ປື້ມທໍາມະຊາດ ມ4

145 [qfmu @$ [qfmu @$[qfmu @$ dko8yfc, dko8yfc, dko8yfc, dko8yfc, dko8yfc,jgsa^dF c, gsa^dF c, j gsa^dF c, gsa^dF c, gsa^dF c,jgs^adw22hk c]t 7;k,cI’c, gs^adw22hk c]t 7;k,cI’c, j gs^adw22hk c]t 7;k,cI’c, gs^adw22hk c]t 7;k,cI’c, gs^adw22hk c]t 7;k,cI’c,jgs^ad [qfIPozko,k .shI6hc]h;; j k d=hlkpoew22hk.og;]k,udtclw22hkc] j ozj ko,u]adltot j c,gs^ad s^n d=hlkpwfhlhk’mq j ’c, j gs^ad0BoD ltoAoF gry j o9b j ’.-h;ymudko8yfc, j gs^ad.shm j vogs^ad s^n gs^addhk j fh;pd=hlkpD !D dko8yfc,jgs^addko8yfc, dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !Gdyf9tde !G !? gvqklkpoew22hk7Povhv,mvogs^ad c]t m j vogs^addhk c]h;gvqklv’lQo0v’lkp j oew22hk8+.l[+w22hk .shgxao;q’9vo|b j ’fa j ’I6[ @$D!D j @? gxufdq’8ad.shdtclw22hkzko;q’9vo c]h;la’gdfxkdqfdkomu j gduf0BoD [aombdzqoD j #? xufdq’8adX8af;q’9vo[+.shdtclw22hkzko? c]h;la’gdfxkdqfdkomu j gduf0BoD [aombdzqoD j { g,nv,udtclw22hkz j kod=hlkp ,uspa’gduf0Bo16 j jmjvogsa^d c]t mvogs^addhkL j { 8af;q’9vo[+.shdtclw22hkzkod=hlkpF m j vogs^ad c]t m j vogs^addhk gxaoco;.fL j 9kddkomqf]v’s^kp7A’ g,nv.shdtclw22hkc] j ozj kod=hlkpoew22hkgsao; j k mj vogs^ad j c]t mvogs^addhk lk,kffb’f6fgvqk/5 j ogs^ad s^n gs^ad8tx6mu j 16 j .dhda[,aoD xkdqfdkofa j ’dj k;ltcf’; j jk mjvogs^ad c]t mvogs^addhk x j Poltrk[gxaoc, j gs^ad s^n g;Qkvud1 j k’; j k mq j ’c, j gs^ad0v’dtcl j w22hkc]ozj kod=hlkpwfhgIaf.shm j vogs^ad c]t gs^addhkdkpgxaoc, j gs^adD j g,nv8afdtclw22hk[+.shc] j ozj ko;q’9voF m j vogs^adglp7;k,gxaoc, j gs^admaomu ltcf’ j vvd3fpgs^ad8tx6s^5fvvd9kdmjvogs^adS lj;omjvogs^addhkoAo pa’7q’Iadlkltrk[c,jgs^ad w;hwfhltcf’vvd3fp pa’lk,kff6f/5ogs^ad s^n gs^ad8tx6w;hwfhD ltoAoF gry j olk j ,kf8yfc,gs^ad.sh j I6[mu @$D!D mjvogs^ad mjvogs^addhk ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

146 mjvogs^ad c]t mvogs^addhk fh;p;ymugvqkm j vogs^ad c]t m j vogs^addhkg0Qk.dhc, j gs^admu j ,ultrk[ j c,gs^adcI’ \kp7;k,; j k gry j ogvqkm j vogs^ad c]t gs^addhkg0Qkwx.omq j ’c, j gs^ad 0v’c, j gs^adD j @D 0Q;c,jgs^ad0v’d=hlkpmu gs^ad0v’d=hlkpmu j gs^ad0v’d=hlkpmu gs^ad0v’d=hlkpmu gs^ad0v’d=hlkpmuj,udtclw22hkc] ,udtclw22hkc] j ,udtclw22hkc] ,udtclw22hkc] ,udtclw22hkc]jozjko g,nvdtclw22hkz j kod=hlkp @ vao mu j .-hlkpw22hkglAofP;dao7Povhv,m j vogs^ad c]t j mjvogs^addhk rq[;kG m j vogs^ad c]t m j vogs^addhk fb’f6fdaoD oAoltcf’.shI6h; j k c8 j ]td=hlkpgxao j c,gs^advao|b j ’ g-y j ’lQo0v’lv’d=hlkpgxao0Q;8 j k’daoD fa j ’oAoF gry j olk,kfdeoqf0Q;c, j gs^ad0v’ j mjvogs^ad c]t mjvogs^addhkwfhfaj’oUG 0Q;g|nv0v’mjvogs^ad c]t mjvogs^addhk c,jo16jg[Nv’ fP;da[0Q;g|nv0v’d=hlkp c]t 0Q;.8h c,o0Q;g[Nv’fP;da[0Q;.8h0v’d=hlkp fa j ’I6[mu @$D#D j #D c,jgs^adw22hk jgs^adw22hkc, c,gs^adw22hkxtdv[fh;pm j vogs^ad|b j ’ Xgs^adv j vo? mu j 7Pofh;plkpw22hkF g,n j v,udtcl j w22hkzkod=hlkpoAo m j vogs^ad9tdkpgxaoc, j gs^admaomuD fa j ’oAoF gry j ogvUo c, j gs^adoU; j k j c,gs^adw22hkD j g,nv8afdtclw22hkm j vogs^ad9tl6oglp7;k,gxaoc, j gs^adD m j vogsa^dmu j 16 j .od=hlkpgvUo; j k cdo0v’ j c,gs^adw22hk fa j ’I6[mu @$D$ j I6[ @$D @ mjvoc,jgs^ad mjvoc,jgs^ad mjvogs^ad mjvogs^addhk I6[mu @$D# N S K N I S N S I K I K ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

147 mjvogs^ad c]t mvogs^addhkmu j 8yfc, j gs^ad j .omqj’c,jgs^ad0v’d=hlkpmuj,udtclw22hkzjko .od=]tou0hk’gmy’ d=c,oc, j gs^adw22hk7ndaoD j c,gs^adw22hk,ulv’0Q;7ndaoda[c, j gs^ad j me,tfk7n ,u0Q;g|nv XN? c]t 0Q;.8h XS? dko I6[ @$D$ c,gs^adw22hkwfh4ndoe.-hs^kpmu j l5f grn j vzt]yfgxao j g7nv’,nw22hk.o3I’’ko8 j k’M c]t g7n j v’.-h.o-u;yf j xt9e;aog-aoG 9ad3m]tla[F g7n j v’9adpqdg7n j v’ c]t vn j oMj fa’I6[mu @$D& j I6[mu @$D& &D 7;k,cI’dtmq[0v’mq 7;k,cI’dtmq[0v’mq 7;k,cI’dtmq[0v’mq 7;k,cI’dtmq[0v’mq 7;k,cI’dtmq[0v’mqj’c,jgs^ad.l gs^ad.l j gs^ad.l gs^ad.l gs^ad.ljdtclw22hk dtclw22hk j dtclw22hk dtclw22hk dtclw22hk I6[ @$D* dyf9tde @G dyf9tde @Gdyf9tde @G 8yf8A’v5xtdvoG gvqklkpw28+.ljmjvo3]stmuj;k’.o mq’c, j gs^adD 9kdoAogvqklv’lQo0v’lkpw2mu j gs^nv8+.l j [+w22hk j fa’I6[ @$D* j 9ecod0Q;c,jgsa^dw22hkoAo lk,kfoe.-h;ymufP;da[dko9ecodc,jgs^admujgduf0Bo.omqj’ c,gs^ad0v’d=hlkpmu j ,udtclw22hkz j ko fa j ’mu j jdjk;,k0hk’gmy’oAoD c,gs^adw22hkmu j .-h.oxt95[ao l j ;os^kp,uI6[I j k’7n8q;vadlvo16 X j U?D g,nv,udtclw22hkz j koF j ma’lv’0Q;]h;oc8fb’f6frhv,daoD fa j ’oAoF gIaf.shdkodtmq[c, j gs^ad9b j ’0hvo0hk’cI’D j $D dkooe.-hc, dkooe.-hc, dkooe.-hc, dkooe.-hc,jgs^adw22hk gs^adw22hk gs^adw22hk gs^adw22hk I G F G B G S N ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

148 { g;]k[+.shdtclw22hkzko;q’9vo s^n z j kom j vo3]stF m j vo3]stgxaoco;.fL j { g,nv.shdtclw22hkz j ko;q’9voF ,uspa’gduf0Boda[m j vo3]stL j { 4hkxUomyf0v’dtclw22hkF mvo3]stg7n j vomu j s^n [+g7n j vomu j L 4hkg7n j vomu j 9tg7n j vomu j wxj myf.fL zqodkomqf]v’rq[;jk g,njv[+,udtclw22hkc]jozjko;q’9voF mjvo3]stoAo[+g|a’8u’S g,njv.shdtclw22hkzjko;q’9vo s^n dtclw22hkzjkomjvo3]stmujovo16j.omqj’c,jgs^admujlhk’ 9kdc,gs^adI6[8q;16 X j U? oAoF mvo3]stg7n j vomu j wx8k,myfmk’.f|b j ’mu j coj ovoD c8 j j4hkgIqkxUo myf0v’dtclw22hk s^n .shdtclw22hkzko;q’9vo8k,myfdq’dao0hk, la’gdfgsao; j k m j vo3]st j oAog7nvomu j wx.omyfdq’dao0hk,D oAoltcf’; j k .og;]k,udtclw22hkz j komvo3]stF m j vo3]st j oAowfh4nddtmq[7;k,cI’.f|b’9kdmq j ’w22hk g-y j ’cI’fa j ’dj k;gvUo; j k 7;k,cI’w22hkc, j gs^adD j g,nvxUomyf0v’dtclw22hk sn^ xUomyf0v’mq j ’c, j gsa^d gsao; j k myfdkog7n j vomu j 0v’m j vo3]stoAo j d=xPocx’g-a j ofP;daoD j dkodeoqfmyf0v’7;k,cI’w22hkc,gs^ad gry j o.-hs^addko/k,n-hkp s^n oe.-hs^addko,n j 0;kfa’oUG j s^addko/k,n-hkpG s^addko/k,n-hkpG s^addko/k,n-hkpG c[/k,n-hkpvvd.sh3xh,n8A’lkdda[oU;,n c]h;;k’.omqj’c,jgs^ad 3fp.shmq’c, j gs^ad-ug0QkvQ’,nz j ko-vfvvds^a’,nS oY;,nma’lu j -Uwx8k,myf0v’dtclw22hkS oY;3xh j -U[vdmyf0v’7;k,cI’w22hkc,gs^ad fa j ’I6[mu @$D( dD j s^addko,n0;kG s^addko,n0;kGs^addko,n0;kG dk’oU;,n0;kvvd.sh oY;3xhF oY;-UF oY;dk’8A’lkddaofa’I6[mu @$D( 0 j 3fp.shmyf0v’dtclw22hk-Uwx8k,myf-U0v’oU;3xhF oU;-U[vdmyfmqj’c,jgs^adS lj;ooY;dk’ -Umyf0v’7;k,cI’w22hkc,gs^adD j I6[ @$D( d 0 B G B G I I F G F G ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

149 lts^5[G g,n lts^5[G v,udtclw22hkz j kom j vo3]st.f|b j ’mu j ovo.omq j ’c, j gs^adF mq j ’c, j gs^ad9tdtmq[ j 7;k,cI’.ljmjvo3]st s^n dtclw22hkmujzjko3]stoAoS cI’fa’dj k;gvUo; j k 7;k,cI’w22hk j c,gs^adF myf0v’7;k,cI’w22hkc, j gs^adoU 0Boda[myf0v’dtclw22hk c]t myf0v’mq j ’c, j gs^adD j myf0v’7;k,cI’w22hkc,gs^adF myf0v’mq j ’c, j gs^ad c]t myf0v’dtclw22hk8A’lkd-b j ’dao j c]t daoF dkodeoqfmyf0v’7;k,cI’c,jgs^adw22hk c,jowfhoe.-hs^addko/k,n-hkp s^n s^addko,n0;kD 7e4k,G !D g,nv.shdtclw22hkz j kod=hlkpF d=hlkp9tgxaoc, j gs^adwfh[+L 9q j ’vtmy[kpD j @D gryodeoqfmyf0v’mq j ’c, j gs^ad0v’d=hlkpmu j ,udtclw22hkz j ko7nco;.fL j #D c,gs^adw22hkc, j ospa’L gry j ooe.-hc, j gs^adw22hkgIafspa’cf j jL $D 9q’deoqf0Q;0v’c, j gs^adw22hk16 j I6[]5 j ,oUG j &D 7;k,cI’w22hkc,gs^adc, j ospa’L j *D 9q’deoqfmyf0v’7;k,cI’w22hkc, j gs^admu j dtmq[.l j jmjvo3]st16I6[]5 j ,oU Xmyfdko j g7nvomu j 0v’m j vo3]st?D j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

