ປື້ມທໍາມະຊາດ ມ4

95 .-hrt]a’’kow22hks^kpd;kg7n j v’.-hw22hk-toyfvn j os^kpgmq j kD fa j ’oAoF dtclw22hkc] j ozj kog7n j v’j .-hw22hk.sh7;k,Ihvoc8j]tvao9bj’gxaodtcl.spjD ltoAoF 9bj’8hv’.-hfh;p7;k,]t,af]t;a’ g-aoG 8hv’\a j od;fdkg[ j y’lkpw22hkF g8QklP[ c]t sq;lP[1 j 6g]NvpMD 4hkgsao; j k [+1 j 6.oltrk[ j fuc]h; 7;o8hv’2hk;xPomaomu c]t g,n j v.-hc]h;8hv’4vfsq;lP[vvd9kdg8QklP[m5d7A’D j [qfg/ydsafG [qfg/ydsafG[qfg/ydsafG !D 9q’0Pol6fdkorq;rao]ts; j k’ cI’’ko0v’dtclw22hkzt]yfvvd da[7;k,g0A, j dtclw22hkF 7;k,8hkow22hk c]t g;]kD @D dkomqf]v’0v’ 16o{c]ol wfhzqoco;.fL #D g7nv’.-hw22hkmu j .sh7;k,Ihvo mu j g7up.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;ao,uspa’cf j jL $D g7nv’.sh7;k,Ihvovao|b j ’ g- j y’,u g]d-U[vd j 1600W - 220V. g7nv’.sh7;k,IhvooU9t j gIaf.shgdufdtclw22hkmu,u7;k,g0A,w22hkgmq j k.f.o;q’9voL j &D g,nv,udtclw22hk j 10A c]ozj kolkpw22hkmu j ,u7;k,8hkow22hk WF!& j Ω glAo|b’D j 9q’7yfw] j 7;k,Ihvogduf0Bo9kdlkpw22hkoAoD j *D 9qj’vtmy[kpmju,k0v’l6f7yfw]jxt]y,ko7;k,Ihvomjugduf9kddtclw22hk8k, dqfgdo16o{c]olD (D g8qkxU’w22hkvao|bj’ g,njvdtclw22hk ) A c]jozjkoD .sh7;k,Ihvo $WW cal/s 9q’-vdsk7;k,8hkow22hk0v’g8qkxY’vaooUL j )D grnvxhv’daovao8t]kpmu j gduf9kdg7 j nv’.-hw22hk.sh7;k,Ihvo7;ogIafco;.fL j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

96 [qfmu !( [qfmu !([qfmu !( dko.-hw22hkmu dko.-hw22hkmu dko.-hw22hkmu dko.-hw22hkmu dko.-hw22hkmuj4nd8hv’ 4nd8hv’ 4nd8hv’ 4nd8hv’ !D ;q’9vow22hkrkp.ogInvo ;q’9vow22hkrkp.ogInvo dkolq’w22hkg0QkgInvo8hv’.-hlkpw22hklv’lkp lkp|b j ’,u]tfa[w22hkgxaol6o g,n j jv mP[da[rNofyogvUo;k j lkpdk’ s^n lkp N s^n lkpfyoS l;ovudlkp|b j ’,u]tfa[w22hk[+gxao j l6o XW? g,nvmP[da[rNofyo gvUo; j k j lkpw2 sn^ lkp L. lkplq’w22hkoUF d j vog0QkgInvo8hv’z j koj \=hoa[w2 sn^ dq’g8ucmdcI’’kow22hkgxao kWh . 9kdoAo ,ao9t8+g0Qkda[0q;w22hk Xd638 s^n 7af vJk;? g-y’gxaov5xtdvo7;[75,dkolq j ’w22hkma’\qfrkp.ogInvo c]h;9 j b’8+wx.l j dtfkow22hk j mju8yf8A’w;hc8]t95frkp.ogInvoD j !D! 0q;w22hk !D! 0q;w22hk!D! 0q;w22hk 0q;w22hk gxaov5xtdvow22hkmuj.-hle]a[ xyf{gxuf .shdtclw22hkc]jozjkowfhma’lv’ lkprhv,dao Xlkp L c]t lkp N?D fa’oAoF 0q;w22hk9b j ’gxaov5xtdvow22hkmu j j-j;p.sh,u7;k, ltf;d c]t xvfwr.odko8yf8A’ sn^ lhv,cx’v5xtdvow22hkvnoM.o0v[g0fmu j ,ao xyf{gxuf j .shdtclw22hkc]ozj koD 0q;w22hkc8 j ]tvaozh6zt]yfwfh0Po8q;g]ddeda[7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk j c]ozj kowfhl6’l5f8 j k’daoD 8q;1 j k’G j 20A \kp7;k,;k 0q;w22hkoAo.-hda[dtclw22hkm j u,u7;k, j g0A,l6’l5f[+gduo 20AD 0q;w22hk,us^kp0t|kf fa’I6[ !(D!D fa j ’oAoF dkog]nvd.-h0q;w22hkc8 j ]tvao j .sh.-h0q;w22hkmju.shdtclw22hkc]jozjkowfhl6’l5fs^kpd;jkdtclw22hkc]jo.o;q’9vow22hk g]ad|hvpD I6[ !(D! 0q;w22hk0t|kf8k’dao j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

97 dko.-h0q;w22hk 8hv’goAo7ko.shg0Qk.o c|[|u[0v’,ao.shc|ho X4hk[+c|ho7ko9tIhvo c]h;vkf9tg4y’0AogIaf.shgdufw20Bowfh?D g,nv8hv’ j dko8af[+.shdtclw22hkc]ozj ko0q;w22hk 8hv’ j xqf7ko.shs^5fvvd9kdc|[|u[0v’,ao1jk’ 0kf8q;D vaf[+c9[ vafc9[ I6[ !(D @ !D@ 2y;w22hk 2y;w22hk2y;w22hk oadIPo7yf;k2y;w22hk9tgIaffh;pspa’L c]t ,u]adltot7nco;.fL j dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !G ]adltot0v’2y; !? .-hw,h|u[lv’lQo0v’];f2y;ohvp c]h;gvqkwxgzqkfh;pcx;w28tdP’gs^Qk _W 1j6[jvomujIhvomujl5fX[jvocx;w2lu0P;? faj’I6[!(D#D 9a[g;]koa[c8jg]uj,gzqkg4y’ g;]k,aogxnvp0kfD j @? gIafdkomqf]v’7nda[ !? c8.-h];f2y;.sp j d;j jk #? gvqk];fgs^ad sn^ ];fmv’mu.sp j gmq j k];f j 2y;,kgIafdkomqf]v’7n @? c]t .-h g;]kgzqkgmqkda[g;]k.odkomqf]v’ @?D j { ];f2y;0t|kf.spj8jk’dao g,njvgzqk fh;pw2muj,u7;k,Ihvogmqjkdao];f2y; 0t|kf.fgxnvp0kfw;d; j kLj { ];f2y;F ];fmv’ sn^ ];fgs^ad,u0t|kf.spgmq j kdao g,n j vgzqkfh;pcx;w2Ihvogmq j kdao j zqomugduf0Bo8 j k’daoco;.fL j { oadIPo9tg]nvd.-h];f2y;gIaf2y;w22hkco;.fL phvospa’L ];f2y;gIaffh;p3]stxtlq,]ts;k’ -noF la’dtlu c]t [uflt,5f g- j y’,u95fIhvogxn j vp8OD j .og;]k,udtclw22hkc]ozj koxqddt8yF rt]a’’kow22hkm j uxj Pogxaort]a’’ko7;k,Ihvo|hvp j gIaf.sh 2y;Ihvog]adohvpS c8g,n j v,udtclw22hkc] j ozj ko2y;gduodeoqfs^kp s^n ,uw22hk]af;q’9voF j I6[ !(D # ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

98 dtclw22hk9t.spmu j l5fF rt]a’’kow22hk9tx j Pogxaort]a’’ko7;k,Ihvos^kp0Bo9qo];f2y; j Ihvogxnvp c]t 0kf gIaf.sh;q’9vow22hk4nd8afmaomuD j 2y;w22hk,us^kp0t|kfg-aoG j 0,5A, 1A, 2A, 5A, 10A, 20A, 30A, 60A,DDD 8q;g]ddeoqf .o2y;c8]tvao c, j odeoqfdtclw22hkl6’l5fmu j c]j ozj ko2y;oAoD 4hkdtclw22hks^kpd; j kg]dde j oqfw;hlkp];f2y;9t0kfD faj’oAoF dkog]nvd.-h2y;.lj;q’9vow22hk grnjv7;k,xvfwroAo 8hv’g]nvd.-h2y;mu,u8q;g]ddeoqfdtclw22hkc] j ozj ko gmq j kda[dtclw22hkmu j c]j ozj kog7n j v’.-hw22hk j Xd=]tou[+,u2y;mugmq j kda[dtclw22hkc] j ozj kog7 j nv’.-hw22hk.shg]nvdl6’d; j kg]adohvp?D j I6[ !(D$ 2u;w22hkc[[me,tfk I6[ !(D& 2u;w22hkvaf8t3o,af .oxt95[aoz6hzt]yfwfhzt]yf2y;vaf8t3o,afvvd.-h gxaog7nv’8afdtclw22hkvaf8t3o,af j 3fpoe.-hdkopnfsqf[+gmqkdao0v’cz j o3]stlv’-toyf phvo7;k,Ihvomu j gduf9kddtclw22hk j s^n oe.-h]adltotc,gs^ad0v’dtclw22hkD j dkogIaf;Pd0v’2y;vaf8t3o,af c,o,ao9t8af;q’9vow22hkmaomu g,n j v,udtclw22hk j ]af;q’9vo sn^ ,udtclw22hk.spgduodeoqfc] j ozj koD g,n j vwfhcdhw0dko]af;q’9vow22hk sn^ [+,u j dtclw22hk.spgduodeoqfc] j o.o;q’9voc]h;F gIqklk,kfgxuflt;yf Xdq’8ad? .shdtclw22hk j c]ozj ko2y;vaf8t3o,afoUwfh7ngdq j k 3fp[+8hv’x j Po];f2y;.\ j XI6[ !(D&?D j 8q;1jk’G gInvos^a’|b k’G8q;1 ’.-hw22hkmu j ,uzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk @@W j V. 4hk.-hg7nv’.-hw22hk8 j k’M j faj’8+wxoU7nG \=hs5’g0Qkw22hk 600W, g8qk]ufw22hk 750W, 8h6g1ao 100W, 3m]tmaf 150W, fvdw22hk 60W 9eo;o @ fvd c]t s^vfw22hk 20W 9eo;o & s^vfD 4k,;k 7;o.-h2y;];,0t|kfgmq j k.f9b j ’4nd8hv’L j ;ymucdhG 9kdl6f ;ymucdhG ;ymucdhG P P UI I U = ⇒= P = 600 + 750 + 100 + 150 + (60 V 2)+ (20 V 5)=1820 W ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

99 U = 220 V 1820 8,27A 220 ⇒= = I fa’oAoF 8hv’.-h2y;xt,ko j 9A c80kpmq j ;wx,u j 10A. fa’oAoF 9b j ’8hv’.-h2y; j 10A @D dko.-hw22hkmu dko.-hw22hkmu dko.-hw22hkmu dko.-hw22hkmu dko.-hw22hkmuj4nd8hv’ c]t xvfwr 4nd8hv’ c]t xvfwr j4nd8hv’ c]t xvfwr 4nd8hv’ c]t xvfwr @D! lkgsfmu @D! lkgsfmu @D! lkgsfmu @D! lkgsfmu @D! lkgsfmujrk.shgdufvao8t]kp9kdw22hk rk.shgdufvao8t]kp9kdw22hk j rk.shgdufvao8t]kp9kdw22hk rk.shgdufvao8t]kp9kdw22hk !? gduf9kddko.-hv5xtdvow22hk[+wfh,kf4ko sn^ gln !? gduf9kddko.-hv5xtdvow22hk[+wfh,kf4ko sn^ gln !? gduf9kddko.-hv5xtdvow22hk[+wfh,kf4ko sn^ gln !? gduf9kddko.-hv5xtdvow22hk[+wfh,kf4ko sn^ gln !? gduf9kddko.-hv5xtdvow22hk[+wfh,kf4ko sn^ glnjv,75ootrk[D v,75ootrk[D j v,75ootrk[D v,75ootrk[D v,75ootrk[D lkpw22hkmu1k’sh5,gxn j vp{z5 c]h;F c8 j pa’oe.-h9tgIaf.shw22hkIq j ;F fqookowxvkfgduf j w22hk]af;q’9vowfhS 0q;w22hkmuc|[|u[ c]t 7ko0v’,aog0Qk\hP’ sn^ 9a[dao[+c|hogIaf.sh j [jvomu8yfdaooAo,u7;k,8hkow22hkgru j ,0BoF ,ao9tIhvo c]t vkfIhvo9qocf’ c]h;gduf w2w\h j 0BowfhS g8QklP[w22hkF sq;lP[w22hkFDDD 4hkg0Qk\hP’ sn^ sq^, 9a[dao[+c|ho gIaf.sh[vo8yfdaooAo j Ihvo9qogdufw2w\hwfhg-aofP;daoD j @? gduf9kddko.-hv5xtdvow22hkgduodeoqf @? gduf9kddko.-hv5xtdvow22hkgduodeoqf .-hg7nv’w22hks^kpg7n j v’m j ulP[sq;lP[0v’r;d,ao.l j g8QklP[vaofP;daoS 4hk.-hg7n j jv’ .-hw22hkgs^qkoAorhv,dao gIaf.sh,udtclw22hkc] j ozj kog8QklP[oAogduodeoqf sn^ ; j ksq;lP[gs^q j koAo j lP[[+c|hogIaf.shg8QklP[Ihvoc]h; Ihvo9qogdufw2w\h0BowfhD #? gduf9kddko.-hg7n #? gduf9kddko.-hg7n #? gduf9kddko.-hg7n #? gduf9kddko.-hg7n #? gduf9kddko.-hg7njv’.-hw22hk[+4ndda[zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk0v’,ao v’.-hw22hk[+4ndda[zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk0v’,ao j v’.-hw22hk[+4ndda[zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk0v’,ao v’.-hw22hk[+4ndda[zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk0v’,ao g7nv’.-hw22hkmu j .-h[+4ndda[zqo]q[]tfa[w22hkmu j 0Podeoqfw;hoeg7n j v’ 9tgIaf.shg7n j v’.-h j w22hkoAow\h g-aoG ;ymtp50Pow;h j 110V c8gvqk;ymtp5oUwx .-hda[w22hk j 220V d=9tw\hmaomuS sq;mPow2lkp.-hda[w22hk 3V X.-hxyo @ dhvo? c8.-hda[\=hw2 j 6V sq;mPooAo9t0kfS 0q;w22hk 10A c8j.-h];f2y; 20A 8+.lj,ao c]h;.-hda[w22hk .spjd;jk 10A 0q;w22hkoAo9tIhvo vkfgdufw2w\h 0Bowfh c]t vnoMDD grktltoAo d j vo.-hg7n j v’w22hkc8 j ]tvao 8hv’v j ko7ecotoe j ;ymu.-h.shg0Qk.9fulkdvoD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

