BASIC PALI GRAMMAR Theravada Buddhism’s Language Phra Maha Somphong Paññãdharo (Prabhavanang) M.A. English Department of Foreign Languange Faculty of Humanities Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Khonkaen Campus B.E. 2566/2023
BASIC PALI GRAMMAR 2nd Edition 2023 ISBN : 978-616-300-501-4 Auther : PHRAMAHA SOMPHONG PAÑÑÃDHARO M.A in English, Instructor of English Major, Mahachulalongkornrajvidyalaya University. Supervisor : PHRASOBHAṆPHAḌHNAPAṆḌITA, Assoc.Prof.,Dr. PHRAMAHA SAMRAT KAMMASUDDHO, Asst.Prof.,Dr. Assoc. Prof Dr..Phirochana Buasukha Date/Month/Year: 16/08/2566 First Edition : 200 Copies Cover : PHRAMAHA SOMPHONG PAÑÑÃDHARO Printer : Mahachulalongkornrajvidyalaya University Ban Khoksi, Khoksi sub-district, Muang district, Khonkaen Printed by : Emy Copy Centre 88/27 Naimuang Muang Khonkaen, 40000. Tel.043-306845, Email:[email protected] Price : 250
PREFACE The very important tool to open the door to the world of knowledge is a language. Firstly, the language consists of good ideas and cultures from a generation to another generation. Secondly, the language is the tool of communication in the group of human beings in the world. Finally, the language makes us understand the concept of human society in both the past and present time. Without languages it is very difficult to know our background. Pāli is one of the several language spoken by the ancient Indian tribes. It is a Middle Indo-Arya language or prakrit of India. It is best known as the language of the earliest extant Buddhist canon, the Pāli Canon or Tipitaka, and as the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism. Pāli has been written in a variety of scripts, from the Brahmic family scripts through to a romanised form. Today Pāli is studied mainly to gain access to Buddhist scriptures, and is frequently chanted in a ritual context. The secular literature of Pāli historical chronicles, medical texts, and inscription, is also of great historical importance. The great centres of Pāli learning remain in the Theravada nations of South-East Asia: Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. Basic Pali Grammar is focused on the basic part of studying Pali in English. I has collected the basic principles of grammar from Nãma (a noun) to taddhita.I think that It is benefit of studying the advanced Pali language. Paññãdharo Bhikkhu 2566
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 The PALI ALPHABET 1 CHAPTER 2 THE NOUN : KIND OF NOUNS 9 CHAPTER 3 THE NOUN : LIṄGA, GENDER 12 CHAPTER 4 THE NOUN : VACANA (Numeral) 16 CHAPTER 5 THE NOUN : VIBHATTI (Case-endings) 20 CHAPTER 6 THE NOUN : ĀYATANIPATA (Preposition) 23 CHAPTER 7 THE NOUN : The Ending of Pāli words (KÃLANTA) 26 CHAPTER 8 A.Declension : Masculine noun ending in “a” 28 B.Conjugation of Verbs 36 CHAPTER 9 A.Declension : Masculine noun ending in “i” 41 B.Conjugation of Verbs 46 CHAPTER 10 A.Declension : Masculine noun ending in “ĩ” 49 B.Conjugation of Verbs 54 CHAPTER 11 A.Declension : Masculine noun ending in “u ” 57 B.Conjugation of Verbs 62 CHAPTER 12 A.Declension : Masculine noun ending in “ũ” 65 B.Conjugation of Verbs 68 CHAPTER 13 A Declension : Feminine noun ending in “ã” 71 B.Conjugation of Verbs 76 CHAPTER 14 A.Declension : Feminine noun ending in “i” 79 B.Conjugation of Verbs 84 CHAPTER 15 A.Declension : Feminine noun ending in “ĩ” 87 B.Conjugation of Verbs 92 CHAPTER 16 A.Declension : Feminine noun ending in “u” 95 B.Conjugation of Verbs 99 CHAPTER 17 A.Declension : Feminine noun ending in “ũ” 102 B.Conjugation of Verbs 106 CHAPTER 18 A.Declension : Neuter Noun ending in “a” 109 B.Conjugation of Verbs 114 CHAPTER 19 A.Declension : Neuter Noun ending in “i ” 117 B.Conjugation of Verbs 121
CHAPTER 20 A.Declension : Neuter Noun ending in “u” 124 B.Conjugation of Verbs 128 CHAPTER 21 NOUNS : Pakiṇṇasadda (Miscellaneous nouns) 131 TENSE: Future tense (Active voice) 143 CHAPTER 22 Guṇanāma (adjective) 149 CHAPTER 23 Sabbanāma (pronoun) 163 Purisa Sabbanāma (personal pronoun) 163 Visesa Sabbanāma (demonstrative pronoun) 176 Niyama Sabbanãma 176 Aniyam Sabbanãma 181 CHAPTER 24 Saṇkhyā (numeral) 184 Pakati saṅkhyā (Cardinal number) 184 Purana snakhyā (Ordinal number) 197 CHAPTER 25 Avyaya (Indeclinable) 199 Upasagga (Prefixes) 199 Nipāta (An indeclinable particle) 202 Paccaya (suffixes) 209 CHAPTER 26 Kind of Sentences 214 CHAPTER 27 Kitaka 222 Nãmakitaka 222 kiriyãkitaka 225 CHAPTER 28 Samãsa, Compounds 235 CHAPTER 29 Taddhita, Nominal Derivations 245 Reference 251 Biography (ประวัติผู้เขียน) 254
ABBREVIATIONS Masc.,M. = Masculine. Fem. F.= Feminine. Neut.,N.= Neuter. S.,Sansk. = Sanskrit. P.P.P. = Passive Perfect Participle. P.P.A. = Perfect Participle Active. F.P.P. = Future Passive Participle. Adj. = Adjective. Nom. = Nominative. Gen. = Genitive. Dat. = Dative. Acc. = Accusative. Inst. = Instrumentive, Abl. = Ablative Loc. = Locative Pro. = Pronoun pres.= present pres.p.= present Participle ⎷ = root e.g. = example