150 [qfmu @& [qfmu @&[qfmu @& 3,g8uw22hkdtcldq’ 3,g8uw22hkdtcldq’ [qfIPomujzjko,kwfh.shI6hc]h;;jk g,njv,udtclw22hkc]jozjkomjvo3]stmuj;k’.omqj’ c,gs^adF m j vo3]stoAog7n j vomu j D 3fpvu’.l j jxkdqfdkofa’dj k; gry j owfhoe.-h grn j vzt]yfg7n j v’9ad j c]ofh;pw22hk g-y j ’gry j ogvUo; j kG 3,g8uw22hkD j 3,g8uw22hkc,jog7njv’9adw22hk1jk’|bj’mujxjPort]a’’kow22hkgxaort]a’’kodqo9ad grnvIa[.-h8k,;Pd’komu j 8hv’dkoD j !D dkoxtdv[lhk’0v’3,g8u dkoxtdv[lhk’0v’3,g8u dkoxtdv[lhk’0v’3,g8u @D s^addkogIaf;Pd0v’3,g8u s^addkogIaf;Pd0v’3,g8u s^addkogIaf;Pd0v’3,g8u g,njv.shdtclw22hk9kd[+w22hkc]jowxzjko3,g8u 3fpzjko2vp4jko c]t ;q’cs;oF ;q’cs;og7yj’;q’,qomujgIaf|hkmuj7;[75,.shdtclw22hkzjkowxmk’myffP;8ts^vf X4hk[+,u ;q’cs;og7y’;q’,qoc]h;F 0v[lkp9txy j oD j 8k,I6[ @&D! 8vo0v[lkp AB mu16 j fhko8yfda[;q’cs;o2vp j C1 c]t 8volkp CD 16fhko8yfda[2vp j C2 F .shdtclw22hkws^g0Qk8k,myf C1 AB c]t dtclw22hkws^vvd8k,myf CD C2 . rkdl;omu j le7ao0v’3,g8u,uG j !? c,jgs^ad;k’lv’0Q;8jk’dao sao|hkg0Qk skdaoD @? d=hlkpgxaoI6[ $ ]P, ;k’.os; j k’lv’0Q; j c,gs^adD j #? ;q’cs;ozjkg7y j’mu jgIaffh;pmv’cf’ grnv.shdtclw22hkc] j ozj kod=hlkpwfh.omyf j mk’fP;D $? 2vplezafgIaffh;p4koXdkd[vo? mu j cxt j 16da[cs;ofa j ’I6[ @&D! j I6[ @&D! l;oxtdv[mu j le7ao j 0v’3,g8udtclw22hkdq’ A C1 B C C D 2 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

151 g,nv[+degoufw22hklq j ’dtclw22hk.shcd j ;q’9vo gIaf.sh0v[lkp j ABCD xyoF g,n j v0v[ j lkpxyowfhg7y j ’Iv[9tgsao; j k 8volkp j CD ,kcmo AB c]t AB d=,kcmo CD 16j9a’s;touh 8volkp CD 9tgIaf.sh,udtclw22hk zko8k,myf j CD c]t 0v[lkp CD 9t,udtclw22hk zjko8k,myf BA C2 D fa’oAoF 9b j ’gIaf.sh0v[lkpxy j o 8k,myfmk’fP;8ts^vfD j 4hk[+,u;q’cs;og7yj’;q’,qolv’;q’F dtclw22hk9t[+4nd8afgxao9a’s;tF 8vo0v[lkp c8]t0hk’9t[+,udtclw22hkz j kogIaf.sh0v[lkpxy j oda[wxda[,kD j g,nv.shdtclw22hkc] j oc8 j j C1 - C2 F myf0v’7;k,cI’dtmq[.l8volkp j AB c]t CDD 9t,umyfmk’co;.fL 168volkp j BC c]t AD 9t,u7;k,cI’dtmq[.l s^n [+L j #D ;ymu7Pod=hlkp ;ymu7Pod=hlkp;ymu7Pod=hlkp .omq’c, j gs^adF g,n j v|hkrP’0v’0v[lkp s^n d=hlkp 0t|koda[glAoc, j gs^adF 7;k,cI’ j w22hkc,gs^ad9tdtmq[.l j d=hlkpcI’d; j kg;]k.f\qfD g,n j v|hkrP’0v’0v[lkp8A’lkdda[glAo j c,jgs^ad7;k,cI’c,jgs^addtmq[.lj0v[lkpgmqjk WF phvo0v[lkp,u7;k,vB’8B’ 0v[lkp pa’xyo|hvp|b j ’F 9kdoAo g4y’; j k9tx j Pomyf0v’dtclw22hk7;k,cI’w22hkc, j gs^admu j dtmq[.l j j 0v[lkp.og;]koU,u7;k,g0A,ohvpdj;kg;]kmuj|hkrP’0v’0v[lkp0t|kodaoda[glAo mq’c, j gs^adD fa j ’oAoF 9b j ’gxaozqogIaf.sh0v[lkp xy j ow;{xy j o-hk [+ltg\ j grnjv8hv’dko.shd=hlkpxyjoltg\ gryjo9bj’.-hd=hlkplv’vao muj;k’8A’lkdoedao s^n 7Pod=hlkp[+.sh0t|kodao c87PolkpIv[8 j k’M vhv,cdofP;dao vao|b j ’mu j gxaoI6[m+dq,7n j fa’mu j g7uprq[gsaog7n j v’9ad8 j k’M fa j ’I6[ @&D@D cdogs^ad c]t d=hlkpmu j 7Po.l j daogvUo; j k 3i8= j Xrkdl;oxy j o.og7n j v’9ad?D 3i8=xy j o.omq j ’c, j gs^ad0v’c, j gs^advao|b j ’F w22hkc] j ozj koc8 j ]td=hlkp j .o3i8= ]h;oc8,k9kd[+w22hkvaofP;daoD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

152 $D dkooe.-h3,g8u dkooe.-h3,g8udkooe.-h3,g8u gryolk,kfzt]yf3,g8udtclw22hkdq’s^kp j -toyfmu,ude]a’8 j k’daogrn j v.shg\ktlq,8k,7;k, j 8hv’dko.odko.-h’kog-aoG g7n j v’9adg]n j vpw,hF g7n j v’j 9adlug0QkF g7nv’[aombdlP’F g7n j v’s^Yogfadohvp c]t j vnjoMD ovd9kdoUgryjopa’lk,kfoegvqksa^ddko fa’dj k;,klhk’gxaog7n j v’cmdw22hkmu j gvUo; j k dk;k j 3o,yg8u XGalvanometer? g-y’.-hcmdw22hk0t|kf j ohvpM X]tfa[,yo]u?F g7nv’fa j ’dj k;xtdv[fh;p0v[ j lkp;k’.shcdo8A’lkdda[mq’c, j gs^adltg\u 3fp j .shc,gs^ad37h’fhko0hk’0v’0v[lkp,ug0a, c]t j ]=-=8yfw;hda[cdofa’I6[mu @&D#D j I6[ @&D# ltcf’rkdl;o8 j k’M j 0v’g7nv’cmdw22hk j 7e4k,G !D l;oxtdv[m j ule7ao0v’3,g8uw22hkdtcldq’,uspa’cf j jL @D s^addkogIaf;Pd0v’3,g8uw22hkdtcldq’,u7nco;.fL #D 3,g8uw22hkdtcldq’,u95ffuco;.fL $D 3,g8uw22hkdtcldq’mugIqkg7up.-h,uvao.fcf j jL I6[ @&D@ ltg4y’rkdl;oxy j o.og7n j v’9ad gvUo; j jk3i8= 3i8= ];f]=-= g0a, 8q;g]d ];f,udtclw22hk 95f4j;’|ad mqj’c,jgs^ad myf7;k,ci’ c,jgs^ad37h’ mjvo3]st ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

153 [qfmu @* [qfmu @*[qfmu @* dkoltmhvoc, dkoltmhvoc, dkoltmhvoc, dkoltmhvoc,jgs^adw22hk gs^adw22hk gs^adw22hk gs^adw22hk .o[qfIPoc,gs^adwfhI6hc]h;; j kG j { g,njv.shdtclw22hkzjkolkpoew22hkF gIaf.shgdufmqj’c,jgs^adw22hk0Bo16jvhv,Iv[ lkpoew22hkoAoD { g,njv,udtclw22hkzjkod=hlkpmuj7Povhv,Iv[mjvogs^adF mjvogs^ad9txjPoltrk[ gxaoc,gs^adwfhmaomuD j { ;k’mvo3]stmu,udtclw22hkz j ko.omq j ’c, j gs^adF m j vo3]stoU4nddtmq[fh;p7;k, j cI’c,gs^ad c]h;g7n j vomu j 8k,myfmk’.f|b j ’ g-y j ’myfmk’dkog7n j vomu j 0v’3]st0Bo j da[myf0v’dtclw22hk c]t myf0v’mq’c, j gs^adD j m5dM d=]toumujdjk;,k0hk’gmy’oU c,ophvodkodtmq[7;k,cI’0v’mq j ’c, j gs^ad.l j dtcl j w22hkD ltcf’;k dtclw22hk lk,kflhk’mq j ’c, j gs^adwfh c]t dq’dao0hk, gIqkvkf8A’[aosk0Bo j ;jk mq’c, j gs^ad9tlk,kflhk’dtclw22hkwfh s^n [+L rkp.8hg’n j vow0co;.fL j !D dtclw22hkltmhvo dtclw22hkltmhvo dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !Gdyf9tde !G !? 8+lv’lQo0v’d=hlkp.lda[lv’lQo0v’g7n j v’cmdw22hk xtdv[gxao;q’9vofa j ’I6[ @*D! j @? .shd=hlkp167q’mu j jD { 7vpph6 0Q; j N s^n 0Q; S 0v’mvoc, j gs^adg0Qk j .od=hlkp c]h;7jvpfb’vvd-hkM rhv,ma’ la’gdfg0a,0v’g7njv’cmdw22hkg|a’8u’D [aombdzqoD { ph60Q; N 0v’mvoc, j gs^adg0Qk.od=hlkp1 j k’w; j c]h;fb’vvd3fpw; rhv,ma’la’gdfg0a,0v’ g7nv’cmdw22hkD [aombdzqoD j I6[ @*D! ltcf’ dko8yf8A’;q’9vo { ph60Q; S 0v’mvoc, j gs^adg0Qk.od=hlkp1 j k’w; c]h;fb’vvd3fpw; rhv,ma’la’gdf j g0a,0v’g7nv’cmdw22hkD [aombdzqoD j G N S I ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

154 { gIafdkomqf]v’7novud c8j.odkomqf]v’7A’oU c,jo.shmjvoc,jgs^ad16j7q’muj c]t .shd=hlkpg7nvomu j g0Qkskc, j gs^adF rhv,ma’la’gdf g0a,0v’g7n j v’cmdD c]h;[aombdzqoD j zqodkomqf]v’rq[;kG g,n j v8+lv’lQo0v’d=hlkp.l j lv’lQo0v’g7n j v’cmd gsao; j k g0a, j 0v’g7nv’cmd[+g|a’8u’D ltcf’; j k 16 j d=hlkpw22hkoU[+,udtclw22hkz j koD g, j nv.shc, j gs^ad X0Q; j N s^n 0Q; S ? g7nvomu j g0Qk.od=hlkp1 j k’w; \kp7;k,; j k gIqkg7n j vophkpmq j ’c, j gs^adg0Qk.od=hlkp j 1jk’w; rq[;k g0a,0v’g7n j v’cmdg|a’8u’ s^n g7n j vog|a’vvd9kd0ufl6o <W<F oAoltcf’; j jk 16d=hlkp,udtclw22hkc] j ozj kofa j ’I6[ @*D@ dS g,n j v.shc, j gs^ad15f g0a,0v’g7n j v’cmdd=9tg7n j vomu j j da[7no,kmu8A’gfu,F ltcf’; j k [+,udtclw22hkz j kolkpIv[vudS g,n j vgIqkfb’c, j gs^adgsao; j jk g0a,0v’g7nv’cmdg|a’8u’wxmyfdq’dao0hk,F ltcf’; j k,udtclw22hkz j ko;q’9vo .omyfdq’dao j 0hk,da[myf0v’dtclw22hk.od=]toumugduf0Bod j vooAo fa j ’I6[ @*D@D j gIafdkomqf]v’7novud c8.shc, j gs^ad16 j 7q’mu j c]t d=hlkpg7n j vomu j g0Qksk mq j ’c, j gs^ad3fpw; j c]h;fb’vvd3fpw;fa’I6[@*D#D0 gsao; j k gduf,udtclw22hkg-a j ofP;daoda[ d=]tou0hk’gmy’oUD j I6[ @*D@ d=hlkp7q’muF c, j s^adg7n j vomu j g0Qk{vvd j I6[ @*D# c,jgs^ad7q’mujF d=hlkpg7njvomujg0Qk{vvd @D myf0v’dtclw22hkltmhvo myf0v’dtclw22hkltmhvo zqodkomqf]v’0hk’gmy’rq[;kG .og;]kp6h0Q; j N g0Qkskd=hlkpF gIaf.shgduf|hkrP’fhko N 16d=hlkp g0a,g7n j v’cmd[ j P’wxfhko|b j ’0v’0uf WS g,n j vfb’0Q; j N vvd9kdd=hlkpF g0a,0v’ d 0 d 0 G G S S N N ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ N N S S G G ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

155 g7nv’cmdg|a’8u’,kmk’dq’dao0hk, da[0uf WS ltcf’; j k g;]koAo gduf|hkrP’fhko j S 16d=hlkpD j 7;k,cI’dtmq[]ts;jk’0Q;0v’d=hlkpmuj16j.dhda[0Q;c,jgs^adoAo8hko7noda[dkog7njvomuj0v’ c,jgs^adD faj’oAoF myf0v’dtclw22hkltmhvomujgduf0BooAo,umyf gIafco;.f.sh0Q;0v’d=hlkp gxao0Q;.f0Q;|b’7q’mu j 0v’c, j gs^ad X0Q; j N s^n 0Q; S? grnvdtmq[da[0Q;0v’c, j gs^ad c]h;gduf7;k, j cI’8hko7noda[dkog7nvomu j 0v’c, j gs^adD j lts^5[G 9kddkomqf]v’gry lts^5[G olts^5[wfhfa j ’oUF g,n j vgIaf.shd=hlkp s^n mq j ’c, j gs^adg7n j vomu j 3fpw; j s^n gIaf.shmq’c, j gs^adx j Pocx’mu j 8A’1 j k’dtmaosao16 j .od=hlkp 9tgIaf.shgdufdtclw22hk16 j .od=hlkp j gryjogvUodtclw22hkoU;jk dtclw22hkltmhvoD myf0v’dtclw22hkltmhvoc,jo0Boda[myf dkoxPocx’0v’mu j 8A’c, j gs^ad c]t myf0v’mq j ’c, j gs^advudfh;pD j #D xkdqfdkogdufdtclw22hkz xkdqfdkogdufdtclw22hkz xkdqfdkogdufdtclw22hkz xkdqfdkogdufdtclw22hkz xkdqfdkogdufdtclw22hkzjkolkpoew22hkg7n kolkpoew22hkg7n j kolkpoew22hkg7n kolkpoew22hkg7n kolkpoew22hkg7njvomuj.omqj’c,jgs^ad 8yf8A’v5xtdvomqf]v’fa’I6[ @*D$ j gIaf.shlkpoew22hkg7njvomuj8afda[glAo7;k,cI’mqj’ c,gs^adF 9tgduf,udtclw22hkltmhvoD 4hkx j Pomyfdkog7n j vomu j j .omq’c, j gs^adF dtclw22hkltmhvomu j gduf0Bod=x j Pomyf7ndaoD j 4hkIadlkmyfdkog7nvomu j 0v’lkpoew22hk c8 j jxjPomyf 0v’mq’c, j gs^ad gsao; j kdtcl w22hkd=x j Pomyfg-a j ofP;daoD j 4hk.shlkpoew22hkg7nvomu j 0t|koda[mq j ’c, j gs^ad 9t[+,udtclw22hkltmhvogduf0Bo.o j ;q’9vooAoD .odkomqf]v’faj’djk;F 4hklkpoew22hk[+8+gonjv’dao ;q’9vooU 9tdkpgxao;q’9vo gxuf c]t [+,udtclw22hkzkoF g,n j vgvqkg7n j v’cmd3;o s^n g7n j v’cmdvecx,k8+.l j lv’lQo fa j ’dj k;j gIaf.sh;q’9vodkpgxao;q’9voxyf c]h;.o;q’9vogduf,udtclw22hkmaomuD 9kdxkdqfdkofa’dj k;lk,kflts^5[wfh; j kG xkdqfdkomu j dtclw22hkgduf0Bo 16 j .o;q’9vo j xyfoAo gvUo;k dkoltmhvoc, j gs^adw22hk c]t dtclw22hkmu j gduf0Bo gvUo; j k dtclw22hkltmhvoD j myf0v’dtclw22hkc,jo0Boda[myfdkog7njvomuj0v’lkpoew22hk c]t 0Boda[myf 0v’mq’c, j gs^adD j I6[ @*D$ S N + - ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