100 $? 4ndw22hkf6f $? 4ndw22hkf6f$? 4ndw22hkf6f w22hkf6f ,adgduf0Bo.od=]toumu1k’sh5,lkpw22hk.og7n j v’.-hw22hk9ud0kf sn^ z5{gxn j vpj 9qolkp];fmv’cf’ muj1j6rkp.olkpw22hk8yfg0Qkda[37’3]st0v’g7nv’.-hw22hk 9b j ’gIaf.sh j 37’3]st,u]tfa[w22hk.spd;j kg,n j vmP[da[rNofyoD g, j nvlj ;o.fl j ;o|b j ’0v’I j k’dkp7qogIqk j wxlezaf.l37’3]stoAo 9t,udtclw22hkz j kog0Qkl6 j jIjk’dkpc]h;8+l6rNofyowfhD d=]touco;oU j gvUo;jk 4ndw22hkf6f c]h;gxaovao8t]kp8+0v’Ik’dkp8k,xt]y,kow22hkz j koI j k’dkpoAoD j @D@ ;ymuxhv’dao @D@ ;ymuxhv’dao@D@ ;ymuxhv’dao ;ymuxhv’daow22hkf6f vkfgIafwfhfh;p;ymu gvqklQo|b’0v’lkpw22hk8+.l j 37’3]st0v’ j g7nv’.-hw22hkF l j ;ovudlQo|b j ’0v’lkp8+.l j cmj ’3]stmu j [+gxao\hP’c]h;gvqkwx/a’fyo fa j ’I6[ !(D*D j lkpw22hkmuj8+]ts;jk’37’3]st0v’g7njv’ .-hw22hkda[rNofyogvUo;jk lkpfyo sn^ lkp E mu0Po8yfg7n j v’.-hw22hk9tgxaoI6[ j D g,nvIj k’j dkplezafda[g7nv’.-hw22hkmu j ,ulkpfyo c]t ,u j w22hkIq;F dtclw22hk9tz j kolkpfyo]q’l j 6rNofyo j 3fpmu,ao9t[+z j koI j k’dkpD fa j ’oAoF lkpfyo9b j j’ -j;pxhv’dao.shIk’dkp[+4ndw22hkf6fwfhD j .oxt95[ao,udkozt]yfv5xtdvoxhv’dao w22hkIq; c]t w22hkf6f,us^kpI6[c[[D g,n j vgIqk j oegvqkg7njv’oAo,k8yf8A’.ljgmy’dtfkow22hk 0v’gInvogIqk9t-;p.sh,u7;k,xvfwrs^kp0Bo j grkt;jk 4hkgduf,uw22hkIqj; sn^ w22hkf6flt;yf 0v’g7njv’xhv’daow22hkIqj; c]t w22hkf6foAo 9t8af;q’9vow22hkmaomuD ovd9kdgIqk8hv’Ih6oe.-hw22hk1k’xvfwr c]h;pa’8hv’Ih6oe.-hw22hk1 j k’xt1afvudfh;p j grkt;jk dkozt]yfrt]a’’kow22hk8hv’.-h-a[rtpkdvome,t-kfs^kp c]t .-hmboIvo 9eo;o,tsklkog0Qk.odkoles^;f c]t d+lhk’D fa’oAoF dko- j ;pdaoxt1afrt]a’’kow22hkF j ovd9kdgxaodkoxt1afg’yo7kw22hkc]h; pa’- j ;pxt1af-a[rtpkdvo c]t xt1afg’yo8k8 j k’j xtgmfvudfh;pD 37’3]st lkpfyogIaf fh;pmv’ cf’sh 5,lt o;o cmj’3]st I6[ !(D* dko8+lkpfyo ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

101 [qfg/ydsafG [qfg/ydsafG[qfg/ydsafG !D gIqk9t.-h];flkpw22hk sn^ ];fmv’cf’ cmo];f2y;.o;q’9vow22hk.ogInvo wfh sn^ [+L phvospa’L @D gxaospa’ grnvs^udg;Aovao8t]kp9kdw22hk]af;q’9voF .o8k| j k’0v’]t[q[w22hk j rkp.ogInvo c]t lt4komule7ao8 j k’M gr j yo9b j ’oe.-h2y;L j #D .od=]tou zh6mujvkwl1j6gmy’vk7kol6’M muj[+lk,kf8+lkpfyo.ljda[g7njv’.-hw22hkwfh 9t,u;ymuxhv’daodko4ndw22hkf6fwfhco;.fL $D 7;og]nvd-Ng7nv’.-hw22hkco;.f9b j ’,ul j ;o- j ;p.odkoxt1afrt]a’’koL j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

102 rkdmu IV oEF vk-yfF [kg-u c]t gdnv oEF vk-yfF [kg-u c]t gdnv [qfmu !) [qfmu !)[qfmu !) oE !D ]adltotmq ]adltotmq ]adltotmq ]adltotmq ]adltotmqj;wx0v’oE ;wx0v’oE ;wx0v’oE ;wx0v’oE oEgxaomkfcs^;[+,uluF g|a’8u’wfh’kpF [+,u]qf-kf c]t [+,udy j oF .o7;k,faovkdkf j me,tfk X 1atm = 101F 3 dy3]xkldko XKpa? s^n (*W mmHg ) oE2qf.ov5ostr6, 100OCF dhk, 0 OC, ,;olko9egrkt.ov5ostr6, 4OC gmqkda[ j 1 g/cm3 D @D lj;oxtdv[0v’oE ;oxtdv[0v’oE @D!D ryl6flj;oxtdv[0v’oE ;oxtdv[0v’oE ;oxtdv[0v’oE ;oxtdv[0v’oE dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !G !? Ikpoeh.l j s^vfcdh; j x c]t y .shg8a,c]h;’;exkd]q’.l0qh;w22hk16 j .ov j k’;yg7kt j fa’I6[D j @? 1vfvk-yf-6o26iyd (H2 SO4 ) xt,ko & 1vf]q’.ljoE.ovjk’;yg7ktgrnjv.sh oE-adoew22hkwfhD #? xjvpdtclw22hkc]jozjkooE c]t la’gdf[=]y,kf0v’dkl.os^vf x c]t s^vf y. $? gvqks^vfcdh; x vvd9kdoEc8j.sh 0;Exkd]q’]5j, c]h;gvqkw,h0ufw2muj r;,w\hxvo.l j xkds^vfcdh;F la’gdf j xkdqfdkomugduf0BoD j &? gvqks^vfcdh; y vvd9kdoEc]h;v;pj xkd0Bogmy’s^a’9kdoahogvqkw,h0ufw2 r;,w\hxvo.l j xkds^vfcdh; la’gdf j xkdqfdkogduf0BoD I6[ !)D!G ryl6fl;oxtdv[0v’oE j x y ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

103 9kdzqo0v’dkogIafdyf9tde gsao;kdkl.os^vf j x s^kpd;ks^vf j y lv’gmnvD g,n j vgvqk j w,h0ufw2mur;,w\hx j vo.l j xkds^vfcdh; j x 9t,ulP’fa’ XxJvd? c]t ,ug,afoE8yf16fhko.o0v’ j s^vfcdh;D g,nvgvqkw,h0uf w2r;,w\hx j vo.l j xkds^vfcdh; j y cx;w2w\hcI’0BoD dkomqf]v’oU1A’1nowfh;jk.os^vf x c,jodklIu3fic-o lj;o.os^vf y c,jodkl vqd-uc-o fa’oAo lts^5[wfh; j jkl;oxtdv[0v’oE,udklIu3fic-o c]t vqd-uc-ofh;pvaf8k j lj;ofhko[=]y,kf @ G!D @D@D dkola’g7ktoE dkola’g7ktoE dyf9tde @G dkola’g7ktoE dyf9tde @G dkola’g7ktoE !? la’gdfI6[;ymumqf]v’dkola’g7ktoED @? gvqkoE.lg8a,s^vfmqf]v’I6[m+dq, 9kdoAo lq j ’dklIu3fic-o c]t vqd-uc-o1 j k’]t j @ [=]y,kf]q’.ls^vfmqf]v’fa j ’dj k; .sh]tfa[oE]q’16 j 0ufmu $ 0v’s^vffa j ’ I6[ !D j #? 96fdklvqd-uc-o c]t dklIu3fic-ofh;pdtcl w22hkfaj’I6[ @F la’gdf c]t [aombdzqoD 9kdzqo0v’dkogIafdyf9tde gsao;kmkf j xqoma’lv’gdufxt8ydy]ypkc]h;,ulP’c8dF ]tfa[ oE.os^vfcdh;gru,0BoIvf0uf ! XI6[ !)D@?D j dklmugs^nvg,n j vwxmqflv[gIaf.sh4 j kow2Ihvocf’I5 j j’ 0Bod;kgdq j k oAoc, j odklvqd-uc-o g,n j v96fdkl j xqo]ts;jk’dklvqd-uc-oc]t dklIu3fic-o 9eo;o $ [=]y,kf fh;pdtclw22hk9t,u|bj’ [=]y,kfgs^nvoAoc,ovqd-uc-oD l j ;ovud|b j ’[=]y,kf j vqd-uc-o 9txt8ydy]ypkda[lv’[=]y,kfIu3fi c-o grnvdkpgxaooEfa j ’lq,zqoG j o 22 2 t 2H O 2H O + ⎯⎯→ 9kdlq,zqogIqklk,kf7yfw]vaf8kl j ;ofhko,;olko0v’dklIu3fic-o c]t dklvqd j -uc-o .o3,g]d5ooEwfhco;.fL I6[ !)D@G dkola’g7ktoE X!? X@? oE dklIu3fic-o c]t vqd-uc-o ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

104 gryolk,kf7yfw] j wfh3fpvu’.l j [=]y,kfmu j xtdv[.o3,g]d5ooEF 4hk.-h j 22,4 X 2 0v’ H2 D 9kdlq,zqog7,ugIqkgsao;jk H2 lv’3,]gdufxt8ydy]ypkda[O2|bj’3,]wfhoE ! 3,]D gIqkI6h;k ! 3,] 0v’ j H2 ,u,;olko @g ltcf’;k4hk @ 3,]9t,u,;olko $ j g c]t gIqkma’ I6h;k ! 3,]0v’ j O2 ,u,;olko #@g ltoAoF vaf8kl;o0v’ j H c]t O .ooEc,o $G #@ j = !G ) vaf8kl;oIhvpfhko,;olko0v’ j H c]t O c,o G !G ) j #D ]adltotg7,u0v’oE ]adltotg7,u0v’oE #D!D oExt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yf[kg-u #D!D oExt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yf[kg-u #D!D oExt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yf[kg-u dyf9tde #G dyf9tde #Gdyf9tde #G !? gvqk,ufxkfdhvo Na .shgmqjk 1/2 g,afg0qhklko 9kdoahogvqk.lj[j;’c]h;oewx96f.sh gxnvpD la’gdfxkdqfdkomu j gduf0BoD j @? gvqkmkfmujgzqkwfh.o[j;’]q’.ljoE9qod;jk9t]t]kp\qf c]h;.-hs^vff6fgvqkmkf ]t]kp wx1vf.lg9hp]yf,aflucf’F la’gdfdkox j Polu0v’g9hp c]t [aombdzqoD j zqo0v’dyf9tde g,nv96fok8iuvv,9tgsaocx;w2I5 j ’gs^Nv,F ok8iuvv,dkpgxaomkf j c0’lu0k;\qoF g-y j ’xt8ydy]ypkltcf’fh;plq,zqog7,ufa j ’oUG j 2 2 4Na O 2Na O + → { gvqkmkfc0’.l oEwfhmkf]t]kp[+,ulu g,n j v1vf.l j g9hp]yf,aflucf’dkpgxaolu2hk j oaholtcf’;k mkfmu j wfhIa[9tdkpgxaomkffa j ’ s^n [kg-uD j lq,zqog7,uG lq,zqog7,uGlq,zqog7,uG Na O H O 2NaOH 2 2 + → Xok8iuvv,Iufiqd-yf s^n -6fdaf|a’?D ovd9kdoUgIqklk,kf]t]kpvqd-yf0v’3]stfa’ s^n 3]stfa j ’fyogrn j vdkpgxaomkffa j j’ 8q;1k’G j 2 2 2 2 K O H O 2KOH CaO H O Ca(OH) + → + → ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

