E-Portfolio Mohd Fardzlee bin Abd Patah GB190077 MBV

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL DAN VOKASIONAL

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
TARIKH CETAK :
MASA :

LAPORAN JURNAL/REFLEKSI
PROGRAM LATIHAN MENGAJAR

NAMA : MOHD FARDZLEE BIN ABD PATAH

NO MATRIK : GB190077

SEMESTER : SEMESTER 1 2021/2022

TARIKH 20/09/2021 - 23/09/2021
TAJUK Minggu 7
PERISTIWA Sesi Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran secara dalam talian bersama pelajar semester 2A,
2B dan 2C Program Diploma Teknologi Kejuruteraan Automotif di Kolej Kemahiran
REFLEKSI: MARA (KKTM) Masjid Tanah, Melaka. Sebahagian pelajar menghadapi kesukaran
1.Bisikan Hati untuk melaksanakan tugasan projek elektronik Arduino kerana kurang memahami
2.Menganalisis/Menilai Teknik mengekod (coding) dan mengaktifkan projek masing-masing.
3.Kesedaran Baru
4.Cadangan/Tindakan 1. Semasa sesi PdP di KKTM Masjid Tanah, saya menggalakkan para pelajar
mencari maklumat berkaitan pembelajaran dari pelbagai sumber samada
rujukan jurnal/artikel atau bahan digital yang terdapat dalam laman
sesawang atau portal pembelajaran.

2. Persoalan yang dihadapi oleh pelajar terlibat ditangani dengan membantu
mereka memberi panduan dengan menerangkan kaedah penggunaan dan
memuat turun perisian Arduino yang terdapat di dalam internet. Tutorial
atau panduan juga boleh didapati di dalam aplikasi youtube, facebook dan
sebagainya.

3. Saya sentiasa memberi semangat kepada para pelajar agar sentiasa kreatif
dan inovatif dalam pencarian maklumat pembelajaran dengan membuat
perbincangan dalam kumpulan serta bertanya kepada pensyarah dari
semasa ke semasa.

STATUS SEMAKAN PENYELIA SEMAKAN PENYELIA
KOMEN (PENYELIA)
TARIKH KOMEN (PENYELIA) SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING

STATUS SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING Mohd Najib bin AB Rahman
p
KOMEN (PEMBIMBING)
TARIKH KOMEN (PEMBIMBING) SANGAT BAIK
17/8/2021



FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL DAN VOKASIONAL

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
TARIKH CETAK :
MASA :

LAPORAN JURNAL/REFLEKSI
PROGRAM LATIHAN MENGAJAR

NAMA : MOHD FARDZLEE BIN ABD PATAH

NO MATRIK : GB190077

SEMESTER : SEMESTER 1 2021/2022

TARIKH 04/10/2021 – 08/10/2021
TAJUK Minggu 1
PERISTIWA Pengenalan kepada Kursus DKV21273 Statics and Dynamics

REFLEKSI : 1. Semasa penerangan berkaitan silibus kursus,sebahagian pelajar bertanya
1.Bisikan Hati tentang kursus ini dan mereka agak risau kerana kursus ini merupakan
2.Menganalisis/ kursus kejuruteraan yang memerlukan pengetahuan dan kemahiran
Menilai dalam menganalisis masalah kejuruteraan mekanikal. Kursus ini sering
3.Kesedaran Baru menyukarkan sebahagian pelajar untuk mendapat markah yang tinggi.
4.Cadangan/Tind
akan 2. Melalui pengamatan dan pengalaman sebelum ini, saya menasihati
pelajar agar memperbanyakkan bertanya semasa sesi pembelajaran serta
melaksanakan latihan dan tugasan yang diberi.

3. Saya berjanji dalam diri saya untuk memberikan komitmen yang terbaik
untuk mendidik pelajar.

4. Saya juga bercadang untuk menggunakan segala pengetahuan yang di
miliki dan dipelajari bagi menjadikan sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran
menjadi lebih menarik dan diminati oleh pelajar.

STATUS SEMAKAN PENYELIA SEMAKAN PENYELIA
KOMEN (PENYELIA)
TARIKH KOMEN (PENYELIA) SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING

STATUS SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING Mohd Najib bin AB Rahman
p
KOMEN (PEMBIMBING)
TARIKH KOMEN (PEMBIMBING) SANGAT BAIK
10/8/2021

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL DAN VOKASIONAL

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
TARIKH CETAK :
MASA :

LAPORAN JURNAL/REFLEKSI
PROGRAM LATIHAN MENGAJAR

NAMA : MOHD FARDZLEE BIN ABD PATAH

NO MATRIK : GB190077

SEMESTER : SEMESTER 1 2021/2022

TARIKH 11/10/2021 – 15/11/2021
TAJUK
PERISTIWA Minggu 2
Sesi Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran secara dalam talian bersama pelajar semester 3A.
3B dan 3C Program Diploma Teknologi Kejuruteraan Automotif di Kolej Kemahiran
MARA (KKTM) Masjid Tanah, Melaka. Sebahagian pelajar tidak memberikan
respon atau tindakbalas yang baik semasa sesi PdP.

REFLEKSI : 1. Sebahagian pelajar kurang memberi respon atau tindakbalas terhadap
1.Bisikan Hati proses pembelajaran di dalam talian. Adakah kemungkinan mereka
2.Menganalisis/ tidak memberi tumpuan semasa sesi pembelajaran dalam kelas
Menilai walaupun menggunakan ABBM. Adakah ABBM saya kurang menarik
3.Kesedaran Baru dan gagal menarik perhatian pelajar? Atau adakah talian internet mereka
4.Cadangan/Tind mengalami gangguan atau liputan yang kuran memuaskan?
akan

2. Mungkin ABBM yang digunakan tiada grafik atau klip video contoh-
contoh projek yang pernah dihasilkan. Paparan pada slide
pembentangan juga perlu lebih jelas dan grafik menarik.

3. Justeru, penambahbaikan pada slide pembentangan dengan
memasukkan elemen grafik dan video yang lebih menarik dan jelas.
Pelajar yang ketinggalan kerana masalah talian internet akan disusuli
dengan nota atau modul pembelajaran yang akan diberi menerusi
aplikasi WhatsApp atau pun Google Classroom

.

SEMAKAN PENYELIA

STATUS SEMAKAN PENYELIA
KOMEN (PENYELIA)
TARIKH KOMEN (PENYELIA)

STATUS SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING

KOMEN (PEMBIMBING) Mohd Najib bin AB Rahman
TARIKH KOMEN (PEMBIMBING) p

SANGAT BAIK
17/8/2021

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL DAN VOKASIONAL

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
TARIKH CETAK :
MASA :

LAPORAN JURNAL/REFLEKSI
PROGRAM LATIHAN MENGAJAR

NAMA : MOHD FARDZLEE BIN ABD PATAH

NO MATRIK : GB190077

SEMESTER : SEMESTER 1 2021/2022

TARIKH 18/10/2021 – 22/10/2021
TAJUK
PERISTIWA Minggu 3
Sesi Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran secara dalam talian bersama pelajar semester 3A,.
3B dan 3C Program Diploma Teknologi Kejuruteraan Automotif di Kolej Kemahiran
MARA (KKTM) Masjid Tanah, Melaka. Sebahagian pelajar kurang faham dengan
topik pembelajaran.

REFLEKSI : 1. Semasa sesi PdP di KKTM Masjid Tanah, saya sentiasa mengingatkan para
1.Bisikan Hati pelajar supaya fokus dalam sesi pembelajaran dan sekiranya ada sebarang
2.Menganalisis/ persoalan atau kemusykilan boleh tampil dengan sebarang soalan.
Menilai
3.Kesedaran Baru 2. Persoalan yang dihadapi oleh pelajar terlibat ditangani dengan
4.Cadangan/Tind pengulangan dari segi isi kandungan serta menunjukkan contoh-contoh
akan sesuai dan menggunakan info grafik yang jelas.

3. Saya sentiasa mencabar diri supaya dapat memastikan semua pelajar
dapat menerima hasil pembelajaran dengan baik dan lancar.

4. Saya juga mempelbagaikan lagi kaedah penyampaian dengan penggunaan
set latihan tutorial serta contoh – contoh permasalahan dan penyelesaian

yang bersesuaian.