Basic Pali Grammar Page 1 of 253 CHAPTER 1 The Pali Alphabet In Pali there are forty-one alphabets; eight vowels and thirty-three consonants. Vowels (Sara) Vowel is a speech sound in which the airstream from the lungs is not blocked in any way in the mouth or throat, and which is usually pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords e.g. English /i:/ in /si:/ see and / u:/ in /tu:/ too .1 In Pali the eight vowels are a, ã, i, ĩ, u, ũ, e, o, plus the nasalisation of a, i, and u represented by ṃ Roman: a ã i ĩ u ũ e o Thai : อะ อา อ อ อ อ เอ โอ Nasalization : aṃ, (อง), iṃ (อง), uṃ (อง) Short vowels : a, i, u, Buddha,(Buddha) Akkhi (an eye) Bhikkhu (a monk) Long vowels : ã, ĩ, ũ, e, o Paññã (wisdom) Seṭṭhĩ (a millionar) Vadhũ (a woman) Khemiko (one who is excellent) Paññãdharo (one who preserves wisdom) Jack C. Richards, Longman Dic5onary of Language teaching and applied linguis5cs, (Singapore: 1 Longman Singapore Publishers Pte Ltd 1993), P.403.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 2 of 253 Both vowels “e and o” are usually long, but can be short when followed by a double consonants e.g. Seṭṭhĩ (a millionaire), Sotthĩ ( a good luck) etc. Niggahita sound aṃ, (อง)= Buddhaṃ, Dhammaṃ, Saṅghaṃ iṃ (อง) = Lokasmiṃ, (in the world), Purisasmiṃ (in the person) uṃ (อง) = Visuṃ Visuṃ, Puṃliṅga Consonants (Vyañjana) Consonant is a speech sound where the airstream from the lungs is either completely blocked (stop), partially blocked (Lateral) or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction (Fricative). With some consonants (Nasals) the airstream is blocked in the mouth but allowed to escape through the nose . 2 In Pali there are thirty-three in the five groups and a non-group according to the place and manner articulation. A group of K : Gutturals k kh g gh ṅ ก ข ค ฆ ง ka kha ga gha na กะ ขะ คะ ฆะ งะ Examples Kaññã (a woman) Khanti ( tolerance) Gãmo (Home) Dĩghãyuko Hotu Mahã rãjã (Long life the king) Maṅgala (auspicious ceremony) 2 Ibid., P. 79
Basic Pali Grammar Page 3 of 253 A group of C : Palatals c ch j jh ñ จ ฉ ช ฌ ญ ca cha ja jha na จะ ฉะ ชะ ฌะ ญะ Examples Cita (mind) Cha (six) Jarã (old) Jhãna (absorption) Ñãṇa (knowledge) A group of ṭ : Cerebrals ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ ฎ ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ta tha da dha na ฎะ ฐะ ฑะ ฒะ ณะ Examples Ṭĩkã (a sub-commentary) Ṭhiti (duration) Ḍĩgha (long) Sãmaṇero (a novice) A group of t : Dentals t th d dh n ต ถ ท ธ น ta tha da dha na ตะ ถะ ทะ ธะ นะ
Basic Pali Grammar Page 4 of 253 Examples Tatiyo (the third) Thĩna (sloth) Dvãra (a door) Dhammo (dhamma) Niraya (hell) A group of p : Labials p ph b bh m ป ผ พ ภ ม pa pha ba bha ma ปะ ผะ พะ ภะ มะ Examples Paṭiccasamuppãda (the Dependent Origination) Phassa (Contact) Byãpãda (ill-will) Bhãvanã (mental culture) A non-group : Miscellaneous y r l v s h ḷ ṁ(ṃ /ŋ) ย ร ล ว ส ห ฬ อง ya ra la va sa ha la aṃ ยะ ระ ละ วะ สะ หะ ฬะ อง Examples Yama (the Lord of the underworld) Ratanattaya (the Triple Gem) Lobha (greed) Vacĩkamma (verbal action) Sati (mindfulness)
Basic Pali Grammar Page 5 of 253 Hiri (moral shame) ÃsãỊaha Pũchã Sãmaṇeraṁ ( a novice) The place and manner of Articulation of Pali alphabets3 The consonant “V” is dental-labial, Dantoṭṭhaja, e is guttural-palatal, Kaṇṭhatãluja, o is guttural-labial, Kaṇṭhoaja. Place of articulation→ Manner of articulation↓ Kaṇṭhaja / gutturals Tãluja / palatals Muḍḍhaja / cerebrals, retroflex Dantaja / dentals Oṭṭhaja / labials Aghosa sithila Voiceless unaspirated k c ṃ t p Aghosa dhanita Voiceless aspirated kha ch ṭh th ph Ghosavat sithila g j ḍ d b Ghosavat dhanita Voiced sapirated gh jh ḍh dh bh Nãsikã / Nasal ṅ ñ ṇ n m Antaṭṭha / Semi-vowel y r,Ị l v Hakãra/ sakãra Spirant/ sibilant h s Sara Correspondin g vowels ã Ĩ ũ, o 3 Steven Conllins, A Pali Grammar For Students’, (Thailand :Silkworm Books,2006), P.2-3
Basic Pali Grammar Page 6 of 253 Note : Reading Pali words 1.จด (อ) นคหต อยบนพยญชนะตวสดทายค อานวา อง ภาษาโรมนใช aṃ พทธ อานวา พทธง = Buddhaṃ ธมม อานวา ธมมง = Dhammaṃ 2. จด (อ) นคหต มารวมกบ อ หรอ อ อานวา อง หรอ อง ภาษาโรมนใช iṃ, uṃ อมสมง อานวา อมสมง iṃ = อง Imasmiṃ วสง อานวา วสง uṃ = อง Visuṃ Visuṃ 3. จด(.) อยใตพยญชนะทใชเปนตวสะกดและไมมสระอนรวมดวย อานวา อ-ภาษาโรมน ใช a+ Consonant ปณณ อานวา ปณณง an = อน Paṇṇam สมมา อานวา สมมา am = อม Samma สพพ อานวา สพพะ ab = อพ Sabba กมม อานวา กมมะ am = อม Kamma ธมม อานวา ธมมะ am = อม Dhamma 4. จด(.) อยใตพยญชนะทใชเปนตวสะกดแตมสระอนรวมดวยใหอานตามสระทปรากฎ อย เชน อ-,อ- ทกข อานวา ทกขะ uk = อก Dukkha อตตร อานวา อตตะระ ut = อต Uttara วชชาจรณ อานวา วชชาจะระณะ ij = อช Vijjacarana โมคคลลาน อานวา โมคคลลานะ og = โอค Moggallãna เสฎฐ อานวา เศรษฐ et = เอฏ Seṭṭhĩ Examples