105 lts^5[G lts^5[G lts^5[G oExt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yf[kg-uwfhmkf]t]kp[kg-uD #D@ oEgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[3]stf oEgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[3]stf oEgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[3]stf oEgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[3]stfja’ dyf9tde $G dyf9tde $Gdyf9tde $G !?D gvqk,ufxkfdhvo Na Xok8iuvv,? xt,ko 1/2 g,afg0hqklko]q’.l9vdcdh;mu j [ao95 j oE c]h;gvqk9;p’;e X1k.-h,n9a[ grkt,aovao8t]kp?F la’gdfxkdqfdko c]t j [aombdzqoD @?D .-hs^vff6fgvqkmkf]t]kp.o9vd 1vf.lg9hp]yf,aflucf’c]h;la’gdfxkdqf j dkomugduf0Bo c]t [aombdzqoD j zqodyf9tde g,nvgvqkdhvo j Na ]q’.loEF j ,ao9txyogmy’|hkoEc]h;d=\qfwxD g,n j vgvqkmkf j ]t]kp1vf.lg9hp]yf,aflucf’9tdkpgxaolu2hk j gIqkgsaoxtdqfdkofa’dj k;phvo; j kok8iuvv,xt j 8ydy]ypkda[oEwfhok8iuvv,Iufiqd-yfF dklIu3fi c-o c]t cz7;k,Ihvofa j ’lq,zqoG j 2 2 2Na + 2H O 2NaOH + H + Q → ok8iuvv,gxao3]stfaj’F gxaomkfc0’mujg[qk d;koE g,n j vgIqkgvqk]q’.l j 9vdoE,ao9t26gmy’|hk oE c]t rhv,fP;daooaho,ao9tp6hIu3fic-o j vvd9kdoEfh;p7;k,w;l6’ ltoahoF 9tgIaf.shdhvo ok8iuvv,xyo c]t ]t]kpwfhw;D j \kpgsfG 4hkgIqkgvqkdhvook8iuvv,s^kpF [k’7ah’9tgsao,ucl’w2c8dvvdphvo; \kpgsfG kgxao j xt8ydy]ypkcz7;k,Ihvol6’ 4hk,uIu3fic-oxqfx j vpvvds^kpd=9t]5dw\hwfhD ltoahoF g;]kgIaf j mqf]v’8hv’wfh]t;a’ c]t 7;o,u9;pxqdxkd9vdcdh;w;hgrnv[+.shok8iuvv,2hq’vvdovdF [+.sh j ,uvao8t]kpgduf0BoD lts^5[G lts^5[G lts^5[G oExt8ydy]ypkda[3]stfa’F 3]stfa j ’fyo [k’-toyf9twfhmkf]t]kp[kg-u c]t j xqfxvpdklIu3fic-orhv,fh;pcz j 7;k,IhvoD j 9;p Na H2 O I6[ !)D#D ok8iuvv,xt8ydy]ypkda[oE ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

106 #D# oEgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yfvk-yf[k’-toyf # oEgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yfvk-yf[k’-toyf 8q;1k’G j 2 2 23 3 2 24 25 2 3 4 CO + H O H CO SO + H O H SO P O + 3H O 2H PO ←⎯→ → → lts^5[G oExt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yfvk-yfwfhmkf]t]kpvk-yfD lts^5[G #D$ oElk,kfgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[vuds^kpmkf #D$ oElk,kfgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[vuds^kpmkf 8q;1jk’ !G oEgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[/5jogs^admujIhvo 500OC wfhvqd-yfc,jgs^ad c]t dkl Iu3fic-oD 2 3 4 2 o 500 C 3Fe + 4H O Fe O + 4H ⎯⎯⎯→ 8q;1k’ @G .shvkpoEz j ko4 j komu j r;,w\hcf’wfhdklIu3fic-o c]t dkd[vo3,3o j vqd-yfD C + H O H + CO 2 2 → ovd9kdmuwfhd j k;,k0hk’gmy’c]h;oEpa’gxao8q;]t]kpmu j fu grn j vgIaf.shwfhmkf]t]kp j 8jk’M g-aoG j !D vk-yfxtlq,oEwfhmkf]t]kpvk-yfD @D gdnv]t]kp.ooEwfhmkf]t]kpgdnvD #D [kg-u]t]kp.ooEwfhmkf]t]kp[kg-uD mkf8k’Mg,n j v]t]kp.o8q;]t]kp c]t mkfmu j wfhIa[gvuho; j k mkf]t]kp0v’mkfoahoD j mkf]t]kp,u7;k,le7aos^kp8+ly’mu j ,u-u;yf c]t me,t-kfD mkf]t]kp.ome,t-kf j ,ugdnvcI9ko1 j k’s^;’s^kpD rnf8 j k’MwfhIa[gdnvcI j 9kod=]h;oc8 j Ia[.oI6[c[[0v’mkf]t]kp j gmqkoahoD grktltoaho dkosqfoE8qhow,h8 j k’Md=grn j v.sh8qhow,hlk,kff6f-b,gvqkgdnv cI j 9ko9kdfyo j oahogv’D ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

107 .odkodtlyde gryooe.-hmkf]t]kpx5Jp c]t 1kxk[laf86rnf9eo;o|b j ’D 0t[;odko j Ia[vksko0v’7qo c]t lafd=wfhfegouowx3fpdkoxPovkskogxaomkf]t]kp8q;.ooEfh;p j vtw;pt;tpvpvksko 9kdoaho 9y j ’xj Pogxaomkf]t]kpg-y j ’,uoEgxao8q;]t]kpD .odkoIPo j ;y-kg7,u gryo,ad.-hoE gxao8q;]t]kpF dko]t]kp0v’mkf8 j k’M.ooE9tgIaf.shmkfgs^q j koaho j gdufxt8ydy]ypkoedaowfhw;0BoD grktltoaho .ov5flkstdeg7,u c]t v5flkstdevnoM9y j ’oe.-h j oE1k’s^;’s^kpD j [qfg/ydsafG [qfg/ydsafG[qfg/ydsafG !D g,nv96fdklIu3fic-o !W j ml c]t dklvqd-uc-o!W ml 4k,;kg,n j vxt8ydy]ypk j lYol5f9t,umkf.fgs^nv c]t gs^nv9ad3,]L ,;olkooEmugduf0Bo9t,u9ad j gL X dklm5d -toyf;afcmd.og’nvow0,kf8t4ko?D j @D 9q’8n j ,l6fg7,u0v’mkf8 j k’M.l j j[jvomu,u\kp4k,.sh4nd8hv’L j dD Ca +.....?... Ca(OH)2 + ....?... 0D BaO +.....?.... Ba(OH)2 7D SO2 +.....?.... H2 SO3 ’D N2 O5 + H2 O ....?... #D 9q’pqd8q;1 j k’mkf]t]kp3fp,u j H2 O gxao8q;]t]kp9ad # 8q;1k’D j $D mkf]t]kpmuj,u H2 O gxao8q;]t]kp,u[qf[kfle7aoco;.f8=j-u;yfdkogxao16j0v’ 7qogIqkL &D 9q’0Po c]t -a j ’-klq,zqog7,u8= j wxouhG j K + H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Na + H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Ca + H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Cs + H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Mg + H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD P2 O5 + H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD N2 O5 + H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD MgO+ H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD CaO+ H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD K2 O + H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

108 *D 9q’-a j ’-klq,zqog7,u8+wxouhG j O 500 C H O Fe Fe O H 2 3 + ⎯⎯⎯→ +4 2 (D 9q’0uf]6dlvo9kdshv’ j A .lshv’ j B .shgxaoxt3spdmu4nd8hv’ j A B !D 3,g]d5ooExtdv[fh;p @D oEgxaomkfcs^;mu[+,ulu j #D mkf]t]kp[kg-u $D mkf]t]kpvk-uf dD [+,udyoF [+,u]qf-kf j 0D @ vk38,Iu3fic-o c]t ! vk38,vqd-uc-o 7D gIaf.shg9hp]yf,aflu2hkxPogxaolucf’ j ’D gIaf.shg9hp]yf,aflucf’xPogxaolu2hk j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

109 [qfmu !_ [qfmu !_[qfmu !_ vk-yf !D lj;oxtdv[0v’vk-yf ;oxtdv[0v’vk-yf oadIPo9q’la’gdf8k8t]k’]5 j ,oU c]h;[vd; j k l j ;oxtdv[0v’vk-yf,uspa’cf j L 3fp j vu’.ll6fg7,uF g7Qkvk-yf c]t 7 j kg7,u.o8k8t]k’D j -nj l6fg7,u g7Qkvk-yf 7kg7,u g7Qkvk-yf j vk-yf d^=Iyfiyd vk-yf oy8iyd vk-yf -6o26iyd vk-yf 2qflt2=iyd HCl HNO3 H2 SO4 H3 PO4 Cl - NO3 - SO4 2- PO4 3- I I II III 9kddkola’gdf.o8k8t]k’9tgsao;k l6fg7,u0v’vk-yfc8 j ]t-toyf ]h;oc8 j jxtdv[ fh;pvk38, H c]t g7Qkvk-yf XIkdvk-yf? g-y’g7Qkvk-yfvkf9t,u s^n [+,u vqd-uc-o16 j oeD j fa’oAo vk-yf c, j omkfxtlq,|b j ’ g-y j ’.o3,g]d5o0v’,aoxtdv[fh;p|b j ’ s^n s^kpvk38, j Iu3fic-o XH? c]t g7Qkvk-yf XIkdvk-yf?D { g7Qkvk-yf9a[da[vk38,Iu3fic-o8k,7kg7,uF g7Qkvk-yf9t,u7 j kg7,ugmq j k.foAo0Boda[ j 9eo;ovk38,Iu3fic-omuxtdv[16 j .ovk-yfoAoD j @D dko0Pol6fg7,u0v’vk-yf dko0Pol6fg7,u0v’vk-yf { l6f3,g]d5o0v’vk-yfxtdv[,ulv’rkdl;o7nG j lj;omu,k9kdvuvq’[;d X j T? 0v’Iu3fic-o c]t l;omu j ,k9kdvuvq’]q[ X{? 0v’g7Qk j vk-yfD Iu3fic-o XH? ,u7kg7,ugmq j k !F ltoAo 4hkI6h7 j kg7,u0v’g7Qkvk-yfc]h; lk,kf0Pol6fg7,u j 0v’vk-yfwfh3fp.sh0PoIu3fic-o0Bodvo c]h;8k,fh;pg7Qkvk-yfrhv,ma’0Po7 j kg7,u0v’ j g7Qkvk-yfshvp.lIu3fic-oD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

110 Iu3fic-o g7Qkvk-yf 7kg7,u0v’g7Qkvk-yf l6fg7,u j H+ H+ H+ H+ Cl - NO3 - SO4 2- PO4 3- I I II III HCl HNO3 H2 SO4 H3 PO4 #D dko9afc[ dko9afc[ dko9afc[ dko9afc[j’vk-yf j’vk-yf vk-yf [ao95vqd-uc-o vk-yf0Ao I: HNO3 vk-yf0Ao II: H2 SO4 vk-yf0Ao III: H3 PO4 vk-yf0Ao I: HCl, HBr, HF, HI vk-yf0Ao II: H2 S [+[ao95vqd-uc-o I6[ !_D! czo;kfdko9afc[’vk-yf j vk-yf[k’-toyfmu vk-yf[k’-toyfmu vk-yf[k’-toyfmu vk-yf[k’-toyfmu vk-yf[k’-toyfmuj7;oI6h9adG 7;oI6h9adG j 7;oI6h9adG 7;oI6h9adG 7;oI6h9adG dD vk-yf-6o26iyd X dD vk-yf-6o26iyd X dD vk-yf-6o26iyd XH2 SO4 ? vk-yf-6o26iydgxaomkfcs^;mu[+,uluF ph;p7nda[oEgzY’F [+,udy j o c]t |add; j koE vk-yf j -6o26iydf6fdno7;k,-5,9kdvkdkf c]t 9kddkl-toyfvn j owfhfuD ltoAo gry j o9b j ’oe.-h75o]adltot j fa’dj k; grn j vgIaf.shdkl9eo;o|b j ’csh’fuD j g,nvgvqkvk-yf-6o26iydxqoda[oE,ao9tcz j 7;k,Ihvovvds^kpF 4hk4vdoE.l j vk-yf j -6o26iyd ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

111 ,ao9txqoda[vk-yf[+mao g-y’gxaogsf.shgdufdko2qfdtmaosao c]t g,afvk-yf9t2Q’.l j |hk s^n ,n j z6hgIafmqf]v’D grnvs^udg;Ao[aoskfa j ’dj k;.odko]t]kpvk-yf-6o26iyd.ooE9t8hv’7 j vpMgspAo j vk-yf.loE c]t 7qowxrhv, c8 j shk,gspAooE.l j vk-yfgfaf0kfD j 0D vk-yfd^=Iufiyd X 0D vk-yfd^=Iufiyd X 0D vk-yfd^=Iufiyd XHCl? vk-yfd^=Iyfiyd c,omkf]t]kpd=^iq;Iu3fic-o.ooE vk-yffa j ’dj k;,udy j o g-y j ’c, j ody j o0v’ j dkld^=iq;Iu3fic-o grkt;k3,g]d5o0v’dklfa j ’dj k;wfh]tgsupvvd g,n j vdkld^=iq;Iu3fic-o j xy;.ovkdkf,ao9tf6fgvqkoE c]h;dkpgxao\vdvk-yfd^=Iufiyd X,udyovk-yfd^=Iufiyd?D j $D dkogvUo-n dkogvUo-njvk-yfdkogvUo-n $D! vk-yfmu[+,uvqd-uc-o j Xvk-yfIu3fic-o?D 0Bo8Qofh;p7e; kG vk-yf c]h;v j ko-n j 0v’ j 3]st c]t ]q’mhkpfh;pIufiydD HF vk-yf2^6v=Iufiyd HBr vk-yf3[i,Iufiyd H2 S vk-yf-6o26Iufiyd HCl vk-yfd^=Iufiyd HI vk-yfvuvqfIufiyd $D@ vk-yfmu,uvqd-uc-oD j vk-yfmu vk-yfmu vk-yfmu vk-yfmu vk-yfmuj,u-nj]q’mhkpfh;p g ]q’mhkpfh;p g j ]q’mhkpfh;p g ]q’mhkpfh;p g ]q’mhkpfh;p gxu HClO vk-yfIu3xd^=giu HClO2 vk-yfd^=giu HNO2 vk-yfoug8iu H2 SO3 vk-yf-6o26giu vk-yfmu vk-yfmu vk-yfmu vk-yfmu vk-yfmuj,u-nj]q’mhkpfh;p ]q’mhkpfh;p j ]q’mhkpfh;p ]q’mhkpfh;p ]q’mhkpfh;p xyd HNO3 vk-yfou8iyd H2 CrO4 vk-yf3di,,yd H2 CO3 vk-yfdkd3[oyd H3 BO3 vk-yf[=iyd H2 SO4 vk-yf-6o26iyd H2 SiO3 vk-yf-u]yd-yd H3 PO4 vk-yf2qflt2=iyd le]a[vk-yfmu le]a[vk-yfmu le]a[vk-yfmu le]a[vk-yfmu le]a[vk-yfmuj,uvqd-uc-os^kpd; j ,uvqd-uc-os^kpd; j ,uvqd-uc-os^kpd; ,uvqd-uc-os^kpd;jkxqddt8y j kxqddt8y jkxqddt8y kxqddt8y kxqddt8y HClO4 vk-yfcxadd^=iyd HIO4 vk-yfcxadvuvqffiyd HMnO4 vk-yfcxad,a’dkoyd H2 Cr2 O7 vk-yffu3di,,yd ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