STATUS SEMAKAN PENYELIA SEMAKAN PENYELIA
KOMEN (PENYELIA)
TARIKH KOMEN (PENYELIA) SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING

STATUS SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING Mohd Najib bin AB Rahman
p
KOMEN (PEMBIMBING)
TARIKH KOMEN (PEMBIMBING) SANGAT BAIK
17/8/2021

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL DAN VOKASIONAL

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
TARIKH CETAK :
MASA :

LAPORAN JURNAL/REFLEKSI
PROGRAM LATIHAN MENGAJAR

NAMA : MOHD FARDZLEE BIN ABD PATAH

NO MATRIK : GB190077

SEMESTER : SEMESTER 1 2021/2022

TARIKH 25/10/2021 - 29/10/2021

TAJUK Minggu 4

PERISTIWA Sesi Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran secara dalam talian bersama pelajar
semester 3A,. 3B dan 3C. Program Diploma Teknologi Kejuruteraan
Automotif di Kolej Kemahiran MARA (KKTM) Masjid Tanah, Melaka.
Sebahagian pelajar kurang faham Free Body Diagram dan risau tentang
tugasan yang masih dalam proses untuk disiapkan.

REFLEKSI :

1.Bisikan Hati 1. Semasa sesi PdP dalam talian, saya sentiasa mengingatkan para pelajar

2.Menganalisis/ supaya sentiasa berbincang dalam kumpulan dari semasa ke semasa

Menilai dalam proses menyiapkan tugasan diberi .

3.Kesedaran Baru 2. Segala kemusykilan boleh berbincang secara terus dengan saya pada
bila-bila masa yang sesuai dan saya akan membantu dari segi khidmat
4.Cadangan/Tind nasihat dan bimbingan.
akan

STATUS SEMAKAN PENYELIA SEMAKAN PENYELIA
KOMEN (PENYELIA)
TARIKH KOMEN (PENYELIA) SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING

STATUS SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING Mohd Najib bin AB Rahman
p
KOMEN (PEMBIMBING)
TARIKH KOMEN (PEMBIMBING) SANGAT BAIK
17/8/2021

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL DAN VOKASIONAL

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
TARIKH CETAK :
MASA :

LAPORAN JURNAL/REFLEKSI
PROGRAM LATIHAN MENGAJAR

NAMA : MOHD FARDZLEE BIN ABD PATAH

NO MATRIK : GB190077

SEMESTER : SEMESTER 1 2021/2022

TARIKH 01/11/2021 - 05/11/2021
TAJUK
PERISTIWA Minggu 5
Sesi Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran secara dalam talian bersama pelajar semester 3A,.
3B dan 3C Program Diploma Teknologi Kejuruteraan Automotif di Kolej Kemahiran
MARA (KKTM) Masjid Tanah, Melaka. Sebahagian pelajar meminta pensyarah
membuat ulangkaji bagi subtopic tertentu bagi menghadapi ujian.

REFLEKSI: 1. Semasa sesi PdP di KKTM Masjid Tanah, saya sentiasa mengingatkan para
pelajar supaya fokus dalam sesi pembelajaran dan sekiranya ada sebarang
1.Bisikan Hati persoalan atau kemusykilan boleh tampil dengan sebarang soalan.
2.Menganalisis/Menilai
3.Kesedaran Baru 2. Persoalan yang dihadapi oleh pelajar terlibat ditangani dengan tutorial dan
4.Cadangan/Tindakan template soalan dan jawapan yang berkaitan dengan subtopic yang
ditanyakan.

3. Saya sentiasa memberi semangat kepada para pelajar agar sentiasa
membuat latihan tambahan untuk memahirkan lagi subtopic yang khusus
dengan analisis kuantitatif.

STATUS SEMAKAN PENYELIA SEMAKAN PENYELIA
KOMEN (PENYELIA)
TARIKH KOMEN (PENYELIA) SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING

STATUS SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING Mohd Najib bin AB Rahman
p
KOMEN (PEMBIMBING)
TARIKH KOMEN (PEMBIMBING) SANGAT BAIK
17/8/2021

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL DAN VOKASIONAL

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
TARIKH CETAK :
MASA :

LAPORAN JURNAL/REFLEKSI
PROGRAM LATIHAN MENGAJAR

NAMA : MOHD FARDZLEE BIN ABD PATAH

NO MATRIK : GB190077

SEMESTER : SEMESTER 1 2021/2022

TARIKH 08/11/2021 - 12/11/2021
TAJUK Minggu 6
PERISTIWA Sesi Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran secara dalam talian bersama pelajar semester 3A,.
3B dan 3C Program Diploma Teknologi Kejuruteraan Automotif di Kolej Kemahiran
REFLEKSI: MARA (KKTM) Masjid Tanah, Melaka. Sebahagian pelajar menghadapi kesukaran
1.Bisikan Hati untuk melaksanakan tugasan pembinaan bahan digital pembelajaran kerana kurang
2.Menganalisis/Menilai berpengalaman manggunakan aplikasi dan perisian di telefon pintar atau di komputer.
3.Kesedaran Baru
4.Cadangan/Tindakan 1. Semasa sesi PdP di KKTM Masjid Tanah, saya menggalakkan para pelajar
mencari maklumat berkaitan pembelajaran dari pelbagai sumber samada
rujukan jurnal/artikel atau bahan digital yang terdapat dalam laman
sesawang atau portla pembelajaran.

2. Persoalan yang dihadapi oleh pelajar terlibat ditangani dengan membantu
mereka memberi panduan dengan menerangkan kaedah penggunaan
secara ringkas aplikasi mahupu perisian yang terdapat di dalam internet.
Tutorial atau panduan juga boleh didapati di dalam aplikasi youtube,
facebook dan sebagainya.

3. Saya sentiasa memberi semangat kepada para pelajar agar sentiasa kreatif
dan inovatif dalam pencarian maklumat pembelajaran dengan
mengamalkan konsep self-reliant learning tanpa 100% bergantung
kepada pensyarah.

STATUS SEMAKAN PENYELIA SEMAKAN PENYELIA
KOMEN (PENYELIA)
TARIKH KOMEN (PENYELIA) SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING

STATUS SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING Mohd Najib bin AB Rahman
p
KOMEN (PEMBIMBING)
TARIKH KOMEN (PEMBIMBING) SANGAT BAIK
17/8/2021

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL DAN VOKASIONAL

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
TARIKH CETAK :
MASA :

LAPORAN JURNAL/REFLEKSI
PROGRAM LATIHAN MENGAJAR

NAMA : MOHD FARDZLEE BIN ABD PATAH

NO MATRIK : GB190077

SEMESTER : SEMESTER 1 2021/2022

TARIKH 15/11/2021 - 19/11/2021
TAJUK Minggu 7
PERISTIWA Sesi Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran secara dalam talian bersama pelajar semester 3A,.
3B dan 3C Program Diploma Teknologi Kejuruteraan Automotif di Kolej Kemahiran
REFLEKSI: MARA (KKTM) Masjid Tanah, Melaka. Sebahagian pelajar menghadapi kesukaran
1.Bisikan Hati untuk melaksanakan tugasan equilibrium of rigid body kerana kurang memahami
2.Menganalisis/Menilai Teknik menganalisis daya dan momen.
3.Kesedaran Baru
4.Cadangan/Tindakan 1. Semasa sesi PdP di KKTM Masjid Tanah, saya menggalakkan para pelajar
mencari maklumat berkaitan pembelajaran dari pelbagai sumber samada
rujukan jurnal/artikel atau bahan digital yang terdapat dalam laman
sesawang atau portal pembelajaran.

2. Persoalan yang dihadapi oleh pelajar terlibat ditangani dengan membantu
mereka memberi panduan dengan menerangkan kaedah penyelesaian
masalah pengiraan berdasarkan tutorial yang dilaksanakan.

3. Saya sentiasa memberi semangat kepada para pelajar agar sentiasa kreatif
dan inovatif dalam pencarian maklumat pembelajaran dengan membuat
perbincangan dalam kumpulan serta bertanya kepada pensyarah dari
semasa ke semasa.

