg\uD T dyovkskomu,uxt3spfD j T s^udg;Aodkofn,gs^Qk s^n 0v’,bog,qkvn j oM mu j ,uzqodtmq[8+l50trk[g;Qk];,c]h; zh6mu j ,u j l50trk[c0’cI’lq,[6o c]t l50trk[9yfmufuF lk,kfcdh[aosk c]t xa[9yf.9 j 8qogv’.sh16.oltrk[xqddt8yl5d 9t[+,udkog9a[w0hwfhx j ;p.fMD oU 4n; j kgxao-u;yfmu j ,u j 75otrk[fa’mu j m5d7qoxkf4t|kD j #D madlt-u;yfgrn madlt-u;yfgrn madlt-u;yfgrn madlt-u;yfgrn madlt-u;yfgrnjvglu,lhk’l50trk[ vglu,lhk’l50trk[ j vglu,lhk’l50trk[ vglu,lhk’l50trk[ madlt-u;yf gxao7extlq,muxtdv[fh;plv’7e7n madlt c]t -u;yfG madlt\kpg4y’7;k, j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
29 lk,kfF 7;k,-eoy-eoko.odkog7nvows;fhkoI j k’dkp c]t ,aolt\v’ g-y j ’wfh,k9kd j dkola’gdfF dkoIeIPo c]t xtlq[dkoD j -u;yf\kpg4y’ dkofe]q’7q’8q;0v’,to5fmu,udkog8u[.sp j F g7n j vows;F x j Pocx’ c]t j rafmtokoa[c8gxao]6dv j vo.omhv’c, j 9qog4y’,NlYo]q,skp.9D j madlt-u;yf \kpg4y’7;k,lk,kf0v’7qo .odkoxa[xPorbf8ydewx.omk’mu j fu c]t j g\ktlq, g-y’9t- j ;p.shlk,kfcdhw0[aosk8k,lt4kotdko8 j k’M .o-u;yfxt9e;aoD j gonjv’9kd;jkgIqkfe]q’-u;yf1j6.ola’7q,F gIqk[+lk,kf8afcpd-u;yfvvd9kd]t[P[ dqf\kpoAowfhF .ola’7q,rafgduf,us^kp[aosklts^a[la[-hvoD ltoAoF [k’gmnvw;| j 5,vkf9t[+mao j 9ecodwfh[aoskmuvkf9tgduf0Boda[8qogv’rkps^a’D ltoAoF w;|5 j ,9egxao8hv’wfh.-hmadlt-u;yf j g0Qk,kcdhw0grnjv-j;p.shgdufzqofu8+8qogv’F 7v[7q; c]t xtgmf-kf g-ajoG dkoxhv’dao 8+lyj’gl[8yfF g-Nvgv9wv;u c]t rtpkf8yf8+mk’grfleraovnjoMS dko]t;a’7;k,I5ocI’ mk’grfF dkogdufvkf-tpkde c]t g]nv’\qfs;a’8+-u;yf8qogv’S lq j ’glu,dko,ul50trk[mu j fu j c]t dkorq;raovaofuoedao]ts;k’,to5ffh;pdaoD j madlt-u;yfxtdv[ ,u & madlt8Qo8=fa’oUG madltdkoln j lkoF dko8aflyo.9 j {cdhw0[aoskF { dkoxt8yglf{8+]v’F dko9ecod7koypq, c]t dkodeoqfgxQk\kpD j madltdkoln madltdkoln madltdkoln madltdkoln madltdkolnjlko \kpg4y’dkoI6h9ad.-h7eg;Qk c]t rklkm jlko kmk’mu j 4nd8hv’ g\ktlq, j da[lt4kotdko grnjvltcf’7;k,I6hlbd c]t 7;k,,5j’,kfxkf4t|k0v’8qogv’ c]t lk,kfIadlk7;k,gxao,yfw;hwfhD 8q;1k’G dkoxkdg;Qk8hv’.sh,u dk]tgmltF g;Qk9tc9h’ j -afg9oD ly’le7ao1 j k’|b j ’gIqk8hv’wfhg/yd7;k,dhksko .odkoln j lkoly j ’mu j 8qogv’8hv’dko1kd j 9tlnwxrhv,daoD j dkoI6h9ad8qogv’ c, dkoI6h9ad8qogv’ dkoI6h9ad8qogv’ o7;k,lk,kf.odko7Qosk c]t g0Qk.995ffuF 95fv j vo0v’8qogv’F j I6h7;k,8hv’dko c]t 7;k,IadF I6hoyfwl c]t 7;k,c8d8k’0v’8qogv’da[zh6vn j ogxao8QoD j 8q;1k’G g,n j vI6h; j k8qogv’,uoyfwl.9Ihvod=]t,af]t;a’dkoxkdg;QkF dkodtmegrn j v[+lhk’7;k, j dtmq[dtgmnvo8+zh6vno c]t vn j oMD j madltdko8aflyo.9{cdhw0[aosk madltdko8aflyo.9{cdhw0[aosk madltdko8aflyo.9{cdhw0[aosk \kpg4y’ 7;k,lk,kf.odkog[y’ltrk[ mu j rq;rao j g4y’[aosk1k’4u j 4h;o}Iv[fhkogrn j v8aflyo.9cdhw01 j k’4nd8hv’D j djvo9t8aflyo.9{cdhw0[aosk.f|bj’gIqk8hv’G I6h;k’czoF deoqf0v[g0f0v’[aoskF [aoskoAoc,ospa’F lkgsfmu j rk.sh[aoskgduf0Bo,uco;.fF gduf0Bo.oltrk[dko.fF gduf0Bo1 j 6.lD j s^a’9kdoAo9bj’ry9k]tokc8j]tmk’g]nvdD mk’g]nvdmujfuoAo 8hv’c,jomk’g]nvddko8af lyo.9fh;plt8yxaopkF .-hgsfzqocmodko.-hvk]q,F [+zyflyomeF [+meIhkp7qovno3fpmk’dq’ c]t j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