112 &D 75o]adltot0v’vk-yf 75o]adltot0v’vk-yf &D! ]adltotmk’g7,u dyf9tde !G vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[3]st dyf9tde !G vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[3]st !? 4vdvk-yfd^=Iufiyd XHCl? .lc8j ]ts^vfmqf]v’xt,ko @& j cm3 @? gvqkg,afla’dtlu XZn? !{@ g,afF czo,kgp-uvv, j (Mg)F czogs^ad j (Fe)F g,afdko -uvv, (Ca) oadIPola’gdfxkdqfdko c]h;[aombdzqo.l8k8t]k’D j 9kddyf9tde 3]sts^kp-toyflk,kfxt8ydy]ypkda[vk-yfwfhgdnv0v’3]st c]t dklIu3fi c-o fa’lq,zqoD j 3]st T vk-yf gdnv0v’3]st T dklIu3fic-o 3]st[k’-toyf g-ajoG XAg? [+gdufxt8ydy]ypkda[ XHCl? lj;o Zn, Fe, Mg, Ca gdufxt8y]ypkda[vk-yf XHCl? wfhfu c84hkgxao3]st j Na, K 9tgdufxt8ydy]ypkw; c]t I5ocI’D dD czola’dtlu j (Zn) 0D czo,kgp-uvv, j (Mg) 7D czogs^ad j (Fe) ’D g,afdko-uvv, (Ca) I6[ !_D@ vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[3]st 3]st vk-yf lq,zqoxt8ydy]ypk dklmugduf0Bo zqodkola’gdf j Zn Mg Fe Ca ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

113 dyf9tde @G vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[suox6o dyf9tde @G vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[suox6o !? gvqkgxnvdsvpmu[qf, j 5o s^n suox6oxt,ko @ [ j ;’dkg2.l j .os^vfmqf]v’mu j ,u/kxyf c]t j ,um+lq’dkl lP[16 j jD @? 9vd[ao95oEx6o.l Ca(OH)2. #? 4vdmkf]t]kp HCl ]q’.l c]h;2hk;vaf/ks^vfmqf]v’mu j ,um+lq j ’dkllP[16 j fhko|b j j’ 95,]q’.l j 9vdmu j [ao95oEx6o.lD j $? 9q’la’gdfxkdqfdkomu j gduf0Bo c]t [aombdzqoD j { mkfvkpmu4ndxqfx j vpvvdc, j omkfvkp.fL j { 0Polq,zqoxt8ydy]ypk]ts;k’suox6oda[mkf]t]kp j HCl 9kddyf9tde lk,kflts^5[wfh;k vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[suox6oc]h;wfhdkl j CO2 . g-y’gxao j dklmugIaf.shoEx6o.l05 j oD j dD vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[[kg-uwfhgdnv c]t oEXxt8ydy]ypk9k;? dD vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[[kg-uwfhgdnv c]t oEXxt8ydy]ypk9k;? dD vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[[kg-uwfhgdnv c]t oEXxt8ydy]ypk9k;? gvqkvk-yf c]t [kg-u.oxt]y,kogmqkdao c]t ,u7;k,g0A,gmq j kdao,kxt8ydy]ypkoe j daoF mkfxtlq,muwfh[+gIaf.shg9hp]yf,afx j Polu ltcf’; j k mkfxtlq,oU ,u]adltot9k; Xgxaodk’? 7nu j pH=7. 8q;1k’ !G j NaOH + HC NaC + H O → 2 l l 8q;1k’ @G j H SO + Ca(OH) CaSO + 2H O 2 4 2 4 2 → 0D vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yf[kg-u xtdv[gxaogdnv c]t oE 0D vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yf[kg-u xtdv[gxaogdnv c]t oE 2 4 4 2 2 2 H SO + BaO BaSO + H O 2HC + CaO CaC + H O → l l → 7D vk-yf9eo;o|b 7D vk-yf9eo;o|b 7D vk-yf9eo;o|bj’xt8ydy]ypkda[3]stmu ’xt8ydy]ypkda[3]stmu j ’xt8ydy]ypkda[3]stmu ’xt8ydy]ypkda[3]stmu ’xt8ydy]ypkda[3]stmuj168+|hk 168+|hk j168+|hk 168+|hk H .oc4;g7n .oc4;g7n .oc4;g7n .oc4;g7n .oc4;g7njvows;g7,u vows;g7,u j vows;g7,u vows;g7,u vows;g7,u0v’ 3]stxtdv[ 3]stxtdv[3]stxtdv[gxaogdnv c]t Iu3fic-og-a gxaogdnv c]t Iu3fic-og-a gxaogdnv c]t Iu3fic-og-a gxaogdnv c]t Iu3fic-og-a gxaogdnv c]t Iu3fic-og-ajoG K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn (H) Cu,Hg, Ag, Pt, Au ph6Iu3fic-o [+ph6Iu3fic-o ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

114 8q;1k’G j Zn + 2HC ZnC + H → 2 2 l l Ag + HCl → ≠ X[+gdufxt8ydy]ypk? ’D vk-yfxt8ydy]ypkda[gdnvxtdv[gxaogdnv.\j c]t vk-yf.\j 8q;1k’G j ZnC + H SO ZnSO + 2HC 2 24 4 l l → *D dkooe.-hvk-yf[k’-toyf *D dkooe.-hvk-yf[k’-toyf mkf]t]kpmugxaovk-yf .o-u;yfxt9e;aomu j r;dgIqkg7up.-h,us^kp-toyfmu j ,u75o]adltot j c]t dkooe.-hc8d8k’daoD j { mkf]t]kpvk-yfmuj.-hx5’c8j’vkskogxaovk-yfmujwfh9kdrnfg-ajoG vk-yfoElQ,F vk-yf muwfh9kd\kdok;F \kd0k, g4y’; j k vk-yfmu j wfh9kdrnf9t.-hx5’c8 j ’vksko j wfh c8j4hk[=]y3rds^kpd=gxaovao8t]kpwfhD ltoAoF 9bj’7;o.-h.oxt]y,kor=fuD ovd9kdoU pa’,uoElQ,leg]afI6[G vkf9t,uoElQ,lkp-6xv, dvo9t[=]y3rd7;o j mqflv[.shco.9; j kc, j ooElQ,cmh c]h;9b j ’oe,k[=]y3rdD j { vk-yf[k’-toyf gxaovk-yfcI’F gdufxt8ydy]ypkda[ly’8j k’Mwfhw; c]t daf 9b j ’gxao j vao8t]kp 4hk4ndglNvzhkF zy;|a’ s^n goNvgspnv0v’I j k’dkpD mkf]t]kpvk-yfmu j ,uzqo j glp8+ly’c;f]hv,g-a j oG /qodqf gIaf.shly j ’x5dlhk’8 j k’Mgdufdkod5fshPo g,n j v,koe j .-h]hk’rNo s^n g7nv’l50traoc]h; 9tme]kprNogInvo s^n g7n j v’l50trao8 j k’Ms^5pshPowfhD j fa’oAoF dko.-hmkf]t]kpvk-yf9b j ’8hv’.-h.sh4nd;ymu c]t v j ko7ecotoe.shg0Qk.9d j voj 9t.-hF dkogda[IadlkF dkome]kp c]t vnoMD j l6fg7,u -nmk’g7,u xt3spf j vk-yfd^=Iufiyd vk-yf-5o26iyd vk-yfou8iyd vk-yf2qflt2=iyd vk-yfvkg-8yd oE1k]hk’shv’oEFDDD .-h.ov5flkstdezt]yfluphv,D .-hxtlq,.og7nv’fn j ,FDDD j .-hzt]yfx5JpFDDD .-hx5’c8’vkskoFDDD j HCl H2 SO4 HNO3 H3 PO4 CH3 CHOOH ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

115 ly j’7;ogvqk.9.l j’7;ogvqk.9.l ’7;ogvqk.9.l ’7;ogvqk.9.lj { .oxt8ydy]ypkg7,u]ts;k’vk-yfou8iydda[3]st9twfhgdnv c8 j [+xqfx j vp j H2 D { vk-yfmu[+]t]kp.ooE9t[+gdufxt8ydy]ypkda[3]st c]t mkf1k,lu c8 j gdufxt8y j dy]ypk da[3]stfa’D j { vu’8k,7;k,lk,kf]tgsupcI’ c]t 7;k,lk,kf]t]kp8q;.ooEc]h; gryo9af j ]efa[dkop6hg-y’dao c]t dao0v’vk-yfda[mkf]t]kpgdnv8k,c4;]5 j ,oUD j H SO , HC , HNO , H PO , H CO , H SiO 2 4 3342 32 3 l { vk-yf-6o26iydmu,u7;k,\Ao7q’l6’9tgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[gdnv0v’vk-yfwfhF j g-aoG j HCl, HNO3 , H3 PO4 . [qfg/ydsafG [qfg/ydsafG[qfg/ydsafG !D 9tgIafco;.f9b’9tI6h; j k dhvosuo.f|b j ’c, j osuox6o s^n [+L j @D g,nv.-hoE1k]hk’shv’oEmu j ,ulj ;oxtlq,0v’vk-yfd^=Iufiydxqo16 j F ]hk’rNoshv’oEmu j gIaf j fh;psuox6o9tgxaoco;.fL vtmy[kp rhv,ma’0Polq,zqoxt8ydy]ypkg7,umugduf0BoD j #D 9q’0Po8n j ,.l j j[jvos;k’0v’8k8t]k’.sh4nd8hv’ j $D vqd-yf-toyf.f8+wxoUmu]t]kp.ooEc]h;wfhvk-yfL j CaO, Na2 O, SO2 , Al 2 O3 , P2 O5 , SiO2 , N2 O5 { 0Polq,zqoxt8ydy]ypkmugduf0Borhv, j &D grnvx5’c8 j ’Iu3fic-o WF@ 3,] 4k,; j k9t8hv’.-hla’dtlu9ad j g gIafxt8ydy]ypkda[ mkf]t]kpvk-yfd^=Iufiyd9k’L -nvk-yf l6fg7,u g7Qkvk-yf -n j g7Qkvk-yf j vk-yf-6o26giu DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD HNO2 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD vk-yf3[i,Iufiyd DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD HClO4 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

116 *D 9q’8+g7y j ’lq,zqoshv’ j A .lg7y j ’lq,zqoshv’ j B .sh4nd8hv’ A B (D 9q’0Polq,zqo c]t -a j ’-k.sh4nd8hv’L j dD MgSO4 + HCl .................. + ................... 0D LiOH + HCl .....................+ ................... 7D Ba(OH)2 + H2 SO4 .............. + ................... ’D N2 O5 + H2 O ............................................ 9D ZnCl 2 + H2 SO4 .................+ ................... )D 9q’8n j ,.l j j[jvo9Eg,af c]t -a’-klq,zqo.sh4nd8hv’L j dD ............... + H3 PO4 Mg3 (PO4 ) 2 + HCl 0D FeSO4 + HCl H2 SO4 +..................... 7D P2 O5 + H2 O ..................................... ’D KCl + ............... HCl + K2 SO4 9D ................ + H3 PO4 H2 CO3 + Mg3 (PO4 ) 2 lD .................+..................... FeSO4 + HNO3 dD Mg + 2HCl 1. KCl + H2 O 0D KOH + HCl @D CaSO4 + 2H2 O 7D Ca(OH)2 + H2 SO4 3. 2H3 PO4 ’D P2 O5 + 3H2 O 4. MgCl 2 + H2 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

117 [qfmu @W [qfmu @W[qfmu @W [kg-u !D lj;oxtdv[0v’[kg-u ;oxtdv[0v’[kg-u ;oxtdv[0v’[kg-u dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !Gdyf9tde !G oadIPo9q’la’gdf8k8t]k’]5 j ,oUG gry j o.-h7 j kg7,uF laopt]adg7,u0v’3]stc]h;lhk’gxao j l6fg7,u0v’[kg-uwfhco;.fL [kg-uwfhc[’vvdgxao @ -toyfD j 7jkg7,u laopt]ad0v’3]st l6f3,g]d5o0v’[kg-u I Na, K NaOH, KOH II Ca,Mg,Fe Ca(OH)2 , Mg(OH)2 ,Fe(OH)2 III Al, Fe Al(OH)3 , Fe(OH)3 .o3,g]d5o0v’[kg-uxtdv[,u|b’vk38,3]st s^n d5 j ,mkf,6omP[gmq j k3]st c]t |b j j’ s^n s^kp95Iufiqd-yf XOH), g-y’95Iufiqd-yfg;]k.fd=,u7 j kg7,ugmq j k !D j @D dko9afc[ dko9afc[ dko9afc[ dko9afc[j’[kg-u j ’[kg-u #D dkovjko-nj0v’[kg-u 0v’[kg-u j0v’[kg-u 0v’[kg-u 0v’[kg-u dkovko-n j 0v’[kg-u .shv j ko-n j 3]st s^n 95mP[gmq j k3]std j vo Xd=]tou3]st.f,us^kp7 j kg7,u j .shvko-n j 3]std j vo c]h;8k,fh;p7 j kg7,u? c]h;9b j ’]q’mhkpfh;pIufiqd-yfD j [kg-umu [kg-umu [kg-umu [kg-umu [kg-umuj]t]kp8q;.ooE ]t]kp8q;.ooE j]t]kp8q;.ooE ]t]kp8q;.ooE [kg-ymu [kg-ymu [kg-ymu [kg-ymu [kg-ymuj[+]t]kp8q;.ooE [+]t]kp8q;.ooE j[+]t]kp8q;.ooE [+]t]kp8q;.ooE NaOH KOH CsOH Ba(OH)2 AgOH gxaorbd05jo Cu(OH) 2 gxaorbdlu2hk Fe (OH) 2 gxaorbdlu0P; Fe(OH) 3 gxaorbdlucf’-E Al(OH) 3 gxaorbd|P;.l ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