STATUS SEMAKAN PENYELIA SEMAKAN PENYELIA
KOMEN (PENYELIA)
TARIKH KOMEN (PENYELIA) SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING

STATUS SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING Mohd Najib bin AB Rahman
p
KOMEN (PEMBIMBING)
TARIKH KOMEN (PEMBIMBING)

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL DAN VOKASIONAL

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
TARIKH CETAK :
MASA :

LAPORAN JURNAL/REFLEKSI
PROGRAM LATIHAN MENGAJAR

NAMA : MOHD FARDZLEE BIN ABD PATAH

NO MATRIK : GB190077

SEMESTER : SEMESTER 1 2021/2022

TARIKH 22/11/2021 - 26/11/2021
TAJUK
PERISTIWA Minggu 8
Sesi Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran secara dalam talian bersama pelajar semester 3A,.
3B dan 3C Program Diploma Teknologi Kejuruteraan Automotif di Kolej Kemahiran
MARA (KKTM) Masjid Tanah, Melaka. Sebahagian pelajar menghadapi kesukaran
untuk melaksanakan latihan centre of gravity dan centroid.

REFLEKSI: 1. Semasa sesi PdP di KKTM Masjid Tanah, saya menggalakkan para pelajar
mencari maklumat berkaitan pembelajaran dari pelbagai sumber samada
1.Bisikan Hati rujukan jurnal/artikel atau bahan digital yang terdapat dalam laman
2.Menganalisis/Menilai sesawang atau portal pembelajaran.
3.Kesedaran Baru
4.Cadangan/Tindakan 2. Persoalan yang dihadapi oleh pelajar terlibat ditangani dengan membantu
mereka memberi panduan dengan menerangkan kaedah penyelesaian
dengan langkah-langkah yang sistematik serta latih tubi.

3. Saya sentiasa memberi semangat kepada para pelajar agar sentiasa kreatif
dan inovatif dalam pencarian maklumat pembelajaran dengan membuat
perbincangan dalam kumpulan serta bertanya kepada pensyarah dari
semasa ke semasa.

STATUS SEMAKAN PENYELIA SEMAKAN PENYELIA
KOMEN (PENYELIA)
TARIKH KOMEN (PENYELIA) SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING

STATUS SEMAKAN PEMBIMBING Mohd Najib bin AB Rahman
p
KOMEN (PEMBIMBING)
TARIKH KOMEN (PEMBIMBING)





DPP C2(b)

Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara
Masjid Tanah, Melaka

INFORMATION SHEET

PROGRAMME DIPLOMA IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SESSION SEMESTER 2

CODE & COURSE DVA 20052 ELECTRICAL & SHEET NO IS 01
ELECTRONIC FUNDAMENTAL

LECTURER MOHD FARDZLEE WEEK 1

TOPIC 1.0 Basic Electrical Principles
SUB-TOPIC
1.1 The Atomic Structure.
TOPIC 1.2 Electricity
LEARNING
OUTCOME 1. After the lesson, student should be able to:
2. Describe the atomic structure
3. Identify the atom components.
4. Sketch and label components of atom.
5. State the characteristic of atom components.
6. Define electricity
7. Describe the concept of electricity.

1.1 The Atomic Structure

First, need to understand about structure of material before understand electricity.
Structure of material is composed as following.

DPP C2(b)

Material Molecule Atom

Structure of material

Characteristic of molecule and atom
 Molecule: Atom has propensity of material being minimum unit that can no longer
split.
 Atom: It is material that can no longer split. no nature of material.

Atom makes of following element again, and the structure is with figure.

Structure of Atom

Protons located in the nucleus of an atom, are the positive (+) charged particles.
Neutrons also in the nucleus, have no electric charge and are electrically neutral.
Electrons are the particles that orbit the nucleus and have a negative (-) charge.

1.2 Electricity

Electrons move or flow from atom to atom because it is possible for an atom to gain or
lose electrons in certain circumstances.
Electrons that have been driven from an atom are called free electrons.
The loss of one electron means the atom has an extra proton, which results in a more
positive charge than negative. Positively charged atoms attract free electrons to replace
the ones that were lost. If an atom gains an extra electron, it will have a more negative
charge. The atom will repel other. Negatively charged particles and will easily give up
this extra electron if it is attracted away by a positively charged atom. To understand this
better, think of a line of cars in traffic on a highway. When one car turns off, an opening
is available. When an opening is available, another car, wanting in, sees it and is attracted
to it and fills it in. This movement or flow of free electrons from one atom to another is
electrical current or electricity.

DPP C2(b)

EXERCISE
Q1 Write correct answer to blank

Q2 All atoms made up of three particles. What are they?
Q3 Which particles in the atoms gives rise to electric current
Q4 If we compare a thin conductor to a thick on, which is the better conductor?
Q5 If we compare two similarly thick conductors, but one is warm and others is cold, which of
them is the better conductor if current?

REFERENCE:

1. Hollembeak, B. (2015). Automotive electricy & electronics (6th ed.). New York:
Cengage.

2. Hollembeak, B. (2015). Shop manual for Automotive electricity & electronics (6th ed.).
USA: Cengage.

3. Halderman, J. (2014). Automotive Electricity and Electronics (Fourth edition.).
Boston: Pearson.

4. Halderman, J. D. (2013). Advanced Automotive Electricity and Electronics. Boston:
Pearson.

5. Chapman, N. (2010). Principles of Electricity & Electronics for the Automotive
Technician (Second edition.). Clifton Park: Delmar.

DPP C2(b)

Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara
Masjid Tanah, Melaka

INFORMATION SHEET

PROGRAMME DIPLOMA IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SESSION
CODE & COURSE SEMESTER 2
LECTURER
DVA 20052 ELECTRICAL & SHEET NO IS 02
ELECTRONIC FUNDAMENTAL

MOHD FARDZLEE WEEK 2

TOPIC 1.0 Basic Electrical Principles

SUB-TOPIC 1.1Electric Current, Electromotive Force (Voltage) and
Resistance.
TOPIC
LEARNING 1.2Conventional and Electron Theories
OUTCOME After the lesson, student should be able to:
1. Define current, electromotive force and resistance
2. Explanation of current, electromotive force and resistance.
3. State the conventional and electron theories
4. Explanation of conventional and atom theories.

1.3 Current, Voltage, Resistance

1.3.1 Current

Since free electrons are all negatively charged, they will all repel one another. If there is a
surplus of electrons in one area and a shortage in another, electrons will flow toward the
shortage - then try to get away from each other. When this movement happens, a flow or
current of electrons is created. The current continues until the electrons have spread
themselves out evenly. Current can be described as the rate of electron flow. A measure
of the amount of electron flow, like a water pipe. The larger pipe is greater capacity to carry
flow.
This meaning is that current flow much if electron's number moves much, so that water
wheel's moving becomes lively in picture below. Conclusively, electron's transfer is flowing
of current, and can speak current intensity by electrons the transfer amount.

DPP C2(b)

Current represent: The ampere is expressed using the letter I. The ampere describes
the rate of flow of electrons past any given point in a circuit.
Current unit: A (Ampere)
1 Ampere: One ampere is equal to one coulomb of charge flowing part a point in one
second
I = Q / T (Q: Coulomb, T: Second)
1 coulomb: = 1 / 1.60129×10-9 = 6.25×1018
1 A: 1,000 mA
1 mA: 0.001 A
1 kA: 1,000 A

1.3.2 Potential and potential difference VS. Current
Let’s talk about more detail through water for the current.
When a battery is connected to a lamp, it’s light up. The current flow mean is because
deference of potential between + and -. This is because current flows through the lamp, this
meaning is electron moving “– “to “+” so, that lamp “On”. Then how and why current flows?
Let’s talking a water wheel in the water tank as example.
If no electronic current flows, the lamp will not light up and if there is no water flow, the
water wheel does not turn either. Then, when will water flow in the example shown below?
When the water tank A and B are at the same water level water does not flow and the water
wheel does not turn. When there is water level difference between the two tanks, water
flow from tank at higher level to the tank at lower level since water is to flow from high to
low level by nature. As result, the water wheel turns.
The same is turn with electricity. When is no potential difference current will not flow. If
there is potential difference, current flows from higher potential to low one
As a result, the current is electric power. If transfer of free electron is much, it is meaning
that electric power is big therefore heat generator a lot.