Basic Pali Grammar Page 7 of 253 Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammã sambuddhassa : นโม ตสส ภควโต อรหโต สมมา สมพทธสส Puriso : ปรโส Vijjacaranasampanno : วชชาจรณสมปนโน Kammaṭṭhana : กมมฎฐาน Kalyaṇamittata : กลยาณมตตตา Dĩghanikãya : ทฆนกาย Anguttara nikãya : องคตตรนกาย Exercise : Write the Thai Pali words into Roman letters นะโม พทธายะ = Namo buddhãya อะระหง = ______________________ สมมา สมพทโธ = ______________________ วชชาจะระณะสมปนโน = ______________________ สคะโต โลกวท = ______________________ อนตตะโร ปรสานง = ______________________ อาหเนยยง ปาหเนยยง = ______________________ สวะล จะ มะหาเถโร = ______________________ สตถา เทวะมะนสสานง = ______________________ ปจจตตง วญญหต = ______________________ ธมมะจาร สขง เสต = ______________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 8 of 253 อตตา ห อตตะโน นาโถ = ______________________ วรเยนะ ทกขะมะเจต = ______________________ เสฎฐสสะ ปตโต = ______________________ อมนา ปญญะกมเมนะ = ______________________ ปาณาตปาตา เวระมะณ = ______________________ อะทนนาทานา เวระมะณ = ______________________ กาเมสมจฉาจารา เวระมะณ = ______________________ อา , ปา , มะ , จ ,ปะ. = ______________________ ท, มะ, สง, อง, ข. = ______________________ สง, ว, ธา, ป, กะ, ยะ, ปะ,. = ______________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 9 of 253 CHAPTER 2 THE NOUN : KIND OF NOUNS Nāma, a name or a noun tells us what someone or something is called. The noun is the name of a person, Sitthaddha, a prince of Sitthaddha ; a thing, Cando, a moon; a place, Sāvatthī, a city etc. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary gives the definition of the noun that is a word that refers to a person, (such as, Anne, or a doctor), places (such as Thailand or city) anything, a quality or an activity (such as plant, sorrow or tennis) Nāmasadda, a nominal term in Pali there are three, namely; 1. Nāmanāma (Nouns substantives) 2. Guṇnanāma Nouns adjectives) 3. Sabbanāma (Pronouns) A. Nāmanāma or nouns substantive is a word that refers to a person, a place or a thing, quality or activity, for examples; Nagaraṃ a city Purisa a person Dārakā a girl Bhikkhu a monk Rukkha a tree ect. Nāmanāma is divided into two kinds, namely; 1. Sādhārananāma, or a common noun is a word that refers to an object, or a thing but is not the name of particular person, place or thing, for examples; Hatthī a elephant Satta an animal
Basic Pali Grammar Page 10 of 253 Nagaraṃ a city Pabbato a mountain Nara a man Paṇṇaṃ a leaf or a book Nadĩ a river Gamanaṃ going Nãyako a leader Sãmaṇero a novice Bhikkhu a monk Bhikkhuṇĩ a woman monk, a nun etc. Note : The word ‘Satta’ is used to mean of all animals that we can think of. 2. Asādhārananāma, or a proper noun is a word that is the name of a person, a place etc. for examples; Sāvatthī the city of Sāvatthī Bimbisãra the king of Bimbisara Kosambhī the city of kosambhī etc. Note : The word ‘Bimbisãra’ refers to a particular king, but the noun ‘king’ might be applied to any other king as well as to Bimbisãra. We call Bimbisãra a Proper Noun, and king a common noun. B. Guṇnanāma, or an adjective is a word that describes a person or thing, for example; puṇḍito (wise), thūlo (fat), mahanto (big), etc. Pāli adjectives are divided into three levels, namely; 1. Pakati (Positive degree) bālo (stupid)
Basic Pali Grammar Page 11 of 253 2. Visesa (Comparative degree) bālataro (more stupid than) Adj.+ tara 3. Ativisesa (Superlative degree) bālatamo the most stupid) Adj.+tama C. SABBANÃMA, or a pronoun is a word that used instead a noun or noun phrase, for example; Note: These three nouns have to be consisted of noun factors; Linga (a gender), Kãranta (Ending), Vacana (a number), Kãraka (Case), Ãyatanipãta (Preposition) and Vibhatti (Inflectional sign) before using in the sentence. Exercise : Explain the questions 1. What is Nãma ? 2. What is Nãmasadda? how? 3. What is Guṇamãma? how? 4. What is Sabbanãma? 5. Classify Pali nouns into Nãmasadda, what, why? The person Singular Plural Gender The first So (He) Te (They) Masculine Sã (She) Tã (They) Feminine Taṃ (It) Tãni (They) Neuter The second Tvaṃ (You) Tumhe (You) Masculine and Feminine The third Ahaṃ (I) Myaṃ (We) Masculine and Feminine
Basic Pali Grammar Page 12 of 253 CHAPTER 3 THE NOUN : LIṄGA, GENDER Generally, Liṅga is the grammatical gender of Pāli language. In Pāli, there are three genders; Puṅliṅga, Masculine (male), Itthĩliṅga Feminine (female), and Napuṅsakaliṅga Neuter (inanimate things). Nouns which denote males are masculine; those which denote females are feminine; but nouns which denote inanimate things and qualities are not always neuter, e.g. rukkha (tree), canda (moon) are masculine. Nadī (river), latā (vine), paññā (wisdom) are feminine. Dhana (wealth), citta (mind) are neuter. In short there are two grammatical genders, namely 1. The natural gender is the true genders of nouns, for example; Puriso a man (male) Kaññā a virgin (female) kamalaṃ a lotus (neuter) ect. 2. The grammatical gender is named as a different gender from origin, namely; Dāro a wife (named as a Masculine) Padeso a country (named as a Masculine) Tãrã a star Paññã wise etc. All of Pali nouns are assigned to one of three genders, namely Puṅliṅga, Masculine, Itthĩliṅga, Feminine, or Napuṅsakaliṅga, Neuter. Grammatical gender is a system for classifying nouns, and it is not the same as ‘natural’ gender (i.e. ‘males’, ‘females’ and ‘things’ as in English). In