118 8q;1k’G j NaOH ok8iuvv,Iufiqd-yf NH4 OH ve3,ouIufiqd-yf Ca(OH)2 dko-uvv,Iufiqd-yf Fe(OH) 2 gs^ad II Iufiqd-yf Fe(OH) 3 gs^ad III Iufiqd-yf $D ]adltotg7,u0v’[kg-u ]adltotg7,u0v’[kg-u ]adltotg7,u0v’[kg-u $D!D xt8ydy]ypkda[mkfx xt8ydy]ypkda[mkfx xt8ydy]ypkda[mkfx xt8ydy]ypkda[mkfxjPolu dyf9tde @G dyf9tde @Gdyf9tde @G !? 1vf NaOH ]q’.lg9hp]yf,aflucf’F la’gdfdkox j Polumu j gdyf0Bo c]t [aombdzqoD j @? gvqkoEx6o.l Ca(OH)2 !{@ ml .ls^vfmqf]v’F 9kdoAo1vfg23oo2t8kg]vyo j mu[+,ulu]q’.l j !{@ 1vfF la’gdf dkox j Polumu jgduf0Bo c]t [aombdzqoD j 8k8t]k’[aombdzqoG 8k8t]k’[aombdzqoG 8k8t]k’[aombdzqoG lts^5[zqodkomqf]v’gsao; lts^5[zqodkomqf]v’gsao; lts^5[zqodkomqf]v’gsao; lts^5[zqodkomqf]v’gsao;jkG !D g,nv1vf j NaOH ]q’.lg9hp]yf,aflucf’x j Pogxaolu2hkD j @ g,nv1vfg23oo2t8kg]vyomu j [+,ulu]q’.l j oEx6o.l j Ca(OH)2 oEx6o.lxPogxaolu[q;D j $D@ [kg-uxt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yfvk-yfwfhgdnv c]t oE [kg-uxt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yfvk-yfwfhgdnv c]t oE 2 23 2 2 2 5 3 42 2 2NaOH SiO Na SiO H O 3Ca(OH) P O Ca (PO ) 3H O +→ + +→ + mkfg7,u mkfg7,u g9hp]yf,af}g23oo2t8kg]vyo g9hp]yf,af}g23oo2t8kg]vyo zqodkoxj Polu j Poluzqodkox NaOH g9hp]yf,af lucf’ Ca(OH)2 g23oo2t8kg]vyo ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

119 $D#D [kg-uxt8ydy]ypkda[vk-yfwfhgdnv c]t oEXxt8ydy]ypk9k;? [kg-uxt8ydy]ypkda[vk-yfwfhgdnv c]t oEXxt8ydy]ypk9k;? [kg-uxt8ydy]ypkda[vk-yfwfhgdnv c]t oEXxt8ydy]ypk9k;? KOH HC KC H O +→+ 2 l l Mg(OH)2 + H2 SO4 →MgSO4 + 2H2 O $D$D [kg-uxt8ydy]ypkda[gdnvwfh[kg-u.\j c]t gdnv.\j dyf9tde #G dyf9tde #Gdyf9tde #G 1vf NaOH !{@ ml ]q’.l s^vfmqf]v’ !F @F #F $F 8k,]efa[ Xfa j ’I6[c8h,? c]h;la’ j gdfxkdqfdkomugduf0Bo.oc8 j ]ts^vf c]t [aombdzqoD j zqodkomqf]v’0v’c8]ts^vf,uxkdqfdkogduf0Bofa j ’oUG j s^vfmu ! ,urbdlu2hkgduf0Bo j rbdlu2hk CuCl 2 FeCl 2 FeCl 3 AgCl 2NaOH + CuC 2NaC + Cu(OH) 2 2 l l → ↓ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

120 { s^vfmu @ ,urbdlu0P;gduf0Bo { s^vfmu @ ,urbdlu0P;gduf0Bo { s^vfmu # ,urndlucf’-E X0U\hP’? gduf0BoD { s^vfmu # ,urndlucf’-E X0U\hP’? gduf0BoD { s^vfmu # ,urndlucf’-E X0U\hP’? gduf0BoD { s^vfmu $ ,urbd05 { s^vfmu $ ,urbd05 { s^vfmu $ ,urbd05 { s^vfmu $ ,urbd05 { s^vfmu $ ,urbd05jogduf0BoD ogduf0BoD jogduf0BoD jogduf0BoD ogduf0BoD $D&D [kg-u[+]t]kp.ooEg,n $D&D [kg-u[+]t]kp.ooEg,n $D&D [kg-u[+]t]kp.ooEg,n $D&D [kg-u[+]t]kp.ooEg,n $D&D [kg-u[+]t]kp.ooEg,njv4nd;yg7ktfh;p7;k,Ihvo9twfhvqd-yf[kg-u c]t v4nd;yg7ktfh;p7;k,Ihvo9twfhvqd-yf[kg-u c]t jv4nd;yg7ktfh;p7;k,Ihvo9twfhvqd-yf[kg-u c]t v4nd;yg7ktfh;p7;k,Ihvo9twfhvqd-yf[kg-u c]t oE oE oE O O 3 2 3 2 2 2 t 2Fe(OH) Fe O + 3H O t Cu(OH) CuO + H O ⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯→ &D [kg-umu [kg-umujle7ao[kg-umu &D!D ok8iuIufiqd-yf s^n gvUo; ok8iuIufiqd-yf s^n gvUo; ok8iuIufiqd-yf s^n gvUo; ok8iuIufiqd-yf s^n gvUo;jk 3-fkw2F ,ul6f3,g]d5oG k 3-fkw2F ,ul6f3,g]d5oG jk 3-fkw2F ,ul6f3,g]d5oG jk 3-fkw2F ,ul6f3,g]d5oG k 3-fkw2F ,ul6f3,g]d5oG NaOH dD ]adltotmk’2u-yd dD ]adltotmk’2u-yd dyf9tde $G dyf9tde $Gdyf9tde $G !? gvqk NaOH ! g,af .lg9hp0k;;k’gmy’|hk38tD xtw;hw]pt|b j ’ la’gdfxkdqfdkoD j @? .shoadIPo.-h,nlerafda[oElt[6 s^n c2a[9kdoAo46oY;,n.ldaoc]h;[vd7;k,I6hlndmu j ,uD j 9kddkomqflv[9tgsaowfh;kG j NaOH mugxaomkfc0’[+,ulu 7 j vpMg-n j v,gxaomkfcs^;F g9hp[ j vomu j ,ug,af j NaOH ;k’16j7jvp gs^nv’g0Qk c]h;z5vvdD g,njvgvqk,nlezafda[lt[6 s^n c2a[9tI6hlbd,njo faj’oAo gIqklk,kflts^5[wfh;jkG NaOH gxaomkfc0’[+,uluF f6foE.ovkdkfwfhfuF ]t]kp.ooEwfhfu rhv,ma’cz7;k,IhvoF ,u]adltot,n j oD j rbdlu0P; 2 2 2NaOH + FeC 2NaC +Fe(OH) l l → ↓ rbdlucf’-E 3 3 3NaOH + FeC 3NaC + Fe(OH) l l → ↓ rbd05oj NaOH + AgC NaC + AgOH → ↓ l l ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

121 dafg9hp c]t zy;|a’D ltoAog,nv.-h j NaOH 7;o]t;a’D 0D ]adltotmk’g7,u 0D ]adltotmk’g7,u 0D ]adltotmk’g7,u { NaOH xt8ydy]ypkda[ g23oo2t8kg]vyomu[+,uludkpgxaolu[q;D j { NaOH xt8ydy]ypkda[vqd-yfvk-yf wfhgdnv c]t oED { NaOH xt8ydy]ypkda[vk-yfwfhgdnv c]toE Xxt8ydy]ypk9k;?D { NaOH xt8ydy]ypkda[gdnv wfhgdnv.\ c]t [kg-u.\ j jD 7D dkooe.- 7D dkooe.-7D dkooe.-h h NaOH ’D dkox5’c8j’ dkox5’c8 NaOH ;yg7ktmkf]t]kp NaCl vu,8q;fh;pdtclw22hkD .ov j k’j ;yg7ktgryo.-h8ko j k’0Ao @ 0Q;gvg]ad38if[;d c]t ]q[S gry j o9tgda[wfhdklIu3fi j c-o16lQo]q[D dkld^=1 j 6lQo[;d c]t mkf]t]kp j NaOH 16lQo]q[.ov j k’;yg7ktD j 2 2NaC + 2H O 2NaOH + HC l → l &D@ dko-uvv,Iufiqd-yf &D@ dko-uvv,Iufiqd-yf &D@ dko-uvv,Iufiqd-yf XoEx6o.l?D ,ul6f3,g]d5oG Ca(OH) 2 dD ]adltotmk’2u-yd dD ]adltotmk’2u-yd { Ca(OH)2 gxao/5ogvUo; j kx6ozq’ j F [+]t]kpgvUo;kx6o0k; s^n x6o05 j oD .ork;t]t]kpgxao j mkfcs^;[+,ulugvUo;k oEx6o.lD j - Ca(OH)2 ]t]kp.ooEwfh|hvpD zt]yfg9hp zt]yf Al XgIaf.sh cIvk]6,uou,uvv,ltvkfd j voj oewxzt]yfvk]6,uouvv,? zt]yflt[6 c]t ;af45-ad]hk’ v5flkstde oE,aofy[ v5flkstde g7,u8k’M j NaOH czo;kf @WD!D dP;da[dkooe.-h j NaOH ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

122 0D ]adltotg7,u 0D ]adltotg7,u0D ]adltotg7,u dko-uIufiqd-yf,u]adltotg7,u7n NaOH c8]tfa[g7n j vows;g7,uv j vod j ;kj NaOH. 8q;1jk’G8q;1 Ca(OH) + CO CaCO + H O 2 2 32 → *D ]tfa[ pH ovd9kd.-hmkfxPolu grn j v[q j ’[vdg4y’]adltotmu j gxaovk-yfF [kg-u s^n 9k;F c]h;gry j opa’ j .-h]tfa[ pH grnvltcf’g4y’mkf]t]kpmu j ,u]adltotvk-yfF [kg-u s^n 9k;vudD j { 4hk pH = 7 mkf]t]kp,u]adltot9k;D { 4hk pH>7 mkf]t]kp,u]adltot[kg-uF 4hk pH l6’d;k ( gmq j k.fpy j ’gxao[kg-ucI’ j gmqkoAo j { 4hk pH<7 mkf]t]kp,u]adltotvk-yfF 4hk pH ohvpd;k ( gmq j k.fd=py j ’gxaovk j -yfcI’gmqkoAo j vk-yf 9k; [kg-u dD Na2 O ,u[kg-umP,76c,j o !D j MgCl 2 +2H2 O 0D CaO ,u[kg-umP,76c,j o @D j NaOH 7D 3 t 2Fe(OH) ⎯⎯→ o #D Fe2 O3 +3H2 O ’D Mg(OH) 2HC 2 + ⎯⎯ l → 4. Ca(OH)2 A B [qfg/ydsafG [qfg/ydsafG[qfg/ydsafG !? 9q’8+7;k, s^n l6fg7,u.oshv’ j A .lda[shv’ j B .shgxaoxt3spd s^n lq,zqomu4nd8hv’ j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ]tfa[vk-yfcI’8k,]e]a[ ]tfa[[kg-ucI’8k,]e]a[ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

123 @? 9q’8+g7y j ’lq,zqoshv’ j A .lg7y j ’lq,zqoshv’ j B .sh4nd8hv’ #? 9q’\kpvhv,;q’gvqkvadlvo X4? 4hkgsao; j k4nd8hv’F \kpvhv,;q’gvqk8q;vadlvo Xz? j 4hkgsao;kzyfD.o8k8t]k’]5 j ,oUG j $? .o[aofk0=h]5,oUc, j o0=h.fzyfL j dD [kg-u[+]t]kp.ooE,u NaOH , Fe(OH)3 F Ca(OH)2 D 0D [kg-u]t]kp.ooE,uG NaOH F KOHD 7D Ca(OH)2 , Mg(OH)2 c,o[kg-uD j ’D [kg-ugIaf.shg23oo2t8kg]vyodkpgxaolu[q;D &? vqd-yf-toyf.f8+wxoU g,nv]t]kp.ooEc]h;wfh[kg-uL j Na2 O, P2 O5 , N2 O5 , CaO, K2 O, MgO, Li2 O, Rb2 O, Cs2 O, BaO, BeO. { 0Polq,zqoxt8ydy]ypkmugduf0Borhv,D j dD Ca(OH)2 ]t]kp8q;.ooEwfhfu 0D NaOH gxaomkfc0’[+,ulu 7D NaOH ]t]kp8q;.ooEwfhfu ’D 7jk pH .spd;j k ( mkf]t]kp,u]adltot[kg-u j 4 4 4 4 z z z z A B !D NaCl + H2 O @D CuSO4 + 2H2 O #D 2Na3 PO4 + 3H2 O 4. MgO + H2 O d 0 7 ' . Mg(OH) . NaOH + HC . Cu(OH) + H SO . 6NaOH 2 2 24 ⎯ →tfi ⎯ → l → + P O2 5 → ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

124 *? 9q’8n j ,.l j j[jvos;k’.o8k8t]k’.sh4nd8hv’L j -njmkf[kg-u j mkf[kg-u mkf[kg-u-n l6fg7,u0v’[kg-u l6fg7,u0v’[kg-u l6fg7,u0v’[kg-u .............................................. Mg(OH)2 la’dtluIufiqd-yf .............................................. ]u8uvv,Iufiqd-yf ............................................. ......................................... KOH vk]6,uouvv,Iufiqd-yf ............................................. ......................................... CsOH ........................................ LiOH [k]uvv,Iufiqd-yf ............................................ ........................................ RbOH (? 9q’0Polq,zqo c]t -a j ’-k.sh4nd8hv’L j dD MgO + H2 O ................................................ 0D Na + H2 O ..................... +....................... 7D K + H2 O ....................... +....................... ’D K2 O + H2 O ................................................ 9D Zn + H2 O ....................... +....................... lD Mg(OH)2 + H3 PO4 ........... +....................... -D Ca(OH)2 + HCl ............ +........................ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