DPP C2(b)

When connect by wire between + charge body and - charge body, electrons are
moving and neutralized. At this time, heat generate by electron’s transfer. 3 function of
current
This heat occurrence function says that is 3 function of current.
Heat function
If current passes, heat happens.
Ex: cigar lighter, electric stove etc.
Magnetism function
If current passes, self-discipline happens around wire.
Ex: solenoid
Chemistry function:
EX: battery.

Let’s talk about in the vehicle battery for current flow.
The source of the electrical energy, the battery, contains two terminals, positive and
negative. From our explanation of positive and negative charges, we can say that the atoms
at the positive terminal contain more protons than electrons. This gives the positive terminal
a positive charge. On the other side, atoms at the negative terminal have more electrons
than protons. As a result, that terminal has a negative charge.
The negative terminal has a tremendous supply of free electrons. All these electrons,
confined to a small area, are repelling each other trying to get away.

Summary for current
 Flowing of current is transfer of electron.
 If transfer of electron is much, mean that current passes much.
 Though there is potential difference, current passes when connected between high and low

potential.
 If transfer of free electron is much, heats generate, Therefore, electric wire bunt out that is

done because so much current passed.
 Quantity of current can explain by quantity of water that passes a pipe.
 Current passes much to some actuator means that amount of electric power is strong

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1.3.3 Voltage

If different electrical nature connects other two charged bodies by wire, current passes,
because it is difference of electric potential between two charged bodies that current
passage.
 It is known that this electrical difference is electric potential
 It is known that advance guard's difference is voltage.
 Because there is electric potential difference, occur electromotive force.
The volt (V) is the electrical unit used to express the amount of electrical pressure
present, or the
amount of electrical force produced by chemical action inside the battery.
Voltage Symbol: E
Voltage unit: V
1 volt: When 1 coulomb’s electric charge moves to charged body and work 1joule,
for two point charged bodies between potential differences.

E = W (joule) / Q(coulombs) Volt 1 volt: 0.001
W: Electric power 1 volt: 1,000mV

Q: Electric charge amount 1㎸: 1,000 V

1.3.4 Potential & Potential Difference VS. Voltage

Voltage can be expressed by potential and potential difference. Figure 2-3 explains how
these are related to each other, referring to water tank. When the two water tanks are
connected by pipe, water will flow from the tank of higher water level to the tank of lower
level. The water level has been measured with reference to ground. Similarly, potential is
measured related to certain standard level, which is called earth or ground, and the
potential of earth (ground) is taken as 0 (V). Usually the physical earth is taken as the
ground but in the case of automobiles the negative (-) terminal of battery is taken as the
ground. The water level of the lower tank is taken as the reference (water level “0”). In case
of the battery, 12 volts means the potential difference between the two terminals of the
battery.

If open valve in above Fig.2-3, because position of water is different, water is flowed water

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tank “A” to water tank “B”.
But, if it is no difference position (or pressure), water does not flow even if opened valve.
That is, if difference of pressure becomes same, current means stagnant.
Therefore, because it is no flowing of current, actuator is not working, and there is no heat
occurrence by current.
If, so difference pressure of the between tank “A” and “B”, pipe is burst and heat occurrence.
Meaning positive is 12volts and negative means that is 0volt in Battery of passenger car.
Thus, difference of electrical potential is 12 in battery of passenger car. This meaning
positive (+) is 12 volts and negative (-) means 0 volt. If close switch in below figure 2-4,
because current is passed, lamp may become “ON”
Voltage of each position according to ON or OFF switch, become different in below fig. 2-
4
It is same with as follow.

Although voltage between E and F are 12volts because resistance is infinity before switch
closed, switch if do closed resistance because to 0 ohm’s become 0 volt.
And, current passes when switch closed, at this time, voltage between D and A become 0
volts because resistance is 0.
Also, while current is flowing, voltage between C and D are 12volt, however, switch off if is

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done become nothing volt.
As a result, important is thing while flowing current, voltage between “B” and “C” are 12volt,
and voltage between “D” and “A” are become 0 volts.

1.3.5 Resistance

If free electron moves on interior of some material, because electrons have electrical
nature, become flowing of current. That is, current studied already that 1 ampere passes if
6.28x1018 electron move during 1 second follow in number of electron to move per unit
time.
By the way, all kinds of materials are composed of atoms and after all, these are an obstacle
for free electrons to move inside among them. It is called Electric Resistance to prevent the
movement of electron.
So, the electric resistance in a material is changed according to the following variables:
- Kind of material
- Sectional area of wire
- Length of wire
- Temperature
Also, all materials have different kind of structure of atoms.
Therefore, the environment for free electrons to move in the materials is various in
any kind of material. Thus, even if the electrons of same quantity are engaged, the
amount of electrons, which can pass through the narrow space per unit time, can be
change. And, when the thickness become big in same material, the passageway, that
electrons can move is getting wider. In addition, if transfer distance of electron is long, it
takes much time for electron to move in the passageway. Therefore, the amount of
electron that moves within unit time can be decreased. This means that there are many
electric resistances. Now, the formula that expresses the electric resistance is as follows:
R=ℓxL÷S
R: Resistance of material
ℓ: an invariable by kind of material (Ω m)
L: Length of wire (m)
S: Sectional area(d)
Also, if temperature of most material rises, motions of atom liveliness get worn out.
Therefore, these atoms can be obstacle to free electrons of their movement. So, electric
resistance of material increases temperature rises on the whole.
Expression of resistance: R
Unit of resistance: Ω(ohm)

Symbol of resistance:

***1 ohm: Resistance value of when supplied 1volt to conductor and current of 1 ampere

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1kΩ: 1,000 Ω
1Ω: 0.001 kΩ
1MΩ: 1,000,000 Ω

1.4 Conventional and Electron Theories

1.4.1 Ionization
The number of electrons and protons that make a particular atom are usually equal in
number.
This equal number creates a cancelling effect between the negative and positive charge.
The atomic structure of each element can be described as having a fixed number of
electrons in orbit.
Usually, an atom remains in its normal state unless energy is added by some exterior force
such as heat, friction, or bombardment by other electrons.
When energy is added to an atom, the atom becomes excited. If the exterior force is of
sufficient strength, electrons in the atoms outer rings or orbits can leave their orbit.
How tightly bound these outer electrons are to an atom depends on the element and the
number of electrons in the outer orbit. If electrons leave the outer orbit, the atom becomes
out of balance electrically.

Atom Ionization

1.4.2 Electrostatic Field

The field or force surrounding a charged body is called the electrostatic field or dielectric
field. The field can exhibit a positive or negative charge depending on a gain or loss of
electrons. Two charged masses are shown in Figure 1. Lines represent the electrostatic
fields of opposite polarity and the attractive force existing between the masses. In Figure
2, two charged masses are shown with like polarities. A repulsive force exists the charged
masses due to the electrostatic fields. The field strongest very close to charged body. The
field strength diminishes at a distance inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

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Figure 1 Figure 2

When two electrostatic fields are joined together, the electrons flow from the mass with an

excess of electrons to the mass that has a need of electrons flow from the mass with excess

of electrons.

Figure 3 illustrates this principle. The excess electrons flow from the body that is negatively charged
to the positively charged body that has electron deficiency. This transfer of electrons can be
accomplished by touching the two bodies together or by connecting them with a material that
supports the flow of electrons between the two bodies. This connecting material is known as a
conductor because it conducts electricity.

Figure 3 When two charged bodies are connected with a conductor;
Excess electrons will flow through the conductor from the mass having a surplus of electrons to the
mass having a deficit of electrons

1.4.3 Electron Movement
The actual flow of current through the circuit is based on the principles you have just learned. As
you saw earlier, normal atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons. This makes the
atom electrically neutral. However, it is possible for an atom to gain or lose electrons. If normal atom
loses one electron that means the atom has an extra proton. Since there are more positive charges
than negative ones, the atom has a positive charge. In case an atom gains an extra proton, the
atom will have a negative charge.
The outermost orbital electrons are sometimes held very loosely to the nucleus like a distant planet
may be to the Sun. Collisions may occur, which result in some electrons being driven from their
normal path and drifting through the material lattice. These are called free electrons.