156 dkodeoqfmyf0v’dtclw22hkltmhvooU c,o.-hs^addko/k,n0;k 3fpc[/k,n0;kvvd .sh j 3xh,n8A’lkdda[oY;,nma’luF deoqf.shglAomq j ’c, j gs^ad j xad.ljvQ’,nF .shsq;3xh,n-Umyfdkog7njvomuj0v’lkp oew22hkF oU;-U-u[vdmyf0v’dtclw22hkltmhvo fa’I6[ @*D&D j I6[ @*D& 7e4k,G !D dtclw22hkltmhvoc,ospa’L gduf0Bo rkp.8hg’n j vow0co;.fL j @D gryodeoqfmyf0v’dtclw22hkltmhvo 8k,s^addko/k,n0;k7nco;.fL j #D 9q’deoqfmyf0v’dtclw22hkltmhvo .l j lkpIv[w22hk0v’I6[]5 j ,oUG j $D 9q’deoqfmyfdkog7n j vomu j 0v’m j vo3]st mu j g7n j vomu j .omq j ’c, j gs^ad0v’I6[]5 j ,oUG j S N N S S N S N B G I d 0 7 ’ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

157 rkdmu VI w22hkdtcllts^a[ w22hkdtcllts^a[ [qfmu @( [qfmu @([qfmu @( dkodegouf c]t [qf[kf0v’w22hkdtcllts^a[ dkodegouf c]t [qf[kf0v’w22hkdtcllts^a[ !D dkodegoufdtclw22hklts^a[ dkodegoufdtclw22hklts^a[ dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !Gdyf9tde !G !? gvqkd=hlkpmugxaoI6[lu j c90hk’0t|ko;k’16 j .omq j ’c, j gs^ad0v’c, j gs^adfa j ’I6[ @(D !D j @? 8+c8j]tlQolkpoew22hk0v’d=hlkp.lfvdw22hkohvpMXdtclw22hk]tfa[ j ,u]uvecx c]od=I j 5’? sn^ g7n j v’cmdvecxmu j lk,kfcmdgxao,u]uvecxwfhD j #? xyomj voc, j gsa^d-hkM c]t lt\ j eltg\uD j rhv,ma’la’gdfg[y’fvdw22hk sn^ g0a,g7n j v’j cmdvecxD $? xyomj voc, j gsa^dw;M c]t lt\Oltg\uD j la’gdfg[y’fvdw22hk sn^ g0a,g7n j v’cmd j vecxD { g;]kxyomj voc, j gsa^d-hkM c]t w;MF fvd j w22hkIj5’8jk’daoco;.fL sn^ g0a,g7njv’ cmdvecx-Uco;.fL { 4hkgIqkgvqkd=hlkpmu,u9eo;oIv[s^kp0Bo j 9tgxaoco;.fL 2vplezafgIaf fh;p4jko xvd3]st8+ da[c8]tlQo j 0v’0v[lkp 0v[lkpoew22hk I6[ @(D@ d=hlkp fvdw22hkohvpM I6[ @(D! ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

158 g;]kxyoc, j gsa^dw;MF \kp7;k,; j kgIaf.sh9eo;oglAoc, j gsa^d0v’mq j ’c, j gsa^dz j kod=hlkp j xjPocx’w;D fvdw22hkI5’ sn^ g0a,g7n j v’cmdvecx -U9eo;os^kpd; j kD oAo ltcf’; j k,udtclw2 j 2hkgduf0Bo.od=hlkpD dyf9tde @G dyf9tde @Gdyf9tde @G !? 8yf8A’v5xtdvofa’I6[ @(D @ j @? xyo0v[lkp-hkM c]t lt\ j eltg\urhv,ma’la’gdfg[ j y’fvdw22hkD j #? xyo0v[lkpw;M c]t lt\ j eltg\urhv,ma’la’gdfg[ j y’fvdw22hkD j { g;]kxyo0v[lkp-hkM c]t w;MF fvdw22hkI j 5’8j k’daoco;.fL j { 4hkgIqkgvqkd=hlkpmu,u9eo;oIv[s^kp0Bo9tgxaoco;.fL j g,nv.sh0v[lkp8+da[fvdw22hkgxao;q’9voxyf| j b’xj yo.omq j ’c, j gsa^dF gIaf.sh9eo;oglaho j c,gsa^dz j kogoNvm j u|hk0v[lkpx j Pocx’w;F fvdw22hkI j 5’D ltcf’; j k ,udtclw22hkgduf0Bo.o j 0v[lkpD 9kdzqodyf9tde ! c]t @ ltcf’.shIh6;k g, j nv.shc, j gs^adx j yo1j 6.dhlQod=hlkp c]t .shd=hlkp j s^n 0v[lkpxyo.omq j ’c, j gsa^d gIaf.shgdufdtclw22hkltmhvo0Bo.od=hlkp s^n .o0v[lkpD dtcl j w22hkmugduf0Bo.o0v[lkpc, j odtclw22hkltsa^[D j @D g7jnv’9adzt]yfdtclw22hkltsa^[ nv’9adzt]yfdtclw22hkltsa^[ jnv’9adzt]yfdtclw22hkltsa^[ nv’9adzt]yfdtclw22hkltsa^[ 9kdzqodkomqf]v’7nfa’.odyf9tde ! c]t @ gmy’oUF gr j yozt]yfg7 j nv’9adzt]yfdtclw22hk j ltsa^[vvd.-hgxao @ xtgrf7nG xtgrf.shd=hlkpxyo.omq j ’c, j gsa^dI6[ @(D # d c]t xtgrf.shc, j j gsa^dxyo1j 6.os; j k’0v’d=hlkpoew22hk @ d=h m j ud=hfh;plkpoew22hkglAofP;dao fa j ’I6[ @(D# 0D j xvd3]st 2vplezaf d d=hlkpoew22hk c,jgs^ad 0v[gsa^d I6[ @(D # 0 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

159 #D [qf[kf0v’dtclw22hklts^a[ [qf[kf0v’dtclw22hklts^a[ dyf9tde #G dyf9tde #Gdyf9tde #G !? lP[sq;lP[0v’lkpw22hkmju8+da[fvdw22hk.ljg8QklP[w22hk0v’8k|jk’w22hk .-h.oshv’IPo fa’I6[ @(D$ d D la’gdfg[ j y’xkdqfdkom j ugduf0Bo.ofvdw22hkD j @? gvqkxkddk1k,w22hklP[.ljI6lP[0v’g8QklP[w22hk faj’I6[ @(D$ 0D la’gdf g[y’xkdqfdkom j ugduf0Bo.oxkddk1k,w22hkD j #? ;k’gsa^d8tx6ohvp.dhlQo0v’d=hlkpoew22hk c]h; 8+ @ lQolkpoew22hk0v’d=hlkp .l\h=cx’w22hkltsa^[ * j V .ooAo8+dq’8ad K .llkpglAo| j b’ fa j ’I6[ @(D$ 7D gxufdq’8ad j .shdtclw22hkc]o.o;q’9vo rhv,ma’la’gdfg[ j y’gsa^d8tx6ohvpoAoD j { g,jnvlP[sq;lP[0v’lkpw22hkmju8+da[fvdw22hk.ljg8QklP[w22hkF ,uxkdqfdko spa’gduf0Bo.ofvdw22hkL xkdqfdkofa’dj k;[vd.shIh6spa’L j { g,nvlP[xkddk1k,w22hk.l j I60v’g8QklP[w22hkF ,uxkdqfdkospa’gduf0Bo.oxkddk j 1k,w22hkoAoL xkdqfdkofa’dj k;[vd.shIh6spa’L j { g,nvgxufdq’8adF ,uxkdqfdkospa’gduf0Boda[gsa^d8tx6L xkdqfdkofa j ’dj k;[vd.shIh6 j spa’L zqodkomqf]v’G { wlhfvdw22hkcf’I5’ c]t fvdw22hkIhvo0BoD oAoltcf’.shIh6; j k w22hkltsa^[,u[qf j [kf7;k,IhvoD { xkddkI5’D oAoltcf’.shIh6; j k w22hkltsa^[,u[qf[kfcl’lts; j k’D j { 8tx69a[da[dh=lkpD oAoltcf’.shIh6;k w22hkltsa^[,u[qf[kfc, j gsa^dD j ovd9kd # [qf[kffa’dj k;c]h; w22hklts^a[pa’,u[qf[kmk’-u;tvud g-y j ’ltcf’vvd j g,nvw22hkf6f 7qogIaf.sh7qo8kpwfhD j I6[ @(D$ 7 0 d ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

160 { .ofhkodkooe.-hF w22hk,u[qf[kfle7ao8+dkorafmtokglf4tdyfF la’7q, c]t -u;yfxt9e;ao0v’7qogIqks^kpmjul5f .ooAo oe.-hc]jo3,g8u0t|kf8jk’Mg-ajoG 3I’’koF 3I’lug0QkF 3I’g]nvpF g7 j nv’pqdw22hkF g7 j nv’[qfxtgrf8 j k’MF dq[w22hkF j raf]q,F lts;jkow22hkDDDS .-h.og7jnv’.-hw22hk.sh7;k,Ihvog-jaoG g8qk]ufw22hkF g8qkw22hkF g7nv’9vffh;pw22hkF \=hs5’g0QkDDDS oe.-h.og7 j nv’.-hw22hk.shcl’lts; j k’j g-aoG fvdw22hkxtgrf c]t 0t|kf8 j k’MD j I6[mu @(D& g7nv’.-hw22hkxtgrf8 j jk’M dtclw22hk,u[qf[kfle7ao.odkoxjPocx’rt]a’’kow22hk,kgxaort]a’’kovnjoM oe.-hg0Qk.o;Pd’kowfh8k,7;k,8hv’dko.o-u;yfxt9e;aoD 7e4k,G !D 9q’[vdl j ;oxtdv[sa^d0v’g7 j nv’degoufw22hkltsa^[D j @D 9q’vtmy[kps^addkodkozt]yfdtclw22hklts^a[D j #D w22hkrkp.ogInvogryo.-hdtclw22hkvao.fL j $D w22hkdtclltsa^[,u[qf[kfco;.f L ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

161 [qfmu @) [qfmu @)[qfmu @) 3,g8uw22hkdtcllts^a[ 3,g8uw22hkdtcllts^a[ !D ,t3ork[3,g8u ,t3ork[3,g8u,t3ork[3,g8u dyf9tde G dyf9tde Gdyf9tde G !? gvqklkpw2mug7nv[oE1kdaow22hk7Po.l j d=hg9hp # d=hG dh=mu ! 7Po !W Iv[F d=hmu @ 7Po j #W Iv[S d=hmu # 7Po &W Iv[ c]h;06fc8j]tlQo0v’lkpw22hkmuj7Poc8j]td=h grnvgvqkmkfdaow22hkg7nv[oAovvdD j @? gvqklkpw22hkmu7Po.l j d=hg9hpc8 j ]td=hvvd9kd j d=hg9hpc]h;8+lv’lQo0v’d=hlkp.ljda[cs;o 3]stmu9a[.l j cdooAo lQo]tvaoD j #? gvqkd=hlkpmu ! ;k’.ljglqk7E gIafco;.f.sh cs;oc8j]tvao8yfda[czjo3]stmju.-hgIaf2vp w22hkD $? gvqkmjvoc,jgsa^d,k;k’1j6lv’2kd0hk’0v’ dh=lkp gIafco;.f.shd=hlkp16s;j k’dk’0v’0Q; j N c]t S 0v’c,gs^adD j &? gvqklkpw22hk8+]ts;jk’2vpw22hk.ljda[\=h cx’w22hkltsa^[D la’gdfdkoxyo0v’d=hlkpD j *? gIafdkomqf]v’7nmjudjk;,kgmy’c8jxjPod=hlkp 9kd !W Iv[ gxaod=hmu @ 7Po #W Iv[F d=hmu # 7Po &W Iv[ 8k,]efa[D dkoxyo0v’d=hlkp !W Iv[F #W Iv[ c]t &W Iv[ j 8jk’daoco;.fL phvospa’L zqodkmqf]v’G g,jnv8+w22hkdtclltsa^[.ljd=hlkp!W Iv[F #W Iv[ c]t &W Iv[ ;k’16.omq j ’c, j gsa^d gsao; j jk d=hlkp &W Iv[ xyow;d; j kd=hlkp #W Iv[ c]t dh=lkp #W Iv[ j xjyow;d;kd=hlkp !W Iv[D j I6[ @)D! 3,g8uw22hk’kpfkp j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