125 [qfmu @! [qfmu @![qfmu @! gdnv !D lj;oxtdv[0v’gdnv ;oxtdv[0v’gdnv gdnv,ul;oxtdv[spa’cf j jL gdnv c,omkfm j uxtdv[fh;p3]st s^n mkfm j umP[ gmq j k3]st c]t g7Qkvk-yfD 3fpxqddt8y j gdnv gduf0Bofh;p3]st s^n \6mkfm j umP[gmq j k3]st g0Qkwxcmo[ j voIu3fic-o-toyfm j uc8d8q;wfh j g-y’,uxkdqfdko16 j .o ! 3,g]d5o0v’vk-yfD dkocmo[ j vooU9tgxaodkocmo[ j voIu3fic-o j ma’\qfmu,u16 j s^n vkf4ndcmo[ j vorP’[k’l j ;ogmq j koAoD j NaOH + HC NaC + H O → 2 l l gdnv c, gdnv c, gdnv c, gdnv c,jomkfxtlq, g-y omkfxtlq, g-y jomkfxtlq, g-y omkfxtlq, g-y omkfxtlq, g-yj’.ooAo vk38,3]st wfh9a[da[g7Qkvk-yfD ’.ooAo vk38,3]st wfh9a[da[g7Qkvk-yfD j ’.ooAo vk38,3]st wfh9a[da[g7Qkvk-yfD ’.ooAo vk38,3]st wfh9a[da[g7Qkvk-yfD ’.ooAo vk38,3]st wfh9a[da[g7Qkvk-yfD @D dko0Pol6fg7,u0v’gdnv dko0Pol6fg7,u0v’gdnv 9t0Pol6f0v’gdnvwfhco;.fL { l6f3,g]d5o0v’gdnvxtdv[,ulv’l;o7nG j lj;omu,k9kdvuvq’[;d? X j +? 0v’3]st s^n \6mkfm j umP[da[3]st c]t l j ;om j u,kj 9kdvuvq’]q[ X{? 0v’g7Qkvk-yf XIkdvk-yf?D { dko0Pol6fg7,u0v’gdnv .sh0Povuvq’[;dw;hmk’|hk c]t 0Povuvq’]q[w;hmk’s^a’D { 4hkI6h7kg7,u0v’vk38,3]st c]t 7 j kg7,u0v’g7Qkvk-yf c]h; gry j od=lk,kf0Po j l6fg7,u0v’gdnvwfhg-aoG j Na+ Cl - NaCl K+ - NO3 KNO3 Ca2+ 2- SO4 CaSO4 Mg 2+ 2- CO3 MgCO3 Al 3+ 3- PO4 AlPO4 K+ CH3COO - CH3 COOK Na+ - HSO4 NaHSO4 vuvq’[;d vuvq’]q[ l6fg7,u ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

126 #D dko9afc[ dko9afc[ dko9afc[ dko9afc[j’gdnv gdnv[kg-u gdnv-hvo76j gdnv9k; gdnvvk-yf gdnv dD gdnv9k; gdnv9k; { c,ogdnv m j ugduf0Bophvovk38,3]stwfhg0Qkcmo[ j vovk38,Iy3fic-o ma’\qf j .o3,g]d5ovk-yf g-ajo: NaCl, K2 SO4 , Ca(NO3 )2 . 0D gdnvvk-yf c, gdnvvk-yfgdnvvk-yf jogdnvmjuxtdv[0Bophvo;jkvk38,3]st wfhg0Qkcmo[jvovk38, Iu3fic-o[+\qf.o3,g]d5ovk-yf g-aoG j NaHSO4 , Ca(HCO3 )2 , NaH2 PO4 7D gdnv[kg-u gdnv[kg-ugdnv[kg-u { c,ogdnv g-y j ’3,g]d5o0v’,ao ovd9kd9t,ug7Qkvk-yf c]h; pa’,u95Iufiqd-yf X j -OH) vudD g-aoG j Mg(OH)Cl , Pb(OH)Cl , Bi(OH)2 NO3 , Fe(OH)2 Cl. ’D gdnv-hvo76 ’D gdnv-hvo76 ’D gdnv-hvo76j c,jogdnvmjuxtdv[0Bofh;p vk38,0v’3]st @ -toyfg0Qkcmo[jvoIu3fic-o.o 3,g]d5ovk-yf g-aoG j KNaSO4 ; CaKPO4 gdnvmju7;oI6h,ufa u7;oI6h,ufa ju7;oI6h,ufa u7;oI6h,ufa u7;oI6h,ufaj’oUG -nj l6fg7,u l6fg7,u ok8iuvv,d^=iq; NaCl vk3,ouvv,d^=iq; NH4 Cl ok8iuvv,dkd3[oaf Na2 CO3 ok8iuvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf NaHCO3 dk]uvv,ou8af X0Ug9hp? KNO3 dko-uvv,d^=iq; CaCl 2 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

127 $D dkovjko-njgdnvdkov gdnvdkov gryjo9tvjko-nj3]st0Bodjvo X4hk3]st.f,u7jkg7,uxjPocx’.sh[vd7jkg7,urhv,? c]h; 8k,fh;p-n0v’g7Qkvk-yf j { dvovn j o8hv’I6h9ad-n j 0v’g7Qkvk-yfD j dD gdnvm dD gdnvm dD gdnvm dD gdnvmju]q’mhkpfh;p XVq;? vq; u]q’mhkpfh;p XVq;? vq; ju]q’mhkpfh;p XVq;? vq; u]q’mhkpfh;p XVq;? vq; gdnvmu]q’mhkpfh;p Vq; c, j ogdnvm j uwfh,k9kdvk-yfm j u,u-n j ]q’mhkpfh;pIufiyd g-a j oG j KI dk]uvuvqffq; FeCl 2 gs^ad II d=^iq; FeCl 3 gs^ad III d=^iq; K2 S dk]uvv,-6o2q; Al 2 S3 vk]6,uouvv,-6o2q; NaF ok8iuvv,2^6v=iq; ZnBr2 la’dtlu3[i,,q; NH4 Cl vk3,ouvv,d=^iq; Mg(OH)Cl ,kgp-uvv,Iufiqd-uyfd^=iq; l6f0v’vk-yf g7qhkvk-yf -ng7qhkvk-yf j HF HCl HBr HI H2 S HNO2 HNO3 H2 SO4 H2 CO3 H3 PO4 F - Cl - Br - I - S2- NO2 - NO3 - SO4 2- CO3 2- 3- PO4 2^6v=iq; d^=iq; 3[i,,q; vuvqffq; -6o2q; ou8iyf oy8iaf -6o2af dkd3[oaf 2qflt2af ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

128 0D gdnvm 0D gdnvm 0D gdnvm 0D gdnvmju,u-nj ]q’mhkpfh;p Vyf ]q’mhkpfh;p Vyf j]q’mhkpfh;p Vyf ]q’mhkpfh;p Vyf gdnvmu,u-n j ]q’mhkpfh;p j Vyf c,ogdnvm j u,k9kdvk-yfm j u,u-n j ]q’mhkpfh;p gVu g-a j oG j NaNO2 ok8iuvv,ou8iyf KNO2 dk]uvv,ou8iyf MgSO3 ,kgp-uvv,-6o2yf CaSO3 dko-uvv,-6o2yf NaClO ok8iuvv,Iu3xd^=]yf Ca(ClO2 ) 2 dko-uvv,d^=]yf { le]a[gdnv9k;mu,u7j kvqd-yffk-q’l6’l5f 9t8hv’8n j ,7e; j k <cxd< .l j s^n .l j <fu< j g-aoG j KMnO4 dk]uvv,cxad,a’dkoaf NaClO4 ok8iuvv,cxadd^=]af K2 CrO7 dk]uvv,fu3di,,af 7D gdnvm 7D gdnvm 7D gdnvm 7D gdnvmju,u-nj]q’mhkpfh;p Vaf j ]q’mhkpfh;p Vaf j]q’mhkpfh;p Vaf ]q’mhkpfh;p Vaf gdnvmu,u-n j ]q’mhkpfh;p Vaf c, j ogdnvm j u,k9kdvk-yf m j u,u-n j ]q’mhkpfh;p j Vyd gdnv9k; Na2 SO4 ok8iuvv,-6o2af Pb(NO3 ) 2 -noou8iaf CaCO3 dko-uvv,dkd3[oaf (NH4 )2 SO4 vk3,ouvv,-6o2af K3 PO4 dk]uvv,2qflt2af CrSO4 3di, II -6o2af Cr2 (SO4 )3 3di, III -6o2af CH3 COOK dk]uvv,vkg-8af ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

129 &D 75o]adltot0v’gdnv 75o]adltot0v’gdnv { gdnvl;os^kp]t]kp.ooEwfhfu Xgxaomkf;yg7ktw22hkcI’? j { mqflv[fh;pg9hp ]yf,af 9t[+xPoluD j { l;os^kp,u]qfg7a,F 0q,F /kfF lQ, c]t vn j oM c]h;c8 j -toyf0v’gdnvD g-a j oG j NaCl c,o gdnvcd’,u]qfg7a,D j K2 SO4 .Al 2 (SO4 )3 .24 H2 O XsuolQ,? ,u]qf/kf c]t lQ,D Mg SO4 .7 H2 O ,u]qf0q,g]adohvp Xgdnv9nf?D { [k’-toyf,ulu8k’dao g-a j oG j le]a[gdnvvk-yf le]a[gdnvvk-yf le]a[gdnv-hvo le]a[gdnv-hvole]a[gdnv-hvo le]a[gdnvvq,oE Xg,af,tou? le]a[gdnvvq,oE Xg,af,tou? le]a[gdnvvq,oE Xg,af,tou? NaHSO4 ok8iuvv,Iu3fi-6o2af Mg(HCO3 ) 2 ,kgp-uvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf KH2 PO4 dk]uvv,Iu3fi2qflt2af NaHCO3 ok8iuvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf KNaCO3 dk]uvv,ok8iuvv,dkd3[oaf KMgPO4 dk]uvv,,kgp-uvv,2qflt2af CuSO4 .5H2 O mv’-6o2af & Iufiaf CaSO4 .2H2 O dko-uvv,-6o2af @ Iufiaf Na2 CO3 .10H2 O ok8iuvv,dkd3[oaf !W Iufiaf MgCl 2 .6H2 O ,kgp-uvv,d^=iq; * Iufiaf K2 SO4 .Al 2 (SO4 )3 .24 H2 O dk]uvv,vk]6,uouvv,-6o2af @$ Iufiaf KCl .MgCl 2 .6H2 O dk]uvv,,kgp-uvv,d^=iq; * Iufiaf ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

130 K2 Cr2 O7 lulQ,F KMnO4 Xdk]uvv,cxa’,a’dkooaf? lu,;’feF j CuSO4 . 5 H2 O lu2hkmtg]F FeSO4 lu0P;D xt8ydy]ypk]ts; xt8ydy]ypk]ts; xt8ydy]ypk]ts; xt8ydy]ypk]ts;jk’vk-yfda[[kg-u k’vk-yfda[[kg-u k’vk-yfda[[kg-u k’vk-yfda[[kg-u k’vk-yfda[[kg-u 4hkgIqkgvqkvk-yf c]t mkf]t]kp[kg-u xtlq,g0Qkdao 9t,uspa’gduf0BoL dyf9tde !G xt8ydy]ypk]ts; dyf9tde !G xt8ydy]ypk]ts; dyf9tde !G xt8ydy]ypk]ts; dyf9tde !G xt8ydy]ypk]ts;jk’vk-yfda[[kg-u k’vk-yfda[[kg-u jk’vk-yfda[[kg-u k’vk-yfda[[kg-u k’vk-yfda[[kg-u !? .-h-uc]a’f6fgvqkvk-yfd^=Iufiyd (HCl ) 9k’ !& cm3 luf]q’.l4h;pg7nv[m j ugIaffh;p 3]st j c]h;]hk’-uc]a’D @? .-h-uc]a’f6fgvqkmkf]t]kpok8iuvv,Iufiqd-yf (NaOH) !& cm3 1vf]q’.lmkf]t j ]kp.o0=h X!? 7qo.shg0QkdaoD #? oegvqk4h;pmu[ao95mkfxtlq,]ts; j k’j HCl c]t NaOH wx8Q,fh;pcx;w28tdP’ gs^Qk9qooE]tgsupvvd\qf c]h;la’gdf c]t [aombdzqoD g,nvoE]tgsupvvd\qf oadIPola’gdfgsaospa’ 16 j .odQo4h;pL j { zqodkogIafdyf9tde !G g,njv.shvk-yfd^=Iufiyd9k’ xtlq,da[ok8iuvv,Iufiqd -yf 9twfhgdnvok8iuvv,d^=iq; s^n gdnvdyogduf0Bog-yj’gIqkla’gdfgsaog,aflu0k; 8yf16dQo4h;pD g,n j v oE]tgsupvvd\qfD xt8ydy]ypkm j ugduf0Boltcf’fh;plq,zqofa j ’oUG j HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2 O 3fpmq;wxc]h; g,n j vvk-yfdtmq[da[[kg-u 9tgdufxt8ydy]ypkfa j ’oUG j vk-yf + [kg-u gdnv + oE *D dkooe.-hgdnv dkooe.-hgdnvdkooe.-hgdnv gdnv ,uxt3spfs^kp g-y’wfh4ndoe,k.-h .o-u;yfxt9e;aoF v5flkstdeF dtlydeDDDg-a j oG j { gdnvok8iuvv,d^=iq; { ( NaCl ? x5’c8’vkskoF .-hgvnv[vkskoF - j ;p.shgdufoE j pjvp.odtgrkt vksko c]t .ov5flkstde.-h2vd|a’F zt]yfx5Jp c]t lt[6D { gdnvok8iuvv,dkd3[oaf { (Na2 CO3 ? .-hzt]yflt[6F.-h-adglNvzhkmu j,uw0,ao8yf s^n ]hk’rk-totmu,uw0,ao8yf j D .ov5flkstde c, D o.-h.odkozt]yfcdh; c]t .-hcdhw0 j oEdtfhk’D { gdnvok8iuvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf { (NaHCO3 ? .-hgxao1k]qfdqf.odtgrktvksko c]t gxao1k]hk’mhv’D ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