30 mk’vhv,D ovdoAoF d=7;oxbdlk F 0=7;k,-;pgs^nv9kdzh6mu j w;h.9D 8q;1k’G d=]tou\6 j -ad-;owx j mk’mu[+fu g-a j oG dkom j P;[5oF mk’mu j glpg’yoF dkorq;raog4y’1kgl[8yfF dkodyogs^Qk F dkortoao j c]t vnoM8hv’-a j ’-k zqowfhzqoglpF 4hkzqoglps^kpd; j kd=[+8hv’wxD c8 j 4hkwxm j P;[5o c]h;gdufd5lqo j .sh8qogv’ c]t [aort[6]5fcmhMd=fuD madltdkoxt8yglf{8+]v’ madltdkoxt8yglf{8+]v’ madltdkoxt8yglf{8+]v’ \kpg4y’7;k,lk,kf.odkoxt8yglf grnjvIadlk95f 1no}s^ad\Ao0v’8qogv’w;Dh dkoxt8yglf{8+]v’ c,o lyfmyl j ;o[5d7qomu j ltcf’ g4y’7;k,8hv’dko0v’8qogv’ mu j j8jk’ 9kd76lqomtok grn j vs^udg;Ao9kdrbf8ydemu[+gdufxt3spf s^n rbf8ydemu j vkf rk.shgdufzqoltmhvo j mu[+fu8k,,k8+8qogv’F 7v[7q; c]t xtgmf-kfD 8q;1 j k’G xt8yglf8+gsfdkomu j \6 j s^n grfdq’dao j 0hk,-ad-;o.od=]toumu8qogv’[+rhv, c]t vkfrk.shgdufzqoIhkp8k,,kD j djvo9toe.-hdkoxt8yglf{ 8+]v’dP;da[[aosk.f|b j ’8hv’vu’.l j ltrk[dkoF lt4komu j jF g;]kF lkpleraoF 7;k,le7ao0v’[aosk c]t zqo8k,,kD madltdko9ecod7 madltdko9ecod7 madltdko9ecod7 madltdko9ecod7jkoypq, jkoypq, \kpg4y’7;k,lk,kf.odko9ecod7;k,I6hlbdF 7;k, jkoypq, g-njv s^n mjkvjP’0v’[5d7qo.f|jb’muj,u8+8qogv’F 8+zh6vnjoF 8+lt4kotdko.f|bj’ g-yj’,uvyfmyrqo ltcf’vvdfhkorbf8ydeD 7qogIqkm5d7qo]h;oc8,u7j koypq, g-y j ’7j koypq,0v’c8 j ]t7qoc8d8 j k’daowxD dko,u7 j koypq, j mufuF lq,gsflq,zqo - j ;p.shgIqk8aflyo.9cdhw0[aoskwfh4nd8hv’ c]t ,uzqoglpskp|hvpd; j jk dkocdhw0[aoskmu.-h7 j koypq,mu j [+g\ktlq,cdh[aoskD j madltdkodeoqfgxQk\kp madltdkodeoqfgxQk\kp madltdkodeoqfgxQk\kp dkodeoqfgxQk\kp s^n 7;k,s;a’0v’gIqkoAo [+7;o 8A’7;k,s;a’l6’ s^n 8egduowxD dko8A’7;k,s;a’8hv’vu’.l j 7;k,lk,kf0v’8qogv’ c]t j .shcmfg\ktda[7;k,gxao9y’D 8q;1k’G mhk; dD 1kd,ugInvoF mhk;0= 1kd,um5d1 j k’D ltoAoF gxQk\kp j .f-afg9od;kdaoD dkodeoqfgxQk\kp-afg9o rk.shgIqk[ao]57;k,s;a’wfhD j dko8A’7;k,s;a’[+7;o.shd;hk’gduowxF 8hv’.shgdufzqoD ltoAoF 7;k,s;a’ 0v’g9Qkgv’.oxaf95[aoc,ospa’D j 7e4k,G !D dkolq’glu,l50trk[dkp c]t 9yf ,u7;k,\kpco;.fL j @D dkovvdde]a’dkp,u75oxt3spfco;.fcfjL #D madlt-u;yf,u7;k,\kpco;.fL oadIPo7yf;k8qogv’,u7;k, j 9egxao8hv’wfhIPoI6h madltfa’dj k;[=L 4hk9egxao 9q j ’vtmy[kpD j $D oadIPo9q j’0Po & ;ymumu jgIaf.sh8qogv’,u9yf.9lts’q[ s^n ,ult,kmys^kp0BoD ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
31 rkdmu II dkoxjPocx’mkf8 Pocx’mkf8 Pocx’mkf8 Pocx’mkf8jk’M [qfmu * [qfmu * xt8ydy]ypkg7,u xt8ydy]ypkg7,uxt8ydy]ypkg7,u !D 7;k,\kp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u 7;k,\kp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u 7;k,\kp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !Gdyf9tde !G !? gvqkg,afla’dtlu]q’.lj9vdcdh;c]h;1vf HCl ]q’.lF la’gdfxkdqfdko c]t [ao j mbdzqoD I6[ *D! 1vfvk-yf HCl @? gvqkxkdgxqjkm+muj95j,]q’.ooEx6o.lmu[ao95 j .o9vdcdh;.lF la’gdfxkdqfdko c]t [aombdzqoD #? 96fg9hpF la’gdfdkoxPocx’c]h;[aombdzqo j I6[mu *D# 96fg9hp 9kddkogIafdyf9tde0hk’gmy’ oadIPola’gdf gsaodkoxPocx’spa’cf j gduf0BoL j { s^a’9kd1vf HCl ]q’.lla’dtlu.o9vdcdh;gIqk9tla’gdfgsaog,afla’dtlu.o9vd j cdh;2qf c]t ,uvkpgduf0BoD g,nvxtw;hw]pt|b j ’c]h;gIqk9tla’gdfgsaog,afla’dtlu j ohvp]q’c]h; d=\qfwxD I6[mu *D@ gxqjk]q,.loEx6o.l j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