Basic Pali Grammar Page 13 of 253 Pali a male noun was called ‘Puṅliṅga’, a female noun, ‘Itthĩliṅga’, a neuter noun, ‘Napuṅsakaliṅga’. A Pali word is sometimes only a gender such as 4 Puṅliṅga Itthĩliṅga Napuṅsakaliṅga Amaro (a God) Accharã (an angle) Udakaṃ (water) Ãdicco (a sun) Tãrã ( a star) Kammaṃ ( an action) Rukkha (a tree) UỊu (a star) Cakkhu (an eye) Pabbato (a mountain) Pabhã ( a halo) Yãnaṃ (a car) Cando (a moon) Ojã (delicious) Paṇṇaṃ (a book, leaf) Kaṇṇo (an ear) Ãbhã (a halo) telaṃ (an oil) The same-formed Pali noun is two genders, namely5 Puṃliṅga (Masculine) Napuṃsakaliṅga (Neuter) Akkharo Akkharaṃ (an alphabet) Agãro Agãraṃ (a house) Utu Utu (season) Divaso Divaso (a date) Mano Manaṃ (mind) Saṃvaccharo Saṃvaccharaṃ (a year) A Pali noun that has the same form is sometimes changed into two genders by changing the end vowel of a word6. Puṃliṅga (Male) Itthĩliṅga (Feminine) Somdet Phramahãsamaṇa Chaokromphrayã Vajirañãṇavarorasa, Pãi Grammar, Vacĩvibhãga, 4 54 th Edition, (Bangkok:Mahãmakuṭa-Rãjavidyãlaya press, 2558). p.31. 5 lbid.,p 32 6 lbid.,p 32
Basic Pali Grammar Page 14 of 253 Arahã or Arahaṃ Arahantĩ (arahanta) one who has attained the Summum Bonurn Ãjĩvako Ãjĩvakã a priest Ũpãsako Ũpãsakã a lay woman Kumãrako Kumãrikã /Kumãrĩ a child Khattiyo Khattiyãnĩ / Khattiyã a King / queen Goṇo Gãvĩ a Cow Choro Chorĩ a thief Yãtako Yãtikã a relative Dãrako Dãrikã a bod / a girl Devo Devĩ a king / a queen Naro Narã a child Bhikkhu Bhikkhunĩ a woman monk Note: Guṇanãma (adjectives) and Sabbanãma (pronouns) have three genders. Exercise A : Answer these questions 1. What is gender? 2. How many of genders are there in Pali? 3. What do we note the gender of Pali words? 4. Which Pali word is consisted of three genders? 5. How many genders are there for Nãmanãma Exercise B : Mark [✓] before the correct word and [✕] before the wrong word. __________1. Ahaṃ (I) is the neuter. __________2.Dãro (a wife) is masculine. __________3. Accharã (an angle) is masculine. __________4. Ãdicco (a sun) is neuter.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 15 of 253 __________5. Kammaṃ (an action) is masculine. __________6. UỊu (a star) is feminine. __________7. Telaṃ (an oil) is neuter. __________8. Agãro (a house) is masculine. __________9. Mano (mind) is neute. __________10. Devĩ (a queen)
Basic Pali Grammar Page 16 of 253 CHAPTER 4 THE NOUN : VACANA (Number) Vacana, or a number is the form of a word showing wether one or more than one person or thing is being talking about. In Pāli language, there are two numbers 1. Ekavacana (Singular) 2. Pahuvacana (Plural) Ekavana, the singular form of Pali nouns is used when writing or speaking about one person or thing. Pahuvacana, the plural forms show you are talking about more than one thing. The number of Pāli nouns is divided into two numbers; Singular and Plural noted by case-endings or suffixes. Pali words have to be declined according to the form of the case-ending of the gender of nouns before speaking or writing in the sentences, for example Purisa, a man declined in the pattern of Vibhatti (a case-ending) of Masculine singular is Puriso, a man, and Purisã, men in plural form. Puriso (Purisa + si→o) meaning a man is Singular. Purisā (Purisa + yo→ã) meaning men is Plural. Pattern of Vibhatti ( Case-endings)7 Name of Cases Caseendings in English Singular Plural Function Paṭṭhamā Nominative -Si -Yo Subject Dutiyā Accusative -aṃ -Yo Object/Adv. 7 lbid., p. 35
Basic Pali Grammar Page 17 of 253 An example of Declensions for indicating the number of Pali nouns. Purisa, a person8 Tatiyā Instrumental -Nā -Hi modifier Catutthī Dative -Sa -naṃ modifier Pañcamī Ablative -Smā -Hi modifier chaṭṭhamī Genitive -Sa -naṃ modifier Sattamī Locative -smiṃ -Su modifier Ālapana Vocative -Si -Yo modifier Name of Cases Case-endings in English Singular Plural Paṭṭhamā Nominative Puriso -Si Purisã -Yo Dutiyā Accusative Purisaṃ -aṃ Purise -Yo Tatiyā Instrumental Purisena -Nā Purisehi -Hi Catutthī Dative Puisassa -Sa Purisãnaṃ -naṃ Pañcamī Ablative Purisasmã -Smā Purisehi -Hi chaṭṭhamī Genitive Purisassa -Sa Purisãnaṃ -naṃ Sattamī Locative Purisasmiṃ -smiṃ Purisesu -Su Ālapana Vocative Purisa -Si Purisã -Yo 8 lbid.,p.38