162 @D 3,g8uw22hkdtclltsa^[ 3,g8uw22hkdtclltsa^[ 9kdzqodkomqf]v’7nfa’.odyf9tdegmy’oUF gr j yozt]yf3,g8uw22hkdtclltsa^[0t|kf j 8jk’Mvvd.-h3,g8uw22hkdtcllts^a[ gxaov5xtdvow22hkmugIaf|hkm j uxj Port]a’’kow22hk,k j gxaort]a’’kodqo9adD dD dkoxtdv[lhk’ dkoxtdv[lhk’ lj;oxtdv[mujle7ao0v’3,g8uw22hk dtclltsa^[,uG !? d=hlkpgxaoI6[ $ ]P,D j @? c,gs^adD j #? ;q’cs;o;q’,qo @ vaogIaffh;p mv’cf’D $? 2vplezafgIaffh;pdkd[vo X4ko? j mucxt16 j da[cs;oD j 0D s^addkodkog7n 0D s^addkodkog7n 0D s^addkodkog7n 0D s^addkodkog7n 0D s^addkodkog7njvows; g,nv,udtclw22hk9kd[+degoufw22hkdtclltsa^[c] j o.odh=lkpm j u,ucdox j yo;k’1 j 6.omq j j’ c,gs^ad X j B?F gIaf.shmq’c, j gsa^ddtmq[7;k,cI’7 j 6c/f.l j @ 0hk’0v’d=hlkpc]h;gduf3,,a’cI’ j 76c/fg- j y’,u0t|kfG j M = INBS .ooAoG I c,odtclw22hkF ,usq;| j ;pgxao vecx X j A? N c,o9eo;oIv[0v’d=hlkp j B c,o7;k,g0A,0v’mq j ’c, j gs^adF ,usq;|; j pgxao c8l]k X j T? S c,ogoNvmu j |hk8af0v’d=hlkpF ,usq;| j ;pgxao8kc,af X j m2 ? M c,o3,,a’7;k,cI’7 j 6c/fF ,usq;| j ;pgxao 16o X j J ? 0Q;c,jgs^ad d=hlkpoew22hk 2vp4koj cs;omv’ [+w22hkdtcllts^a[ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

163 3,g8uw22hkdtcllts^a[c,o3,g8umu j oe.-h16 j .og7n j v’.-hw22hkmu j ,ude]a’l6’d; j k3,g8uw22hk j dtcldq’D g7nv’.-hw22hkm j u.-h3,g8uw22hkdtclltsa^[ g-a j oG raf]q,F g7n j v’[qf\kdw,hF 9ad3x,oEF j dq[w22hkF lts;kow22hkF g7n j v’9ad0t|kf.sp j 16 j .o3I’’ko8 j k’M c]t vn j oMj 7e4k,G !D 3,g8udtclltsa^[,ul;oxtdv[m j ule7aospa’cf j jL @D dkodqfg]dxPo7;k,w;dkox j yo0v’raf]q,.shw; s^n -hkoAoc, j oxj Pospa’L j #D 3,g8uw22hkdtcllts^a[mugIqkg7up.-h,u1 j 6.og7 j nv’.-hw22hkvao.fcf j jL ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

164 [qfmu @_ [qfmu @_[qfmu @_ 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hklts^a[ g0A,dtclw22hk c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hklts^a[ !D 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk,uzqo c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk,uzqo 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk,uzqo c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk,uzqo dtclw22hklts^a[mu.-h.o]k;xt95[ao,u7;k,4u j j 50Hz s^n 50Iv[8+;yokmuD oAoltcf’;jk dtclw22hk,udkoxPjocx’8k,g;]kw;mujl5fD g7njv’zt]yfdtclw22hklts^a[muj.-hd=hlkp s^n c,gsa^dxy j o.omq j ’c, j gs^adfh;p7;k,w;,6, X j ω ?D g;]kxyo.oc8 j ]tIv[gry j o gvUo; j k g;]kIv[;Po j ( ) T c]t 9eo;oIv[xyo.o ! ;yokmuoAogvUo; j k 7;k,4u j j f )( g-y’rq;raodao8k,lq,zqofa j ’oUG j 2 T π ω = gonv’9kd j 1 T f = ltoAo ω = 2π f .ooAoG ω c,o7;k,w;,5, ,usq;| j ;pgxao ikfuva’8+;yokmu X j rad/s? T c,og;]kIv[;Po ,usq;| j ;pgxao ;yokmu j (s) f c,o7;k,4u j ,usq;| j ;pgxao cIad- j (Hz) g,nv8+g7n j v’8hkow22hk s^n g7n j v’.-hw22hk.l j da[g7n j v’degoufw22hkdtcllts^a[ .shgxao;q’ j 9voxyf 9t,udtclw22hkltsa^[c]o.o;q’9voD dtclw22hkltsa^[m j uc]j ozj kog7 j nv’8hkow22hk j gIaf.shgdufzqo]q[]tfa[w22hkltsa^[16 @ 0Q;0v’g7 j nv’8hkow22hkD 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk c]t j zqo]q[]tfa[w22hkltsa^[ ,u7kxj Pocx’8k,g;]k.oI6[c[[0v’8e]k-yo fa j ’.oI6[ @_D!D j Im c,o7j kdtclw22hk.sp j l5fF j Um c,o7j kzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk.sp j l5fD fa j ’oAoF dtclw22hk j c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hklts^a[mu16 j 95fg;]k.f|b j ’9tc, j oG j sin m iI t = ω c]t sin m uU t = ω I U 7jkl6’l5fmk’[;d I sn^ U t 7jkl6’l5fmk’]q[ t t mI Um T 3 2 T 2T 2 T T 3 2 T 2T 2 T + + − − ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

165 grnvdeoqf7 j k0v’ j i c]t u gryowfhxt8y[afdkomqf]v’fa j ’oUG j !? .shdtclw22hkdq’ I c]ozj kog7n j v’8hko j R .og;]k tF ,aocz7;k,IhvovvdG j 2 Q RI t = X!? @? .shdtclw22hklts^a[ I c]ozj kog7n j v’8hko j R .og;]k t 7nda[ 0=h !?F ,aocz7;k, j IhvovvdG t I RQ m 2 2 = X@? xP[mP[7;k,Ihvomuwfh9kddkomqf]v’ !? c]t @? gsao; j k gmq j kdaoD ltoAo 9 j b’0PowfhG j t I RtRI m 2 2 2 = X#? 9kd X#? 4vowfhG 2 2 2 mI I = s^n 2 mI I = faj’oAoF grjyo9jb’lts^5[;jk dtclw22hklts^a[ ,u7jkmP[gmqjkda[dtclw22hkdq’muj,u7jk 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hkD 2 mI I = D 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hkltsa^[mu,u7j kgmq j kda[ j 2 mI gvUo;k 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk,uzqo j 0v’dtclw22hklts^a[D xt8y[af7nda[dkodeoqf7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk,uzqoF gryolk,kfdeoqfzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk j ,uzqofa’oUG j 2 2 2 Um U = s^n 2 Um U = ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

166 zqo]q[]tfa[w22hklts^a[ sin m uU t = ω mju,u7jkmP[gmqjkda[ 2 Um gvUo;jk zqo]q[]t fa[w22hkltsa^[,uzqoD .oxtgmf]k;0v’gIqkF .-hw22hkmu,uzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk,uzqoc, j o @@W j V. @D cmd7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hkltsa^[ cmd7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hkltsa^[ dyf9tdeG dyf9tdeG dyf9tdeG cmd7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hkltsa^[ !? 8+ xyoF g7jnv’cmdvecx c]t g7nv’cmd3;ow22hkdtcldq’ g- j y’gxaog7 j nv’cmd j mju,ulaopt]ad DC s^n g7nv’\kpX j −? F sq;mPo #V c]t dq’8ad K .shgxao;q’9vofa’I6[ j @_D@D 9kdoAogxufdq’8ad.sh;q’9vodkpgxao;q’9voxyf c]h;la’gdfg0a,0v’g7nv’j cmdvecx c]t g7nv’cmd3;oD j @? gIafdkomqf]v’7n !? c8jxjPo0Q; 0v’xyoD #? gIafdkomqf]v’7n!? c8jxjPo9kd dko.-hxyog-y’gxao[+w22hkdq’wx.-h j \=hcx’w22hk g-y’gxao[+w22hkltsa^[ j mju,uzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk #V gmqjkda[ xyo I6[ @_D#D la’gdfg[y’g0a,0v’ j g7jnv’cmdvecxI6[ c]t g7jnv’ cmd3;oD $? gIafdkomqf]v’7n !? c8jxjPo.-h g7jnv’cmd3;o c]t g7jnv’cmd vecxw22hkltsa^[ g-jy’gxaog7jnv’ cmdmju,ulaopt]ad AC s^n g7jnv’ I6[ @_D@ I6[ @_D# \kpX ∼ ? cmog7nv’cmdvecx c]t g7 j nv’cmd3;ow22hkdq’ fa j ’I6[ @_D#D la’gdf j g[y’g0a, 0v’g7 j nv’cmdvecx c]t g7 j nv’cmd3;oD j &? xPolP[I6lP[D la’gdfg[ j y’g0a,0v’g7 j nv’cmdvecx c]t g7 j nv’cmd3;oD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

167 zqodkomqf]v’G g;]kgvqkg7jnv’cmd3;o c]t g7njv’cmdvecxw22hkdtcldq’ cmd7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hkltsa^[F g7nv’cmd[+gIaf;PdS g,n j vxj Pog7n j v’j cmdw22hkdq’ fh;pg7nv’cmdw22hklts^a[gsao; j k 7 j k7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk c]t zqo]q[]tfa[ j w22hkmju.-hg7nv’cmd le]a[w22hkdq’ c]t w22hklts^a[cmd,u7 j kgmq j kdaoS g;]kx j jPoI6lP[F g7nv’cmd3;o c]t g7n j v’cmdvecx-U[+x j Pocx’D fa j ’oAoF dkocmdzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk c]t j 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hklts^a[8hv’.-hg7nv’cmdzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk c]t g7n j v’cmd7;k,g0A, j dtclw22hkltsa^[D g7jnv’cmdle]a[w22hklts^a[,ulaopt]ad AC s^n g7jnv’\kpX ∼ ? 16j|hk xaf0v’,aoD 7e4k,G !D dtclw22hk,uzqo c]t zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk,uzqo 0v’w22hklts^a[c,oco;.fL j @D w22hkmu.-hmq j ;wx.om5d,NoU ,uzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk @@W j V \kp7;k,;kco;.fL j #D grnvcmd7;k,g0A,dtclw22hklts^a[ s^n zqo]q[w22hkltsa^[ 9t.-hv5xtdvoco;.fL j $D .o;q’9vow22hkdtcllts^a[ i c]t g;]k t 8k,lq,zqo i t = 2sin(314 )D 9q’-vdG j dD dtclw22hk.spl5fD j 0D 7;k,4ujD 7D 7;k,g0A,dtclw22hk,uzqoD &D w22hkdtcllts^a[muj.-h.ogInvoF g,njv.-hg7njv’;af3;ocmd vjko7jkwfh 220V c]t g7njv’cmdvecx vjko7jkwfh 10mA D 9qj’7yfw]jzqo]q[]tfa[w22hkl6’l5f c]t dtclw22hk.spl5fD j *D 3I’’kow22hkcs’|b j ’ lk,kflq j ’de]a’w22hkwfh j 110kW D 9q’-vdskrt]a’’ko j 7;k,Ihvomujczjvvdlkpw2D 4hklqj’de]a’w22hkc]jozjkolkpw2pk; 100m F 7;k,8hko0v’lkp 0,2Ω rkp.og;]k 10s fh;pzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk 220V c]t 220 000V 8k,]efa[D ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

168 [qfmu #W [qfmu #W[qfmu #W \=hcx’w22hk c]t dkolq \=hcx’w22hk c]t dkolq \=hcx’w22hk c]t dkolq \=hcx’w22hk c]t dkolq \=hcx’w22hk c]t dkolqj’w22hkwxwd ’w22hkwxwd j’w22hkwxwd ’w22hkwxwd !D \=hcx’w22hk \=hcx’w22hk\=hcx’w22hk dyf9tdeG lbdlkdkox dyf9tdeG lbdlkdkox dyf9tdeG lbdlkdkox dyf9tdeG lbdlkdkoxjPocx’w22hk0v’\=hcx’w22hk Pocx’w22hk0v’\=hcx’w22hk jPocx’w22hk0v’\=hcx’w22hk Pocx’w22hk0v’\=hcx’w22hk czogs^addhkI6[38 j U s^kpczjo 8yf.ldaofh;pmkfdaow22hk j laopt]ad\=hcx’w22hk !? .-hd=hlkp !WW Iv[ c]t @WW Iv[ -5[.llQocdogs^admu j gxaoI6[38 j U d=h]tlQo c]h; 8+lv’lQo0v’cdogs^adoAo.ldaofh;pm j vogsa^d-n j jD @? 8+lv’lQo0v’d=hlkp !WW Iv[ 0v’\=hcx’w22hk.lda[\=hw22hk.shgxao;q’9voxyf j vao|b’ c]h;8+lv’lQo0v’d=hlkp @WW Iv[ 0v’\=hcx’w22hk.l j da[sq;mPofa j ’.o j I6[ #WD@ la’gdfg[y’7;k,I5 j ’0v’sq;mPoD j I6[ #WD! laopt]ad\=hcx’w22hk ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