32 { g,nvgvqkxkdgxq j km+mu j 95 j ,]q’.o9vdcdh;.lmu j [ao95oEx6o.l9tla’gdfgsaooEx6o05 j oD oAo j ltcf’;k dkldkd3[oyd9kdxkdgIqkwxgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[oEx6o.l c]h;wfhmkf.\ j jD { g,nvgvqkg9hpwx96fla’gdfgsaocx;w2]5dw\hF g9hp7 j vpdkpgxaolufe c]t lu0Ugm j qkS oAo j ltcf’;kg9hpmu j 4nd96fdkpgxaomkf.\ j jD dkoxPocx’mu j ,umkf.\ j gduf0Bo,ad,udkox j Pocx’luF ,umkfmu j ]tgsupvkpvvdF ,udy j ogduf j 0BoF ,urbd9q,]q’ s^n ,udkoxPocx’v5ostr6, c]t vn j oM gry j ogvUodkox j Pocx’c[[oU; j jk xt8ydy]ypkg7,uD 7;k,w;.odkogdufxt8ydy]ypkg7,uc8]t-toyf[+7ndaog-a j oG j { dkogzqkw\hg-Nvw2gdufw; c]t cz7;k,Ihvol6’D j { dkogoqkgxn j vp0v’goNvlaf c]t rnfF dkoc]dx j Pomkf0v’rnf c]t lafgduf-hkD j { dkogzqkx6o9kdsuox6o8hv’wfh.-h7;k,IhvorP’r=9b’gdufxt8ydy]ypk0BowfhD j @D xt8ydy]ypkg7,u.ome,t-kf xt8ydy]ypkg7,u.ome,t-kf { xt8ydy]ypkg7,umujgduf0Bo.ome,t-kfwfhcdjG dkogxao\hP’0v’3]stg-yj’c,jo xt8ydy]ypk]ts;jk’3]st c]t vqd-uc-o.ovkdkfF dkola’g7ktcl’0v’rnfF dkogoqkgxn j vp0v’laf c]t rnfmu j 8kpc]h;F dkop j vpvksko.o]ewlhD j dkopvpvk j sko.o]ewlh gxao\hP’ 0v’3]st la’g7ktcl’ 0v’rnf xt8ydy]ypkg7,u .ome,t-kf dkogoqkgxn j vpj 0v’laf c]t rnf ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
33 #D xt8ydy]ypkg7,umu xt8ydy]ypkg7,umu xt8ydy]ypkg7,umu xt8ydy]ypkg7,umu xt8ydy]ypkg7,umuj,to5flhk’0Bo c]t xt3spf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u ,to5flhk’0Bo c]t xt3spf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u j ,to5flhk’0Bo c]t xt3spf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u ,to5flhk’0Bo c]t xt3spf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u ,to5flhk’0Bo c]t xt3spf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u vu’.l7;k,dhk;|hkmk’fhkog7,ulkf c]t 7;k,IPdIhv’8hv’dko0v’7qogIqk ltoAo j 7qogIqk9y’wfhlhk’xt8ydy]ypk0Bogv’g-a j oG j { dko96fg-Nvw2F g-y’lj ;os^kpc, j omkfxtlq,Iu3fic-o c]t dkd[vogrn j vlt|v’ j 7;k,Ihvocd7qogIqk s^n .-h.shg7n j v’9adg7n j vog|a’wfhD j { dko\adgs^Qkc,odkox j Pocx’mkf9kdcxh’gxaooE8koc]h;9kdoE8ko gxaogs^QkD j { dko.-hmkfvk]6,uouvv,xqoda[vqd-yfgs^adc]h;gzqkgrnv.shwfhgs^adlqfD j oadIPo9q’la’gdfI6[rk[ c]h;[vd-n j c]t xt3spf0v’zt]yf8traomu j wfh9kdxt8ydy]ypk j g7,umu,to5flhk’0BoD j { ,to5fgIqkwfhoe.-hxt8ydy]ypkg7,ugrnvzt]yfmkf.\ j s^kp-toyf8k,7;k,8hv’dko j g-aoG dkox5’c8 j ’1kxq;rtpkfF dkozt]yfg7n j v’levk’F dkozt]yflt[6F dkozt]yf j 1k’x^kl8ydDDD xuikg-8k, lkode9af|6 1kxq;rtpkf 1kdt8h5ornf lkode9af|6 1k’x^kl8yd I6[ *D$ xt8ydy]ypkg7,umu,to5flhk’0Bo j ;af45-ad]hk’ .shdtclw22hk g7njv’levk’ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