Free Electron

Some atoms gain or lose electrons more easily than others. The ones that do are the
conductors. Copper atoms, for example, give up electrons very easily. The atoms in
materials such as plastic or rubber do not give up electrons at all, which makes them
excellent insulators.

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EXERCISE

Condition 1: before room lamp switch on. (Lamp OFF)

Q1. Voltage measure position between “C40-1” and “Battery earth” ----( ) volt.

Q2. Voltage measure position between “C40-2” and “G9” ----( ) volt.

Q3. Voltage measure position between “R25” and “R26” ----( ) volt.

Condition 1: after room lamp switch on. (Lamp ON)

Q1. Voltage measure position between “Battery positive” and “R25” ----( ) volt.

Q2. Voltage measure position between “R25” and “Battery earth” ----( ) volt.

Q3 Voltage measure position between “R26” and “Battery earth” ----( ) volt.

REFERENCE:

1. Hollembeak, B. (2015). Automotive electricy & electronics (6th ed.). New York:
Cengage.

2. Hollembeak, B. (2015). Shop manual for Automotive electricity & electronics (6th ed.).
USA: Cengage.

3. Halderman, J. (2014). Automotive Electricity and Electronics (Fourth edition.). Boston:
Pearson.

4. Halderman, J. D. (2013). Advanced Automotive Electricity and Electronics. Boston:
Pearson.

5. Chapman, N. (2010). Principles of Electricity & Electronics for the Automotive
Technician (Second edition.). Clifton Park: Delmar.

DPP C2(b)

Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara
Masjid Tanah, Melaka

INFORMATION SHEET

PROGRAMME DIPLOMA IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SESSION
CODE & COURSE SEMESTER 2
LECTURER
DVA 20212 ELECTRICAL & SHEET NO IS 03
ELECTRONIC FUNDAMENTAL

Mohd Fardzlee bin Abd Patah WEEK 3

TOPIC 1.0 Basic Electrical Principles
SUB-TOPIC
1.5 Direct Current and Alternating Current
TOPIC 1.6 Conductors, Insulators, Semi-Conductors and Resistor.
LEARNING After the lesson, student should be able to:
OUTCOME 1. State direct current and alternating current
2. Identify direct current and alternating current.
3. Identify conductor, insulators, semiconductor and resistor.
4. State characteristic and give example of Conductors,

insulators & resistor.
5. Calculate the value of resistor.
6. Recognise the value of a resistor.

1.1 Direct Current and Alternating Current

There are two types of electrical current:
 Direct Current
 Alternating Current

Direct Current
Direct current (DC) electricity flows in only one direction, as shown in figure 1. Using the
conventional theory of current flow, the power supply creates flow from the highest
potential (positive terminal) to the lowest potential (negative terminal).
Many times the power supply provides both the lowest and the highest potential points. In
figure 1, the power supply pushes the electrons through the conductor and also provides
a place for the electrons to return. Any path that allows the electrons to leave the power
supply and return to the power supply is called a circuit.

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Figure 1: Direct Current Flow
A battery is a common source of DC current. Many portable devices operate on DC current
from batteries. Examples include devices such as flashlights, portable radios, cellular
phones, and even laptop computers. Another source of DC current is DC power supply,
which is an electronic circuit that converts AC current from your wall outlet into DC current. A
common use of DC current sourced from a DC power supply is in a personal computer.
Alternating Current
Alternating current (AC) flows alternately in one direction and then in the other (cycles).
This happens because the power supply pushes the electrons in one direction for one
half of a cycle. It then pushes in the other direction during the other half of a cycle, as
shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: Alternating Current Flow
Most of the electrical power produced in the world is AC. One reason for this is that it is
easier to transmit over long distances. Another reason is that AC can be easily changed
(transformed) to DC.
AC electricity is used at home, school, and work. The wall outlets at home are a source of
AC for your television set, stereo, microwave, computer, and other appliances.

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1.1 Conductors, Insulators, Semi-Conductors and Resistor

If electrical current flows easily through a material, that material is called a conductor.
Metals such as copper, silver, gold, aluminum, and steel are used as paths in
automobiles because they are good conductors. Copper is used almost exclusively in
wires because of its durability and cost.
The opposite of a conductor is an insulator. Insulators do not allow current to flow
through them. Glass, plastic, rubber, and ceramics are good insulating materials. The
plastic coating on the outside of a wire is an example of an insulator.
When free electron moves on conductor interior,
Some electrons collide with atoms and part of kinetic energy emits as light or heat.
Thereby, generator heat called Joule heat.
The generator heat is proportional with square of current and in size of resistance.

Joule heat = Square of current×Resistance
Utensils that to use Joule heat.
- Electric stove
- Electric iron
- Lamps
- Etc.

A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of
a metal, like copper, gold, etc. and an insulator, such as glass.
Their resistance decreases as their temperature increases, which is behaviour opposite
to that of a metal. Their conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by the
deliberate, controlled introduction of impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure. Where
two differently-doped regions exist in the same crystal, a semiconductor junction is
created. The behaviour of carriers which include electrons, ions and electron holes at
these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors and all modern electronics. Some
examples of semiconductors are silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide. After silicon,
gallium arsenide is the second most common semiconductor used in laser diodes, solar
cells, microwave frequency integrated circuits, and others. Silicon is a critical element for

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fabricating most electronic circuits.

Semiconductor devices can display a range of useful properties such as passing current
more easily in one direction than the other, showing variable resistance, and sensitivity to
light or heat. Because the electrical properties of a semiconductor material can be
modified by doping, or by the application of electrical fields or light, devices made from
semiconductors can be used for amplification, switching, and energy conversion.

The conductivity of silicon is increased by adding a small amount of pentavalent
(antimony, phosphorus, or arsenic) or trivalent (boron, gallium, indium) atoms (part in
108). This process is known as doping and resulting semiconductors are known as doped
or extrinsic semiconductors. Apart from doping, the conductivity of a semiconductor can
equally be improved by increasing its temperature. This is contrary to the behaviour of a
metal in which conductivity decreases with increase in temperature.

The modern understanding of the properties of a semiconductor relies on quantum
physics to explain the movement of charge carriers in a crystal lattice. Doping greatly
increases the number of charge carriers within the crystal. When a doped semiconductor
contains mostly free holes it is called "p-type", and when it contains mostly free electrons
it is known as "n-type". The semiconductor materials used in electronic devices are doped
under precise conditions to control the concentration and regions of p- and n-type
dopants. A single semiconductor crystal can have many p- and n-type regions; the p–n
junctions between these regions are responsible for the useful electronic behaviour.

Although some pure elements and many compounds display semiconductor
properties, silicon, germanium, and compounds of gallium are the most widely used in
electronic devices. Elements near the so-called "metalloid staircase", where the
metalloids are located on the periodic table, are usually used as semiconductors.

Some of the properties of semiconductor materials were observed throughout the mid-
19th and first decades of the 20th century. The first practical application of
semiconductors in electronics was the 1904 development of the cat's-whisker detector, a
primitive semiconductor diode used in early radio receivers. Developments in quantum
physics in turn allowed the development of the transistor in 1947 and the integrated
circuit in 1958.

EXERCISE:

1. A substance used in the manufacture of wire that will transport electrical energy
should have two of the following properties:
a) Good resistance to corrosion
b) Poor resistance to corrosion
c) Good ductility
d) Poor ductility
Which two properties are they?

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2. Porcelain is used to support electrical wires on poles. Which two properties of
porcelain make it desirable for this use?
a) Is a good insulator
b) Is non-ductile
c) Does not rust
d) Breaks easily

3. Name 4 factors that influence the resistance of a metal conductor.
4. There are six electrical wires made of the same substance and having the same

length: three have a diameter of 1.5 mm while the other three have a diameter of
3.0 mm. They are placed either end to end to increase the length of the wire or
parallel to one another to increase the surface area of the wire.
Which three-wire arrangement offers the least resistance to the flow of electric
current?
5. A device consists of a power supply, a fan and two connectors. You are to insert a
piece of wire between these connectors.
Four-inch chrome wires are illustrated below. You insert each of these wires in
turn. They are the same temperature, but of different sizes. These wires are not
drawn to scale.
With which wire will the fan rotate the fastest?