131 { gdnvdk]uvv,ou8iaf { (KNO3 ? .-hgIaf\NxnoF \kddt3rdF zt]yfx5JpF.-h.l jgoNvlaf.sh gxnvpw;.og;]kc8 j ’dyoD X[+7;o.-h.ovkskom5d-toyf?D j { gdnvok8iuvv,ou8af { (NaNO3 ?F gdnvdk]uvv,d^=iq; ( KCl ? c]t gdnvdko-uvv, 2qflt2af (Ca3 (PO4 ? @ ? gxao/5 o;ymtpklkfle]a[rnfD j { gdnvok8iuvv,-6o2af { (Na2 SO4 ?F gdnv,kgp-uvv,-6o2af (MgSO4 ?F gdnv,kgp-u vv,dkd3[oaf (MgCO3 ? .-hgxao1k0a[4kp c]t gdnvdk]uvv,vuvqffq; j (KI? .-hgxao 1kIadlk3]d7=|P’D 7e4k, c]t [qfg/ydsafG 7e4k, c]t [qfg/ydsafG 7e4k, c]t [qfg/ydsafG !D 9q’[vd-n j rhv,ma’0Pol6f0v’gdnvD j @D 75o]adltot0v’gdnv g,nvxt8ydy]ypkda[vk-yfF [kg-u 9tgxaoco;.fL j #D 9q’0Pol6fg7,u.l j shv’; j k’.sh4nd8hv’ j Na+ K+ Ag+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Zn2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Al 3+ H+ OH- Cl - S2- NO3 - SO4 2- CO3 2- 3- PO4 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

132 $D 9q’0Polq,zqoxt8ydy]ypkdkorq;rao]ts; j k’vk-yfF gdnv c]t [kg-u j dD 3]st T vt3]st DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Al T S DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 0D 3]st Xpqdg;Ao Al, Pt) T vqd-uc-o DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Ca + O2 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 7D vt3]st T vqd-uc-o DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD S T O2 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ’D 3]st X 16mk’|hk j H2 ? T vk-yf DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Mg T HCl DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 9D vqd-yfvk-yf T oE DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD SO3 T H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD lD vqd-yf[kg-u T oE DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD CaO T H2 O DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD -D vk-yf T [kg-u DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD H2 SO4 T NaOH DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD pD gdnvT gdnv DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD AgNO3 T ZnCl 2 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD fD vk-yfT gdnv DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD HCl T CaCO3 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 8D [kg-uT gdnv DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD NaOH T AlCl 3 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 4D 3]stT gdnv DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Fe T CuSO4 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

133 rkdmu V w22hkc,jgsa^dw22hkc, [qfmu @@ [qfmu @@[qfmu @@ mqj’c,jgsa^dmq gsa^dmq !D c,jgsa^dc, xt,ko @WWW xu zko,k 7qogd^admu j fe]q’-u;yf16 j g,nv’c,doug-p wfhrq[cI j mkf-toyf|b j ’mu j j lk,kffb’f6fgvqkgsa^d,k8yfwfh g-y’gvUo; j k ,kgp8yf j (magnetite: laopt]admk’g7,u Fe3 O4 ? c]t gvUo;af45mufb’f6f gsa^dwfhoU; j k c, j gs^ad X j magnets?D gryo.-hc, j gsa^dxtfyfgrn j vxtdv[gxaorkdl j ;o|b j ’0v’g7n j v’9adg-a j oG 9adw22hkD 3,g8uF raf]q,F j ]e3r’FDDD { c,jgsa^dme,t-kf c,jocIjgsa^d XFe3 O4 ? muj,u1j6.ome,t-kfmuj,u-nj;jk,kgp8yf Xmagnetite? ,u]adltotlk,kffb’f6fgvqkgsa^d,k8yfwfhD { c,jgsa^dmP, c,joc,jgsa^dmuj,to5fgIqklhk’0Bogv’ grnjvoe.-h.shgdufxt3spf8k, 7;k,8hv’dkoD c,gsa^d,us^kpI6[c[[g-a j oG I6[m j vo-n j F I6[g0a, c]t I6[8q;vadlvov5p j sn^ 16 XU? fa’I6[ @@D! j { g,nvgvqkc, j gsa^d,k8yfgsa^d8tx6F gsa^d8tx69tdkpgxaoc, j gsa^dS c8 j g,n j vgvqkgsa^d8tx6 c]t j c,gs^advvd9kddaoF gsa^d8tx6[+lk,kffb’f6fgvqkgsa^dwfhvud gon j v’9kdl6oglp7;k, j gxaoc,gsa^dD j { 4hkgvqkgsa^ddhkmvo|b j ’,k.dhM s^n 8yfcxtda[c, j gsa^dF gsa^ddhkoAolk,kffb’f6fgvqkgsa^d j ,k8yf,aowfhD oAoltcf’;k gsa^ddhkwfhx j Poltrk[gxaoc, j gsa^dS c8 j g,n j vgvqkc, j gsa^dvvd j I6[mu @@D!G c,gsa^dc[[8 j k’M j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

134 9kdgsa^ddhkF mvogsa^ddhkpa’lk,kff6fgvqk/5 j ogsa^dmu j j1j6.dh,aowfhD oAoltcf’;k gsa^ddhk j lk,kfIadlkltrk[ c,gsa^dw;hwfhD ltoAoF gry j o9b j ’xtfyfc, j jgsa^dmP,fh;p gsa^ddhk g-y’c, j gsa^dmu j zt]yf0Bo ,ultrk[c, j jgsa^d.og;]kfqooko gvUo;k j c,gsa^d4k;vo j F c,gsa^dmu j zt]yf0Bo c]t ,ultrk[c, j gsa^d.ow]ptg;]klAoM gvUo; j k j c,gsa^dD -q j ;7k; j Xc,gsa^d[+4k;vo?D j @D 0Q;0v’c, 0Q;0v’c, 0Q;0v’c, 0Q;0v’c,jgsa^d c]t dkodeoqf0Q;c, gsa^d c]t dkodeoqf0Q;c, jgsa^d c]t dkodeoqf0Q;c, gsa^d c]t dkodeoqf0Q;c,jgs^ad dyf9tde !G 0Q;0v’c, dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !G jgsa^d !? gvqkmvoc, j gsa^dvao|b j ’;k’.l j czj og9hpD j @? 3Ip/5ogsa^d.l j vhv,m j voc, j gsa^drhv,ma’la’gdfxkdqfdkomu j gduf0BoD j dkomqf]v’0hk’gmy’la’gdfgsao/5ogsa^dc9d1kp16 j vhv,m j voc, j gsa^d7nco;.fL j zqodkomqf]v’0hk’gmy’gsao;k g,n j v3Ip/5 j ogsa^d.l j vhv,m j voc, j gsa^dF ,u[k’[ j voj ,u/5ogsa^d9af]P’8+go j nv’daogxaoglAoM1 j k’|kc|hoD oAoltcf’; j k 1 j 6[j vooAo,ultrk[ j c,gsa^dcI’d; j k1j 6[j vovn j oMD .od=]toumu j c,j gsa^dgxaom j vopk; /5 j ogsa^d j 3I,8q;dao16lv’ j lQo0v’mjvoc,jgsa^d1jk’|kc|hoS oAoltcf’;jk1j6lQo0v’mjvoc,jgsa^d,ultrk[ c,gsa^dcI’d; j k1j 6]ts; j k’g7 j y’dk’0v’,ao gry j ogvUo[=]yg;o fa j ’dj k;; j k j 0Q;c,gsa^dD j gsa^dD j gsa^dD0Q;c,j c,jgsa^dlj;os^kp,ulv’lQoF glAo-njmujzjko95fg7jy’dk’|hk0v’lv’lQo0v’c,jgsa^d gvUo;jkG cdo0v’c,jgsa^dD jgsa^dcdo0v’c, dyf9tde @G dkodeoqf0Q;c, dyf9tde @G dyf9tde @G jgsa^d !? gvqkglAofhkp,af.ljg7yj’dk’0v’mjvoc,jgsa^d c]h;c0;oc,jgsa^d.sh,ao1Pf8k, ];’ovoD @? gIaf.shc,gsa^dg|a’8u’fa j ’I6[ @@D # rhv,ma’la’gdfxkdqfdkomu j gduf0BoD j I6[mu @@D@G ltcf’[=]yg;o0Q;0v’c,gs^ad j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

135 g,nvmj voc, j gsa^d15f ,ao-Uwxmk’myf.fL phvospa’9b j ’gxaoco;oAoL j zqodkomqf]v’gsao;kG j I6[mu @@D$G ltcf’dkofb’f6f c]t p6hdao0v’mvoc, j gs^ad j I6[ @@D# { g,nvmj voc, j gs^ad15fdkog|a’8u’F ,aoda[,k1Pf8k,];’ovo g- j y’cdo0v’,ao1Pfwx j 8k,myfg|nv{.8hD { g,njvgIqkph6c,jgsa^dwxmyfmk’vnjoF c,jgsa^doAod=g|a’8u’wx,k-qj;w]pt|bj’ c]h;l5f mhkpd=,k15f8k,myfmk’gfu, c]t pa’rq[vud;klQo| j b’-Uwxmyfg|nv8ts^vf c]t j vudlQo|b’-Uwxmyf.8h8ts^vfD fa j ’oAoF gry j o9b j ’deoqf.shlQo0v’c, j gsa^dmu j -Uwxmyfg|nv j gvUo;k 0Q;g|nv c]t .-hlaopt]ad fh;p8q;vadlvo j ND l;olQomu j -Uwxmk’myf.8hgvUo; j jk 0Q;.8h c]t .-hlaopt]adfh;p8q;vadlvo SD { g,nvgvqk0Q;c, j gsa^dlv’m j vog0Qk.dhdaoS 4hk0Q;-toyffP;dao g0qhkskdao j (N da[ N s^n S da[ S) r;d,aop6hdaovvdD 4hkgvqk0Q;8k’daog0Qk.dhdao j (N da[ S sn^ S da[ N) r;d,aofb’f6fdaog0Qk fa’I6[ @@D$D j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

136 { .od=]toumu8afm j voc, j gsa^dvvdgxaolv’m j vo 9twfhm j voc, j gsa^d.\ j @ vao fa j ’I6[ @@D&D j I6[mu @@D*G ltcf’I6[glAocI’c,gs^ad j 4hk;k’mvoc, j gsa^dlv’vao.dhdao 3fp;k’0Q;0v’r;d,ao1 j 6-j ndao c]h;gvqkg9hpxqdD 9kdoAo j 3Ip/5ogsad]q’.l j |hkcz j og9hp 9tgsao/ j 5ogsa^d9af]P’gxaoglAoM g- j y’c8 j ]tglAoltcf’g4y’glAocI’ j c,gsa^dglAo| j b’.oglAocI’c, j gsa^dla’];,0v’lv’m j voc, j gsa^doAo fa j ’.oI6[ @@D( j I6[mu @@D& ltcf’I6[dkoxtdv[lhk’0v’c,gs^ad j #D mqj’c,jgsa^d c]t glAocI’c, gsa^d c]t glAocI’c, j gsa^d c]t glAocI’c, gsa^d c]t glAocI’c, gsa^d c]t glAocI’c,jgsa^d g,nvgvqkg0a,myf,k;k’.dhm j voc, j gsa^d c]t ;k’16 j s^kp95fvhv,m j voc, j gs^adoAo 9tgsao; j jk 16[=]yg;ovhv,Iv[m j voc, j gs^adwxw]pt|b j ’ ,ucI’dtmq[.l j g0a,myf fa j ’dj k; g- j y’ltcf’vvd j 3fpg0a,myfg|a’8u’xPomyf9kdmu j 8A’gfu,fa j ’I6[ @@D* dD gry j ogvUo[=]yg;ofa j ’dj k;; j k j mq’c, j gsa^d j D 0v[g0fmq’c, j gsa^d0v’c, j gs^advao|b j ’ lk,kfltcf’.shgsao3fpdko3Ip/ j 5ogsa^d]q’.l j j czog9hpmu j ;k’.l j gmy’m j voc, j gsa^d 9tgsao/5 j ogsa^d]PodaogxaoglAoMS gry j ogvUo[aofkglAooU; j jk glAo0v’mq’c, j gsa^d j s^n glAocI’c,gsa^dD j fa’I6[ @@D* 0D j S N N N N N N N S S S S S S ↓ ↓ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

137 g,njv;k’g0a,myfohvps^kpvaow;hvhv,0hk’mvoc, j gsa^d 3fp;k’8+dao8k,];’0v’g0a, j r;d,aoF g0a,0v’[aofkg0a,myf -Uwx8k,myf0v’glAoc,gsa^d 3fp0Q;g|nv0v’g0a,myf-Uwxmk’ j 0Q;.8h0v’c,gs^ad c]t 0Q;.8h0v’g0a,myf-Uwxmk’0Q;g|nv0v’c, j gs^adD fa j ’oAoF gry j o9j b’deoqf j .shmyf0v’glAoc,gsa^d,umyfvvd9kd0Q;g|nv X j N? g0Qksk0Q;.8h XS? fa’I6[ @@D )D j I6[ @@D) dkodeoqfmyf0v’glAocI’c,gs^ad j $D mqj’c,jgsa^d3]d jgsa^d3]dc, .osq;0=hzko,kwfhI6hc]h;; j k g0a,myfc, j o c, j gsa^d0t|kfohvp c]t ,umyf-Uwxmk’myfg|nv j c]t myf.8h 8ts^vfD oAoltcf’;k |j ;p3]dd=,umq j ’c, j gsa^d g-y j ’gry j ogvUo; j kG j mq’c, j gsa^d3]dD j glAocI’c,gsa^d0v’mq j ’c, j gsa^d3]d,umyfvvd9kd0Q;.8h X j S? g0Qksk0Q;g|nv XN? 0v’|;p3]dD j fa’oAoF gr j yo9b j ’xP[wfh; j k |j ;p3]dd=c, j omj voc, j gsa^d0t|kf.sp j vao| j b’ g- j jy’0Q;g|bv XN? 0v’c,gsa^d3]d1 j 60Q;3]d.8h0v’3]d c]t 0Q;.8h X j S? 0v’c,gsa^d3]d1 j 60Q;3]dg|nv0v’3]d j fa’ltcf’.oI6[ @@D_D j I6[ @@D( ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