Basic Pali Grammar Page 18 of 253 Exercise A 1. Explain the importance of vibhatti and Vacana in Pali. 2. What is Vachana? 3. What is Ekvacana? 4. What is Pahuvacana? 5. How do you know the number of Pali nouns? 6. How many are there Case-endings in Pali? 7. Write the singular case-endings? 8. Write the plural case-endings? 9. Write the name of Pali case-endings. 10. Write the name of Pali case-endings in English. Exercise B : Fill the pattern of Vipatti indicating the singular form of the word “Purisa” Name of Cases Singular Paṭṭhamā Dutiyā Tatiyā Catutthī Pañcamī Purisasmã chaṭṭhamī Sattamī Ālapana
Basic Pali Grammar Page 19 of 253 Exercise C : Fill the pattern of Vipatti indicating the plural form of the word “Purisa” Name of Cases Plural Paṭṭhamā Dutiyā Tatiyā Catutthī Pañcamī chaṭṭhamī Sattamī Ālapana Purisesu
Basic Pali Grammar Page 20 of 253 CHAPTER 5 THE NOUN : VIBHATTI (Case-endings) The case-endings or the cases of nouns are the words ending nouns for declining them in different forms. The caseendings are added to the stem of the noun. In Pāli, there are seven and an ālapana for addressing. Note : The singular case-endings are si, aṃ, nã, sa, smã, sa, smiṃ, si The plural case-endings are yo, yo, hi, naṃ, hi, naṃ, su, yo Name of Cases Case-endings in English Singular Plural Functions Paṭaṭhamā Nominative Si Yo Subject Dutiyā Accusative aṃ Yo Object Tatiyā Instrumental Nā Hi Modifier Catutthī Dative Sa naṃ Modifier Pañcamī Ablative Smā Hi Modifier Chaṭṭhamī Genitive Sa naṃ Modifier Sattamī Locative smiṃ Su Modifier Ālapana Vocative Si Yo Addressing
Basic Pali Grammar Page 21 of 253 Exercise 1. Write the name and the Case-endings of singular form. 2. Write the Case-endings in English. Pali name singular 1 Paṭaṭhamā -si 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 English name Plural 1 Nominative -yo 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Basic Pali Grammar Page 22 of 253 3. Mark [✓] before the correct word and [✕] before the wrong word. 1. _________ Si is Vocative. 2. _________ Smã is ablative. 3. _________yo is Ãlapana. 4. _________Si is Nominative 5. _________ sa is Genitive. 6. _________Su is instrumental 7. _________Hi is accusative. 8. _________Nã is Nominative.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 23 of 253 CHAPTER 6 THE NOUN : ÃYATANIPATA (Preposition) It is a word or a group of words for connecting words together like the preposition in English, for example; in, on, at etc. They are used after nouns and pronouns to show a place, position, time or method etc. Purisassa Putto = A son of a man. Ãyatanipata like preposition is grammatically linked together by their inflections to show the masculine subject possessive, ssa (sa)= of, s’ Purisassa = of a man, putto = a son ĀYATANIPATA : Prepositions to connect words together9 Examples singular: Puriso (si) a man ( Nominative case) Purisã (yo) men (Accusative case) Purisena (nã) :with a man, by a man, an account of a man. Cases Singular Prepositions Plural Prepositions Nom. si - yo - Acc. aṃ to yo to Ins. nā with, by, on account of, though hi with, by, on account of, though Dat. sa to, for naṃ to, for Abl. smā from hi from Gen. sa of, ‘s naṃ of, ‘s Loc. smiṃ in, on, at su in, on, at Voc. si oh!, hi! yo oh!, hi! libid., p. 36. 9
Basic Pali Grammar Page 24 of 253 Plural: Purisehi, Purisebhi : with men, by men, an account of men The Pattern of Case-endings for Masculine ending in “a” Examples kãka, (cow) + si→o = kãko, a cow canda (moon) + na→ena = candena, with a cow yakkha (giant) + naṃ→ãnaṃ = yakkhãnaṃ, for giants Dhamma (doctrine) + smiṃ→e = Dhamme, in doctrine sakuṇa (bird) + s→ss = sakuṇassa, of a bird vãnara (monkey) + hi →ebhi = vãnarebhi, by bird sãmaṇara (novice) + si→o = sãmaṇaro, a novice khattiya (king) + si→a = khattiya, oh! a king etc. Cases Singular Prepositions Plural Prepositions Nom. si→o - yo→ã - Acc. aṃ to yo→e to Ins. nā→ena with, by, on account of, though hi→ehi,ebhi with, by, on account of, though Dat. sa→ass→ãya,→attha ṃ to, for naṃ→ãna ṃ to, for Abl. smā→smã, →mahã,→ã from hi →ehi,ebhi from Gen. sa→ass of, ‘s naṃ →ãnaṃ of, ‘s Loc. smiṃ→smiṃ,→mhi, →e in, on, at su→esu in, on, at Voc. si →a oh!, hi! yo→ã oh!, hi!
Basic Pali Grammar Page 25 of 253 Exercise 1 Compound the case-endings with stem of nouns 1. Purisa + si = …………………………. 2. Khattya + smiṃ = …………………………. 3. Dhamma + si = …………………………. 4. Sakun + sa = …………………………. 5. Sãmaṇera + hi = …………………………. 6. Ãcariya + smã = …………………………. 7. Gãma + naṃ = …………………………. 8. Kumãra + su = …………………………. 9. Sunakha + yo = …………………………. 10. Yakkha + nã = …………………………. Exercise 2 Write the answer of the exercise 1 and translate into English. 1. Puriso = a man. 2. …………………………. …………………………. 3. …………………………. …………………………. 4. …………………………. …………………………. 5. …………………………. …………………………. 6. …………………………. …………………………. 7. …………………………. …………………………. 8. …………………………. …………………………. 9. …………………………. …………………………. 10. …………………………. ………………………….