34 { xt8ydy]ypkg7,u.sh7;k,Ihvo c]t cl’lts;k’g-a j oG dkogzqkw\hw,h s^n 4 j kow,hF j dkogzqkw\hoE,aog-Nvw2D { xt8ydy]ypk.shdtclw22hkg-aoG xt8ydy]ypk.oxuoF .o\=hw2gxao8QoFDDD j { 7qogIqklk,kfla’g7ktmkf.ome,t-kfgrnvx5’c8 j ’1k0hkc,’w,hF 1k0hksphk j { 7qolk,kfx5’c8’1kdt85hogrn j v.shrnfrao.sp j w;F laf0tspkp8q;1 j k’; j v’w;FDDD j $D zqoglpskp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u zqoglpskp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u zqoglpskp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u oadIPo9q’la’gdfI6[rk[ c]h;[vdzqoglpskp0v’xt8ydy]ypk c]t zt]yf8traog7,u]5 j ,oUG j 7P’76da[xt3spf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,uc]h; [k’xt8ydy]ypkg7,ud=pa’,uzqoglpskpg-a j oG j { dkozt]yf1kgl[8yfF dkozt]yf1kg[nvD j { dko96f0UgspNv-t-kpgIaf.shgduf,us^kpmkfmugxaoryfc]h;gIaf.shly j ’c;f]hv,gxaoryfD j 4Y,0UgspNv-t-kp w2w\hxjk ]tg[uf 1kgl[8yf I6[ *D& zqoglpskp0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
35 { dkogoqkgxn j vp0v’-kdlaf c]t rnf9tgIaf.shgdufmkfvkpmu j ,udy j og\aoF gduf,u,qo j ]tryf c]t rtpkf8k’MD j [k’xt8ydy]ypk ,uma’xt3spf c]t ,uma’zqoglpskpg-a [k’xt8ydy]ypk ,uma’xt3spf c]t ,uma’zqoglpskpg-a [k’xt8ydy]ypk ,uma’xt3spf c]t ,uma’zqoglpskpg-a [k’xt8ydy]ypk ,uma’xt3spf c]t ,uma’zqoglpskpg-a [k’xt8ydy]ypk ,uma’xt3spf c]t ,uma’zqoglpskpg-ajoG { dkogzqkw\hg-Nvw2s^kpvkf9tlt|v’7;k,Ihvo c]t rt]a’’ko.shcdj7qogIqk c8d=gIaf.sh3]dIhvo c]t ,uvkpryf.ovkdkfD j { dkooe.-h1kxk[laf86rnf4hkoe.-h[+4nd;ymud=9t,umkfg7,u8qd7hk’mugxaoryf8+7qogIqkD j lts^5[c]h; 7qogIqkgxaoz6hlhk’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u0Bo,k s^n xt8ydy]ypkvkfgduf0Bogv’.o me,t-kfF ltoAo gIqk8hv’IPoI6h c]t oe.-h.sh4nd;ymu xt8ydy]ypkd=9t,uzqofu8+ ,to5f c]t 3]dme,t-kf0v’gIqkD &D -toyf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u -toyf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u -toyf0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,u vu’.lxkdqfdko8q;9y’mu j gduf0Bo.ome,t-kf c]t ly j ’mu j ,to5flhk’0Bo,k[aofkoad;ymtpk j lkfwfh9af-toyfxt8ydy]ypkg7,u0AorNo4koG !? xt8ydy]ypkc9dcpd s^n ;yg7ktG c,joxt8ydy]ypkmujmkffP;g-yj’gxaomkfxtlq, cpdvvdgxaolv’ s^n s^kpmkfvkf9tgxaos^kpmkffP; s^n s^kpmkfxtlq,d=wfDh j @? xt8ydy]ypkxtlq,mkf s^n la’g7ktmkfG c,oxt8ydy]ypkmu j s^kpmkfvkf9tgxaos^kp j mkffP;fh;pdaoF s^kpmkfxtlq,fh;pdao s^n vkf9tc, j omkff j P;da[mkfxtlq,I;, j g0Qkdaodkpgxaomkfxtlq,fP; H H H H H H H H O O O O t o 2H +O 2H O 22 2 to ⎯ →⎯ 2HgO O2 → +2Hg O O O O Hg Hg Hg Hg ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