REFERENCE:

1. Hollembeak, B. (2015). Automotive electricy & electronics (6th ed.). New York:
Cengage.

2. Hollembeak, B. (2015). Shop manual for Automotive electricity & electronics (6th ed.).
USA: Cengage.

3. Halderman, J. (2014). Automotive Electricity and Electronics (Fourth edition.). Boston:
Pearson.

4. Halderman, J. D. (2013). Advanced Automotive Electricity and Electronics. Boston:
Pearson.

5. Chapman, N. (2010). Principles of Electricity & Electronics for the Automotive
Technician (Second edition.). Clifton Park: Delmar.

DPP C2(b)

Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara
Masjid Tanah, Melaka

INFORMATION SHEET

PROGRAMME DIPLOMA IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SESSION
CODE & COURSE SEMESTER 2
LECTURER
DVA 20212 ELECTRICAL & SHEET NO IS 04
ELECTRONIC FUNDAMENTAL

Mohd Fardzlee Bin Abd Patah WEEK 4

TOPIC 1.0 Basic Electrical Principles
SUB-TOPIC
1.1 Ohms Law
TOPIC 1.2 Electrical Power and Energy
LEARNING
OUTCOME After the lesson, student should be able to:
1. Apply ohm’s law.
2. Calculate electrical power energy.
3. Explanation of ohms’ law.
4. Calculate electrical power and energy.

1.7 Ohm’s Law

Any operating electrical circuits must have three factors, voltage, current, and resistance.
Their relationship can be described by Ohm’s Law statement:

“The amount of current that will flow in any circuit is directly proportional to voltage and
inversely proportional to resistance.”

In other words, as voltage goes up, current goes up, but as resistance goes up current goes
down.

Ohm’s Law is the basis for electrical troubleshooting. Taken as a statement, Ohm’s Law
expresses the characteristics that govern electrical behaviors in a circuit. However, Ohm’s
Law can also be expressed as an equation. Using this equation, calculating a specific value
for any three electrical factors is possible:

 How much current, if voltage and resistance are known?
 How much voltage, if current and resistance are known?

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 How much resistance, if voltage and current are known?
When you know any two values, you can use Ohm’s Law equation to calculate the third
value.
As, previously discussed, single letters of the alphabet are used to represent current,
voltage, and resistance; current by the letter I for intensity; voltage by either V or an E for
electromotive force; and resistance by the letter R.

E = I xR
E: Voltage
I : Current
R: Resistance

Ohms law formula

Ohm’s Law circle
A handy memory tool is the Ohm’s Law circle.
If you hold your finger over the letter of the unknown value, the correct formula stands out.
For example, to solve for I, place your finger over that letter and the correct formula is seen
to be:

I = E / R or I = E ÷ R

Cover E with your finger to see that the formula is:

E=IxR

Cover R with your finger to see that the formula is:

R = E /I or R = E ÷ I

It’s only necessary to remember that the E is always on top. The order of the other two
letters makes no difference.

1.7.1 Determining Current

The circuit on the right shows the values of the voltage and the resistance. To determine
the current, we merely substitute the unknown value into the formula:

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I=E/R
I = 12 volt / 6 ohms
I = 2 Amperes

According to the Ohm’s law, when the voltage increases, so does the current. To prove
this, let’s look at the same circuit we just did, but only this time we’ll double the voltage.

We still use the same formula as before.

I=E/R

Notice that when the voltage doubles, the current also doubles. We expect this because
current is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to voltage as Ohm’s Law states.
That statement also says that current is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to resistance. So,
let’s find out. Again, using the same circuit, only this time we’ll double the resistance.
I=E/R
I = 12 volts / 12 ohms I = 1 Amperes

Thus, when the resistance is doubled, the current is reduced to half its former value

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1.7.2 Determining Resistance

Using the Ohm’s Law circle, place your finger over the R and we can see the formula is:
R = E / I or R = E ÷ I
Therefore, to find the resistance in the circuit on the right, we apply the values we know. E
= 12 volt I = 3 ampere R = ?

1.7.3 Determining Voltage

The formula to determine voltage is the easiest of the three. Voltage = current times the
resistance. The circuit on the right shows us there is 2 amps of current and 3 ohms of
resistance. Therefore:
E=IXR
E=4X3
E = 12 volts
Voltage Drop 1 The voltage removed from the circuit by the load (light
bulb, motor, incorrect wire size, etc.) is called the voltage drop. The
total voltage lost must equal the voltage applied. The amount of this
loss can be calculated by using the formula we studied,
V = I x R.
In practical terms, if you have a simple circuit that consists of a source (the battery) and a
load (a lamp), the voltage drop across the lamp is determined by the amount of current
times the resistance of the lamp.

Question
Estimates the resistance R1, R2 and V1's voltage in below circuit diagram?

1. R1(Lamp resistance) = ( )Ω

2. R2 Resistance = ( )Ω

3. V2 voltage = ( ) volt

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1.8 Electrical power and Energy

1.8.1 Electric power (P)

Amount of work that electricity during 1 second.
Amount of electrical energy, that consume during per time.

Expression of electric power: P
Unit of electric power: w (watt)

The formula for electric power is:

P(watt) = E(volt) x I(current) = ExE/R = E2/R
E = P/I
I = P/E

For example

Current that fuel pump motor consumes is 3A. How much is electric energy?
P= I V
P = 2 A x 12volt = 24 watt

Question
A starter motor, rated at 1.2kw, is operated to 12-volt battery.
How much current will this appliance use?
P=EI
I = P/I
I = 1.2kw / 12 = 1,200w / 12volt = 100Ampare

1.8.2 Amount of electric power

Multiply time that use to electric power.

Amount of electric power (W) = E I t = P t (joules)

An electrical current produces heat when it passes through a resistance. Heaters and
resistors will remain hot for some time after the power is removed. This is due to heat of
joules.
Heat of joules
1 joule = 0.24 cal
~ Heat = 0.24 E I t = 0.24 R I2 t = 0.24 E2/R t (cal or k cal)

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EXERCISE:

1. What current flows between a potential difference of 120 V through a resistance of 30
Ω?

2. A motor with an operating resistance of 30 Ω is connected to a voltage source. 4.0 A of
current flow in the circuit. What is the voltage of the source?

3. If the conductance of a circuit is 0.25 Ω, and the current is 2.0 A, what is the overall
voltage?

4. An ammeter measures current. What will the ammeter read when it is connected to a
90 V source and a 60 Ω resistor?
Draw a diagram to illustrate this circuit. The symbol for an ammeter is the letter “A”
within a circle.

5. A. Draw a circuit diagram that includes a 16 Ωresistor, a battery and an ammeter that
reads 1.75 A.
What will the voltmeter read when it is attached to the battery in the above circuit?

REFERENCE:

1. Hollembeak, B. (2015). Automotive electricy & electronics (6th ed.). New York:
Cengage.

2. Hollembeak, B. (2015). Shop manual for Automotive electricity & electronics (6th ed.).
USA: Cengage.

3. Halderman, J. (2014). Automotive Electricity and Electronics (Fourth edition.). Boston:
Pearson.

4. Halderman, J. D. (2013). Advanced Automotive Electricity and Electronics. Boston:
Pearson.

5. Chapman, N. (2010). Principles of Electricity & Electronics for the Automotive
Technician (Second edition.). Clifton Park: Delmar.

DPP C2(b)

Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara
Masjid Tanah, Melaka

INFORMATION SHEET

PROGRAMME DIPLOMA IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SESSION
CODE & COURSE SEMESTER 2
LECTURER
DVA 20212 ELECTRICAL & SHEET NO IS 05
ELECTRONIC FUNDAMENTAL

WEEK 5

TOPIC 1.0 Basic Electrical Principles
SUB-TOPIC
1.9 Series Circuit, Parallel Circuit, Series-Parallel Circuit.
TOPIC 1.10 Calculate Voltage, Current and Resistance
LEARNING After the lesson, student should be able to:
OUTCOME 1. Identify series circuit, parallel circuit, and series-parallel circuit.
2. Create series circuit, parallel circuit and series parallel circuit

using electrical board.
3. Calculate voltage, current and resistance in all condition

circuits.
4. Calculate voltage, current and resistance according to ohm

law.