Basic Pali Grammar Page 26 of 253 CHAPTER 7 THE NOUN : KÃLANTA (Vowel stems) A stem is the root or main part of a word, to which inflections or formative elements are added.The case-endings are added to the stem of the noun. A stem may end in a vowel or in consonant; hence the division into vowel and consonant stems.The stems end in the vowel a- are called thematic stems . 10 In Pāli, there are three groups of vowel stems. Pali nouns will be declined according to the three gender and the vowel-stem Declension of vowel stems11 Pāli words ending in the same group of vowels and genders will be declined in the same group, following 1. Masculine Noun ending in “a” declined like Purisa “i” declined like Mani “ī” declined like seṭṭhī “u” declined like garu “ū” declined like viññū Gender Vowel Stems Masculine a, i, ī, u, ū Feminine ā, i, ī, u, ū Neuter a, i, u 10 Vito Pernioln S.J, Pali Grammar, the Pali Text Society Oxford 1997, pp.30 11 libid., p, 37-38
Basic Pali Grammar Page 27 of 253 2. Feminine ending in “ā” declined like kaññā “i” declined like ratti “ī” declined like nārī “u” declined like rujju “ū” declined like vadhū 3. Neuter ending in “a” declined like kula “i” declined like akkhi “u” declined like vatthu Exercise 1. Drill to read the name of cases and the case-endings with their meanings. (5times) 2. Fill out the words in the paradigm. Name of Cases Case-ending and Meaning Pāli English Singular Plural (Preposition) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 28 of 253 CHAPTER 8 A. Declension : masculine Nouns ending in “a” Purisa :a person The word declension derives from a Latin word meaning bend, and refers to variation in the form of a noun or pronoun, according to their different cases, or case-relationships with other words. The declension of nouns and pronouns involves three variables, which only appear clearly in Pronoun: Two Numbers : singular/plural Three Genders : masculine, feminine, neuter Seven Cases : nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive and locative (vocative for addressing) A set of nouns, adjectives, or pronouns that changes in the same way to show case, number, and gender . 12 The List of Case-endings and functions Pāli English case Singular Plural Function (meanings) Paṭaṭhamā Nominative Si Yo Subject Dutiyā Accusative aṃ Yo Object of verb Tatiyā Instrumenta Nā Hi Object of with, by,… Catutthī Dative Sa naṃ Object of to, for,… Pañcamī Ablative Smā Hi Object of from chaṭṭhamī Genitive Sa naṃ Object of of Sattamī Locative smiṃ Su Object of in, on,… Ālapana Vocative Si Yo An addressing Oxford advanced learners Dictionary, 7th edition :* Steven Collins/ A Pāli Grammar for students 12
Basic Pali Grammar Page 29 of 253 The declension of the noun ending in “a” (short) Pāli words ending in the same group of vowel-stems and genders will be declined in the same group, following 1. Masculine Noun ending in “a” declined like Purisa “i” declined like Mani “ī” declined like seṭṭhī “u” declined like garu “ū” declined like viññū The Pattern of the case-endings or suffixes for MASCULINE nouns ending in “a” Note : The case-endings are often changed into the different forms according to their cases. (→) Cas es Singular Prepositions (Meaning of Vibhatti) Plural Prepositions (Meaning of vibhatti) No m. -si →o - -yo →ã - Acc. -aṃ →aṃ to -yo →e to Ins. -nã →ena with, by, on account of, though -hi →ehi], →ebhi with, by, on account of, though Dat. -sa →ass→ãya,→ atthaṃ to, for -naṃ →ãnaṃ to, for Abl. -smã →smã, →mahã,→ã from -hi →ehi, →ebhi from Gen . -sa →ass of, ‘s -naṃ →ãnaṃ of, ‘s Loc. - smiṃ →smiṃ,→mhi, →e in, on, at -su →esu in, on, at Voc. -si →a oh!, hi!, O! -yo →ã oh!, hi!, O!
Basic Pali Grammar Page 30 of 253 Declension of Purisa (a person, a man)13 A Masculine Noun ending in “a” is declined according to Purisa Translation of purisa into English Note :Ins.* “saddhiṃ and saha meaning “with” is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things. Cases Singular Plural Nom. Puriso Purisā Acc. Purisaṃ Purise Ins.* Purisena Purisehi, purisebhi Dat. Purisassa, purisāya, puristthaṃ purisānaṃ Abl. Purisasmā, purisamhā, purisā Purisehi, purisebhi Gen. Purisassa purisānaṃ Loc. purisasmiṃ, purisammhi, purise purisesu Voc. Purisa Purisa Cases Singular Plural Nom. A man men Acc. A man men Ins. With, by, on account of, a man With, by, on account of men Dat. To, for a man To, for men Abl. From a man From men Gen. A man’s, of a man Men’s, of men Loc. In, on, upon a man In, on, upon men Voc. O! man O! men libid.,p.38. 13
Basic Pali Grammar Page 31 of 253 For example, “purisena saddhiṃ” meaning “ with a man” in the sentence “ Ahaṃ purisena saddhaṃ gacchãmi. I go with a man”. The Pattern of declension: Noun + Vibhatti Masculine Nouns ending in ‘a’ declined according to Purisa, (a man)14 Purisa man, male ācariya teacher Buddha the Enlightened One Dhamma doctrine, truth, law Sangha group dāraka child Gāma village Ghata pot, a jar Jantaka father Odana rice, cooked rice Putta son Sũda cook Yācaka beggar Kumāra boy Khattiya king Gana, group Cora thief chana entertainment Jana people Turaga horse Thena thief Dũta envoy Dhaja flag Pāvaka fire Phalika crystal Baka bittern, egret Bhava the word Manussa human being Cases Singular Plural Nom. →o →ã Acc. →aṃ →e Ins. →ena →ehi],→ebhi Dat. →ass→ãya,→atthaṃ →ãnaṃ Abl. →smã, →mahã,→ã →ehi,→ebhi Gen. →ass →ãnaṃ Loc. →smiṃ,→mhi,→e →esu Voc. →a →ã libid., p. 38. 14
Basic Pali Grammar Page 32 of 253 Yakkha giant, demon, ogre Rukkha tree Loka the world Vānara monkey Sahāya friend Hatthahand Savaka disciple, follower āvāsa temple Amba mango āpaṇa shop, market Ārāma temple, garden, park assa horse Mātula uncle ovāda advice, exhortation Pabbata rock, mountain paṇṇākāra reward, Sissa pupil taḷāka pond, pool, lake ākāsa sky mañca bed Canda moon sakuṇa bird Kassaka farmer samudda sea, ocean Maccha fish suriya sun Magga way, road vāṇija merchant Maggika traveler bīja seed, germ bhaṇda goods, article etc. lekhana letter mitta friend pāda foot potthaka book Exercise A: Compound these nouns with the case-endings or suffixes (vibhatti) correctly, and translate into English. 1. Purisa(man) + yo = Purisā men 2. Kumāra(boy) + naṃ = Kumārānaṃ of boys 3. Puppha(flower) + hi = pupphehi with flowers 4. Vattha(clothe) + nā = vatthena by a clothe 5. Lekhana(letter) + su = lekhanesu in letter 6. Buddha(Buddha) + smā = …………… ……………. 7. Dhamma(doctrine) + si = …………… ……………. 8. Loka(world) + smiṃ = …………… ……………. 9. Putta(son) + sa = …………… ……………. 10.Janaka(father) + ṃ = …………… ……………. 11.Odana(cooked rice) + sa = …………… …………….