36 &?D xt8ydy]ypkcz c]t Ia[7;k,Ihvo j xt8ydy]ypkg7,ugduf0Bo c]t ,udkooe.-hc8d8k’daoc8 j xt8ydy]ypkmu j 7qogIqk,ad9toe.-h j s^kp c,oxt8ydy]ypkcz j c]t Ia[7;k,IhvoD j !D xt8ydy]ypkcz !D xt8ydy]ypkcz !D xt8ydy]ypkcz !D xt8ydy]ypkczj7;k,Ihvo 7;k,Ihvo j7;k,Ihvo 7;k,Ihvo xt8ydy]ypkg7,ugduf0Bo.og’nvow0mu j c8d8 j k’daog-a j oG dkow\h0v’oE,aog-Nvw2F dklme j ,t-kf c]t ;af45vnoM rP’c8 j 96fw2.og[Nv’8Qogmq j koAo,aod=9tgIaf.shxt8ydy]ypkgduf0Boc]h;ln[8+ j fegouowxgv’F xt8ydy]ypkgs^qkoUwfhcz j 7;k,IhvovvdD j xt8ydy]ypkg-y’gduf0Borhv,da[dkocz j 7;k,IhvovvdgvUo; j k xt8ydy]ypkcz j 7;k,Ihvo j $?D xt8ydy]ypkcmo[voG c, j oxt8ydy]ypk]ts; j k’mkfxtlq, c]t mkff j P; g-y j ’.ooAo j vk38,0v’mkffjP; wfhcmo[jvovk38,0v’mkf,6o|bj’ .omkfxtlq, gvUo;jk xt8ydy]ypkcmo[voD j #? xt8ydy]ypkc]dxPomkfG c, j oxt8ydy]ypk]ts; j k’mkfxtlq,da[mkfxtlq,fh;pdaoD j C Cl l Cl Cl + + 2KOH+CuC 2KC +Cu OH 2 2 l l → ( ) Cl Cl Mg+2HC MgC +H 2 2 l l → Cl Cl + + ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
37 8q;1k’G xt8ydy]ypkcz j 7;k,Ihvo8 j k’Mg-a j oG j { dko96f4koj { dkogdufxt8ydy]ypk]ts;k’x6ofy[ j CaO da[ H2 O,... { H2 gdufxt8ydy]ypkda[ O2 dkpgxao H2 O,... @D xt8ydy]ypkIa[7;k,Ihvo xt8ydy]ypkIa[7;k,Ihvo xt8ydy]ypkg7,ugduf0Bog-aoG j { dkogzqksuox6odvo9twfhx6ofy[8hv’.-h7;k,Ihvo9b j ’rk.shgdufxt8ydy]ypkwfhD j { dko;yg7ktoEgrnv.shwfh j O2 c]t H2 8hv’wfh.-h7;k,IhvoD { dkoxPocx’mkf0v’rnf4hk[+,ucl’lts; j k’d=[+gdufxt8ydy]ypkg7,uwfh \kp7;k, j ;jk grnv1kd.shxt8ydy]ypkgduf0Bo c]t fegouowxwfh9e8hv’wfh96fF gzqk8ts^vfg;]k j s^n fegouowxphvo7;k,Ihvo9kdmk’vno-j ;pD j xt8ydy]ypkg7,ug-y xt8ydy]ypkg7,ug-y xt8ydy]ypkg7,ug-y xt8ydy]ypkg7,ug-y xt8ydy]ypkg7,ug-yj’gduf0Borhv,da[,udkoIa[7;k,IhvogvUo; ’gduf0Borhv,da[,udkoIa[7;k,IhvogvUo; ’gduf0Borhv,da[,udkoIa[7;k,IhvogvUo; ’gduf0Borhv,da[,udkoIa[7;k,IhvogvUo;jkxt8ydy]ypkIa[ kxt8ydy]ypkIa[ kxt8ydy]ypkIa[ kxt8ydy]ypkIa[ 7;k,IhvoD 7;k,IhvoD7;k,IhvoD g,nvg;Qkg4y’xt8ydy]ypkIa[7;k,Ihvo.f|b j ’F gIqk8hv’-vdskcs^ j ’7;k,Ihvogrn j jv -j;p.shxt8ydy]ypkgduf0BowfhD #D lq,zqo7;k,Ihvo #D lq,zqo7;k,Ihvo .orkdxt8y[af8q;9y’c]h;[k’7A’gryooe.-hxt8ydy]ypkg7,u [+c, j ogrn j v1kdwfhzt]yf8trao j 0v’,aoc8grn j voe.-h7;k,Ihvomu j czj vvd9kdxt8ydy]ypkoaho g-a j oG j { dko96f4ko s^n dklc, j ogrn j v.shwfh7;k,Ihvooe.-hg0qhk.odkos5’8qh,8 j k’MF c8 j [k’ j xt8ydy]ypkgIqkraf8hv’dkooe.-hzt]yf8trao0v’,ao c]t xt8ydy]ypkfaj’djk; djvo9tgduf0Bowfh8hv’,umkfg]a’ s^n g’n j vow0 8qho8=c, j o8hv’,u7;k,Ihvoltgrkt.sh j ,ao9qod;kxt8ydy]ypk9tlYol5f g-a j oG dkogzqksuox6o.shwfhx6ofy[D j ltoaho grnv1kd.shI6hdkoIa[ s^n cz j 7;k,Ihvo0v’xt8ydy]ypk.f|b j ’oaho[aofkoad;ymtpklkf j wfhdeoqfgvqk;ymu0Polq,zqo7;k,Ihvo8k,dkomqf]v’8q;9y’D 8q;1k’G j k’G dko96f4 jk’G8q;1j ko ! dik,.og7n j v’;afcmdxt]y,ko7;k,Ihvo j (Calorimetre) 9twfh 7;k,Ihvo ##F& kJ 9kdouhgIqk7yfw]wfh; j k4j ko.oxt]y,ko ! 3,] s^n !@ j g w\h9tcz7;k,Ihvo j 402 kJ gIqkgvqk7kouhwx[;d.l j rkdl j ;og[nhv’0;k0v’lq,zqoxt8ydy]ypk0v’dko96f4 j koc]h; j 9twfh C + O CO 402kJ 2 2 → + D ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