1.9 Direct & Parallel current Circuit
Basically, an automobile uses DC (Direct Current) electric source, but electric circuit is
consisting of series current circuit, parallel current circuit, and series/parallel current
circuit.
Therefore, the major electric circuit of automobile is series/parallel circuit.

1.9.1 Direct current circuit (Series circuit)
A typical complete circuit contains an energy supply, circuit protection, a load, some kind
of control, and a path. When a conductor connects all of these components end-to-end,
the result is called a series circuit.
When batteries are connected in series (end-to-end), the total output voltage equals the
sum of all the individual battery voltages. Although this set-up provides a higher output
voltage, their combined capacity to supply current is the same as that of a single cell.
Total battery voltage
1.5 volt × 4 batteries = 6 volt
Total battery voltage

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12 volt × 2 batteries = 24 volt

Namely, resistance or power source is connecting method is linked by series, and circuit
composition that is linked to resistance is same with Fig. 1below.

Fig. 1 Direct current circuit

Several resistances of connection of resistance compose by series, become in one
resistance form.
E = I R = I (R1 + R2)
In this formula, (R1 + R2) says that is equivalence resistance or combined resistance and
combined resistance increases is many if there is much resistances.
However, value of current is decrease relatively.
※ To calculation total resistance in series circuit
Total resistance “R” = Sum of all resistances of circuit (R1 + R2 ....... R9)

There are common characteristics to all direct current circuits: Summary for direct
current
□ There is a single path for current.
□ The same amount of current flows through every component.
□ An open at any point prevents current flow.
□ At series connection of resistance, total resistance increases connect resistance.
□ Total resistance increases, flowing current decreases in circuit.

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□ Flowing current is always same in series circuit even if measure in any place.

Series connect in circuit Series connect in lamp

Fig. 2 Direct current circuit

1) Circuit with load in direct-current circuit
V = (R1 + R0) × I
R total = R1 + R0
R1: Load (Resistance)
R0: Wire line resistance
I = V ÷ (R1 + R0)

Fig. 3 Direct current circuit

- What is the current in below circuit?
- What are the individual voltages of E1, E2, E3 in picture below?

Total resistance R is
R = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 Ohms Current I = 12Volt ÷ 6 = 2 A
E1 = I x R1
12V = 2A x 1Q = 2 volt
E2 = I x R1
12V = 2A x 2Q = 4 volt
E3 = I x R3
12V = 2A x 3Q = 6 volt
E = E1 + E2 + E3

DPP C2(b)

E = 2volt + 4volt + 6volt = 12 Volt
3) To yield both end voltage of resistance in D.C circuit. --- 1
Sum of variable resistance is 20 kΩ between x and z in below circuit.
In case resistance of between x and y is 5 kΩ
3-1) How much V0 volt?
3-2) How much volt between x and y?
3-3) E = (x ~ y volt) + V0 volt = [ ] Volt

Direct current circuit
1.9.2 Direct current
Moving charges give rise to a current “I” whose strength is measured in ampere.
The direction of flow and magnitude of direct current are independent of time.
1.9.3 Direction of current flow and measurement
Current flowing from positive pole to negative pole outside current source is designated as
positive (in reality, the electronic travel from the negative to the positive pole).
An ampere meter in the current path measures current flow.: Voltage is measured by a
voltmeter connected in shunt.
 Voltage measurement in direct current circuit: Parallel connected voltage meter.

 Current measurement in direct current circuit: Series connected voltage meter.

DPP C2(b)

1.9.4 Parallel current circuit (Parallel circuit)
In a parallel circuit, there is more than one path for current to flow. Each current path is
called a branch. Branches are connected to one common positive and one common
negative terminal; therefore, the voltage applied to each branch is the same.
When batteries of the same voltage are connected in parallel, the total output voltage is
the same as for any single battery. However, since current flows from all the batteries
simultaneously, this arrangement will supply a larger current.
The illumination system in an instrument cluster is a good example of a parallel circuit. If
one lamp burns out or is removed the others will still work.

Parallel circuit
1) First, must know resistance value to know flowing current in parallel circuit.
Therefore, below formula is formed.
E = E1 = E3
E=IR
Rtotal = 1 ÷ (1/R1 + 1/R2) = 1 ÷ (R2 + R1) / R1 × R2
★To calculate easily total resistance
Rtotal = Multiplication of resistance ÷ Sum of resistance
Rtotal = (R1 × R2) ÷ (R1 + R2)
If, in this circuit E=12volt, R1=4Q, R2=6Q.

DPP C2(b)

Total resistance?
Rtotal = (4×6) ÷ (4+6)
= 24 ÷ 10 = 2.4Q
I total = E ÷ R
= 12 volt ÷ 2.4 ohm
=5A

Also,
I 1 = 12 volt ÷ 4 ohm = 3 A
I 2 = 12 volt ÷ 6 ohm = 2 A
I total = I 1 + I 2 = 3 Ampere + 2 Ampere
= 5 Ampere

E1 = I 1 × R1
= 3 A × 4 Q = 12 V

E2 = I 2 × R2
= 2A × 6 Q = 12 V

2)When impressed electromotive force in below circuit that formula of “I1 = E/R1, I2 =
E/R2, I3 = E/R3” is formed.
3)Also, whole current I is same with sum of current that each 3 lamp consumes in circuit
4)When each switch did “ON”, to each light bulb flowing current
I1 = E/R1
I2 = E/R2
I3 = E/R3

I = I1 + I2 + I3 = E/R1 + E/R2 + E/R3 = E (1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3) (A)

Parallel circuit

5) There are two common characteristics to all parallel circuits:

 The total current in the circuit equals the sum of the branch currents. Therefore,
resistance values of current according to addition or delete change.
 An open in one branch affects only the load in that branch; other branches
continue to operate normally.

DPP C2(b)

Current in parallel circuit is different according to point that measure.
That is, when measure current in above circuit of right hand side.

A point current = (I 1+I 2+I 3) = B point current
Point C, D, E current: Current that each lamp consumes.
If connect batteries by parallel circuit, voltage is fixed, but current consumes becomes
more per time.

6) Find total resistance(R) value in below circuit and calculate value of each current “I” and

voltage “E”.

Total resistance R = R1 R2 / R1 + R2 = ( )

Parallel circuit

E=IR=[ ] Volt

E = E1 = E2

In formula E1 = R1 I2, I1 = E/R1 = [ ]A

In formula E2 = R2 I2, I2 = E/R2 = [ ]A

I = I1 + I2 = [ ]A

Total resistance R = R1 R2 / R1 + R2 = [ ] Ohm

R2 = [ ] Ohm

1.9.5 Series - Parallel Circuit
A series-parallel circuit combines both series and parallel circuits, along with their
respective characteristics. The first step in analyzing a series-parallel is to break the circuit
down to its simplest form. Then analyze only the particular series or parallel circuit
characteristics that apply to that component.
That is, composition of car circuit belongs to series-parallel circuit as circuit that series and
parallel are mixed.

DPP C2(b)

Figure A Figure B

5 Series-Parallel circuit

1) Equivalent circuit of figure “A” is circuit that series and parallel are mixed, and figure
“B” R1.2 is combined resistance value of R1+R2 of figure “A” that figure “B” circuit
diagram computation combined resistance of parallel resistance R1 R2 of figure “A”

and represent by equivalent circuit of series

2) Because current I is increased according as parallel resistance increases in this

circuit, can be represent by total resistance of I=/R1,2 + R3.
3) Whole combined resistance “R” of this circuit

 Combined resistance of between a and b = (R1×R2) / (R1+R2) ohm ---- R1,2

 Combined resistance of between a and c= R1,2 + R3 ohm----R (Combined
resistance)

4) Whole circuit current I

- I = E / R (Combined resistance) = E / (R1 R2 / R1 + R2) + R3

5) Current of circuit

- I1 = R2 / R1 + R2 X I (A)

- I2 = R2 / R1 + R2 X I (A)

- I3 = I = I1 + I2 (A)

6) Voltage

- E3 = R3 I3 = R3 I

- E1 = E2 so E = E1 + E3 = E2 + E3 (Volt)

7) Current flowing when switch ON in below circuit. At this time

a) 1.How much resistance of each lamp?
b) 2.How much combined resistance between “a” and “b”?

c) All current I?
d) 4.How much voltage between “a” and “b”?
e) 5.How much voltage between “b” and “c”?