138 7e4k,G !D ,umjvogsa^d c]t mjvoc,jgsa^dmuj,uI6[Ijk’ c]t lulao7ndaom5d1jk’S 9t,u;ymudko co;.f grnv.shI6h; j kmj vo.fc, j omj voc, j gsa^dL j @D 75o]adltotrNo4ko0v’c,gsa^d,u7nco;.fL j #D c,gsa^d,u9ad-toyfL c8 j ]t-toyfgxaoco;.fL j $D 0Q;c,gsa^d,u9ad0Q;L 0Q;.fcf j jL &D mvoc, j gsa^dvao|b j ’[+wfh\kpspa’\qfD 4hk8hv’dkodeoqf0Q;c, j gsa^d9tgIafco;.fL j *D mq’c, j gsa^dc, j ospa’L j (D gxaospa’ g,nvgvqkm j voc, j gsa^d,k.dhda[g0a,myf 9b j ’gIaf.shg0a,myfx j Pocx’myf9kd j myfmk’gfu,L 9q’vtmy[kpD j )D gryodeoqfmyfglAocI’c, j gsa^d7nco;.fL j _D 9q’8n j ,-toyf0v’0Q;c, j gsa^d.l j .oI6[ 3fp j la’gdf9kddko]P’8q;0v’g0a,myf c]h;\kp]6dlvodeoqfmyf0v’glAocI’ c,gsa^d.shlq,[6o c]t [vd; j k1j 6[=]yg;o.f j 0v’mq’c, j gsa^d,u7;k,g0A,l6’d; j k\6 j jL 0Q;.8hc,jgs^ad3]d 0Q;3]dg|nv 0Q;g|nvc,gs^ad3]d j 0Q;3]d.8h I6[mu @@D)G ltcf’c,gs^ad3]d j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

139 [qfmu @# [qfmu @# [qfmu @# mq j’c,jgsa^d0v’dtclw22hk gsa^d0v’dtclw22hk gsa^d0v’dtclw22hk gsa^d0v’dtclw22hk .oxu 7Dl !)@W oad2u-yd7qogfo,kd-n Iegvyflg8f X j Hamsclristion Ocrsted? 7Qorq[;jk g,njvgvqkg0a,myfohvpM,k.dhda[lkpoew22hkmuj,udtclw22hkc]jozjkoF g0a,myfxjPocx’myf -U9kdmyfgfu,D ltoAoF mkowfh8A’0=hla’gdf; j k lkpoew22hkmu j ,udtclw22hkc] j ozj ko ,umq j ’c, j gsa^dD j mq’c, j gsa^dm j ugduf9kddtclw22hk9t,u]adltot7ndao s^n 8 j k’dao 9kdmq j ’c, j gsa^d0v’m j voc, j gsa^d j co;.f 9twfhlbdlk8+wxoUG !D mqj’c,jgsa^d0v’dtclw22hkgxaoglAo-n gsa^d0v’dtclw22hkgxaoglAo-n j gsa^d0v’dtclw22hkgxaoglAo-n gsa^d0v’dtclw22hkgxaoglAo-n gsa^d0v’dtclw22hkgxaoglAo-nj dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !Gdyf9tde !G !? gvqklkpoew22hklvf.ljczjog9hpc0’ s^n czjocxhow,h c]h;8+lQoma’lv’0v’ lkpoew22hk.l[+w22hkD j @? ;k’g0a,myf.lgmy’|hkcz j og9hp[=]yg;ovhv,lkpoew22hk fa j ’I6[ @#D ! D j #? gxufdq’8ad.shdtclw22hkc]ozj ko;q’9vorhv,ma’la’gdfdkog|a’8u’ s^n dkoxy j jo 0v’g0a,myf c]h;[aombdzqoD $? gIafdkomqf]v’-E7novudc8dkomqf]v’7A’oUc, j o.shxUomyf0v’dtclw22hkfh;p j dkola[xjPolQolkpoew22hkmuj8+.lj0Q;[+w22hkD la’gdfdkog|a’8u’0v’g0a,myf c]h;[aombdzqoD { g;]k[+.shdtclw22hkc]ozj ko;q’9vo X[+,udtclw22hkc] j ozj ko;q’9vo? g0a,myf j -Uco;.fL { g;]k.shdtclw22hkc]ozj ko;q’9vo X,udtclw22hkc] j ozj ko;q’9vo? g0a,myf-U j co;.fL I6[ @#D ! ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

140 { g,nvxUomyf0v’dtclw22hkF g0a,myfx j Pocx’myf-U7nco;.fL j { dko-Umyf0v’g0a,myfma’lk,d=]tou7ndao s^n 8k’daoco;.fL j zqodkomqf]v’gsao;k g,n j v,udtclw22hkc] j ozj kolkpoew22hkF g0a,myfg|a’8u’ c]t j -Umyf8k’9kdmyfgfu,0v’,aoD oAoltcf’; j k g0a,myf4nddtmq[fh;p7;k,cI’.f|b j ’ g- j y’7;k, j cI’fa’dj k;oAod=7n7;k,cI’c, j gsa^dmu j gduf9kdmq j ’c, j gs^ad0v’dtclw22hkD 4hk9af]P’[aofk j g0a,myfmuj1j6vhv,0hk’lkpoew22hkoAo8+dao8k,];’-U0v’[aofkg0a,myfF r;d,ao9af]Po8q;dao gxao;q’,qovhv,Iv[lkpoew22hk faj’I6[mu @#D@DdD 4hk8afdtclw22hk[+.shc]jozjkolkpoe w22hkoAo g0a,myf9tda[,k-Umyfmk’gfu, fa’I6[mu @#D@D0D g,n j vxUomyfdtclw22hkg0a,myfd=9af j gxao;q’,qovhv,Iv[lkpoew22hkF c8g0a,myf-Umyfdq’dao0hk, fa j ’I6[mu @#D@D7D j I6[mu @#D@ G ltcf’dko-U0v’g0a,myf.oc8]td=]tou j 9kddkomqf]v’s^kp7A’gryog;Qkwfh; j k g,n j v,udtclw22hkc] j ozj kolkpoew22hk- j nglAo|b j j’ gIaf.sh,umq’c, j gsa^d16 j vhv,Iv[lkpoew22hkoAo g- j ’gry jy ogvUo; j kG j mq’c, j gsa^dw22hk0v’lkpoe j w22hk-jnD @D glAocI’ glAocI’c,jgsa^d0v’mq gsa^d0v’mq j gsa^d0v’mq gsa^d0v’mq gsa^d0v’mqj’c,jgs^ad0v’dtclw22hk-n 0v’dtclw22hk-n 0v’dtclw22hk-nj g,njv,udtclw22hkc]jozjkolkpoew22hk [aofkg0a,myf9af]P’daogxaoglAo;q’,qofaj’ I6[ @#D @ d c]t 7D g-y’glAofa j ’dj k;gvUo; j k j glAo7;k,cI’0v’mq’c, j gsa^dmu j gduf9kddtcl j w22hkc]ozj kolkpoew22hkgxaoglAo- j n s^n glAocI’c, j gsa^d0v’dtclw22hk- j jnD fa’oAoF glAo j cI’c,gsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc] j ozj kolkpoew22hk- j c, jn o;q’,qo8 j k’M mu j ,u95f.9dk’];, j 1j6lkpoew22hk c]t ovo1j6.o|hkrP’muj8A’lkdda[myf0v’dtclw22hkD myf0v’glAocI’ c,gsa^d0Boda[myf0v’dtclw22hkD j ↓ d 0 7 I I = 0 I ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

141 dkodeoqfmyf0v’glAocI’c,gsa^d0v’mq j ’c, j gs^admu j gduf9kddtclw22hkc] j o.olkpoe j w22hk-n lk,kf.-hs^addko,n0;k3fp.-h,n0;kdelkpw22hk.shsq;3xh,n-Uwx8k,myf0v’dtcl j w22hkF oY;,nma’ $ -Umyf0v’mq’w22hk fa j ’I6[ @#D # dD ovd9kdoe.-hs^addko,n0;kc]h;F pa’oe j .-hs^addkosao8tx6dP; 3fp.shsq;cs^,0v’8tx6-ug0Qkwx8k,myf0v’dtclw22hkS myfxyo0v’ j 8tx69t-Umyf0v’glAocI’c,gs^adfa j ’I6[ @#D# 0D j #D mqj’c,jgsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc] gsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc] j gsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc] gsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc] gsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc]jo.olkpoew22hkgxaoI6[;q’,qo o.olkpoew22hkgxaoI6[;q’,qo j o.olkpoew22hkgxaoI6[;q’,qo o.olkpoew22hkgxaoI6[;q’,qo o.olkpoew22hkgxaoI6[;q’,qo dyf9tde @G dyf9tde @Gdyf9tde @G gIafdkomqf]v’7n dyf9tde ! c8jxjPo9kdlkpoew22hk-n ,kgxao;q’,qoD fa j ’I6[ @#D $D j I6[ @#D$ G ltcf’dko9af;k’g0a,myf.omq’w22hk0v’dtclw22hkI6[;q’,qo j I6[ @#D#G glAo7;k,cI’mq’c, j gs^adw22hk j d 0 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

142 g,nv.shdtclw22hkc] j ozj kolkpoew22hkI6[;q’,qoD g0a,myfxy j oco;.fL c]t myf0v’ j mq’c, j gsa^dgxaoco;.fL j g,nv.shdtclw22hkc] j ozj kolkpoew22hkI6[;q’,qoF g0a,0v’g0a,myfohvpmu j 16 j vhv,lkp j oew22hkmuj-uzjkoczjog9hp16jc8j]t95fxjPomyf-UD 4hk9af]P’g0a,myf8k,dko-U0v’r;d,aoF r;d,ao9t9af]P’daogxaoc4; 3fpmuj;jk16.dh95fmu j lkpoew22hk-uz j kocz j og9hpoAogsao; j k gdnv[ j gxao;q’,qo fa’I6[ @#D& dD oAoltcf’.shI6h; j k gduf,umq j ’c, j gsa^dvhv,Iv[lkpoew22hkoAo c]t j myf0v’glAocI’c,gsa^d0Boda[myf0v’dtclw22hkD j dkodeoqfmyf0v’glAocI’c,gsa^d0v’mq j ’c, j gs^admu j gduf9kddtclw22hkc] j o .olkpoe j w22hkI6[;q’,qo grjyod=oe.-hs^addko,n0;kdelkpoew22hk 3fpdec8j]tlj;o9twfhmyf0v’ glahocI’c,gsa^d fa j ’I6[ @#D& dD ovd9kdoAo pa’.-hs^addkosao8tx6dP;3fp.shwx8k,myf0v’ j dtclw22hkxkpcs^,0v’8tx69t-Uwx8k,myf0v’glAocI’c,gs^ad0v’mq j ’c, j gs^adw22hk fa j ’I6[ j @#D& 0D myf0v’mq’c, j gsa^d0v’lkpoew22hk I6[;q’,qo ,u]adltot7hkp7nmq j ’c, j gsa^d 0v’ j c,gsa^d j mugxaocz j o[k’I6[;q’cs;ovao|b j ’fa j ’I6[ @#D& 0D j I6[mu @#D& ltcf’mq’c, j gs^adw22hkmu j gduf9kdlkpoegxao;q’,qo j $D mqj’c,jgsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc] gsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc] j gsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc] gsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc] gsa^dgduf9kddtclw22hkc]jozjkod=hlkp kod=hlkp j kod=hlkp kod=hlkp kod=hlkp d=hlkpxtdv[fh;plkpoew22hks5h,fh;p;af45[+oew22hkmu7Pogxao;q’,qos^kpM ;q’8+gon j v’j dao c]t ]Po8yfdao,u]adltotgxaoI6[m+dq, fa’I6[ @#D * j d 0 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

143 g,nv.shdtclw22hkc] j ozj kod=hlkpd=9t,u]adltotg-a j ofP;da[lv’d=]tou0hk’gmy’7n g0a, j myfxyo c]t x j Pocx’myf-U8 j k’9kdmyfgfu,S g, j nv[+.shdtclw22hkz j ko;q’9voF g0a,myfxy j oda[ j 7no,kmu8A’gfu,D xkdqfdkofa j ’dj k;ltcf’.shIh6; j k .og;]k,udtclw22hkc] j ozj kod=hlkpwfhgduf j ,umq’c, j gs^ad0Bo16 j .od=hlkp c]t vhv,Iv[d=hlkp7ndaoda[m j voc, j gs^ad-n j vao|b j ’D j dkodeoqfmyf0v’mq’c, j gs^ad16 j d=hlkp lk,kfoe.-hs^addko,n0;k sn^ s^addkosao8tx6dP; j c[[fP;da[dkoskmyf0v’mq’c, j gs^admu j gduf9kdlkpoew22hkI6[;q’,qoD j lQod=hlkpmuglAocI’c, j gs^ad0v’d=hlkpoew22hk-Uvvdgxao0Q;g|nv X j N? c]t vudlQo|b’gxao j 0Q;.8h XS? fa’I6[ @#D( j I6[mu @#D* ltcf’I6[c[[0v’d=hlkpoew22hk I6[mu @#D(G ltcf’dkodkodeoqfmyf0v’mq’c, j gs^ad0v’d=hlkp j N S N S ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

144 7e4k,G !D ]adltot0v’mq’c, j gsa^d0v’dtclw22hkc] j o.olkpoew22hk- j nF ;q’,qo c]t d=hlkp j gxaoco;.fL @D dkodeoqfmyf0v’mq’c, j gsa^dF ovd9kd.-hs^addko,n0;kdelkpoew22hkc]h; pa’,u j ;ymuvnovud[+L gry j ogIafco;.fL j #D 9q’0uf]6dlvoltcf’myfdko-U0v’g0a,myf s^n myf0v’mq j ’c, j gsa^d16 j I6[]5 j ,oUG j $D 9q’deoqfmyf0v’dtclw22hk8k,I6[]5 j ,oUG j ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ B G B G B G B G B G ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