38 g7njv’\kp[;d16j8+|hk7jk0v’xt]y,ko7;k,Ihvo-U.shgsao;jk 7;k,Ihvowfhczjvvd \kp7;k,;kxt8ydy]ypkfa j ’dj k;c, j oxt8yudy]ypkcz j 7;k,IhvoD 4hkc, j oxt8ydy]ypkIa[7;k, j IhvoF gryjo9tgvqkzqo7;k,Ihvo[;d.ljg[Nv’-hkp0v’lq,zqo s^n vkf9tgvqkw;hg[Nv’0;kd= wfhc88hv’c, j og7n j v’\kp]q[ j 8q;1k’G j CaCO CaO + CO -180kJ 3 2 → s^n CaCO +180kJ CaO + CO 3 2 → lq,zqog7,ug-y’ltcf’wfhzqo7;k,Ihvo0v’xt8ydy]ypkgvUo; j k lq,zqo7;k,Ihvog7,uD .og,n j jv gIqk,umkfg7,umugdufxt8ydy]ypkc]h;cz j 7;k,Ihvovvdd=7nda[; j kgIqk,ucs^ j ’rt]a’’koS rt]a’’ko j fa’dj k;gvuho; j kG rt]a’’kog7,uF ,aoc, j ort]a’’korkp.o0v’mkf c]t ,ao[+ltcf’vvd j 4hkxt8ydy]ypk[+gduf0BoD 8k,me,tfkc]h;.oxt8ydy]ypkg7,u rt]a’’kog7,umug-n j v’-hvo16 j .o;af45 j mugdufxt8ydy]ypk4ndoelq j ’.sh;af45vn j o.oI6[I j k’7;k,Ihvovaoco j ovoD j 8q;1k’G .odko96f4 j kogrn j vgvqk7;k,Ihvowx.-h.odkogzqksuox6o.shdkpgxaox6ofy[oaho j \kp7;k,;k rt]a’’kog7,uwfhx j Pogxaort]a’’ko7;k,Ihvoc]h;gIaf.shmkfvn j o4ndx j PomkfS j c8ma’\qfoahogxaowx8k,dqfgdodkoIadlk c]t zaox j Port]a’’koD j 8q;1k’ !G g,n j v96f4 j ko ! j g 9t,uxt]y,ko7;k,Ihvoczvvdgmq j k.fL j ;ymucdhG lq,zqog7,u7;k,Ihvo0v’xt8ydy]ypkG C + O CO 402kJ 2 2 → + 12 1 = 402 x x 33,5kJ = × = 402 1 12 8q;1k’ @G grn j v1kdwfhx6ofy[ j CaO 5,6 g 9kddkogzqksuox6o CaCO3 9t8hv’.-h7;k, Ihvo9ad kJ I6h;klq,zqog7,u7;k,IhvoG j CaCO CaO + CO -180kJ 3 2 o ⎯ →t ⎯ ;ymucdhG 8k,lq,zqo CaCO CaO + CO -180kJ 3 2 o ⎯ →t ⎯ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
39 56 5,6 = 180 x x = 18kJ × = 5 6 180 56 , 8v[G !) kJ \kp;k gIqk9t8hv’.-h7;k,Ihvo !) j kJ 9y’9trP’r=.odkocpdsuox6o.shwfhx6ofy[ &F* j g 8q;1k’ #G .odkogzqksuox6o.shwfhx6ofy[ !!F@ j g 4k,;k9t8hv’.-h j C 9ad g L 9b’9trP’r= j .odkogzqkD ;ymucdhG lq,zqo7;k,IhvoD CaCO +180kJ CaO + CO 3 2 → xt]y,ko7;k,Ihvomu9t8hv’.-hgzqk j 180kJ x 56g 11,2g = x 180kJ 11,2g 56g = 36kJ × = { -vdxt]y,ko C mu9tlt|v’7;k,Ihvo.shcd j xt8ydy]ypk.odkogzqkD j C O CO + 402kJ 12g x 402kJ 36kJ x 12g 36kJ 402kJ 1,07g + →2 2 = ⇒= × = 7e4k, !D xkdqfdko8+wxoU,u0=h.fcfmu j c,j oxt8ydy]ypkg7,uL j dD dkogxnvp0v’oEdhvoD 0D dko96f4 j koj 7D xkgoqkgxn j vp ’D 9vdc8d j 9D oE2qf lD suox6odkpgxaox6ofy[ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
40 @D 9q’9af[aofk0=h,6o8+wxoU.l j .oshv’s; j k’0v’8k8t]k’G j dkozt]yf1kgl[8yfF dkozt]yfgs^qhkF dko96f4koF w2w\hx j kF dkozt]yf1kg[n j vF dko96f j 0UgspNv-t-kp c]t dkola’g7ktcl’0v’rnfF dkozt]yf1kxq;rtpkf #D xt8ydy]ypk]5,oUc, j oxt8ydy]ypkcz j s^n Ia[7;k,Ihvo j 2Hg + O2 →2HgO + 168 kJ $D grnv1kdwfh7;k,Ihvo )#($ j kJ 9t8hv’96fg,8ko XCH4 ? .o,;olkogmqk.fL I6h; j kzqo j 7;k,Ihvo0v’xt8ydy]ypkgmqjk + 892 kJ Xle]a[lq,zqomu-a j ’-kr=fu? j &D 4hk96fg,8ko !* gF 7;k,Ihvomuczj vvd9t,ugmq j k.fLF I6h; j k7;k,Ihvo0v’xt8ydy]ypk j c,o j + 892 kJ D *D g,nv96f4 j ko.ovqd-uc-oF wfh7;k,Ihvo j 2050 kJ 4k,;k,;olko0v’4 j ko9t,ugmq j jk .fL (D lq,zqo7;k,Ihvog7,u0v’xt8ydy]ypkg7,ugzqkx6oc,jo CaCO3 →CaO + CO2 - 180kJ rt]a’’komu9egxaole]a[xt8ydy]ypkwfh9kddko j 96f4ko.og8qkoAo4k,; j k1j k’\hvpl5f9t.-h4 j kogmq j k.f grn j v.shwfhx6ofy[ X j CaO? ! 38oL )D 8k,lq,zqog7,u7;k,Ihvo H +C HC 2 2l l+ → 2 184kJ H +I HI 2 2 → 2 − 52kJ 9q’7yfw] j j;jk7;k,Ihvomuczj vvd s^n Ia[g0Qk,ugmq j k.f.oc8 j ]td=]touL j { 4hk;kxt]y,ko0v’Iu3fic-omu j g0QkI j ;,.oxt8ydy]ypk,u @ 3,]L j zqoglpskp9kdxt8ydy]ypkg7,u zqofumuwfhIa[9kdxt8ydy]ypkg7,u j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