Basic Pali Grammar Page 33 of 253 12.Khattiya(king)+ su = …………... ……………. 13.Hattha(hand) + hi = …………… ……………. 14.Cora (thief)+ yo = …………... …………… 15.Vārana(monkey) + smiṃ = …………… ……………. 16.Sunakkhasa(dog) + su = …………... ……………. 17.Udaka(water) + nā = …………… ……………. 18.Rukkha(tree) + naṃ = …………… ……………. 19.Assa(horse) + sa = …………… ……………. 20.Ācariya(teacher) + smā = …………… ……………. Exercise B: Compound these nouns with the case-endings or suffixes (vibhatti) correctly, and translate into English. Examples : 1. ãcariya +putta = ãcariyassa putto = a son of a teacher 2. rukkha(tree) + sakuṇa (bird) =_________________ _______________ 3. seṭṭhĩ(millionaire) + gãma(house)=_______________ _____________ 4. khattiya(king) + putta (son) = _______________ ______________ 5. Buddha + sãvaka (follower) = _______________ ______________ 6. sahãya (friend) + turaga(horse) = _______________ ______________ 7. Buddha + ovãda (advice) = _______________ ______________ 8. ãcariya (teacher) + ãvãsa(temple)= _____________________________ 9. rukkha (tree) + yakkha(giant) = _______________ ______________ 10. manussa (man)+ hattha (hand)= _______________ ______________ Exercise B : Translate into English. 1. Khattiya putto = A king’s son,/s son of the king 2. manussānaṃ gāmā = the villages of human beings 3. gāmesu ārāmo = the temple in villages 4. buddhassa sāvakā = ……………………………………….. 5. ācariyassa assena = ………………………………………..
Basic Pali Grammar Page 34 of 253 6. sanghassa ovādehi = ……………………………………….. 7. taḷākasmiṃ macchā = ……………………………………….. 8. lokamhi janā = ……………………………………….. 9. ākāse suriyo = ……………………………………….. 10.gilānassa hatthā = ……………………………………….. Exercise C : Translate into Pāli. 1. Buddha’s followers = Buddhassa sāvakā 2. The doctrine of Buddha = ………………………………… 3. A son of a teacher = ………………………………… 4. A cook’s rice = ………………………………… 5. A monkey in the temple = ………………………………… 6. A bettern on the tre = ………………………………… 7. Hands of human beings = ………………………………… 8. Children on a car = ………………………………… 9. A farmer of the king = ………………………………… 10.A doctor of a holy man = ………………………………… Exercise D : Decline a word “rukkha” (tree) in Pāli. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. …………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 35 of 253 Exercise E : Translate a word “rukkha” (tree) into English. Singular Plural Nom. ………………….. …………………………… Acc. ………………….. …………………………… Ins. ………………….. …………………………… Dat. ………………….. …………………………… Abl. ………………….. …………………………… Gen. ………………….. …………………………… Loc. ………………….. …………………………… Voc. ………………….. ……………………………
Basic Pali Grammar Page 36 of 253 B. Conjugation of verbs Subject pronouns Before conjugating a verb, you need to know a noun and pronoun that is used in the sentence. A noun is a word used to name a person, thing, place, quality or idea, for example: Puriso gacchanti. A person goes. Imaṃ puphphaṃ araññe sobhaṇaṃ hoti. The flower is beautiful in the forest. A subject pronoun takes the place of s subject noun in order to avoid the repetition of the noun, for example; Puriso gacchanti. → So (Puriso) gacchati. He goes. Ahaṃ gacchãmi. I go. According to the grammatical rule, a subject and a verb in the sentence agree with a number and a person, for example; Sã sayati. She sleeps. Tvaṃ sayasi. You sleep. Myaṃ sayãmi. We sleep. Note : The subject of a sentence is often the noun in the nominative case. The pronoun that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase agrees with the gender of nouns Pali and English pronouns Person Singular plural Pali English Pali English Paṭṭhampurisa , first person So He Te They Sã She Tã They Taṃ It Tãni They Majjhimapurisa, second person Tvaṃ You Tumhe You Uttamapurisa, third person Ahaṃ I Myaṃ We
Basic Pali Grammar Page 37 of 253 Pattern of the conjugation of verb in the present tense (Vattamãnã) Verbal Terminations15 Note: The termination “-mi and -ma” when they are placed after the stem ending in short vowel are always lengthened “ a→ã). Pali verbs are consisted of the roots, suffixes and verbal ending i.e. bhãsa (say)+ suffix a + verbal ending and conjugated in the form above. The conjugation of the root “ bhãsa,” to say Note: a. The person of Pali is different from English. In English the first person is I/We, the second person is You and the third person is He, She, It and They. b. The vowel preceding “mi” and “ma” is always lengthened. Person Singular Plural First person -ti -anti Second person -si -tha Third person -mi -ma Person Singular Plural First person (he, she, it / they) -ti : bhãsa+a+ti = bhãsati -anti : bhãsa+a+anti = bhãsanti Second person (you-you) -si : bhãsa+a+si = bhãsasi -tha : bhãsa+a+tha= bhãsatha Third person (I-We) -mi : bhãsa+a+mi = bhãsãmi -ma : bhãsa+a+ma = bhãsãma Somdet Phramahãsamaṇa Chaokromphrayã Vajirañãṇavarorasa, Pãi Grammar, Vacĩvibhãga 15 2, 42 th Edition, (Bangkok:Mahãmakuṭa-Rãjavidyãlaya press,2557),p.151.