169 #? xPodko8+ 3fp8+lv’lQo0v’d=hlkp @WW Iv[ .l j da[gxao\=hcx’w22hk.shgxao;q’9voxyf j vao|b’ c]t 8+lv’lQolkpw22hk0v’d=hlkp !WW Iv[ .l j da[sq;mPo la’gdfg[y j j’ 7;k,I5’0v’sq;mPoD j 7;k,Ij5’0v’sq;mPomju8+.o;q’9vo0v’dh=lkp !WW Iv[ c]t @WW Iv[ 8jk’dao co;.fL phvospa’L \=hcx’w22hkc,jov5xtdvow22hk-toyf|bj’.-hle]a[grju, s^n ]qf zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk s^n dtclw22hk 3fpvkwls^addkodkoltmhvow22hk.od=hlkpoew22hkD d=hlkpmu8+.l j [+w22hklts^a[ j gvUo;k j d=hlkp8QoS l;odh=lkpm j u8+da[g7 j nv’.-hw22hkgvUo; j k j d=hlkpleIv’D \=hcx’w22hk,ulv’ -toyf7nG \=hcx’gru, c]t \=hcx'z j voD j dD \=hcx’gr dD \=hcx’gr dD \=hcx’gr dD \=hcx’grju,G \=hcx’gru,c, j o \=hcx’mu j ,u9eo;oIv[.od=hlkp8Qo |hvpd j ;k 9eo;oIv[.od=hlkp j leIv’ 0D \=hcx'z 0D \=hcx'z 0D \=hcx'z 0D \=hcx'zjvoG \=hcx'zvo c, j o\=hcx’mu j ,u9eo;oIv[.od=hlkp8Qo s^kpd j ;k 9eo;oIv[.od=h j lkpleIv’D dkorq;raodao]ts;k’ zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk c]t 9eo;oIv[0v’d=hlkpc, j oG j 2 1 2 1 N N U U = 4hk\=hcx’[+,udkol6oglprt]a’’kow22hk.o\=hcx’ c,ode]a’w22hk.od=hlkp8Qo 9tgmq j jk da[de]a’.od=hlkpleIv’D I6[#WD@ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

170 221121 =⇒= IUIUPP fa’oAo0PowfhG j 1 12 2 21 UNI UNI = = .ooAoG U1 c,ozqo]q[w22hk.od=hlkp8Qo j U2 c,ozqo]q[w22hk.od=hlkpleIv’ j N1 c,o9eo;oIv[0v’lkpw2mu j 7Po16 j .od=hlkp8Qo j N2 c,o9eo;oIv[0v’lkpw2mu j 7Po16 j .od=hlkpleIv’ j I1 c,odtclw22hk16 j .od=hlkp8Qo j I 2 c,odtclw22hk16 j .od=hlkpleIv’ j 4hk1kdI6h;k \=hcx’w22hk.f,uxtlyfmyrk[s^kpF |hvpxko.f gr j yo.-hl6f7yfw] j xtlyfmy j rk[fa’oUG j 2 2 1 1 100% U I U I η = × @D dkolq j’w22hkwxwd ’w22hkwxwd ’w22hkwxwd ’w22hkwxwd fa’mu j I6h,kc]h;; j k w22hkmu j .-hrkp.ogInvoc, j ow22hklts^a[mu j ,uzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk @@W j V oAoc,jow22hk ! 2k muj.-hda[g7njv’.-hw22hkmuj8hv’dkode]a’w22hk[+s^kpg-ajoG fvdw22hkF g8qk]ufF raf]q,F 86hg1ao c]t vnoMD c8 j g7n j v’.=-hw22hk s^n 3,g8uw22hk0t|kf.sp j mu j .-h16 j .o3I’9adF j 3I’’ko gryo,ad.-hw22hk # 2kD w22hk # 2k c, j ow22hkmu j ,uzqo]q[]tfa[w22hkmu j g\ktlq,da[3,g8u j w22hklts^a[3fpdq’D I6[ #WD# \=hcx’w22hk-toyf8k’M j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

171 3I’’kov5flkstde 380V \h=cx’ # \h=cx’ @ \h=cx’! \h=cx’ $ 220V 25000V 11000V 11000V 500 000V dkolq’rt]a’’kow22hkwx.ow]ptmk’wdMF lkpw22hk9t,u7;k,8hkow22hkgr j u,0Bo8k, j 7;k,pk;0v’lkpD ltoAoF rt]a’’ko7;k,Ihvomugduf0Bo8k,lkpw22hkoAod=gr j u,0BoD grn j v1kd j .shdkoglprt]a’’kow22hkwx.oI6[rt]a’’ko7;k,Ihvo168k,lkplq j ’|hvpmu j l5f gr j yogIaf.shzqo j ]q[]tfa[w22hkgru,0Bo j 8q;1jk’G dkolq jk’G8q;1 ’w22hkm j u,ude]a’w22hk )) dy3];af wx8k,lkplq j ’w22hkm j u,u7;k,pk; j &WW c,af c]t ,u7;k,8hkow22hk WF@& 3v,D rkp.og;]k!W ;yokmu9tgdufrt]a’’ko7;k, Ihvomuglpwx8k,lkpw22hk8k,zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk @@W 3;o c]t @@ WWW 3;o fa j ’oUG j 8k,l6f U P I = g,nv.-hzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk @@W j VG 1 88000 400A 220 I = = g,nv.-hzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk @@DWWW j VG 2 88000 4A 22000 I = = rt]a’’ko7;k,Ihvomuczj vvd8k,lkpg,n j v,udtclw22hkc] j ozj korkp.ow]ptg;]k j !W ;yokmu c,oG j 9kdl6f 2 Q RI t = 2 1 Q = × ×= (400) 0, 25 10 400 000J 2 2 Q = × ×= (4) 0, 25 10 40J ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

172 9kd8q;1k’gmy’.shIh6; j k dkolq j ’w22hkwx.ow]ptmk’wdF grn j v.sh,udkol6oglprt]a’’ko j w22hkwx.oI6[rt]a’’ko7;k,Ihvo1j68k,lkp|hvp 8hv’.-hzqo]q[]tfa[w22hkmuj,u7jkl6’ fa’8q;1 j k’8+wxoUG [ j vozt]yfw22hkzt]yfw22hkm j u,uzqo]q[]tfa[w22hkvvd @& WWW j VD grnvlq j ’wx j 8k,lkpgryogr j u,zqo]q[]tfa[w22hk0Bogxao &WW WWW j VD g,nvg4y’g0f-q,.-hw22hk gr j yo]qf]q’ j .shgs^nv !! WWWV c]h; dvolq j ’wx8k,[hkogInvo8 j k’M]qf.shgs^nvrP’ @@W j VD 7e4k,G !D 9q’[vddkoxtdv[lhk’0v’\=hcx’w22hkD j @D \=hcx’w22hkgru,8j k’da[ \=hcx’w22hkz j voco;.fL j #D grnvlq j ’w22hkwxwdgr j yogIafco;.fL j $D \=hcx’w22hkmu,uzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk @WW j V cx’gxao !!WVD 9q’-vdskG j dD 4hkd=hlkpleIv’,u )W Iv[D d=hlkp8Qo9t,u9adIv[L 0D 4hkd=hlkpleIv’,udtclw22hk @WA D d=hlkp8Qo9t,u9advecx L &D \=hcx’w22hkmu,uxtlyfmyrk[ _W: g,n j v,uw22hk0t|kf !&W j V @A g0Qk.od=hlkp8QoF gduf,udtclw22hk16.od=hlkpleIv’ WF! j A D 9q’-vdskzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk16 j .od=hlkp j leIv’D *D 16.od=hlkp8Qo0v’\=hcx’ ,u &&W Iv[ c]t ,uzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk @@W j VD 16d=hlkpleIv’ j ,u #W Iv[D 4k,;k dtclw22hk c] j ozj ko7;k,8hko @ j Ω mu16 j g[Nv’d=hlkpleIv’ j 9t,ugmqk.fL j (D grnv1kdlq j ’dtclw22hkmu j ,ude]a’ @WDWWW j W wxwd8k,lkpw2glAo|b’mu j lk,kfmqo j 8+7;k,g0A,dtclw22hkwfh WF&A gryo8hv’.-hzqo]q[]tfa[w22hkgmq j k.fL j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

173 rkdmu VII g]o [qfmu #! [qfmu #![qfmu #! g]oF g]ol;fF g]os^5[ g]oF g]ol;fF g]os^5[ !D I6[Ij k’0v’g]o j k’0v’g]oI6[I dyf9tde !G lbdlkI6[I dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !G jk’0v’g]o 9jq’la’gdfI6[0v’g]o16]5 j ,oU c]h;[vd]adltotI6[I j k’0v’g]oc8 j ]tvao j g]ogIaffh;pc;f]hv,.l-toyf|bj’ g-yj’,us^kp0t|kf c]t ,uI6[Ijk’8jk’dao .ooAo [k’vaoma’lv’|hk0v’,aol;f s^n |hk|jb’l;f|hk|bj’rP’ s^n |hk|jb’l;f|hk|bj’s^5[ s^n |hk|b’rP’|hk|b j ’s^5[ s^n s^5[ma’lv’|hkD j g,nvla’gdf.sh]tvPf8n j ,gsao; j k g]ol;f ,uI6[I j k’7nda[; j kgxaol j ;o| j b’0v’| j ;p,qolv’ j |j;p8afdaoD d=]toug]os^5[ 7hkpda[;k c;f]hv,.lmu j gIafg]ooAo4nd|u[fh;p| j ;p,qo|b j ’|j ;pj s^n lv’|;prhv,daoD fa j ’oAoF g]ol;f c]t g]os^5[9b j ’,uI6[I j k’ c]t ]adltotc8d8 j k’dao j g-aoG g]ol;f 0v[0v’,ao[k’d; j kmk’dk’ XI6[ #!D#?S l j ;og]os^5[0v[0v’,ao|kd; j jk mk’dk’I6[ X#!D $?D I6[ #!D# g]ol;f I6[ #!D$ g]os^5[ I6[ #!D ! I6[g]ol;f I6[ #!D @ I6[g]os^5[ C1 C1 C2 C2 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

174 @D g]ol5,cl’ c]t g]os;kcl’ g]ol5,cl’ c]t g]os;kcl’ dyf9tde @G dyf9tde @Gdyf9tde @G !? .-hg]qkcl’0t|kolv’.l j g]ol;f c]h;la’gdfrNomu j cl’z j kog]owx8qd.l j 9=Ia[cl’D j 9kdoAog]nvog]o8k,];’0v’cl’ rhv,ma’la’gdfrNomu j cl’8qd.l j 9=D j @? .-hg]qkcl’0t|kolv’.l j g]os^5[ c]h;la’gdfrNomu j cl’z j kog]owx8qd.l j 9=Ia[cl’D j g]omugry j o.-hm5d;aooU g4y’; j k,us^kpI6[I j k’ c]t 0t|kf8 j k’dao c8 j lts^5[];,c]h; j lk,kfc[’r;d,aogxao @ xtgrf7nG g]ol5,cl’ c]t g]os;kcl’D j #D laopt]ad0v’g]o laopt]ad0v’g]o rNomu mu j cl’8qd.l j 9= g;]kcl’z j kog]ol;fgxaoco;.fL j rNomu mu j cl’8qd.l j 9= g;]kcl’ z j kog]os^5[ 8 j k’da[z j kog]ol;fco;.fL j g,jnvljv’g]qkcl’0t|ko.ljg]ol;fF ]aflt\ucl’ma’\qfzjkog]ovvdwxmk’s^a’ 0v’g]oc]h; r;d,ao[+0t|kodaovudD .ooAo m5dM]aflt\ucl’9twx95h,dao1695f|j b’ X95f j F .oI6[ #!D&?D fa’oAoF gry j o9b j ’gvUog]ol;f j vud-n|b j ’;j k j g]ol5,cl’D g,nvlj v’]aflt\yucl’0t|ko.l j g]os^5[F ]aflt\ucl’z j kog]ovvdwxc]h; r;d,aos;k j vvd XI6[ #!D* ? D fa’oAoF gry j o9b j ’gvuUog]os^5[oUvud- j n|j b’;j k j g]os;kcl’D I6[ #!D& I6[ #!D* 7e4k,G !D g]oc,ospa’L j @D g]o,u9ad-toyfL c8j]t-toyf,u7;k, c8d8k’daomk’fhkoI6[I j k’7nco;.fL j #D 9q’c8h,I6[g]ol;fL j $D 9q’c8h,I6[g]os^5[L j &D 9qj’c8h,I6[0v’g]qkcl’0t|ko zjkog]ol;fL *D 9qj’c8h,I6[0v’g]qkcl’0t|ko zjkog]os^5[L laopt]ad0v’g]ol;f laopt]ad0v’g]os^5[ F f f F ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

175 [qfmu #@ [qfmu #@ [qfmu #@ vq’xtdv[mu vq’xtdv[mu vq’xtdv[mu vq’xtdv[mu vq’xtdv[mujle7ao0v’g]o le7ao0v’g]o le7ao0v’g]o le7ao0v’g]o vq’xtdv[mule7ao0v’g]o,uG cdo8QoF cdoleIv’F 95fl6ocl’F 95fl5, c]t 95fl5, j leIv’D !D cdo8Qo0v’g]o cdo8Qo0v’g]o I6[ #@D! 0ufI6[;q’,qolv’vaoF c8j]tvaoco[|hkdqj’|jb’0v’g]oF deoqfwfh95f.9dk’ C1 c]t C2 0v’c8j]t|hk0v’g]oD 9kdoAo0ufglAo-jnzjko95f.9dk’ C1 c]t C2 faj’djk;D glAo-jnzjko95f .9 dk’ C1 c]t C2 0v’7;k,dq’ma’lv’|hk0v’g]og]o gryogvUo; j k j cdo8Qo0v’g]o XI6[#@D!?D @D 95fl6ocl’0v’g]o 95fl6ocl’0v’g]o .oI6[ #@D @ dF 95f O c,o95f8afdao]ts; j k’cdo8Qo0v’g]o da[ glAo-n j mu j jzjko0v[0v’ g]o16 @ 95fg7 j y’7ndao c]t 8A’lkdda[cdo8QoD gr j yogvUo95f j O oU;k j 95fl6ocl’0v’g]ol;fD le]a[g]os^5[F 95fl6ocl’c,o95f8afdao]ts; j k’cdo8Qo c]t glAo-n j jzjko95fg7y’dk’0v’|hk j 0v[0v’g]o16 @ 95f m j ug7j y’7ndao XI6[ #@D @ 0?D j I6[ #@D@ d 0 d 0 C1 C1 C2 C2 C1 O C2 C1 O C2 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