41 [qfmu ( [qfmu ( l6fg7,u l6fg7,u mkfg7,umuj.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao,us^kp-toyfF grnjv7;k,ltf;doadg7,uwfh.-hlaopt]ad cmodko0Po-nmkfg7,ugs^q j koahoD laopt]admu j .-hcmomkf8 j k’M oaho IPd; j kG j l6fg7,uD l6fg7,uD l6fg7,uD .ooAo ,ul6fg7,umkffP; c]t mkfxtlq,D j !D l6fg7,u0v’mkff !D l6fg7,u0v’mkff !D l6fg7,u0v’mkff !D l6fg7,u0v’mkffjP; mkffjP;mujmP[da[mkf,6og7,u,u9eo;os^kpd;jk !WW mkfF mkffjP;gs^qjkoaho [k’ mkfxtdv[fh;pvto5rkdmu16 j .oI6[3,g]d5o c]t [k’mkfxtdv[fh;pvto5rkdmu j 16 j .oI6[vk38,D j vu’.ldkoxtdv[lhk’ c]t dkolhk’8q;0v’c8 j ]tvto5rkd0v’c8 j ]tmkfF vu’.l j dko9aflhk’ j mkf.ome,t-kf gryowfhc[ j ’c[[0Po sn^ l6f0v’mkfc8 j ]t-toyf8 j k’daog-a j oG j !? 3]st O O O I6[ (D@ I6[9e]v’vt3]st Fe Cu I6[ (D! I6[9e]v’3]st lj;os^kpgryjo0Polaopt]admkf8k,I6[c[[vk38, 8q;1jk’G Fe, Cu, Mg, Ag. ! 3,g]d5o9txtdv[fh;p ! vk38,D @? vt3]st @? vt3]st@? vt3]st ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
42 vt3]stmugxaomkfc0’ gry j o0Pol6f0v’,ao8k,c[[vk38,7nda[3]st g-a j oG j C, Si, S. l6f0v’vt3]stmujgxaomkfvkpgryjo0Polaopt]admkf,6ooaho c]h;0Po8q;g]dgrnjv[vdg4y’ 9eo;ovk38,0v’mkf,6ooaho16.o|b j ’3,g]d5o0v’,ao16 j g[Nv’0;k0hk’]5 j ,0v’laopt]adg7,uD j 8q;1jk’G8q;1 ! 3,g]d5ovqd-uc-oxtdv[,u @ vk38,vqd-uc-oF l6fg7,u G O2 ! 3,g]d5oIu3fic-oxtdv[,u @ vk 38,Iu3fic-oF l6fg7,uG H2 #? mkfvkp]hk Xvkpvbf? gry #? mkfvkp]hk #? mkfvkp]hk o0Polaopt]admkf,6og7,u8k,c[[vk38,7n 3]st j g-aoG j { mkf,6ogI]u ! 3,g]d5o xtdv[ ! vk38,D l6fg7,uG He D { mkf,6ogovq’ ! 3,g]d5o xtdv[fh;p ! vk38,D l6fg7,uG Ne @D l6fg7,u0v’mkfxtlq, l6fg7,u0v’mkfxtlq, mkfxtlq,c,o mkfmu j xtdv[fh;pvk38,s^kp-toyf8 j k’daoF c8 j ]t-toyf d=,u9eo;o j vk38,8k’daoS ltoAoF l6f0v’mkfxtlq,d=ltcf’.shgsaog4y’mkf,6og7,u c]t 9eo;ovk38, j 0v’c8]tmkf,6omu j xtdv[gxaomkfxtlq,oAo g-a j oG l6fg7,umu j ,u @ mkf,6oG j Xa Yb .ooaho X,Y c,olaopt]admkf,6oF j a,b c,o fafltoumu j ,u7j kgmq j kda[9eo;ovk38,0v’,aoF 4hk j a = b = 1 gryo9t[+0PoD j gvqk.9.lG 4hkmkfxtlq,.f|b j ’xtdv[fh;p3]st c]t vt3]st c, j ogry j o0Pol6f0v’,ao j Na H H O dD I6[9e]v’gdnv dD I6[9e]v’oE I6[mu (D# I6[9e]v’mkfxtlq, Cl ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