Here, when lamp ON temperature ignores of lamp

DPP C2(b)

Series-Parallel circuit

Sample Problem 1
Given the following series circuit, find:
a) the total resistance
b) the total current
c) the current through each resistor
d) the voltage across each resistor
e) the total power
f) the power dissipated by each resistor

strategy: This is a series circuit. All the current goes through each of the resistors. First
calculate the total resistance. Then, using Ohm’s law, calculate the total current. You can
also use Ohm’s law to calculate the voltage across each resistor. Then, using the equation

for power, calculate the total power and the power through each resistor.

Given: Solution:

V = 24V a) Total resistance: b) Total current:
V =I R
R1= 3Ω RT =R1+R2+R3 IT = VT /RT
R2 = 5Ω = 3 Ω+5Ω+4Ω = 24/12
R3 = 4Ω =12 Ω =2A

DPP C2(b)

c) You know that the total current is 2 A. In a series circuit, IT = I1 = I2 = I3, so the current
through each resistor is 2 A.

It is helpful to place this information in the diagram. When you do your dimensional
analysis, recall:
 Current (I) is measured in amps (A), which are equivalent to coulombs per second

(C/s).
 Voltage (V) is measured in volts (V), which are equivalent to joules per coulomb (J/C).
 Resistance (R) is measured in ohms (Ù), which are equivalent to volts per amp (V/A).
 Power (P) is measured in watts (W), which are equivalent to joules per second (J/s).

d) Once you know two of the four variables (V, I, P, R), you can find the other two
variables. In this case, you know I and R and can find the voltage using Ohm’s law for

each resistor.

V1 = I1R1 V2 = I2R2 V3 = I3R3
V1 = (2A) (3Ω) V2= (2A) (5Ω) V3 = (2A) (4Ω)

V1 = 6 V V2= 10V V3 = 8V

Notice the sum of the voltage drops:

6 V + 10 V + 8 V = 24 V

This is the voltage supplied by the battery.

e) You can now find the total power.
PT =VTIT
= (24 V) (2 A)
= 48W

f) P1=V1I1 P2=V2I2 P3 = V3 I3
P1 = (6 V) (2 A) P2= (10 V) (2 A) P3 = (8 V) (2 A)
P1 = 12W P2=20 W P3 = 16W

Notice the sum of the power in the resistors:
12W +20W+16W=48W

That is the power supplied by the battery.
It is often useful to draw the circuit diagram and to place the values you calculate directly
on the diagram to help keep track of all the variables.

DPP C2(b)

check
VT = V1 + V2 + V3
24 V = 6 V +10 V + 8 V
PT = P1 + P2 + P3
48 W = 12 W + 20 W + 16 W

Sample Problem 2

Given the following parallel circuit, find:
a) the current through each resistor
b) the total current
c) the total power
d) the power in each resistor
e) the total resistance

Strategy: This is a parallel circuit. The current follows different paths to each resistor. In a
parallel circuit, the voltage drops across each resistor are equal. In this case, the voltage
of each resistor equals 24 V.

VT= V1= V2=V3= 24V

You can put this information in the diagram immediately.
Once you know two of the four variables (V, I, P, R), you can find the other two variables.
In this case, you know V and R. You can find the current using Ohm’s law for each resistor.

Solution:

a) =


=
1 2 3
1 = 1 2 = 2 3 = 3

24 24 24
1 = 8 Ω 2 = 6 Ω 2 = 12 Ω
1 = 3 2 = 4 3 = 2

b) You can find the total current by adding the currents through each resistor. If the

resistors have currents of 3 A, 4 A, and 2 A, then the total current must be equal to

3 A+4 A+2A= 9 A.
a) Use the power equation to calculate the power once you know the current.

DPP C2(b)

=


= (24 )(9 )

= 216

b) 1 = 1 1 2 = 2 2 3 = 3 3
1 = (24 )(3 ) 2 = (24 )(4 ) 3 = (24 )(2 )
1 = 72 2 = 96 3 = 48

Notice the sum of the power in the resistors: 72W+96W+48W=216W
That is the power supplied by the battery.

e) You can find the total resistance of the circuit easily by using Ohm’s law for the

entire circuit

=

=

24
= 9
= 2.67Ω

You can also find the total resistance by adding the individual resistors in parallel.
Notice that in this equation, you are dealing with fractions.

1 111
= 1 + 2 + 3

11 1
= 8Ω + 6Ω + 12Ω
= 2.67 Ω

always true and agrees with the simpler method above, as it must. You can keep track
of all values you calculate on a circuit diagram.

DPP C2(b)

EXCERCISE:
1. In your log, describe several possibilities for using switching devices to address the

power limit problem in your universal dwelling. Write your ideas in your log.
2. Electric switches are available which act as timers to turn appliances on and off at

chosen times or for chosen intervals. Identify one or more ways a timer switch would
be useful in an HFE dwelling.
3. Look at the wiring diagrams shown. Copy each into your log. Position and draw a
single switch in each circuit that would allow you to have two lights on all the time, and
one light that you could turn on or off.

4. A 15-V battery is hooked up to three resistors in series. The voltage drop across the
first resistor is 3 V and the voltage drop across the second resistor is 10 V. What is the
voltage drop across the last resistor?

5. A 15-V battery is hooked up to three identical resistors in series. What is the voltage
across each resistor?

6. A 15-V battery is hooked up to three identical resistors in parallel. What is the voltage
across each resistor?

7. In each of the circuits below, all the ammeters (denoted with circles surrounding an A)
but one has the current displayed. What is the current in the unknown ammeter?

8. Three resistors are hooked up in series. The voltage drops across the resistors are 4
V, 8 V, and 2 V. The current through the first resistor is 2 A.

a) What is the voltage of the battery?
b) What is the current through the second resistor?
9. Two identical resistors are hooked up in parallel. The total voltage of the circuit is 6 V.

The total current of the circuit is 2 A.
a) What is the voltage drop across each resistor?
b) What is the current through each resistor?

DPP C2(b)

10. Three resistors of 12 Ω, 14 Ω, and 4 Ω are connected in series to a 12-V power supply.
Find
a) the total resistance of the circuit
b) the current flowing through each resistor
c) the voltage drops across each resistor

11. Three resistors of 8 Ω, 6 Ω, and 4 Ω are connected in series to a battery of six 1.5-V
dry cells, which are also connected in series. (Remember when you added batteries in
series in the Electron Shuffle?)
a) Draw a circuit diagram for this situation.
b) Calculate the total voltage provided by the battery.
c) Calculate the total resistance.
d) Find the total current.
e) What is the voltage drop across each individual resistor?

12. The table to the right represents a set of three resistors arranged in series. Draw a
diagram of the circuit Then use the facts that you know about series circuits to fill in the
empty spaces.

13. A 6-Ω, 3-Ω, and 18-Ω resistor are connected in parallel to an 18-V power supply. Draw
a diagram of the circuit. Make and complete a chart like the one in the previous problem.
Find
a) the total resistance of the circuit
b) the total current through the circuit
c) the current flowing through each resistor

14. You are given three 10-Ω resistors by your teacher. You are told to arrange them in the
following ways. Sketch a diagram for each arrangement and make a table with the given
values. Complete each chart by finding the unknown values. What values will you have for
total resistance in each case?
a) All three resistors in series.
b) All three resistors in parallel.
c) One resistor in series and two in parallel.
d) Two resistors in series with one in parallel.

REFERENCE:

1. Hollembeak, B. (2015). Automotive electricy & electronics (6th ed.). New York:
Cengage.

DPP C2(b)

2. Hollembeak, B. (2015). Shop manual for Automotive electricity & electronics (6th ed.).
USA: Cengage.

3. Halderman, J. (2014). Automotive Electricity and Electronics (Fourth edition.). Boston:
Pearson.

4. Halderman, J. D. (2013). Advanced Automotive Electricity and Electronics. Boston:
Pearson.

5. Chapman, N. (2010). Principles of Electricity & Electronics for the Automotive
Technician (Second edition.). Clifton Park: Delmar.