176 #D cdoleIv’0v’g]o cdoleIv’0v’g]o 4hkmqf]v’gpnv’]aflt\ucl’wxzko95fl6ocl’0v’g]o 9tgsao; j k m5dM]aflt\ucl’ j mjuwxzko95fl6ocl’r;d,aog7 j nvom j u-j n8+wx X[+x j Pomyfg7n j vomu j c8j j1jk’.f?D glAo-n mu j jzjko95fl6ocl’c8]tglAo gvUo; j k j cdoleIv’|b’0v’g]o j $D 95fl5, c]t w]ptl5, 95fl5, c]t w]ptl5, dyf9tdeG lbdlk95fl5, c]t w]ptl5,0v’g]o dyf9tdeG lbdlk95fl5, c]t w]ptl5,0v’g]o !? 9a[cdh;0tspkpIa[cl’cff gIafco;.f.shcl’cff8A’lkdda[|hk0v’cdh; 0tspkpD la’gdfrNomu0v’cl’8qd]q’.l j |hkfyoD j @? g]nvocdh;0tspkp0Bo]q’-hkMD la’gdfrNom j u0v’cl’8qd]q’.l j |hkfyoD j [aofk]aflt\ucl’Ivfmuj0t|koda[cdo8Qowxzjkog]ol;fF [aofk]aflt\ucl’ 4ndsad16mu j g]o c]h;wx8afdao16 j 95f|b j ’X j F? gmy’cdo8QoS 95foUgvUo;k j 95fl5, 0v’g]ol;f fa’I6[ j #@D $ dD .omk’dq’dao0hk, 4hk,u[ao]aflt\ucl’g7nvomu j ,kmk’0;kF g,n j jvzjkog]o r;d,ao d=9t4ndsad16mu j g]oc]h;wx8afdao16 j 95f|b j ’X j F′ ? gmy’cdo8Qo162kddq’dao0hk,da[ j F zkog]ofa j ’I6[ j #@D $ 0D w]pt OF = f gvUo;k j w]ptl5,0v’g]oD .od=]tou [aofk]aflt\ucl’Ivf[+0t|koda[cdo8qho c8jr;d,ao0t|koda[cdo leIv’F r;d,ao4ndsad16jg]o c]h;wx8afdao16j95f|jb’S 95ffaj’djk;gvUo;jk 95fl5,leIv’X F′ ? 0v’g]oD |hkrP’mu8A’lkdda[cdo8Qomu j jzjko95fl5,cl’0v’g]ogvUo;k j |hkrP’l5,cl’0v’g]o fa’I6[ #@D$ 7D j I6[ #@D # d 0 O O I6[ #@D$ d 0 F′ F O O ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

177 .od=]toug]os^5[F [aofk]aflt\ucl’Ivf0t|koda[cdo8Qo g,njvzjkog]oc]h; r;d,aos;kvvdD 4hk8+[aofk]aflt\ucl’s;kvvdoAoda[wxmk’fhko|hk0v’g]o Xg[Nv’r;d,ao g7nvomu j ,kdtmq[.l j g]o?F glAocd j pk;gs^q j koAo9twx8afdao16 j 95f j F gmy’cdo8QoS 95f F gvUo;jk95fl5, cl’];’0v’g]os^5[ fa’I6[ #@D& dD j 4hk.sh[aofk]aflt\ucl’Ivf0t|koda[cdo8Qodtmq[.ljg]o8k,myfmk’dq’dao0hk, d=9twfh 95fl5,cl’];’ 16g[Nv’oAovud fa j ’I6[ #@D& 0D 7;k,pk;0v’w]pt j OF = f d=gvUo;jk w]ptl5,];’ 0v’g]os^5[ .od=]tou[aofk]aflt|ucl’Ivf0t|koda[cdoleIv’d=gxaowx7hkp7ndaoda[d=]toumuj djk;,kgmy’oUD 7e4k,G !D vq’xtdv[le7ao0v’g]o,uspa’cfjL @D cdo8Qo c]t cdoleIv’,u7;k,c8d8k’daoco;.fL 9q j ’vtmy[kpD j #D 9q’c8h,cdo8Qo c]t cdoleIv’ le]a[g]ol;fD j $D 9q’c8h,cdo8Qo c]t cdoleIv’ le]a[g]os^5[D j &D 9q’c8h,I6[0v’g]qkcl’0t|koda[cdo8Qoz j kog]ol;fD j *D 9q’c8h,I6[0v’g]qkcl’0t|koda[cdo8Qoz j kog]os^5[D j d I6[ #@D& 0 I6[ #@D$ X8+? 7 O F′ F O O f f ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

178 d 0 I6[ ##D$ [qfmu ## [qfmu ##[qfmu ## ]adltot0v’cl’z ]adltot0v’cl’z ]adltot0v’cl’z ]adltot0v’cl’zjkog]o dyf9tdeG dyf9tdeGdyf9tdeG !? lkp]aflt\ucl’Ivfwx8k,cdo8Qo0v’g]ol;f fa’I6[ ##D! d c]t 0D la’gdf j ]af\ucl’rQomujzjkog]ovvdwx c]h;c8h,I6[]aflt\ucl’rQovvd9kdg]oD @? lkp]aflt\ucl’Ivfwx8k,];’0t|koda[cdo8Qo0v’g]ofa’I6[ ##D@ d c]t 0D j la’gdf]af\ucl’rQomujzjkog]ovvdwx c]h;c8h,I6[]aflt\ucl’rQovvd9kdg]oD #? lkp]aflt\ucl’Ivfwxzko95fl5,0v’g]o fa j ’I6[ ##D# d c]t 0 la’gdf]af\u j cl’rQomujzjkog]ovvdwxD I6[ ##D! I6[ ##D@ I6[ ##D# d 0 d 0 d 0 zqodkomqf]v’ lkp]aflt\ucl’.l zqodkomqf]v’ lkp]aflt\ucl’.l zqodkomqf]v’ lkp]aflt\ucl’.l zqodkomqf]v’ lkp]aflt\ucl’.l zqodkomqf]v’ lkp]aflt\ucl’.ljg]o.oc8 j g]o.oc8 j g]o.oc8 g]o.oc8 g]o.oc8j]td=]tougxaowx7nfa j ]td=]tougxaowx7nfa j]td=]tougxaowx7nfa ]td=]tougxaowx7nfa ]td=]tougxaowx7nfaj’oUG !? ]aflt\ucl’Ivfwx8k,cdo8Qo0v’g]oF cl’rQomujzjkog]og7nvom j uwx8k,cdo8Qo j fa’I6[ ##D$ d c]t 0D j F F F F F F F F ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

179 I6[ ##D* d 0 @? ]aflt\ucl’Ivfwx8k,];’0t|koda[cdo8Qo0v’g]oF ,aosad16g]o c]h;g7 j nvoj mjuwxzko95fl5,0v’g]ofa j ’I6[ ##D& dS le]a[g]os^5[ c, j olj ;ocd j pk;0v’cl’rQo j wx8afda[cdo8Qo 1695fl5,0v’g]ofa j ’I6[ ##D& 0D j #? ]aflt\ucl’Ivfwxzjko95fl5,0v’g]ol;fF le]a[g]os^5[c,joglAocdjpk;0v’ cl’Ivfwxzko95fl5,0v’g]oF ,aosad1 j 6g]o c]h;0t|koda[cdo8Qo fa j ’I6[ ##D* j d c]t 0D [qfg/ydsafG [qfg/ydsafG[qfg/ydsafG !D I6[ dF 9q’\kp95f j c]h;c8h,]aflt\ucl’rQo.shleg]afD I6[ ##D& d 0 I6[ 0 @D I6[ 0F 9q’lkh’cdo8QoF cdoleIv’ c]t \kp95f j c]h;c8h,]aflt\ucl’rQo.sh leg]afD I6[ d F F F F F F F F ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

180 I6[ 7 #D I6[ 7D 9q’c8h,g]qkcl’rQo0v’g]qkcl’Ivfmu j [+0t|koda[cdo8Qoz j kog]orhv,ma’ j \kp95f F′ D $D I6[ ’D 9q’c8h,g]qkcl’rQo0v’cl’Ivfz j kog]o c]h;\kp95f j F′ .l.oi6[] j 5,oU G j F F I6[ ’ F F ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

181 I6[ #$D! [qfmu #$ [qfmu #$ [qfmu #$ I6[0v’;af45z I6[0v’;af45z I6[0v’;af45z I6[0v’;af45zjkog]ol;f kog]ol;f kog]ol;f kog]ol;f dyf9tde G dyf9tde Gdyf9tde G !? gvqkv5xtdvo[a’cl’I6[g7y’]6dlvo X;af45? ;k’w;hs j k’9kdg]ow]pt.f| j b’D j @? gvqkg9hp0k;czjo|jb’8yf.ljcxhomuj9a[.lj0k8A’ c]h;8A’w;h16js^a’g]ogrnjvxtdv[ gxao9=Ia[I6[D #? gpnv’cl’w2lkp.lj-5f[a’cl’.shI6[g7yj’]6dlvozjkog]ol5,cl’wxsk9=D la’ gdfI6[169=F 4hk[+c9h’.shg]n j vo9=wx,k9qowfhI6[c9h’-afg9oD j $? 8A’;af45sk’9kdg]opk;d; j k @ gm j nv w]ptl5,0v’g]oD la’gdfI6[m j uxkdqfgmy’9=D j &? 8A’;af45sk’9kdg]ogmq j kda[ @ gm j nv w]ptl5,0v’g]oD la’gdfI6[m j uxkdqfgmy’9=D j *? 8A’;af45sk’9kdg]o.dhd; j k @ gm j nv w]ptl5,F c8 j pk;d; j kw]ptl5,0v’g]oD la’gdfI6[ j mjuxkdqfgmy’9=D (? 8A’;af45sk’9kdg]o.dhd; j kw]ptl5,0v’g]oD la’gdfI6[m j uxkdqfgmy’9=D j zqodkomqf]v’G !? g,nv;af45skd16 j jsjk’9kdg]opk;d;k @ gmn j v w]ptl5,0v’g]oD I6[mu j gduf0Bogxao j I6[9y’F ohvpd;k;af45 c]t xUomyfda[;af45 fa j ’I6[ #$D@ j @? g,njvw]ptsk’]ts; j jk’;af45skg]or=fu gmqkda[ @ gmn j v w]ptl5,D I6[m j ugduf0 j B o gxaoI6[9y’F gmqkda[;af45 c]t xUomyfda[;af45 j fa’I6[ #$D#D j #? g,njvw]ptsjk’]ts;jk’;af45skg]olAod;jk @ gmjnv w]ptl5,F c8jpk;d;jk w]ptl5,D I6[mugduf0BogxaoI6[9y’F .sp j d;j k;af45 c]t xUomyfda[;af45 fa j ’I6[ #$D$D j $? g,nvw]pts j k’]ts; j k’;af45skg]olAod; j kw]ptl5,D I6[mu j gduf0BogxaoI6[];’mu j ,u j 0t|kf.spd;j k;af45 c]t ,umyffP;da[;af45D fa j ’I6[] j 5,oUD j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

182 I6[ #$D@ I6[ #$D# I6[ #$D& I6[ #$D$ [qfg/ydsafG [qfg/ydsafG[qfg/ydsafG !D 9q’c8h,I6[0v’;af45 j AB mugduf9kdg]ol;f g,n j v;af45 j AB 8A’gmy’cdo8QoF w]pt sjk’]ts;k’;af45da[g]oc, j oG j d? lAod;kw]ptl5,D j 0? gmqkda[ @ gmn j v 0v’w]ptl5,D j @D 9q’c8h,I6[0v’g,af;af45 j A mugduf9kdg]ol;f g,n j vg,af;af45 j A 16ovdcdo8QoF j w]ptsk’]ts; j jk’;af45 A da[g]oc,oG j d? lAod;kw]ptl5,D j 0? pk;d;k @ gmn j v 0v’w]ptl5,D j F F F′ F′ F F F′ F′ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

183 [qfmu #& [qfmu #& [qfmu #& I6[0v’;af45z I6[0v’;af45z I6[0v’;af45z I6[0v’;af45zjkog]os^5[ kog]os^5[ kog]os^5[ kog]os^5[ !D dko-vdmu dko-vdmu dko-vdmu dko-vdmu dko-vdmuj 8A’0v’;af45fh;pdkolhk’c8h, 8A’0v’;af45fh;pdkolhk’c8h, j 8A’0v’;af45fh;pdkolhk’c8h, 8A’0v’;af45fh;pdkolhk’c8h, 4hk.-hg]os^5[Ia[[aofk]aflt\uvvd9kd;af45 9tlk,kfskmuj8A’0v’I6[wfhfaj’.oI6[ #&D! .ooAoI6[muwfhgxaoI6[];’ohvpd; j k;af45 X.od=]tou;af4516 j wdd; j kw]ptl5,cl’? c]t gxaoI6[ j ];’.spd;j k;af45 X.od=]tou;af4516 j ]ts; j k’95fl5,cl’ c]t 95fl6ocl’?D j gvqk.lj.9Ggvqk.l .od=]tou ;af45gxaog,af|b’ovo16 j gmy’cdo8QoF # ]aflt\ucl’ mu j ,u]adltotryglf ]h;o j c8g8a’da[cdo8QoD .od=]touoU grn j v-vdskmu j 8A’0v’I6[ 9t8hv’wfhc8h,]aflt\ucl’ j dtmq[|b’8k,.9 mu j 0t|koda[cdoleIv’.f| j b’fa j ’I6[ #&D@D j @D dko-vdmu dko-vdmu dko-vdmu dko-vdmu dko-vdmuj8ah’0v’I6[;af45fh;pdko7yfw] 8ah’0v’I6[;af45fh;pdko7yfw] j 8ah’0v’I6[;af45fh;pdko7yfw] 8ah’0v’I6[;af45fh;pdko7yfw]j dko-vdskmu8A’0v’I6[;af45z j kog]oF ovd9kd.-hzhklkdIa[ c]t lhk’I6[c]h;F gr j yopa’ j .-h;ymudko7eo;o fa’oUG j I6[ #&D@ I6[ #&D! Q′ P P′ Q F S′ S F′ A B B′ A′ O F O S′ S S′ S O O F1 ′ F1 ′ F′ F′ F F |hkrP’ l5,leIv’ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