43 fh;pdko0Polaopt]ad3]stdvoc]h;9b j ’0Po laopt]advt3]st8k,s^a’G 8q;1 j k’G j NaCl, CaCl 2 , FeS2 ,… { 4hkmkfxtlq,mu,umkf,6o8 j k’M 16 j da[j O gryo9tdeoqf0Polaopt]ad0v’mkf,6o8 j k’M j djvoc]h; 0Po O 8k,s^a’g-aoG j Al 2 O3 , CO2 , SO2 ,... { .ol6fg7,u0v’mkfxtlq,.f|b’g;]k.fd=,uvaf8kl j ;ofhko,;olkovaoco j ovo c]t j [+xPocx’D j 8q;1k’G .o j H O; m m 2 H O = 1 8 #D -vd7jkg7,u0v’mkf,6o.omkfxtlq,mu kg7,u0v’mkf,6o.omkfxtlq,mu jkg7,u0v’mkf,6o.omkfxtlq,mu kg7,u0v’mkf,6o.omkfxtlq,mu kg7,u0v’mkf,6o.omkfxtlq,muj,u @ mkf,6o ,u @ mkf,6o j ,u @ mkf,6o ,u @ mkf,6o !? 7jkg7,uc, kg7,uc, kg7,uc, kg7,uc,jospa’L gryjodeoqf7jkg7,u0v’mkf,6o.f|bj’ 3fpvu’.ljmkf,6o H muj,u raomtda[mkf,6ooaho .omkfxtlq,0v’,aoda[ H 8q;1k’G j HCl d^=,u7jkg7,u IF .o NH3 ou38ic-o ,u7kg7,u j III. 7jkg7,u0v’mkf ,6o.f|b’vkf9tdeoqfwfh 3fpvu’.l j mkf,6omu j ,u7j kg7,ufP; g-a j oG j O 7jkg7,u II, Cl 7jkg7,u I F Ca 7jkg7,u II… ltoaho 7jkg7,u c, kg7,u jo75o]adltot0v’vk38,mkf,6o mu9a[da[vk38,vn j o fh;p9eo;o9edafD j @? s^addko7jkg7,u j kg7,us^addko7 g]nvdl6fg7,u0v’mkfxtlq,.f|bj’mu,u lv’mkf,6og-a j oG j A a x By b ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟; a, b, c,o7j kg7,umu j j ltcf’fh;pg]d3ic,a’S x, y, c,o9eo;ovk38,0v’mkf,6o j A , B 9kdoAooegvqk8q;g]d x, y 76oda[7kg7,u j a,b 0v’c8]tmkf,6o gIqkxP[mP[zqo76oma’lv’mu j gduf0Bofa j ’8k8t]k’]5 j ,oUG j X x a y x b NH3 1 x III 3 x I CO2 1 x IV 2 x II 9kdoAogIqk9tla’];,gxaos^addkowfhD ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ
44 .ol6fg7,u0v’mkfxtlq,F zqo76o]ts;k’9eo;ovk38, c]t 7 j kg7,u0v’mkf,6ooU j gmqkda[zqo76o]ts; j k’9eo;ovk38, c]t 7 j kg7,u0v’mkf,6ooAoD j s^addkooUpa’lk,kfoe.-hda[mkf,6o3]st s^n d5,mkf,6ovt3]stvudfh;pG j 8q;1k’G l6f3,g]d5o0v’ j Cu (OH ) II I 2 gIqk,u 1 × II = 2 x I $D dkooe.-h dkooe.-hdkooe.-h dD -vd7jkg7,u0v kg7,u0v-vd7 ’mkf,6o.f|b mkf,6o.f|b mkf,6o.f|b mkf,6o.f|b mkf,6o.f|bj’.ol6f -vd7kg7,u0v’ j Fe .ol6fmkfxtlq, FeCl 3 I6h;kd^=,u7 j kg7,ugmq j jk !D ;k’7kg7,u0v’ j Fe c,jo aF gIqk,u 1 x a = 3 x I a = III. 0D dkolhk’l6f8k,7 dkolhk’l6f8k,7 dkolhk’l6f8k,7 dkolhk’l6f8k,7jkg7,u j kg7,u g,nvI6h7 j kg7,uc]h;gry j olk,kflhk’l6f0v’mkfxtlq,mu j xtdv[fh;plv’mkf,6oD [afouhr;d j gIqk,k lhk’l6f0v’vqd-ufvk]6,uouvv,]v’g[yj’ g,njvgIqkI6hc]h;;jkvk]6,uouvv,,u7jkg7,u gmqkda[lk, c]t vqd-uc-o,u7 j kgmq j kda[lv’D gIqk0Polaopt]adg7,u0v’vk]6,uouvv, c]t j vqd-uc-o]q’rhv,ma’\kp7jkg7,u0v’r;d,ao.ljmk’gmy’ A O II l III mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f 0v’7kg7,umu j .sh X# c]t @? c, j o *D grn j v-vdsk9eo;ovk38,0v’vk]6,uouvv, c]t 9eo;o j vk38,0v’vqd-uc-oF gIqkgvqkmt;u76oI;, |hvpl5ffa j ’dj k; X*? sko.sh7 j kg7,u0v’vk]6,uouvv, j X#? g-yj’c,jo * G # = @ X@ c,jo9eo;o vk38,vk]6,uouvv,?S gvqkmt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f vaofP;daooahosko.sh7kg7,u0v’vqd-uc-o X@? g-y j ’c, j o * G @ j = # X # c,o 9eo;ovk38, j 0v’vqd-uc-o?D gIqk0Po9eo;ovk38,vk]6,uouvv, c]t vqd-uc-omu-vdwfhoahoshvp.l j laopt]ad j 0v’r;d,ao Xg[nhv’0;k,n? c]h;gIqk9twfhl6f0v’vqd-yfvk]6,uouvv, Al2 3 O . [afouhgIqk,kd;fg[y’;j k 9eo;o];,sq;| j ;p7 j kg7,u0v’vk]6,uouvv,9tgmq j kda[9eo;o j ];,sq;|;p7 j kg7,u0v’vqd-uc-o sn^ [= j jL ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