Basic Pali Grammar Page 38 of 253 Examples in Present tenses Singular Subject : So(He) bhãsati -ti He says. Sã (She) bhãsati -ti She says. Taṃ (It) bhãsati -ti It says. Puriso* bhãsati -ti A man says. Tvaṃ(You) bhãsasi -si You say Ahaṃ (I) bhãsãmi -mi I say Plural subject: Te (they) bhãsanti -anti They say. Tã (they) bhãsanti -anti They say. Tãni (They) bhãsanti -anti They say. Purisã* bhãsanti -anti Men say. Tumhe (you) bhãsatha -tha You say. Myaṃ (We) bhãsãma -ma We. say. *Note: The subject noun is only a nominative singular or plural Conjugation of verbs Subjects paca (to cook) labha (to get) ikkha (to see) Verbal ending So, Sã, Taṃ, Puriso pacati labhati ikkhati -ti Tvaṃ pacasi labhasi ikkhasi -si Ahaṃ pacãmi labhãmi ikkhãmi -mi Te, Tã, Tãni, Purisã pacanti labhanti ikkhanti -anti Tumhe pacatha labhatha ikkhatha -tha Myaṃ pacãma labhãma ikkhãma -ma
Basic Pali Grammar Page 39 of 253 Exercise A: Conjugate the stems of Pali verbs according to the subject like the table above and translate into English. 1. mar+a→ (to die) Example: so … marati. He dies. Tvaṃ marasi. You die. Ahaṃ marãmi. i die. Te… maranti. They die. Tumhe maratha. You die. Myaṃ marãma. We die. Satto marati. An animal dies. 2. gam+a→gaccha(to go) 3. sĩ +a →saya, se (to sleep) 4. bhũ+a→ bhava(to be) 5. hu+a→ho(to be) 6. rudh+a→rundha (to close) 7. muc+a→muñca (to leave) 8, bhuj+a→bhuñja (to eat) 9. bhid+a →bhinda(to break) 10. lip+a→limpa (to plain) Exercise B : Translate into English. Basic Pali sentence : Subject + (Object )+ Verb (S+(O)+V) So sayati. = He sleeps. Puriso gãmaṃ ikkhati. = A man sees a house. 1. Putto labhati. = _____________________________________ 2. Buddhã bhãsanti. = _____________________________________ 3. Kumãro ikkhati. = _____________________________________ 4. Vãnaro bhuñjati = _____________________________________ 5. Nare pacanti. = _____________________________________ 6. Sakuṇã rukkhasmiṃ sayanti.= ____________________________________ 7. Ãcariyo lokaṃ ikkhati. = _________________________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 40 of 253 8. Tvaṃ vãnare ikkhasi. = _________________________________ 9. Ahaṃ sahãyaṃ labhãmi. = _________________________________ 10. Myaṃ yakkhaṃ pacãma. = _________________________________ Exercise C: Translate into Pali. 1. I speak with a child. = _________________________________ 2. He sees a giant. = ____________________________________ 3. A monkey gets a world. = ____________________________________ 4. A king sleeps on the tree. = ____________________________________ 5. You sleep on a tree with a monkey. = ___________________________ 6. We get a friend. = ___________________________________ 7. I cook rice. = ____________________________________ 8. A teacher speaks with a friend. = _______________________________ 9. Human beings eat a fruit. = ________________________________ 10. We go to home with a king. = ________________________________
Basic Pali Grammar Page 41 of 253 CHAPTER 9 A. Declension : masculine noun ending in “i” (short) “Muni” : sage The pattern of Termination (Endings) The example of the declension of Muni (sage) Cases Singular Plural Nom. Si –i Yo –ayo, –ī Acc. aṃ -iṃ Yo –ayo, –ī Ins. Nā - Hi –īhi, –ībhi Dat. Sa –ssa, -no naṃ -īnaṃ Abl. Smā –mhā Hi –īhi, –ībhi Gen. Sa –ssa, -no Naṃ -īnaṃ Loc. Smiṃ -mhi Su –īsu Voc. Si –i Yo –ayo, –ī Cases Singular Plural Nom. Muni Munayo, Munī Acc. Muniṃ Munayo, Munī Ins. Muninā Munīhi, – Munībhi Dat. Munissa, Munino Munīnaṃ Abl. Munismā, Munimhā Munīhi, Munībhi Gen. Munissa, Munino Munīnaṃ Loc. Munismiṃ - Munimhi Munīsu Voc. Muni Munayo, Munī
Basic Pali Grammar Page 42 of 253 The declension of Muni (sage) in English Note : Ins.* “saddhiṃ and saha meaning “with” is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things. For example, “muninã saddhiṃ” meaning “ with a sage” in the sentence “ Ahaṃ muninã saddhaṃ gacchãmi. I go with a sage”. Masculine Nouns ending in “i” declined like muni (sage) Adhipati chief, master aggi fire Asi sword Atithi guest Kapi monkey Gahapati house-holder Kavi poet maṇi jewel Narapati king ñati relative Pati husband, lord vīdi paddy, unhusked rice Sandi union sārathi a charioteer Añjali salutation Bondi body Ũmi a wave senāpati a general Kali sin Nidhi a depository Yati a monk Giri a mountain Bali oblation Ahi a snake Ari an enemy Thapati a carpenter Samādhi meditation Vidhi method etc… Cases Singular Plural Nom. A sage Sages Acc. A sage Sages Ins. By, with a sage By, with sages Dat. To, for a sage To, for sages Abl. From a sage From sages Gen. Of a sage Of sages Loc. In, on, at, upon a sage In, on, at, upon sages Voc. Oh a sage! Oh sages!
Basic Pali Grammar Page 43 of 253 Exercise A : Compound these nouns with terminations correctly, and translate into English. 1. Sandi + su = sandīsu in the unions 2. Sarathi + hi = ………….. …………………………… 3. Ũmi + si = ………….. …………………………… 4. Kapi + nā = ………….. …………………………… 5. Añjali + ṃ = ………….. …………………………… 6. Kali + yo = ………….. …………………………… 7. Nidhi + sa = ………….. …………………………… 8. Giri + naṃ = ………….. …………………………… 9. Gahapati + smā = ………….. …………………………… 10.Ari + su = ………….. …………………………… 11.Ahi + smiṃ = ………….. …………………………… 12. + hi = ………….. …………………………… 13.Vīhi + hi = ………….. …………………………… 14.Pati + nā = ………….. …………………………… 15.Samādhi + si = ………….. …………………………… 16.Muni + smiṃ = ………….. …………………………… 17.Bondi + su = ………….. …………………………… 18.Senāpati + hi = ………….. …………………………… 19.Yaki + yo = ………….. …………………………… 20.Nidhi + sa = ………….. …………………………… Exercise B : Translate into English. 1. Hatthamhi maṇayo = a jewel in the hand 2. rukkhasmiṃ ahayo = ……………………………. 3. Kapi girimhi vasati (to live) = ……………………………. 4. Senāpati ahiṃ hanati (to kill) = ……………………………. 5. Thapatino samādhi = ……………………………. 6. Girissa ahayo = ……………………………. 7. patīnaṃ vidhiā = …………………………….