184 8q;1k’G j k’G ;k’;af45 jk’G8q;1j PQ w;h16|hkg]ol;fmu j ,uw]ptl5, j F sk’9kdg]ow]pt j S c]h;wfhI6[ F Q′ ′16mk’s^a’g]o c]t s j k’9kdg]ow]pt j S′ fa’I6[ #&D#D j .oI6[ #&D# ,u ΔOPQ 7nda[ ΔOP Q′ ′D fa’oAoF lk,kf0PowfhG j y S y S ′ ′ = X!? gonv’9kd j ΔFOR 7nda[ ΔFPQ ′′ ′ D fa’oAoF d=lk,kf0PowfhG j y S f - y f ′ ′ = X@? 9kd X! ? c]t X @ ? lk,kf0PowfhG S Sf - S f ′ ′ = X#? S f SS Sf ′ ′ = − X$? skolv’/kd X$? .sh SS f′ wfhG 111 f S S = + ′ X&? l6f X&? .-hwfhma’g]ol;f c]t g]os^5[ c8.odko-vdskmu j 8A’0v’I6[ c]t -toyf0v’ j I6[8hv’wfhdeoqfg7nv’\kp[;d XT? c]t ]q[ X{? .shxt]y,ko8 j k’Mfa j ’oUG j !? S ,ug7nv’\kp[;d XT? .od=]tou;af459y’ c]t j S ,ug7nv’\kp]q[ X{? .od=]tou ;af45];’D j @? S′ ,ug7nv’\kp[;d XT? .od=]touI6[9y’ c]t j S′ ,ug7nv’\kp X{? .od=]tou I6[];’D j #? f 0v’g]ol;f,ug7nv’\kp XT? c]t j f 0v’g]os^5[,ug7nv’\kp X{?D j #&D# S′ S f R Q P y y′ F′ F O ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

185 7e4k,G !D 9q’c8h,I6[0v’;af4 j 5 AB mugduf9kdg]os^5[ g,n j v;af45 j AB 8A’gmy’cdo8QoF w]ptsk’j ]ts;k’;af45da[g]oc, j oG j dD lAod;kw]ptl5,D j 0D gmqkda[ @ gmn j v 0v’w]ptl5,D j @D 9q’c8h,I6[0v’g,af;af45 j A mugduf9kdg]os^5[ g,n j vg,af;af45 j A 1j62kd]5,0v’cdo j 8QoF w]ptsk’]ts; j k’g,af;af45 j A da[g]oc,oG j dD lAod;kw]ptl5,D j 0D s^kpd;k @ gmn j v 0v’w]ptl5,D j #D g]ol5,cl’vao|b’ ,uw]ptl5, j f = 20cm. 9t8hv’;k’;af45|b’ 8A’lkdda[cdo j 8Qosk’9kdg]ogmq j k.fL grn j v.shwfhI6[0v’;af45oAogxaoG j dD I6[9y’.spjd;k;af45 $ gmn j vD j 0D I6[];’.spd;j k;af45 @ gmn j vD j $D ;af45|bj’ XAB? l6’ @cm ;k’8A’lkd c]t ;k’sjk’9kd9=Ia[I6[ XM? w]pt 45 cm A = . 4k,;k 9t8hv’;k’g]ol5,cl’mu j ,uw]ptl5, j f = 10cm16jsjk’9kd;af45 gmqk.f.shwfhI6[c9h’-af16 j gmy’9=L j ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

186 [qfmu #* [qfmu #*[qfmu #* dkogdufI6[gmy’2u,.odhv’4 dkogdufI6[gmy’2u,.odhv’4 dkogdufI6[gmy’2u,.odhv’4 dkogdufI6[gmy’2u,.odhv’4jkpI6[ dhv’4kpI6[ c, j ov5xtdvocl’-toyf| j b’.-hgrn j v.shwfhI6[9y’ohvpd; j k;af45D ry,w;hgmy’cz j jo cdh; s^n czo2u,g7nv[oE1k9a[cl’mu j 9afw;h.odhv’4 j kpI6[D j !D dkoxtdv[lhk’0v’dhv’4 dkoxtdv[lhk’0v’dhv’4 dkoxtdv[lhk’0v’dhv’4 dkoxtdv[lhk’0v’dhv’4jkpI6[ dkoxtdv[lhk’dhv’4jkpI6[xtdv[fh;pG shv’,nfmujgxaoda[vao|jb’g-jy’|hkfhko.omklufe grnvxhv’daocl’9kdrkpovd]q[d;o c]t xhv’dao j dkoltmhvocl’16rkp.oda[S fhko|hk0v’da[ 8yf j 8A’g]ol;fIa[I6[g0Qk.oda[S fhkos^a’0v’da[8yf8A’ 2u,I6[D gonjv’9kd2u,c8j]t-toyfgIaf;Pdwfhfu8+ da[cl’lts;k’r=fuda[,aoltgrktD fa j ’oAoF 16 j j]t s;k’g]o c]t 2u, gr j yowfh8yf8A’v5xtdvo7;[75, j xt]y,kocl’8qddtmq[.lj2u,w;h g-y j’gvUo;jk wfvtc2i, c]t -afg8uD I6[ #*D! I6[dhv’4kpI6[-toyf8 j k’M j wfvtc2i, gxaoxv’;q’,qogxuf.shcl’g0Qkdhv’s^kp s^n |hvp 8k,0t|kf0v’x j v’S j lj;o-afg8ugxaoczodAocl’gIaf|hkmu j gxuf{xyf cl’g0Qk.odhv’wx8qddtmq[.l j 2u, g-y j ’lk,kf j 8A’w]ptg;]k gxuf{ xyf wfh3fpdkoxa[7;k,w;0v’-afg8uD lj;oxtdv[mujdjk;,kgmy’oUF gxaov5xtdvorNo4ko0v’dhv’4kpI6[ XI6[ #*D!?D le]a[dhv’ j 4jkpI6[mumaoltw\ c]t 75otrk[fu pa’,uv5xtdvovn j oglu,vuds^kp1 j k’D j I6[ #*D @ 37’lhk’0v’dhv’4kpI6[mu j la’gdf9kdfhkogmy’]q’]5 j j, -afg8u 2u, ;q’cs;oxa[7;k,c9h’-af0v’I6[ wfvtc2i, g]o ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

187 @D s^addkogIaf;Pd s^addkogIaf;Pd g]ol5,cl’gIaf|hkmujIa[cl’9kd;af45mu16 j wdd; j kw]pt j 2 f g0Qkwxdtmq[.l2u, grn j v.sh j wfhI6[muxkdqf16 j .o2u,gxaoI6[9y’mu j xUomyfda[;af45D dkoxa[7;k,c9h’-af0v’I6[lk,kfxt8y[afwfh j 3fpg]nvog]o.shs j k’vvd s^n g0Qk.dh2u,fh;pdko j xjyo;q’cs;oxa[7;k,c9h’-af0v’I6[16 |hkda[,nf j Xl;omu j 1n j ovvdovd? rhv,ma’l j v’g[y j ’ z j kox j v’j g[y’D ovdoAo pa’8hv’xa[wfvtc2i, c]t -afg8uD j 4hk;af45,u7;k,c9h’s^kpgIqks^5f0t|kf 0v’xv’j wfvtc2i,]q’ s^n gru,7;k,w;0v’ -afg8u0Bo XI6[ j #*D#?S c8j4hk;af45,u7;k,c9h’|hvpc,jogruj,0t |kf0v’wfvtc2i,0Bo s^n s^5f7;k,w; -afg8u]q’D g,nvcl’8qddtmq[.l j 2u,F ,aogdufxt8ydy]ypkg7,u0BoD j g;]kgvqk2u,wx]hk’ c]t vaf8k, de,t;ymuc]h; 9twfhI6[8k,mu8hv’dkoD j 7e4k,G !D dhv’4kpI6[c, j ov5xtdvoco;.fL j @D 9q’[vddkoxtdv[lhk’0v’dhv’4 j kpI6[D j #D l;oxtdv[rNo4ko0v’dhv’4 j kpI6[,uspa’cf j jL $D 9q’[vds^addkogIaf;Pd0v’dhv’4 j kpI6[ j 2y, c;jo I6[ #*D# I6[37’lhk’0v’dhv’4kpI6[ j mula’gdf9kdfhko0hk’ j xiu-b, ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

188 [qfmu #( [qfmu #([qfmu #( 8k c]t dkog[y 8k c]t dkog[y 8k c]t dkog[y 8k c]t dkog[y 8k c]t dkog[yj’gsao !D lj;oxtdv[0v’8k ;oxtdv[0v’8k 8k,uI6[Ik’gdnv[gxaoI6[| j ;p,qoF fhko j |hkl;fg]ad|hvp gvUo;k j dh;’8kF 4af9kd dh;’8k g0Qkwxmk’.o|;p8kc, j o j ,jko8k (Iris), 16g7y j ’dk’, j ko8k,u- j v’gxuf gvUo; j jk I6,ko8k j (Pupil) g-y’-j v’gxuffa j ’dj k;lk,kf j xjPo0t|kfwfh grnvxa[7;k,g0A,0v’cl’ j g0Qk8k.shr=fuD ,jko8k,uluc8d8jk’dao8k, g-nhv-kfD 4af9kd ,ko8kg0Qkwxc, j o j g]o8k g-yj’gxaomkfo5h,|P;.l7hkp7n;5homujxtdv[ fh;pgoNvgspnv.lcl’s^kp-Yo c]t ,uvaf8k j sadcl’ 8A’c8 !F#( g4y’ !F$@D g]o8k lk,kfx j PoI6[-q’.sh|k sn^ [k’wfhfh;pdhk,1bfg]o8k j mu1nf{sqfwfh grn j jv.shgdufrk[-afg9o16fhkos^a’| j ;p8k Xgi8yo s^n rNo8k?D 95fmu j glAocdoz j koj 95fg7y’dk’0v’g]o8k c]t 8A’lkdda[g]o8k wx8afda[rNo8kgvUo; j k j 95fgs^nv’ (Yello spot). 1695fgs^nv’Ia[cl’wfhfud j ;k[=]yg;ovn j o grktgxao [=]yg;omu j ,udkocpdwfh]tvPfD 16 j gi8yo,u95f| j b’j [+,uxkpxtlkf grktgxaomu];,glAoxtlkf8k wxl6 j lt\v’S 95foUgvUo; j k j 95f[vf (Blind spot)D g,njvI6[8qd.lj95f[vfoU9t[+gsaoI6[oAoD mk’.o0v’|j;p8k[ao950v’cs^; 7hkp7n;5ho16jg8a,S 0v’cs^;oU-;p.sh| j ;p8kIadlkI6[I j k’w;hwfhD l j ;omhkp Xl j ;ofhkos^a’? 0v’| j ;p8kg-n j v,8+da[ j xtlkf8k g-y’,u|hkmu j oelq j ’laopkow22hk 9kdgi8yo wxl6 j lt\v’D xtlkf8kxtdv[fh;p j 95]a’I6[m+ (Rods) c]t 95]a’I6[9;p (Cones). 95]a’I6[m+w;8+cl’mu,u7;k,g0A, |hvpc8 j [+lk,kf j cpdluwfh]tvPfF ,aogIaf;Pd.o8vodk’7noS l;o95]a’I6[9;pw;8+cl’mu j ,u7;k,g0A,s^kp c]t j lk,kf9ecodluwfhF ,aogIaf;Pd.o8vodk’g;aoD @D dkog[yj’gsaodkog[y lq,,5f; k 95f j O .oI6[ #({@ gxao95fl6ocl’0v’8kD lhk’ ab1 g-y’gxaoI6[0v’ j A1 B1 16.ogi8yo8kco,gsao;af45rkp.8h,5, j α gvUo;k j ,5,g[yj’S g,nv;af45spa[vvd9kd8kIvfmu j 8A’j A2 B2 I6[d=pa’16.ogi8yophvodkofaf0v’g]o8k c8 j ,aoohvp]q’ j ab2 Xab2 < ab1 ? c]t ,5,g[yj’ d=ohvp]q’X < ?D I6[ #(D! dh;’8k ,jko8k I6,ko8k j g]o8k gi8yo xtlkf8k α ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

189 4hk,5,g[y’ohvp lk,kf4n3fpxt,kowfh; j kG j 1 1 1 A B tan A O α α ≈ = X!? 2 ×=×= aoaa tgoaab X@? 9kdlq,zqo X!? c]t X@? gryolts^5[wfhfa j ’oUG j { le]a[muj8A’cojovo|jb’0v’;af45F ;af45 c]t ,5,g[yj’ pyj’.spjgmqjk.fF I6[0v’,ao xkdqf16gi8yod=.sp j gmq j koAoD j { le]a[;af45|b’ 4hk,ao16 j .dh8kgmq j k.fF ,5,g[y j ’ c]t I6[0v’,aod=.sp j gmq j koAoD j { I6[0v’;af45xkdqf1j6gi8yo0v’8k.spgmq j k.f d=py j ’lk,kf9ecodrkdl j ;o8 j jk’M 0v’;af45wfh1k’]tvPf0Bogmq j koAoD j #D dkog[yj’gsao3fpmq ’gsao3fpmq j ’gsao3fpmq ’gsao3fpmq ’gsao3fpmqj;wx vu’8k,I6[ #(D@ ;af45|b’ 8q;1 j k’ ;af45 j AB g4y’9t.spxko.fd=8k,F 4hk;af45oAoskd j 16wdM9kd8kS ,5,g[y j ’,ao9tohvp c]t I6[0v’,aoxkdqf16 j gi8yod=ohvpS 4hkI6[ohvpF lv’95f j a′ c]t b′ g-y’gxaoI6[0v’ j A c]t B .o;af45spa[g0Qk.dhdaoD 4hk,5,g[y’ohvpM lv’g,af j a′c]t b′muxkdqf.ogi8yo16 j .dhMdaog4y’0Ao16 j lQo0v’xtlkfglAofP;dao gIaf.sh8k[+lk,kf9ecodg,af j A c]t B .o;af45wfhD fa’oAoF grn j v1kdg[y j ’;af45| j b’.shgsaoc9h’-afF ;af45oAo8hv’16 j .o0v[g0fdko j g[y’gsao0v’8k s^n ,5,g[y j ’;af45oAao8hv’.sp j d;j k,5,0v[g0fdkog[y j ’gsao j ε s^n gvUo;jk lt,af 4trk[9ecod0v’8kD I6[ #(D@ a b2 b1 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

190 le]a[7qolkp8kxqddt8yF 7k0v’,5,0v[g0fdkog[y j ’gsao j ε gmqkda[ j 1 rad 3000 lk,kf 9ecodlv’95f16gmy’;af45mu j 16 j jsjk’9kd8kwfhfa’oUG s j k’dao j 1mm wd9kd8k 3m; sk’dao j 1cm wd9kd8k 30m. 0=h,6o.shoUgxao0=h,6o3fpxt,ko grkt.o8q;9y’ c]h;,aopa’0Boda[]tfa[l6’0v’ ;af45 c]t ]adltot0v’rkdl;op j vp8 j k’M.o;af45vud gon j v’9kd; j k dkog[y j ’95fp j vpmu j ]tvPf j .o;af458k9tg,nvp] j vpw;D j I6[ #(D# $D dkog[yj’gsaolu j ’gsaolu ’gsaoludkog[y .og;]kg;Qkg4y’l;oxtdv[0v’8kwfhd j k;; j k .ogi8yo0v’8k,u95]a’16 j @ -toyf7nG 95]a’ j I6[m+ c]t 95]a’I6[9;pD 95]a’mulk,kf9ecodluwfhc, j o95]a’I6[9;pD dko7Qo7;hk0v’oad;ymtpk j lkf pa’rq[vud;k 95]a’I6[9;pxtdv[,u # -toyf g-y j ’c8 j ]t-toyfw;8+cl’lu0v’c, j lu8j k’dao7nG j -toyfmu|b’ w;l6’l5f8+cl’lu2hkF -toyfmulv’ w;l6’l5f8+cl’lu0P; c]t -toyfmulk,w;l6’l5f j 8+cl’lucf’D g,nv,ucl’lu.fz j kog0Qk8kwxdtmq[da[gi8yoF 95]a’Ia[cl’I6[9;pmu j w;8+luoAowfh4nddt85hoF j laopkomugduf0Bo9kddkodt85ho lq j ’zj koxtlkfwxsklt\v’ grn j vcx7;k,\kpvvdgxao7;k, j I6hlbd0v’dkogsaolu0v’cl’oAoD .od=]tou ,uluvnoovd9kdlucf’F lu0P; c]t lu2hkz j kog0Qk8kD 95]a’Ia[cl’I6[9;ps^kp j d;k ! -toyf wfh4nddt85horhv,daofh;pxt]y,kos^kp{|hvp 8k,xt]y,kocl’lumu j 8qddtmq[D j laopkomuwfh9kddkodt85homa’\qf4ndlq j ’wxsklt\v’ grn j vcxvvdgxao7;k,I6hlbd.odkogsaolu j xtlq,0v’cl’oAoD 4hkg[y’cl’lu0P;mu j ,u7;k,I5 j ’s^kpgxaog;]kfqoM c]h;g[y j ’cl’lu0k;maomu9tgsaogxao j lucf’vyf grkt95]a’I6[9;pmuw;8+cl’lu0P;g,n j vp] j vppa’[+rhv,mu j 9tIa[cl’lu0k;D fa j ’oAoF j laopkomulq j ’wxsklt\v’,uc8 j cl’lucf’ c]t lu2hkgmq j koAoD ltoAoF 9 j b’gsaogxaolucf’vyfD j .odkog[yj’F ;af45muj8A’16j.dh8kmujl5f c88kg[y j ’gsaoc9h’-afg9ogvUo; j jk95f.dhF l;oj muj8A’;af4516wd8kmu j l5fc8 j 8kpa’g[y j ’gsaoc9h’ j -afg9ogvUo;jk95fwdD le]a[7qolkp8kxqddt D 8y95f.dh16w]ptxt,ko j 25cm, 95fwd16w]ptwd j s^kp s^n w]ptvtlq’w0 X ∞ ? fa’I6[ #(D# j 95fwdl5f ∞ 95f.dhl5f @& ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

191 &D 8krydko 8krydko dD 8k[vflu dD 8k[vfludD 8k[vflu 8k0v’7qo[k’7qo [+lk,kfgsao7q[m5dluwfhgonjv’9kd7;k,[qdrjv’0v’95]a’9;p -toyf|b’D 8q;1 j k’95]a’I6[9;pmu j w;8+cl’lu0P;[qdr j v’F 4hkg[y j ’;af45mu j gxaolu0P;9t[+lk,kfg[y j j’ gsaogxaolu0P; c89tgsaogxaoluvn j o gry j ogvUo8kzyfxqddt8y.odko j g[y’gsao7nco;oU; j k j 8k[vfluD 8k[vflu l;os^kpc, j o[vflucf’F [k’7qod=[vflu0P;S j lj;o8k[vfluoEg’yoc,jo,u|hvpmjul5fD 8k[vflu,adgduf,k8A’ c8gduf c]t ,adgxao3fpdko4 j kpmvfmk’de,traog-y j ’[+lk,kf j xq;.shfugxaoxqddt8ywfhD dko[vflu,adgduf0Boda[grf-kps^kpd;jk grfpy’D ovd9kdoAo 4hk95]a’I6[9;p0v’8kwfhIa[dkodtmq[ dtgmnvo1k’I5ocI’ s^n wfhIa[g-Nvrtpkf[k’-toyfwxme]kp j 95]a’I6[9;p0v’8k.sh[qdrjv’d=lk,kfgduf8k[vfluwfhD dko [vfluphvolkgsfmujdjk;,k0hk’gmy’oAo vkflk,kfxyjoxq; I6[ #(D$ .shfugxaoxqddt8ywfh 4hk95]a’I6[9;pmu[qdr j v’oAo pa’[+maogln j v,ltrk[1 j k’4k;voD j 0D lkp8klAo 0D lkp8klAo0D lkp8klAo 8kmulkp8klAo gxao8kmu j ,uw]ptg[y j ’gsaowd[+c, j ow]ptvtlq’w0 s^n 95fg[ j y’gsaowd,ao16 j .dh j g0Qk,ksk8kD ]aflt\ucl’0t|kozkog0Qk8kwx8afdao95f j D dvo9twxg4y’gi8yo j R fa’I6[ j #({& dD I6[ #(D& d 0 P D R P R 25m ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

192 dkocdhw0[aosklkp8klAo.shg[y’gsao-afg9o7nda[7qolkp8kxqddt8y 8hv’.-hg]os^5[.l j j w;h16j|hkg]o8k grnjv-j;p.sh]aflt\ucl’0t|komujlqj’,k9kd;af45wx];,daomujgi8yofaj’I6[ #({&D0D 7D lkp8kpk; 7D lkp8kpk;7D lkp8kpk; 8kmu,ulkp8kpk; c, j o8kmu j ,u95fl5,0v’8k j R 16g[Nv’s^a’0v’gi8yoD 7qomu j lkp8kpk; j gxao7qomug[y j ’;af4516 j wdgsaowfh9tc9h’7ndaoda[7qolkp8kxqddt8yF c8 j ,u 95f.dh1 j 695fmu j wdd; j k j 25 cm. 95f.dh0v’7qolkp8kpk;[k’7qopk;g4y’ 80 cm fa’I6[ #({*DdD j dkocdhw0[aosklkp8kpk;.shg[y’gsao-afg9o7nda[7qolkp8kxqddt8y 8hv’.-hg]ol5, j cl’.lw;h16 j |hkg]o8k grn j v-j ;p.sh]aflt\ucl’mu j lq j ’,k9kd;af45wx];,dao mu j gi8yor=fu 7nfa j ’8k j xqddt8y fa’I6[ #({*D0D j g,nv.l j c;j o8k 7qolkp8kpk;g[y j ’gsao;af4516 j wd9kd8kw]pt.dhl5f j 25 cm g;]koUI6[0v’ ;af45zkoc; j ogduf0Bo16 j 95fg[y j ’gsao.dhl5f0v’8kD j 7e4k,G !D 9q’rao]tokI6[I j k’F l j ;oxtdv[ c]t dkogIaf;Pd0v’c8 j ]tl j ;oxtdv[0v’8kD j @D 9q’rao]tokd j P;da[dkog[ j y’gsao;af458 j k’MD j #D 9q’rao]tokdkog[ j y’gsaolu0v’;af458 j k’MD j $D 9q’[vd7;k,\kp0v’8k[vfluF lkp8klAo c]t lkp8kpk;D j &D 9q’vtmy[kp;ymugIaf.sh7qolkp8klAo s^n lkp8kpk; g[ j y’gsao;af458 j k’7nda[7qo8k j xqddt8yD I6[ #(D* 80cm A A X X R R d 0 ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

193 [qfmu #) [qfmu #)[qfmu #) cl’0k;F cl’lu c]t dkocpdcl’lu0k; cl’0k;F cl’lu c]t dkocpdcl’lu0k; !D cl’0k; Ih5’dyooEgduf0Bowfhco;.fL c]t [k’7A’lu0v’I5h’dyooEd=8k’dao7n[k’gmn j vc4[lucf’ j 160hk’gmy’F [k’gmn j v16 j 0hk’]5 j ,D xkdqfdko7nco;oU gxaoxkdqfdko mu j jdjP;0hv’da[dkodt9kpcl’ g-y’9tlbdlk.odyf9tdemqf]v’8+wxoUG j dyf9tde !G dyf9tde !Gdyf9tde !G !? 8+fvdw22hk16.oda[cl’.l j [+w22hkmu j ,uzqo]q[]tfa[w22hk !@ j V. @? gvqkczjodAocl’mujg9ktxjv’cl’ ! xjv’F ;k’dAo|hkda[cl’ c]h;;k’xiy-b, Xmvocdh; # s^ j P,? .l j gmy’cz j og9hp0k; c]t ;k’16 j |hkda[cl’3fpgvqk|hkmu j gxaoI6[ j # ]P,mu j 05 j o,q;8A’.l j gmy’cz j og9hp fa j ’I6[ #){!D j #? 9af;k’da[cl’.shg]qkcl’0t|koda[|hkcz jog9hp0k; c]t dtmq[.lj|hk0v’ xiy-b,D $? gvqkczog9hp0k;vudcz j o|b j ’gIafgxaolkdIa[cl’mu j vvd9kdvud|hk| j b’0v’xiy-b, j c]h;la’gdfrk[mugduf16 j .ocz j olkdD j &? 0ufglAo8k,0v[|hk0v’xiy-b,mu8A’.l j gmy’cz j og9hpmu j 8A’xiy-b,.l j oaho c]h;0ufglAo j 8k,0v[c4[luc8]tlumu j xkdqf16 j gmy’cz j og9hpmu j gIafgxaolkdIa[cl’oAoD j I6[ #){!D zqodkomqf]v’ g,nv.shcl’0k;z j koxiy-b,F cl’sadvvd9kdxiy-b,gxaos^kplu8 j k’dao j c]t mu8A’0v’cl’luc8 j j]tluxkdqf16jgmy’czolkdd=8 j jk’daoD oAoltcf’.shI6h;jk cl’lu0k; xtdv[fh;pcl’s^kplu,k];,daoD fa’oAoF cl’c8 j ]tlu9 j b’sad16 j mu j |hk0v’xiy-b,mu j cl’dtmq[ j .ljoAofh;p,5,8jk’daoD phvoco;oAo 9bj’gsaork[cl’c8j]tlugmy’czjolkdcpd16jmuj8jk’daoD gryogvUoxkdqfdko7nco;oU; j k j dkodt9kpcl’ (dispersion of light). ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ

194 zqodkomqf]v’pa’.shI6hvud;k cl’luvyf j [jP’vvd9kd];’g7nvomu j gfu,s^kpmu j l5f c]t j lucf’[P’|hvpmu j l5fD ,5,mu j j[jP’vvd9kd];’ g7n jvomu j0v’cl’djvog0Qkxiy-b, gvUo;jk ,5,[P’D j .odkomqf]v’mujdjk;.o0hk’gmy’F 4hk xjPocl’9kdda[cl’gxaocl’9kdf;’vk myfd=wfhzqo7nfP;dao7n ,uc4[lu8k’M ]P’dao7n j I6[#){@F gryogvUoc4[luoU; j k j ltgxad8ie0v’ cl’0k;D dkogdufI5h’dyooEF lkgsf,k9kddko dt9kpcl’cff0v’]tvv’oE s^n 1vfoE /qoI6[|j;p,qo7ndaoda[dkodt9kpcl’ .oxiy-b,D I5h’dyooE,u @ c[[ 7nfa’oUG j 4hkcl’dtmq[g0Qkfhkogmy’0v’1vfoE c]h;gdufdkodt9kpcl’.o1vfoED 9kdoAo gdufdkoltmhvocl’mu|hkfhko.o0v’1vfoE j c]h;8k,fh;pdkosadcl’vvd9kd1vfoE wxl6jvkdkfD I5h’dyooEmujgduf0Bofh;p;ymuoU,u lucf’16]5 j , fa j ’I6[ #){#D j I6[ #){@ 4hkcl’dtmq[g0Qkfhko]5,0v’1vfoE c]h;8yf8k,fh;pdkosadcl’vvd9kd1vfoED j 9kdoAogdufdkoltmhvo0v’cl’mu|hkfhko.o0v’1vfoE c]h;8yf8k,fh;pdkosadcl’vvd j 9kd1vfoEwxl6vkdkfD I5h’dyooEmu j gduf0Bofh;p;ymuoU ,ulucf’16 j gmy’fa j ’I6[ #){#D j @D dkog9nvd0v’cl’ dkog9nvd0v’cl’ .og;]kdk’g;aomumhv’2hkc9 j ,.lF mhv’2hkl j ;os^kpgxaolu7k, c8 j .og;]k8kg;ao0Bo s^n j 8qdF gIqkgsaomhv’2hk[=]yg;o.dhMf;’8kg;aogxaolucf’g0A,D xkdqfdkofa’dj k;vtmy[kpwfh fa j ’oUG j |j;p3]d,uvkdkfs5h,w;h c]t vkdkfxtdv[fh;p/5o]tvv’ c]t 3,g]d5o8 j k’M s^kp-toyfD j g,nvcl’vkmyfdtmq[.l j vto5rkd8 j k’M .ovkdkfF cl’4ndvto5rkd0v’vkdkfgIaf.shg9nvd j I6[ #){# cl’vkmyf cl’vkmyf cl’vkmyf cl’vkmyf cl’vkmyf cl’luvyf cl’luvyf cl’lucf’ cl’lucf’ cl’luvyf cl’lucf’ cl’luvyf cl’lucf’ lucf’ luvyf cl’lucf’ cl’luvyf ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ ສ.ວ.ສ